MS Access 2010 & Networks Study Guide

GKM's Amulakh Amichand International School

Cambridge Assessment International Education

Chapter 1: MS Access 2010

Chapter 1: MS Access 2010

Opening Exercise - Complete the Sentences

Fill in the blanks from the selections provided: Selections: Primary

Key, printing, column, Queries, records, entering, system, Report,
modifying, format, Database, computer, entering

1. Forms are used for _______, _______ and viewing records.

2. _______ show a selection of data based on the criteria you provided.

3. A Table is an object which stores data in Row (_______) and _______

(Field) format.

4. We need to define a _______ in a table.

5. A _______ is a collection of data that is stored in a _______ system.

6. A _______ is an object used for formatting, calculating, _______ and

summarizing selected data.

Answers:

1. entering, modifying

2. Queries

3. Record, column

4. Primary Key

5. Database

6. Report, Printing

Database Object Identification Exercise

Complete the image by naming the correct object based on each

description: Options: Queries, Tables, Forms, Reports

1. User-friendly interfaces for entering and viewing data → Forms

2. Sets of related data → Tables

 3. Formatted summaries of data suitable for printing → Reports

4. Data resulting from questions you ask of one or more tables →

Queries

All Questions and Answers from the Document

1. Define Database. Answer: Database is a collection of information in

the form of rows and columns. Database is used to store data and display
data.

2. Explain types of Database. Answer:

 DBMS stores data in tables

 Network database uses graph structures to represent data

 Cloud Database → Hosted on cloud platforms

3. What are the objects of Database? Answer: Forms, Reports,

Queries, Tables

4. How will you explain Tables? Answer: Tables are used to display
data in the form of rows and columns. It displays all the information in a
tabular form.

5. Explain the elements of a table? Answer:

 Fields: These are the columns, where suitable data types can be
entered

 Records: These are the rows of the tables and information could be
written here

 Data type: Defines what type of data can be stored

 Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each record

6. What is Microsoft Access? Answer: It is a database-related

application that uses database to store data, display data and manage
data in the form of rows and columns.

7. Write any six features of MS Access. Answer: Import and export

data, Macros, Module Controls, Attachments and security, Reduces data
redundancy, storing of data controlling the data in centralized manner.

8. Name the types of Data types. Explain any Two. Answer: Types:
Short text, Number, Long text, Auto number Explanations:

1. Short text: To enter any information that is in characters, this can

be used. It supports 255 characters.
 2. Number: For numeric data, this is the best datatype. It can be used
for numbers purposes.

9. What is the use of Data type? Answer: Data types are useful
because it tells us what type of information is being entered. If the right
datatype is chosen the results would be better.

10. What is the use of Primary Key? Answer: Primary key uniquely
identifies each record in a table. It is important as at least one field in the
table would be unique. This field can be identified by the primary key.

11. Explain the two views of a Table. (Datasheet and design View)
Answer:

 Datasheet view: To display the data stored, datasheet view is used

 Design View: To enter the data types and the other things to
display data, design view is used.

12. What is the use of sorting in a table? Answer: If you want to sort
the information present in the order you want, this option can be used. To
make the displaying of data much easier, you could use this option.

Working with Queries

1. What is a Query? Answer: A query is a way to view, analyze or

manipulate data stored in one or more tables.

2. What is a Form? Answer: A form is a user-friendly interface used to

view, enter, and edit data in a database.

3. Explain the parts of a query? Draw a query window. Answer:

Field, table, sort, Show, criteria, and 'or', are parts of a query. These can
be used to sort, give conditions, state the names of fields of tables, etc.

4. What is 1. parameter query 2. Action query 3. Cross tab Query.

Answer:

1. Parameter query is a type of query that prompts the user to enter

a value when the query runs.

2. Action query in access is a query that changes data in your

database.

3. A crosstab query is a special type of query that summarizes data

and presents it in a table format.

5. What is a Report? Answer: A report is used to format, summarize,

and present data from your database in a printable format.

Define the following:

1. Primary Key Answer: A primary key uniquely identifies each record in
a table, and to identify a unique field in a table.

2. Record Answer: It is used to display a row in a table, and to enter the

data in a table, this is where it is entered.

3. Query Answer: It is a tool to view, analyze and manipulate data

stored in one or more tables.

4. Field Answer: These are columns in a table, and to specify the type of
information. A field is present in a table.

5. Report Answer: It is used to format, summarize and display data in a

printable format.

