,ay; - 1

fs;shpd; r%f tho;tpay;

fs;shpd; Njhw;wk;

Ne~dy; [PNahfpuhgpf; njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; “kdpj ,dj;jpd;

gazk;” vd;w jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy;
gzpGhpAk; Nguhrphpah; gpr;rg;gd; mth;fspd; jiyikapy; Ma;T
nra;j kugpay; mwptpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; kJiu crpyk;gl;b mUfpy; cs;s
N[hjpkhzpf;fk; vd;w rpw;W}hpy; Kf;Fyj;jpd; xU gpupthd gpukiyf;
fs;sh; ,dj;ij Nrh;e;j tpUkhz;b Mz;bj;Njth; vd;ghthplk; kugpapay;
Ma;T nra;j NghJ “vk; 130 [Link];.V’ ,Ug;gjhf lhf;lh;. gpr;rg;gd; 2008
Mk; tUlk; mwptpj;jhh;. NkYk; mth;fs; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J
70000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G njd;,e;jpahtpy; gpukiyf; fs;sh;fs;
FbNawpajhf $Wfpd;wdh;.

Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; cs;s rpy goq;Fbapdh;> M];jpNuypa

goq;Fbapdh;> A+jh;fs;> mNugpa goq;Fbapdh;
Nghd;wth;fsplk; ,Ue;j Rd;dj; nra;Ak; gof;fk; gpukiyf; fs;sh; r
%fj;jplk; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; rpy gFjpfspYk;> M];jpNuypahtpYk;

gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j “tisj;jb” (G+kuhq;) gpukiyf; fs;sh;fsplk;>
GJf;Nfhl;il fs;sh;fsplKk;> tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

1
 me;jf; fhyj;jpy; tshp my;yJ tisj;jb vd;w MAjNk fs;sh;fspd;
gpujhd MAjkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. xU Kid fdkhfTk;>
kWKid ,NyhrhfTk;> $uhfTk; xU gpiw tbtpy; kuj;jpdhy; my;yJ
cNyhfj;jpdhy; ,f;fUtp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;j kf;fs; ,d;Wk; jkJ
tPuh;fSf;F (Kd;Ndhh;fSf;F) nra;Ak; MAj G+irapy; (Kd;Ndhh; epidT
topg;ghl;by;) tshpia fhzpf;ifahf itj;J topgLfpd;wdh;.

tisj;jbapd; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tbtk; tshp vd;w MAjkhf

Kf;Fyj;Njhh; midtUk; Nghh; fsj;jpy; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
gad;gLj;jpdh;. rpd;d kUJ tshp tPRtjpy; ty;yth; vd;gJ rhpj;jpuk;
mwpe;jth; midtUf;Fk; njhpe;j cz;ik. uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpfspd;
muz;kid ,y;yj;jpy; mth;fSila gilfspy; gad;gLj;jpa tshpfs; ,d;Wk;
fhl;rpf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j %d;W mbg;gil fUj;Jf;fspd; Clhf nrhy;Yk; xU nra;jp cz;L.

ekJ ,dk; vq;F Njhd;wpaJ vd;gij gw;wpajhFk;. Ne~dy;
[PNahfpuhgpf; njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; “kdpj ,dj;jpd; gazk;” vd;w
Ma;tpd; fUj;jhd Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J kdpjd; Njhd;wpdhd; vd;gJ
my;y. goe;jkpo; VLfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wk; fhghlGuKk;>
njd; kJiuAk;> g/Wsp MWk; nfhz;l gue;j epyg;
gug;ghd ,d;iwa ,e;jpa ngUq;flypd; mbapy; %o;fp fplf;Fk; Fkhpf;
fz;lNk kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpa ,lk; vDk; fUj;Jf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpwJ.

Fkhpf; fz;lk; flypy; %o;fpa NghJ kdpj ,dk; Mg;gphpf;f>

M];jpNuypa> ,e;jpa gFjpfSf;F rpjwpajhy; jhd; “vk;130 [Link];.V”
Nkw;fz;l gFjpapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. 2 kw;Wk; 3 d; fUj;Jf;fs;
Kf;Fyj;Njhh; Fkhpf; fz;lk; gFjpapy; Njhd;wp gutpdh; vd;gij
cWjpgLj;JfpwJ.

