Q1.

Difference Between Moore Machine and Mealy Machine

 Output Dependency: In a Moore machine, the output depends only on the current
state, while in a Mealy machine, the output depends on the current state and the
current input.

 Output Timing: Moore machines produce outputs only at state transitions, while
Mealy machines can generate outputs as inputs are read.

 Design Complexity: Moore machines are simpler to design since outputs depend
only on states, but they may require more states. Mealy machines often need fewer
states but are more complex to design.

 Output Count: In Moore machines, output changes are synchronized with state
transitions. In Mealy machines, outputs may change as inputs change.

 Real-World Example: A Moore machine can represent systems like traffic lights,
where outputs (light signals) depend on states. A Mealy machine can model a
vending machine, where outputs (dispensed items) depend on both states and
inputs.

Q2. Model of Finite Automata

Finite Automata (FA) is a mathematical model used to represent a system with a finite
number of states. It consists of:

1. States (Q): A finite set of states, including an initial and accepting states.

2. Alphabet (Σ): A set of symbols representing valid inputs.

3. Transition Function (δ): Defines state transitions based on inputs.

4. Initial State (q₀): The starting state of the automaton.

5. Accepting States (F): Subset of states where input strings are accepted.
FA operates step-by-step, reading inputs and transitioning states according to δ. It
halts when no valid transition exists or all inputs are processed. FA is categorized into
Deterministic (DFA) and Non-Deterministic (NFA). DFA has one transition per input
per state, while NFA can have multiple.

Q3. Comparison Between DFA and NFA

 Definition: DFA (Deterministic Finite Automaton) has one transition per input per
state, while NFA (Non-Deterministic Finite Automaton) can have multiple.

 Determinism: DFA operates deterministically; NFA allows multiple paths.

  Complexity: DFA is easier to simulate but harder to construct, whereas NFA is simpler
to construct but may require conversion to DFA for implementation.

 Transition: DFA has a single path for each input from a state. NFA can have multiple
paths or ε-transitions (empty moves).

 Acceptance: DFA accepts input if a single path leads to an accepting state. NFA
accepts if any path leads to an accepting state.

 Conversion: Every NFA can be converted to an equivalent DFA.

 Space: DFA may require exponentially more states than the corresponding NFA.

Q4. Tuples of Finite Automata

Finite Automata is represented as a 5-tuple (Q, Σ, δ, q₀, F):

1. Q: Finite set of states, representing possible system configurations.

2. Σ: Alphabet, a finite set of symbols that the automaton can read.

3. δ (Transition Function): Defines rules for moving between states, δ: Q × Σ → Q for

DFA and δ: Q × (Σ ∪ {ε}) → P(Q) for NFA.

4. q₀ (Initial State): The state where computation begins.

5. F (Final States): Subset of Q indicating where input strings are accepted.

The automaton processes input strings symbol by symbol, transitioning according to
δ. If the automaton ends in a state in F after reading all inputs, the string is accepted.

Q5. Production Rules

In formal grammar (used in automata theory), production rules define how symbols in a
language are replaced. They are written as A → α, where:

1. A: Non-terminal symbol to be replaced.

2. α: String of terminals and/or non-terminals.

Types of production rules:

 Terminal Production: Non-terminal replaced by a terminal (e.g., A → a).

 Non-terminal Production: Non-terminal replaced by other non-terminals (e.g., A →

BC).

 Mixed Production: Combination of terminals and non-terminals (e.g., A → aB).

  Epsilon Production: Non-terminal replaced by ε (empty string).
These rules form the backbone of grammars, categorized into Chomsky's hierarchy
(regular, context-free, context-sensitive, and unrestricted grammars).

To check whether a given string is in the final state using the given deterministic automaton
M=({q0,q1},{0,1},δ,q0,{q0})M = (\{q_0, q_1\}, \{0, 1\}, \delta, q_0, \{q_0\}), follow these
steps based on the state table in Table 3.2:

Step 1: Analyze the State Table

 States: q0,q1q_0, q_1

 Alphabet: {0,1}\{0, 1\}

 Transition Function (δ\delta):

o If the current state is q0q_0:

 On input 00: Remain in q0q_0.

 On input 11: Move to q1q_1.

o If the current state is q1q_1:

 On input 00: Remain in q1q_1.

 On input 11: Move to q0q_0.

 Initial State: q0q_0

 Final State: {q0}\{q_0\}

Step 2: Simulate the String

Start at q0q_0, process each input character, and transition according to the state table.
After all characters are processed, check the final state.

