Science and Technology Part-2
Chapters 6 to 10
Chapter 6: Classification of Plants
1. Need for Classification
There are millions of plant species → need systematic arrangement.
Classification helps in:
Easy identification.
Studying relationships.
Understanding evolution.
2. Criteria of Classification
Morphology (form/structure) – root, stem, leaves, flowers.
Reproduction method – sexual/asexual.
Habitat – aquatic, terrestrial, epiphytic, etc.
Tissue development – simple vs. Complex.
3. Major Groups of Plants
(a) Thallophyta (Algae)
Simple, body not differentiated into root-stem-leaf.
Mostly aquatic.
Reproduce by spores.
Examples: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chara.
(b) Bryophyta (Amphibians of Plant Kingdom)
Grow in moist, shady places.
No vascular tissues.
True roots absent → have rhizoids.
Examples: Moss (Funaria), Liverworts (Riccia).
(c) Pteridophyta
Have vascular tissues (xylem, phloem).
Reproduce by spores.
Examples: Ferns, Marsilea, Lycopodium.
(d) Gymnosperms
Naked seeds (not enclosed in fruit).
Well-developed vascular tissues.
Examples: Cycas, Pine, Deodar.
(e)Angiosperms
Seeds enclosed in fruit.
Highly developed.
Divided into:
Monocots: One cotyledon (wheat, rice, maize).
Dicots: Two cotyledons (rose, mango, sunflower).
4. Importance of Classification
Identifying medicinal, edible, or harmful plants.
Understanding biodiversity.
Helps in agriculture and forestry.
Chapter 7: Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
1. Ecosystem
Interaction between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)
components.
2. Food Chain
Linear transfer of food and energy.
Example: Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Eagle.
3. Food Web
Interconnected food chains.
Provides stability to ecosystem.
4. Trophic Levels
1. Producers – Plants, algae.
2. Primary consumers – Herbivores.
3. Secondary consumers – Carnivores.
4. Tertiary consumers – Top carnivores.
5. Energy Flow (10% Law)
Only 10% energy transfers from one trophic level to next.
Rest lost as heat.
Example: If plants have 1000 J energy, herbivores get only 100 J.
6. Pyramid of Energy
Always upright.
Represents flow of energy through trophic levels.
7. Human Impact on Ecosystem
Deforestation, pollution, overgrazing disturb natural balance.
Chapter 8: Pollution
1. What is Pollution?
Undesirable change in air, water, soil, causing harm to organisms.
2. Types of Pollution
(a) Air Pollution
Causes: Smoke, industries, vehicles, burning fuels.
Effects: Respiratory diseases, global warming, acid rain.
(b) Water Pollution
Causes: Sewage, industrial waste, oil spills, pesticides.
Effects: Diseases (cholera, typhoid), death of aquatic life.
(c) Soil Pollution
Causes: Plastics, fertilizers, pesticides.
Effects: Reduced soil fertility, poisoning of food chain.
(d) Noise Pollution
Causes: Vehicles, loudspeakers, machines.
Effects: Stress, hearing loss.
3. Global Environmental Problems
Global Warming: Due to CO₂, methane.
Ozone Layer Depletion: Due to CFCs.
Acid Rain: SO₂, NOx dissolve in rainwater.
4. Control of Pollution
Afforestation.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
Use of catalytic converters.
Sewage treatment plants.
Chapter 9: Environmental Management
1. Natural Resources
Renewable: Air, water, sunlight.
Non-renewable: Coal, petroleum, natural gas.
2. Biodiversity
Variety of living organisms on Earth.
Levels:
Genetic diversity.
Species diversity.
Ecosystem diversity.
3. Conservation Methods
In-situ (on-site): Sanctuaries, National Parks.
Ex-situ (off-site): Zoos, Botanical gardens.
4. Sustainable Development
Development that meets needs of present without harming future
generations.
5. Waste Management
3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
Segregation of dry & wet waste.
Composting biodegradable waste.
6. Role of Individuals
Tree plantation.
Reducing use of plastics.
Saving water and electricity.
Chapter 10: Information Communication Technology (ICT)
1. Introduction
ICT = Use of technology for information storage, retrieval,
processing, and communication.
2. Applications of ICT in Education
Smart classes.
E-learning platforms.
Online exams & assessments.
3. Applications in Healthcare
Telemedicine.
Online health records.
Advanced medical equipment.
4. Applications in Industry
Automation in production.
Online business platforms (e-commerce).
Robotics, Artificial Intelligence.
5. Applications in Daily Life
Online banking, shopping.
Social media communication.
Navigation (Google Maps).
6. Advantages of ICT
Saves time.
Increases efficiency.
Easy access to information.
7. Challenges of ICT
Cybersecurity threats.
Digital divide.
Over-dependence on technology.