2
Kd;Diu

cyfk; Njhd;wpa fhyj;Nj #hpakugpy; Njhd;wp ,d;iwf;F Ie;E}W

Mz;LfSf;F Kd; Vfhjpgjpaha; gy;yhapuk; efuq;fisAk;> vz;zpwe;j
Nfhapy;fisAk; mstw;w MWfisAk; fzf;fw;w Ch;fisAk; cz;L gz;zp
thioab thio Nghy; Mz;L te;j xU G+h;tPf Fbfs; fs;sh; ,jid
gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif> gjpndd;fPo;f;fzf;F> rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
rPtfrpe;jhkzp> fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> gd;dpUjpUKiw>
jpUnkhopg;gpuge;jk; E}y;fs; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. <uhapuk;
gl;lq;fis Rke;J gy;yhapuk; gpiwfis fz;l kugpdh; fs;sh;.

fs;shpdnkhU tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;ghpa kpf;f ,dk; Vuhskhd

tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fis nfhz;l ,dk;. cyf tuyhw;wpy; fs;shpdj;ij
kpQ;Rk; msTf;F Mjhuq;fis nfhz;l NtW ve;j ,dKk; ,y;iy vd;gJk;
tuyhW fs;sh; tuyhW> fs;sh;fspd; tuyhW kl;Lky;y> jkpo;>
jkpoh;> jkpofj;jpd; tuyhWk; ,tw;Ws; mlq;fp cs;sJ.

jkpofj;ij Kw;fhyj;jpy; Nguurh;fshfTk;> FWepy kd;dh;fshfTk;

fhtyjpfhhpfshfTk;> gilj; jiyth;fshfTk; ,Ue;J Mz;l kugpdNu fs;sh;
vdg;gLth;. njhy;fhg;gpa ciu Mrphpah; ,sk;G+uzh;
GwnthOfyhw;wpy; tpsf;fkspf;ifapy;> jha; kz; gifaopf;f khw;whh;
mwpahjthW> xw;wha;e;j gpd; fhykwpe;J> ,lkwpe;J> typawpe;J>
fsk;GFe;J fspnwhpe;J ngah;e;jth; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,e;j ,aypy; fs;shpd; r%f tuyhW Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wd. ,jpy; fs;sh; vDk; ngah; Ma;T mfuhjpapd;
nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;... ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; fs;sh; Fy kd;dh;fs;
Nghd;w nra;jpfisf; fhzyhk;. mfehD}W jUk; ‘Gy;yp’ vDk; mur Fy
fs;sh; kd;didg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,it jtpu ‘fs;sh;’

3
Fwpj;j gy;NtW ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfisf; fhzyhk;. GJf;Nfhl;ilj;
njhz;ilkhdpd; tuyhw;W nra;jpfs; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. njhz;il
kz;ly ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfisf; fhzyhk;. fs;sh; Fyg; gphpTfs;> gl;lq;fSk;
vLj;Jf; $wg; gLfpd;wd.

fs;sh; tpsf;fk;

‘fs;sh;’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F fhpatd;> fh;f;flfk;> Fuq;F> murd;>

ez;L> KR> ahid vd;W gy;NtW nghUs;fs; cz;L.
rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fs;th; vd;w nrhy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; fs;td;
vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F jpthuf epfz;L ‘fhpNahd;’ vd;W kl;LNk nghUs;
jUfpwJ. gpq;fye;ijAk; ,ijNa $WfpwJ. vdNt fs;td;> fs;th; vd;Dk;
nrhy; fUik epwk; nfhz;lth;fisNa njhd;W njhl;L Fwpg;gpl;L tUtJ
Gyg;gLfpwJ. fs;sh; Fyk; vd;W mwpAk; NghJ murd;> kd;dtd;
vd;W nghUs; ngWk; ,jid er;rpdhh;f;fpdpahpd; rPtfrpe;jhkzpapd;
ciueil vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.

fs;sh; Kf;Fyj;Njhhpy; xU gphptpdh; : One of the divisions of

Mukkulattor.