Example:

Input String: "1010""1010"

1. Start at q0q_0.

2. Read 11: From q0q_0, δ(q0,1)=q1\delta(q_0, 1) = q_1. Move to q1q_1.

3. Read 00: From q1q_1, δ(q1,0)=q1\delta(q_1, 0) = q_1. Stay at q1q_1.

4. Read 11: From q1q_1, δ(q1,1)=q0\delta(q_1, 1) = q_0. Move to q0q_0.

5. Read 00: From q0q_0, δ(q0,0)=q0\delta(q_0, 0) = q_0. Stay at q0q_0.

Final State: q0q_0.

Since q0q_0 is a final state, the string is accepted.

Conclusion

Using the given state table, process the input string symbol by symbol. If the automaton
ends in q0q_0, the string is accepted; otherwise, it is rejected.

Given:

 States: Q={q0,q1,q2,q3}Q = \{q_0, q_1, q_2, q_3\}Q={q0,q1,q2,q3}

 Alphabet: Σ={0,1}\Sigma = \{0, 1\}Σ={0,1}

  Initial State: q0q_0q0

 Final State: F={q0}F = \{q_0\}F={q0}

 Transition Table (from Table 3.1):

o For state q0q_0q0:

 On 000: q2q_2q2

 On 111: q1q_1q1

o For state q1q_1q1:

 On 000: q3q_3q3

 On 111: q0q_0q0

o For state q2q_2q2:

 On 000: q0q_0q0

 On 111: q3q_3q3

o For state q3q_3q3:

 On 000: q1q_1q1

 On 111: q2q_2q2

Processing Input String "110001":

1. Start at the initial state q0q_0q0.

2. Read 1: From q0q_0q0, δ(q0,1)=q1\delta(q_0, 1) = q_1δ(q0,1)=q1. Move to q1q_1q1

.

3. Read 1: From q1q_1q1, δ(q1,1)=q0\delta(q_1, 1) = q_0δ(q1,1)=q0. Move to q0q_0q0

.

4. Read 0: From q0q_0q0, δ(q0,0)=q2\delta(q_0, 0) = q_2δ(q0,0)=q2. Move to q2q_2q2

.

5. Read 0: From q2q_2q2, δ(q2,0)=q0\delta(q_2, 0) = q_0δ(q2,0)=q0. Move to q0q_0q0

.

6. Read 0: From q0q_0q0, δ(q0,0)=q2\delta(q_0, 0) = q_2δ(q0,0)=q2. Move to q2q_2q2

.

7. Read 1: From q2q_2q2, δ(q2,1)=q3\delta(q_2, 1) = q_3δ(q2,1)=q3. Move to q3q_3q3

.
Result:

The sequence of states for the input string "110001""110001""110001" is:

q0→q1→q0→q2→q0→q2→q3q_0 \to q_1 \to q_0 \to q_2 \to q_0 \to q_2 \to q_3q0→q1
→q0→q2→q0→q2→q3

The string does not end in the final state q0q_0q0. Thus, it is rejected.

Conversion Steps:

1. Understand Mealy Machine (Table 3.10):

o In a Mealy Machine, the output depends on both the current state and the
input.

o States: q1,q2,q3,q4q_1, q_2, q_3, q_4q1,q2,q3,q4

o Outputs are associated with transitions.

2. Create Moore Machine:

o In a Moore Machine, the output depends only on the current state, not the
input.

o For each unique output in the Mealy Machine, create a new state in the Moore
Machine.

3. Mapping States and Outputs:

o From Table 3.10, outputs are 000 and 111.

o Assign new states in the Moore Machine for each combination of state and
output in the Mealy Machine.
Resulting Moore Machine:

 States:
q10q_1^0q10, q20q_2^0q20, q31q_3^1q31, q41q_4^1q41 (representing state-
output pairs).

 Transition Table: Adjust transitions to match the new states while ensuring outputs
align correctly.

Would you like a detailed transition table for the Moore Machine? Let me know!

Given Grammar GG:

 Variables (Non-terminals): S,A1,A2S, A_1, A_2

 Terminals: a,ba, b

 Productions:

1. S→aA1A2aS \to aA_1A_2a

2. A1→baA1A2bA_1 \to baA_1A_2b

3. A2→A1abA_2 \to A_1ab

4. aA1→baaaA_1 \to baa

5. bA2b→ababbA_2b \to abab

Testing w=baabbabaaabbabaw = baabbabaaabbaba:

We need to check if ww can be derived starting from SS using the rules of the grammar.

