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The
steps
are
as
follows:
1.
Plot
your
data:
Stemplot,
histogram
2.
Interpret
what
you
see:
Shape,
center,
The
variability,
steps
outliers
are
3.
as
Numerical
follows:
summary?
1.
x

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The
flowchart
branches
into
two
main
categories,
Test
a
claim
Significance
test
and

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Organizing a Statistical Problem: A Four-Step Process

STATE: What is the practical question, in the context of the real-world
setting?
PLAN: What specific statistical operations does this problem call for?

SOLVE: Make the graphs and carry out the calculations needed for this problem.

CONCLUDE: Give your practical conclusion in the setting of the real-world problem.

Confidence Intervals: The Four-Step Process

STATE: What is the practical question that requires estimating a parameter?

PLAN: Identify the parameter, choose a level of confidence, and select the type of
confidence interval that fits your situation.

SOLVE: Carry out the work in two phases:

1. Check the conditions for the interval you plan to use.
2. Calculate the confidence interval.

CONCLUDE: Return to the practical question to describe your results in this setting.

Tests of Significance: The Four-Step Process

STATE: What is the practical question that requires a statistical test?

PLAN: Identify the parameter, state null and alternative hypotheses, and choose the
type of test that fits your situation.

SOLVE: Carry out the test in three phases:

1. Check the conditions for the test you plan to use.
2. Calculate the test statistic.
3. Find the P-value.

CONCLUDE: Return to the practical question to describe your results in this setting.

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Table entry for C is the critical value t* required for confidence level C. To approximate one- and
two-sided P-values, compare the value of the t statistic with the critical values of t* that match
the P-values given at the bottom of the table.

TABLE C t distribution critical values

Degrees of Confidence level C
freedom 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 96% 98% 99% 99.5% 99.8% 99.9%
1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.71 15.89 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.611 3.922

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19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
50 0.679 0.849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937 3.261 3.496
60 0.679 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
80 0.678 0.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887 3.195 3.416
100 0.677 0.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871 3.174 3.390
1000 0.675 0.842 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 2.813 3.098 3.300
z* 0.674 0.841 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.091 3.291
One-sided .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 .025 .02 .01 .005 .0025 .001 .0005
P
Two-sided .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 .05 .04 .02 .01 .005 .002 .001
P

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EIGHTH EDITION

THE
BASIC PRACTICE

of Statistics
DAVID S. MOORE
Purdue University

WILLIAM I. NOTZ
The Ohio State University

MICHAEL A. FLIGNER
University of California at Santa Cruz

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Vice President, STEM: Ben Roberts

Senior Program Manager: Karen Carson
Marketing Manager: Tom DeMarco
Development Editor: Leslie Lahr
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Executive Media Editor: Catriona Kaplan
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Printing and Binding: LSC Communications
Cover and title page images credits: Digital Storm/Shutterstock

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017946380

Student Edition Hardcover:
ISBN-13: 978-1-319-04257-8
ISBN-10: 1-319-04257-0

Student Edition Loose-leaf:

ISBN-13: 978-1-319-05793-0
ISBN-10: 1-319-05793-4

Instructor Complimentary Copy:

ISBN-13: 978-1-319-05792-3
ISBN-10: 1-319-05792-6

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Copyright ©2018, 2015, 2013, 2010 by W. H. Freeman and Company

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

First printing

W. H. Freeman and Company

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Suite 4500
New York, NY 10004-1562
www.macmillanlearning.com

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