(fs; - fs;Sjy;> fth;jy;. fs; + mh; - fs;sh; - gz;ilah;)

jkpo; Nte;jh; fhyj;jpy; ntl;rpg; gil kwtUs; xU

gphptpdh;. ,th;fs; nfhs;isf;fhuh;fNsh> fs;th;fNsh my;yh;. fs;th;>
kwth;> mfKilNahh; vd;w Kf;Fj;Njhh;fSs; xU gphptpduhfpa fs;sh;
Kd;dh; ntl;rpg; gil kwth;fshf ,Ue;J Nghh; njhlq;FKd; gifaurhpd;
Mepiufisf; fth;e;J tUk; njhopiyr; nra;jth;fshth;. ntl;rpg;
G+r;#b ,th;fs; Mepiu fth;e;jij ‘ntl;rp epiu fth;jy;’ vd;Dk; nra;ASk;
Fwpg;gpLfpwd;wJ.
4
 Mhpah; jkpoiu fhpath; vd;W Ntjj;jpy;
Fwpj;Js;sdh;. ,e;jpuDf;F kl;LNk fhpatd; vd;w ngah; cz;L. NkYk;
Nrhoh;fSk; fUik epwk; nfhz;bUe;jikahy; khy; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldh;. ,jdhy; jhd; ,e;jpu Fyj;jth; fs;sh; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

fs;sh; vd;w nrhy;iy kpf cah;e;j nrhy;yhff; fUjp ehad;khh;fSk;

Mo;thh;fSk; ghbAs;sdh;.

fs;th;> fs;sh; vd;w ngaUs;s flTs;fs;

rptngUkhd;

‘jpUkhy; (khy;) vd;Wk; cs;sq;fth; fs;td; vd;W’

rptngUkhid jpUKiwapy; rk;ge;jUk;

jpUkhiy>

‘fs;s khjth Nfrth>

fhufj;jha; fhh;thdj;Js;sha; fs;th>

thp nghop yhq;fe;jDs; fs;tdhh;>

fple;j thWk;’

vd jpUkhiy jpUnkhopg;gpuge;jq;fspy; Mo;thh;fSk;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.

jpUg;gjp ntq;flhrygjp ngUkhspd; kidtp myNkYkq;if

jpUNtq;flj;ij Mz;l fs;sh; ,dj;J Kdpaj; njhz;ilkhdpd; kfshths; (jpUkiy
khd;kpak;)

5
 rq;ffhy khkd;dd; Gy;yp vd;ghd; Ntq;flj;ij Mz;ltd; ,tdJ rpwg;G
ngah; fs;th; Nfhkhd; fs;sh; fs;td; ngUk; gpLF Kj;jiuad; vd;W
nre;jiyf; fy;ntl;Lk;

jpUf;fhl;Lg;gs;sp nre;jiyJ}z; fy;ntl;L>

“ty;yf;Nfhd;> jQ;irf;Nfhd; = fs;th; fs;td; ngUk;gpLF

Kj;jiuad;” vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

“tpidetpy; ahid tpww;Nghh;f; njhz;ilah;

,dkio jtO Nkw;wU neLq;Nfhl;

Nlhq;F nts;sUtp ntq;flj; Jk;gh;”1

vd Ntq;flkiyg; gFjpia Mz;l njhz;ilkhidg; gw;wpAk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

“fs;th; ngUkfd; - njd;dtd;”

“fs;th; Nfhkhd; njd;dtd;”

vd mfehD}W ghz;ba khkd;didAk; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba kh

khd;dh;fSk;> njhz;ilkhd;> Gy;yp> Kj;jiuah; Nghd;w kd;dh;fSk;
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; fs;th;> fs;sh; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shh;fs;.

“,tndd; dyq;fth;e;j fs;t dptnddJ

neQ;r epiwapj;j fs;tndd;”

vd Kj;njhs;shapuk; Nrukhidg; gw;wpAk;>

“kly; #o;e;j jhh;ek;gp aplq;fopf;Fk;”2

(Re;juh; jpUj;njhz;lh; njhif)

6
 “Nfhdhl;Lf; nfhLk;gh@h; Ntsph; Fyj;J murd;

Mjpj;jd; Gfo; kugpw;Fb KjNyhd;”3

(Nrf;fpohh; - nghpaGuhzk; gf;.