Key Database Terms

Database: An integrated collection of logically-related records in the form

of tables. It offers an organized mechanism for storing, managing and
retrieving information related to a particular subject or purpose.

Database Management System (DBMS): A set of computer programs

that controls the creation, maintenance and use of the computerized
database by the user. Examples: MS Access, FoxPro, FoxBASE.

Table: A collection of related information in the form of rows and columns

that stores data.

Record: One row of a table that includes complete information arranged

horizontally.

Field: A column arranged vertically in a table that stores information of

the same type.

Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each record in a table. It ensures that at

least one field in the table would be unique.

Query: A way to view, analyze or manipulate data stored in one or more

tables.

Form: A user-friendly interface used to view, enter, and edit data in a

database.

Report: Used to format, summarize, and present data from your database
in a printable format.

Database Objects and Their Functions

Object Function

Tables Sets of related data stored in rows and columns

Object Function

User-friendly interfaces for entering and viewing

Forms
data

Querie Data resulting from questions you ask of one or

s more tables

Repor
Formatted summaries of data suitable for printing
ts

Data Types in MS Access

1. Short Text: For entering information in characters (supports 255

characters)

2. Number: For numeric data, best datatype for numbers and

calculations

3. Long Text: For extended text entries

4. Auto Number: Automatically generates unique numbers

Table Views

1. Datasheet View: Used to display the data stored in the table

2. Design View: Used to enter data types and other structural

elements

Query Types

1. Parameter Query: Prompts the user to enter a value when the

query runs

2. Action Query: A query that changes data in your database

3. Crosstab Query: Summarizes data and presents it in a table format

Functions of DBMS

 Reduces Data Redundancy: Helps remove duplicate data

 Facilitates Sharing of Data: Different users can access the same

database

 Controls Data Inconsistency: Changes in one file automatically

update related files

 Enforces Standards: Applies consistent standards in data

representation
  Ensures Data Security: Protects access to records through
authorization

 Maintains Integrity: Keeps constraints to ensure data consistency

and correctness

Six Features of MS Access

1. Import and export data

2. Macros

3. Module controls

4. Attachments and security

5. Reduces data redundancy

6. Centralized data management and control

Chapter 2: Networks and Their Effects

Network Hardware

Network Interface Card (NIC): A printed circuit board installed in a

computer to connect it to a network.

Network Devices

Devic
Function
e

Hub Takes data packets and broadcasts them to all connected devices

Switc
Sends data only to intended computer by matching MAC address
h

Rout Routes data packets from one network to another based on IP

er address; connects LAN to internet

Bridg
Connects one LAN to another using the same protocol
e

Network Types

 LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices within a limited area

 WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographical areas

 Internet: Worldwide system of interconnected computer networks

 Intranet: Private network restricted within an organization

  Extranet: Private network extended to allow external access to
certain resources

Wireless Technologies

 Bluetooth: Wireless communication over short distances

 Wi-Fi: Enables wireless internet connectivity

 Cloud Computing: Allows users to store and access data over the
internet

Practice Questions

MS Access Questions

Fill in the Blanks:

1. A _______ is a collection of data stored in rows and columns format.

2. _______ are used for entering, modifying and viewing records.

3. A _______ shows a selection of data based on criteria you provide.

4. We need to define a _______ in a table to uniquely identify records.

5. A _______ is used for formatting and summarizing selected data.

Answers:

1. Table

2. Forms

3. Query

4. Primary Key

5. Report

Short Answer Questions:

6. Define Database and explain its purpose.

7. What are the main objects of a database?

8. Explain the elements of a table.

9. What is Microsoft Access and what is it used for?

10. What is the use of Data type in databases?

11. What is the use of Primary Key?

12. Explain the two views of a Table.

 13. What is the use of sorting in a table?

14. What is a Query and what are its parts?

15. What is a Form in database context?

16. What is a Report in databases?

Answers: 6. Database: A collection of information in the form of rows

and columns. Database is used to store data and display data in an
organized manner.

7. Main objects of Database: Tables, Forms, Reports, Queries

8. Elements of a table:

o Fields: These are the columns where suitable data types can
be entered

o Records: These are the rows of the tables where information

could be written

o Data types: Define what type of information can be entered

o Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each record

9. Microsoft Access: It is a database-related application that uses

database to store data, display data and manage data in the form of
rows and columns.