Step-by-Step Derivation:

1. Start with the start symbol SS: S→aA1A2aS \to aA_1A_2a ww starts with baabbaab,
which does not match aA1A2aaA_1A_2a. Hence, ww cannot be derived from SS
under the given grammar.
Conclusion:

The string w=baabbabaaabbabaw = baabbabaaabbaba is not in L(G) because no derivation

exists that can produce w.

Q.10 Explain Turing Machine with a Suitable Diagram

A Turing Machine is a theoretical computing model proposed by Alan Turing. It consists of:

1. Tape: An infinite tape divided into cells, each holding a symbol from a finite alphabet.

2. Head: Reads and writes symbols on the tape and moves left or right.

3. States: A finite set of states representing the current context.

4. Transition Function: Dictates the machine's actions based on the current state and
tape symbol.

5. Accept and Reject States: Special states determining if input is accepted or rejected.

Turing Machines can simulate any algorithm and are used to define computational limits.

Diagram: A visual Turing Machine consists of a tape, a head, and a finite control box showing
states. It moves along the tape based on input and transition rules.

Q.11 List All the Production Rules of Grammar

A grammar consists of four parts: G=(N,T,P,S)G = (N, T, P, S), where PP represents the set of
production rules. A production rule specifies how variables (non-terminals) can transform
into terminals or other variables. Examples include:

1. S→ABS \to AB

2. A→aA∣aA \to aA | a

3. B→bB∣bB \to bB | b

Q.12 Describe Linear Bounded Automata with Suitable Example

A Linear Bounded Automaton (LBA) is a non-deterministic Turing Machine with a tape of

finite length proportional to the input size. It operates within bounded space and is used for
context-sensitive languages.

Example: For L={anbncn∣n≥1}L = \{ a^n b^n c^n \mid n \geq 1 \}, an LBA verifies the count of
a,b,ca, b, c matches, unlike a PDA.
Q.13 What is Halting Problem

The Halting Problem is a fundamental problem in computation that states: "It is impossible
to determine algorithmically whether a given program will halt or run forever on a
particular input." Alan Turing proved its undecidability using diagonalization arguments.

Q.14 Describe Greibach Normal Form (GNF)

A Context-Free Grammar (CFG) is in Greibach Normal Form if all productions are of the form:

A→aαA \to a\alpha

Where aa is a terminal, AA is a non-terminal, and α\alpha is a string of non-terminals.

Q.15 Show That (a+b)∗=(a∗b∗)∗(a + b)^* = (a^* b^*)^*

To prove equality, consider the closure properties:

1. (a+b)∗(a + b)^*: Represents any combination of aa and bb.

2. (a∗b∗)∗(a^*b^*)^*: Represents interleaving a∗a^* and b∗b^*, equivalent to (a+b)∗(a

+ b)^*.

Q.16 Significance of NFA with Null Moves

NFAs with ϵ\epsilon-moves allow state transitions without consuming input symbols,
simplifying design and enabling conversion from regular expressions. They can still be
converted to equivalent DFAs.

Q.17 Define Pumping Lemma

The Pumping Lemma is a property of regular languages that helps prove whether a language
is non-regular. It states that for any regular language LL, there exists a constant pp such that
any string s∈Ls \in L with ∣s∣≥p|s| \geq p can be split into xyzxyz such that:

1. ∣xy∣≤p|xy| \leq p

2. ∣y∣>0|y| > 0

3. xyiz∈Lxy^iz \in L for all i≥0i \geq 0.

Q.18 Show That L={ap∣p is prime}L = \{ a^p \mid p \text{ is prime} \} Is Not a Regular
Language

Proof by contradiction using the Pumping Lemma: Assume LL is regular, then it satisfies the
lemma. Pick s=aps = a^p, where pp is prime. Split ss into xyzxyz such that xyiz∈Lxy^iz \in L.
Repeating yy leads to non-prime lengths, contradicting the language definition. Thus, LL is
not regular.

Q.19 What Is Arden’s Theorem

Arden's Theorem is used to solve regular expressions from equations of the form R=Q+RPR =
Q + RP, where R,Q,PR, Q, P are regular expressions. The solution is R=QP∗R = QP^*, provided
PP does not include ϵ\epsilon.

Q.20 Explain Ambiguity in Context-Free Grammars

A CFG is ambiguous if a string has multiple parse trees or derivations. For example, the
grammar S→SS∣aS \to SS | a generates the string aaaa ambiguously as (S(Sa)a)(S(Sa)a) and
((Sa)Sa)((Sa)Sa). Ambiguity complicates parsing and requires removing redundant rules.