491)

“nfhq;fpw; fdfkzpe;j Mjpj;jd; Fy KjNyhd;

,Uf;FNts; kd;d ,lq;fopNa”4

(ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp – jpUte;jhjp)

“,Uf;FNtsph; Fyj; jiyth; ,lq;fopahh; nghd;Nta;e;j Mjpj;jd;

kuNghh;” 5

(Nrf;fpohh; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhz rhuk; gf;. 52)

vd Re;juh;> Nrf;fpohh;> ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp mbfs; Nrhoh;fs;>
fs;sh;fs; vdTk;>

“fsg uh[uh[d;”

“fs;td; uh[uh[d;”

vd nka;f;fPh;j;jp fy;ntl;L ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhoid fsgh; - fs;td;

vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“foy;Gid jpUe;jbf; fs;th; Nfhkhd;

koGyk; tzf;fpa khtz; Gy;yp

tpoTil tpOr;rPh; Ntq;flk;”6

(mfk;. 61)

“Gilayq; fow;fhw; Gy;yp Fd;wj;J”

7
 “ngha;ah ey;ypir khtz; Gy;yp”

“neLnkhopg; Gy;yp”

“Gy;yp ed;dhl;Lk;gh;”

“fLkhd; Gy;ypa fhbwe;NjhNu”7

(ew;wpiz)

vd kh%ydhh; Ntq;flkiyg; gFjpia Mz;l Gy;ypiag; gw;wpAk;>

“Gy;yp tpad;wiy ed;dhl;L Ntq;flk;”

“khmy;ahid kwg;Nghh;g; Gy;yp

fhk;Gil neLtiu Ntq;flk;”8

vd fy;yhldhh; Ntq;flkiyg; gFjpia Mz;l Gy;ypiag; gw;wpAk;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.

fs;th; Fy tuyhW

jkpofj;jpy; thOk; fs;sh; kugpdh; Kf;Fyj;Njhhpy; xU

gphptpdh; Mth;. fs;sh;> kwth;> mfKilahh; mfpa Kf;Fyq;fSk;
Nghh;j; njhopiy mbg;gilahf nfhz;l tho;e;J te;jjhy; ,e;j %d;W
rhjpapdUk; Kf;Fyj;Njhh; vd;W mwpag;gLfpd;wdh;. ,e;j %d;W
Fyj;jpdUk; “Njth;” vd;w nghJthd ngaNuhL mwpag;gLfpwhh;fs;.
fs;sh; kugpy; mwe;jhq;fp njhz;ilkhd;> GJf;Nfhl;il gy;ytuhah;>
GJf;Nfhl;il njhz;ilkhd; kw;Wk; gy rkPd;jhuh;fSk;> ngU
epyThpikahsh;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.

fs;sh;fspy;>
8
 <rehl;Lf;fs;sh; (jpUr;rp> jQ;ir> jpUth&h;> GJf;Nfhl;il)

fpistopf;fs;sh; (rptfq;if)

mk;gy fs;sh; - ehl;lhh; fs;sh; (rptfq;if> kJiu)

gpukiyf;fs;sh; (kJiu> crpyk;gl;b> Njdp> fk;gk;> jpz;Lf;fy;)

vd ehd;F Kf;fpag; gphpTfs; cz;L.

fsth; - fs;th;

,e;j ,dk; ghiy epyj;jpy; Njhd;wpath;fs; vd rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;

Fwpg;gpLtjhf tuyhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ghiy vd;gJ jdp epyk;
my;y. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy Nghd;w epyq;fs; Nfhil
fhyj;jpy; ntg;gj;jhy; twz;L Nghtjhy; me;epyj;ij ghiy vd;whh;fs;.

“Ky;iyAk; FwpQ;rpAk; Kiwikapy; jphpe;J ey;ypay;G ,oe;J

eLq;FJah; cWj;Jg; ghiy vd;Nghh; gbtk; nfhs;Sk;” vd;fpwJ
rpyg;gjpfhuk;.

jkpo;ehl;L epyk; ehd;F tif epyg; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ. Ky;iyAk;

FwpQ;rpAk; Kiwikapy; jphpe;J ghiy vd;gNjhh; gbkk; nfhs;Sk;
NghJ mJ Ie;jhf vz;zg;gl;lJ.

FwpQ;rpapy; kf;fs; cotpy;yh Ntshz;ik nra;Jk;> Ky;iyapy;

fhy;eil Ntshz;ik nra;Jk; jq;fsJ tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lq;fSk; Ky;iy epykhFk;. ,jdhy; jhd; Ky;iy

epyj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L fs;sh;fisf;; “fhl;Lg; gil” vd;W rpyh;
$Wtijf; fhz KbfpwJ.