10. Use of Data type: Data types are useful because they tell us
what type of information is being entered. If the right datatype is
chosen, the results would be better.

11. Use of Primary Key: Primary key uniquely identifies each

record in a table. It is important as at least one field in the table
would be unique. This field can be identified by the primary key.

12. Two views of a Table:

o Datasheet View: Used to display the data stored in the table

o Design View: Used to enter data types and other structural

elements to display data

13. Use of sorting: If you want to sort the information present in

the order you want, this option can be used. To make the displaying
of data much easier, you could use this option.

14. Query: A query is a way to view, analyze or manipulate data

stored in one or more tables. Parts of a query: Field, Table, Sort,
 Show, Criteria, and 'Or' - these parts can be used to sort, give
conditions, state the names of fields of tables, etc.

15. Form: A form is a user-friendly interface used to view, enter,

and edit data in a database.

16. Report: A report is used to format, summarize, and present

data from your database in a printable format.

Network Questions

Fill in the Blanks:

1. A _______ is a device that connects multiple networks and directs

data between them.

2. _______ allows wireless communication over short distances,

commonly used for connecting devices like smartphones and
headphones.

3. A _______ acts as a central connection point in a network but does

not manage data traffic.

4. _______ computing allows users to store and access data and

applications over the internet instead of on a local device.

5. An _______ is a private network that is extended to allow external

access to certain resources.

Answers:

1. Router

2. Bluetooth

3. Hub

4. Cloud

5. Extranet

True or False:

1. A switch is a networking device that broadcasts data to all

connected devices. (True/False)

2. A NIC (Network Interface Card) is used to connect a computer to a

network. (True/False)

3. Bluetooth uses radio waves to transfer data over long distances.

(True/False)
 4. WAN (Wide Area Network) covers a small geographical area like a
home or office. (True/False)

5. Cloud computing eliminates the need for local storage devices.

(True/False)

Answers:

1. False (A switch sends data only to the intended computer by

matching MAC address)

2. True

3. False (Bluetooth is for short distances)

4. False (WAN covers large geographical areas)

5. True

Network Device Identification: 6. This network device checks the data

packet arriving from one computer and sends the data to a specific
computer. 7. This network device sends the data packet from a computer
to all devices connected to it. 8. This network device connects a LAN to
the internet. 9. This network device connects one LAN to another with the
same protocol.

Answers: 6. Switch - matches the MAC address of an incoming data

packet and directs it to the correct targeted device 7. Hub - takes a data
packet received at one of its ports and broadcasts it to every device
connected to it 8. Router - used to route data packets from one network
to another based on their IP address 9. Bridge - connects one LAN to
another that uses the same protocol

Short Answer Questions: 10. Define the term Internet. 11. Explain the
difference between Hub, Switch and Router. 12. What is the function of a
Network Interface Card?

Answers: 10. Internet: The internet is a worldwide system of

interconnected computer networks and electronic devices that
communicate with each other using an established set of protocols. The
internet is an example of wide area network.

11. Difference between Hub, Switch and Router:

o Hub: Takes data packets and broadcasts it to each device

connected

o Switch: Sends data only to the intended computer by

matching the MAC address
 o Router: Routes data packets from one network to another
based on the IP address

12. Network Interface Card (NIC): A printed circuit board that

is installed in a computer so that the computer can be connected to
a network.

Match the Following: Match Column A with Column B:

Column
Column B
A

A. LAN 1. A device that filters and forwards data

B. Bridge 2. A private network restricted within an organization

C. 3. A type of network that connects devices within a

Intranet limited area

D.
4. Allows communication between different LANs
Router

E. Wi-Fi 5. Enables wireless internet connectivity

Answers:

 A. LAN → 3. A type of network that connects devices within a limited

area

 B. Bridge → 1. A device that filters and forwards data

 C. Intranet → 2. A private network restricted within an organization

 D. Router → 4. Allows communication between different LANs

 E. Wi-Fi → 5. Enables wireless internet connectivity

Additional Chapter Questions with Answers

Database Management System (DBMS) Questions

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What does RDBMS stand for? a) Real Database Management System

b) Relational Database Management System c) Remote Database
Management System d) Routine Database Management System

2. Who proposed the relational database management system? a) Bill

Gates b) Steve Jobs c) E.F. Codd d) Larry Ellison
 3. In which year was RDBMS proposed? a) 1969 b) 1970 c) 1971 d)
1972

Answers:

1. b) Relational Database Management System

2. c) E.F. Codd

3. b) 1970

Long Answer Questions:

4. Explain the six main functions of DBMS with examples.

Answer: The six main functions of DBMS are:

1. Reduces Data Redundancy: Data redundancy means duplication

of data. A DBMS helps to remove duplicate data. For example, in a
library the name of a book may occur under the author's name and
the ISBN number. This redundant data can be removed using a
DBMS.

2. Facilitates Sharing of Data: Different users can access and use

the same database. For example, the Admissions department can
use the School database for storing and retrieving Admission No. of
students while teachers can use the same database for retrieving
Student Names.

3. Controls Data Inconsistency: In DBMS, the change in any one file

is automatically updated in all related files. For example, in a library
if there are two records for a single book, one under the author's
name and another under new stock, it might happen that details are
changed under one record. This may lead to inconsistency as both
records would comprise different information. Such problems are
easily dealt with by DBMS.

4. Enforces Standards: In a DBMS, certain standards can be applied

in data representation. Standards may relate to naming of data,
structure of data, format of data, etc. For example, if name of
student is a field in a table, it should be consistent everywhere.

5. Ensures Data Security: The access to any record can be made

protected in a DBMS. The files can be accessed only by those who
are authorized to do so.

6. Maintains Integrity: A DBMS maintains integrity by keeping some

constraints when data is entered. These constraints are rules
designed to keep data consistent and correct. They act like a check
on the incoming data.
Database Structure Questions

5. Draw and explain the structure of a School database with three

tables: Student, Library, and Staff.

Answer:

SCHOOL DATABASE STRUCTURE

Student Table:

- Admission No.

- Student Name

- Address

- Phone Number

- Class

Library Table:

- Book Code

- Subject

- Author

- Publisher

- Cost

- Issue Date

- Return Date

Staff Table:

- Staff Code

- Staff Name

- Department

- Joining Date

- Salary
Each table stores related information in rows (records) and columns
(fields). This structure allows for organized data storage and easy retrieval
of information for different purposes.

6. What is the importance of Primary Key in maintaining database

integrity?

Answer: Primary Key is crucial for database integrity because:

 It uniquely identifies each record in a table

 Ensures that at least one field in the table is unique

 Prevents duplicate records from being created

 Provides a reliable way to reference specific records

 Maintains data consistency across related tables

 Acts as a foundation for establishing relationships between tables

Data Types and Field Properties

7. Compare and contrast Short Text and Long Text data types in MS
Access.

Answer: Short Text:

 Used for entering information in characters

 Supports maximum of 255 characters

 Best for names, addresses, phone numbers

 Takes less storage space

 Faster to search and index

Long Text:

 Used for extended text entries

 Can store much more than 255 characters

 Best for descriptions, comments, notes

 Takes more storage space

 Slower to search compared to short text

8. When would you use an Auto Number data type? Give three
examples.

Answer: Auto Number data type is used when you need:

 1. Primary Keys: Automatically generates unique identifiers for each
record (e.g., Student ID, Employee ID)

2. Invoice Numbers: Automatically creates sequential invoice

numbers in a billing system

3. Order Numbers: Generates unique order numbers in an e-

commerce database

Query Design Questions

9. Explain the parts of a query window and their functions.

Answer: The parts of a query window include:

 Field: Specifies which fields from tables to include in results

 Table: Shows which table each field comes from

 Sort: Determines the order of results (ascending/descending)

 Show: Controls whether a field appears in query results

 Criteria: Sets conditions to filter records

 Or: Allows multiple criteria conditions

These parts work together to create customized views of data based on

specific requirements.

10. Differentiate between Parameter Query, Action Query, and

Crosstab Query with examples.

Answer:

1. Parameter Query: Prompts the user to enter a value when the

query runs

o Example: "Enter Student Name:" - allows user to search for

specific student

2. Action Query: A query that changes data in your database

o Example: Update query to change all students' grades or

Delete query to remove old records

3. Crosstab Query: Summarizes data and presents it in a table format

o Example: Shows total sales by month (rows) and by product

(columns) in a cross-tabulated format

Forms and Reports

 11. Why are Forms preferred over direct table editing for data
entry?

Answer: Forms are preferred because they:

 Provide user-friendly interfaces for data entry

 Can include validation rules to ensure data accuracy

 Allow controlled access to specific fields only

 Can display data from multiple related tables

 Offer better visual layout and organization

 Reduce errors through guided data entry

 Can include buttons and controls for enhanced functionality

12. What are the advantages of using Reports in MS Access?

Answer: Reports offer several advantages:

 Professional Formatting: Present data in a printable, professional

format

 Data Summarization: Calculate totals, averages, and other

summary statistics

 Customizable Layout: Control exactly how data appears on paper

or screen

 Multiple Data Sources: Combine data from multiple tables and

queries

 Grouping and Sorting: Organize data logically for better

understanding

 Automated Generation: Can be scheduled to run automatically

 Print-Ready Output: Optimized for printing with proper page

breaks and headers

Database Design Principles

13. Explain why it's important to store data in tables rather than
in a single large list.

Answer: Storing data in properly designed tables is important because:

 Reduces Redundancy: Eliminates duplicate information

 Improves Data Integrity: Changes need to be made in only one

place
  Enables Relationships: Tables can be related to show connections
between data

 Increases Efficiency: Smaller, focused tables are faster to search

and update

 Supports Multiple Users: Different departments can access

relevant tables

 Easier Maintenance: Structural changes affect only specific tables

 Better Organization: Related information is grouped logically

14. What applications can be used to store tabular data, and what
makes MS Access unique?

Answer: Applications for tabular data:

 Microsoft Excel (spreadsheets)

 Google Sheets

 LibreOffice Calc

 Database systems (MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server)

 MS Access

What makes MS Access unique:

 Combines ease of use with database power

 Integrates tables, forms, queries, and reports in one application

 Supports relationships between tables

 Includes built-in wizards for quick development

 Provides both datasheet and form views

 Offers programming capabilities through VBA

 Designed specifically for small to medium-sized databases

Chapter End Questions (SNAP RECAP)

Questions from the Chapter:

1. Why do you need to store data in tables? Give an example.

Answer: Data needs to be stored in tables because:

 Tables provide an organized mechanism for storing, managing and

retrieving information
  They arrange data in rows (records) and columns (fields) format for
easy access

 Tables reduce data redundancy and maintain data integrity

 They allow for efficient searching, sorting, and filtering of

information

 Multiple users can access the same data simultaneously

Example: A School database can have separate tables for Students

(containing Admission No., Student Name, Address, Phone Number, Class),
Library (containing Book Code, Subject, Author, Publisher, Cost, Issue
Date, Return Date), and Staff (containing Staff Code, Staff Name,
Department, Joining Date, Salary). Each table stores related information
that can be easily retrieved and managed.

2. Name some applications you can use to store tabular data.

Answer: Applications that can be used to store tabular data include:

 MS Access - Database management system for comprehensive

data storage

 Microsoft Excel - Spreadsheet application for simple tabular data

 FoxPro - Database management system

 FoxBASE - Database management system

 Google Sheets - Online spreadsheet application

 LibreOffice Calc - Open-source spreadsheet application

 MySQL - Relational database management system

 Oracle Database - Enterprise database system

Learning Objectives Covered:

The chapter covers these important learning objectives:

✓ Important terms related to database - Database, DBMS, Table,

Record, Field, Primary Key, Query, Form, Report

✓ Functions of DBMS and database objects - Reduces redundancy,

facilitates sharing, controls inconsistency, enforces standards, ensures
security, maintains integrity

✓ Starting MS Access 2010 - Understanding the database application

and its purpose
✓ Creating new database in MS Access 2010 - Process of setting up a
new database

✓ Components of MS Access 2010 window - Interface elements and

navigation

✓ Data types and primary key - Short Text, Number, Long Text, Auto
Number; Primary Key importance

✓ Changing the view - Datasheet View vs Design View

✓ Creating and modifying tables in MS Access 2010 - Table structure

and field properties

✓ Saving database in MS Access 2010 - File management and storage

✓ Opening an existing database - Accessing previously created

databases

✓ Queries, forms and reports in MS Access 2010 - Understanding

and using database objects

Key Concepts Summary:

Database Hierarchy:

Database (e.g., School Database)

├── Tables (Student, Library, Staff)

│ ├── Records (Individual rows of data)

│ └── Fields (Individual columns/data types)

├── Queries (Data analysis and manipulation)

├── Forms (User-friendly data entry interfaces)

└── Reports (Formatted output for printing)

RDBMS Fact:

 Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) was

proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970

 It organizes data as related tables

 More powerful as relevant data can be extracted and tables can be

extended and modified without reorganizing existing tables

This comprehensive coverage ensures understanding of both MS Access

2010 fundamentals and network concepts as outlined in the Cambridge
International Education curriculum.
Extra Questions and Answers – Networking and
the Effects of Using Them
1. What is a computer network?

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers and devices

that can communicate and share resources such as files, printers, and
internet connections. These devices are connected using cables, wireless
signals, or other transmission media.

2. What are the main types of computer networks?

- LAN (Local Area Network): Connects computers within a limited area like
a home or school.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a large geographical area, such as the
internet.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Spans a city or a large campus.
- PAN (Personal Area Network): Small network for personal devices like
mobile phones and laptops.

3. What are the positive effects of using computer networks?

- Resource Sharing
- Communication via email and messaging
- Cost efficiency
- Centralized data access
- Collaboration and real-time updates

4. What are the negative effects or risks of networking?

- Security threats like hacking and malware

- Privacy concerns
- Dependency on network uptime
- High initial setup costs
- Misuse on social networks

5. What is the role of a router in a network?

A router connects different networks and routes data between them. It

enables internet access by directing traffic between local devices and
external networks.

6. How do switches differ from hubs in networking?

- Switches send data only to the intended device using MAC addresses.
- Hubs send data to all devices on the network, reducing efficiency and
security.
7. What is bandwidth in networking?

Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network

in a specific amount of time, typically measured in Mbps (megabits per
second).

8. What are the differences between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth?

- Bluetooth is suitable for short-range communication between a few

devices.
- Wi-Fi supports high-speed data transfer over longer distances and allows
multiple devices to connect to a network or the internet.

9. What is a Network Interface Card (NIC)?

A network interface card (NIC) allows a device to connect to a network by

converting binary data into electrical signals. It usually comes built-in on
modern computers and has a unique MAC address.

10. What is a MAC address?

A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique 48-bit identifier

assigned to a NIC. It is represented as six groups of hexadecimal digits
and is also known as a physical address.

11. What is an IP address and how is it different from a MAC

address?

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is assigned to a device when it connects

to a network and may change depending on the location. A MAC address
is hardwired and does not change.

12. What is a data packet?

Data packets are units of data sent across networks. Each packet contains
a header with sender and receiver IP addresses, sequence number, and
size to help reassemble data in the correct order.

13. What is a hub and how does it work?

A hub connects multiple devices in a LAN and sends received data packets
to all connected devices, which leads to unnecessary traffic and lower
security.

14. What is a switch and how is it different from a hub?

A switch is like a hub but more intelligent. It uses a MAC address table to
send data only to the intended recipient device, improving security and
efficiency.

15. What is a bridge in networking?

A bridge connects two LANs that use the same protocol, enabling them to
function as one larger LAN. Unlike routers, bridges do not connect to
external networks.

16. What is the purpose of cloud computing?

Cloud computing stores data on remote servers that can be accessed from
any device with internet access. It provides data redundancy and
flexibility but comes with security and cost concerns.

17. What are the advantages of cloud storage?

- Accessible anytime, anywhere

- Remote data backup
- Unlimited storage (with cost)
- Syncing across devices
- Facilitates collaboration

18. What are the disadvantages of cloud storage?

- Security and privacy concerns

- Data loss risks
- Dependency on stable internet
- High costs for large usage
- Provider shutdown risks

19. What is the difference between wired and wireless LANs?

Wired LANs use cables and offer better reliability and speed. Wireless
LANs use radio waves, providing flexibility but are more prone to
interference and security risks.

20. What is a WLAN?

A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a type of LAN that uses wireless
communication (e.g., via access points) to connect devices over short
distances.

21. What is the difference between LAN and WAN?

LAN is a network in a small area like a building. WAN spans large

distances, such as cities or countries, and often uses routers and leased
communication lines.

22. What is electronic conferencing?

Electronic conferencing includes video, audio, and web conferencing. It

allows real-time communication over networks, reducing travel costs and
increasing collaboration.

23. What is a physical token?

A physical token is a hardware device used in authentication. It generates
a one-time password (OTP) for secure login, often used in online banking.

24. What is a smart card and how is it used?

Smart cards contain chips that store user information and are used for
authentication. They can be read without direct contact and are used in
access control systems.

25. What is the purpose of anti-virus software?

Anti-virus software scans files and programs for known threats and
suspicious behavior. It uses databases and heuristic checks to detect and
quarantine viruses.