9
 Ky;iyapNyNa vspa Ml;rpaikg;G Kjypy; Njhd;wptpl;lJ. mjhtJ
xU rpW $l;lj;ij topelj;Jk; jiyth;fs; Njhd;wptpl;ldh;. Ky;iy epyk;
vd;gJ MSikf; Fbfspd; Njhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;lJ.

Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy>

“fy;Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj

thNshL Kd; Njhd;wpa %j;jf;Fb”9

vd;gjd; cz;ikg; nghUs;> ‘fy; vd;w FwpQ;rp tho;T Njhd;wp> kz;

vd;w kUj> nea;jy; tho;T Njhd;whj fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ’ vd;gjhFk;.

FwpQ;rp epyj;jhh; jk; nja;tj;ij kiyapy; Njhd;Wk; neUg;gpd;

$whfTk; nfhz;ldh;> ,jdhNyNa> rptDf;Fj; jPtz;zd;> me;jptz;zd;>
khzpf;ff; $j;jd; vd;Dk; ngah;fSk;> Njhd;wpd.

Ky;iy epyj;jhh; jk; nja;tj;ij thdj;jpdpd;W nghopAk; Kfpypd;

$whfTk; nfhz;ldh;. ,jdhNyNa> jpUkhYf;Ff; fhh;tz;zd;> kzptz;zd;
vd;Dk; ngah;fSk;> Njhd;wpd.

Ky;iyf;Fhpa nja;tkhfj; jpUkhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;.

“khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfKk;”10

vd;fpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;.

jpUkhypd; ngah; fs;td; (fUik)

fs; - fs;td; - fhpatd;.

fs; - fhs; - fho; - fUik

fhs; - fhsp.

fhsp – ntw;wp jUgts; vd;Dk; nghUspy; nfhw;wit (nfhw;wit)

vd;Wk;> fhspf;Fg; ngah;fs; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
10
 “fs;sh;fs; ,d;Wk; jpUkhypd; jpUehkk; Md (fs;td;) vd;w ngaiu
jq;fs; Fy ngauhf nfhz;Ls;sdh;. kd;dh;fshfTk;> miuah;shfTk;
(FWepy murh;fshfTk;)> ghisaf;fhuh;fshfTk; tpsq;fpa fs;sh;fs;>
jq;fspd; Fy ngauhf jpUkhypd; jpUehkk; my;yJ fUikia Fwpf;Fk;
fs;td; vd;w nrhy;iy nfhz;Ls;sdNu jtpu ,opthd nghUs; jUk; ‘jpUld;’
vd;w nrhy;iy jhq;fp epw;ftpy;iy.”6

,jw;F cjhuzkhf fs;sh;fs; ntw;wpf;F tzq;fpa fhsp (nfhw;wit)

nja;tk; fUikia Fwpf;Fk;.

FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy epy kf;fs; fs;sh;fs; vd;gjw;F Vw;g>

FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy epy kf;fspd; ngauhd “ehld;”> “Ma;” vd;w
ngah;fis fs;sh; ,d Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; ,d;Wk; nfhz;Ls;sdh; ehld;>
ehl;lhh;> ehl;lhs;thh;> ehlhs;thh;> ehlhthh;> ehl;lurh;>
ehlhtp> ehl;lhpahh;> ehl;liuah;> rpyk;gh; vd;w gl;lq;fisAk;>
uh[h tp[auFehjuha njhz;ilkhd; gj;jpdpahuhfpa uhzp nuq;fk;kh
Ma;> uh[h tp[auFehj njhz;ilkhd; gj;jpdpahuhfpa uhzp Map
mk;khs; Ma;> Nrho kd;dh;fs; Ma; Fop> Ma; mLk;gd;> Ma; neLQ;
nrl; Nrho jifad;> Ma;> NgUz; Njhd;ndhQ;rp> Ma;Nt eyq;fps;sp>
vd;gd Nghd;w ,g;ngah;fs; ,jw;F rhd;whf mike;Js;sd.

mfuhjp tpsf;fk;

fs;td;> fs;sd;> fy;yd; vd;gjw;F mfuhjp “jpUld;” vd;W kl;Lk;

nghUs; jUfpwjh vd;why;> mfuhjpapy; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g NtW
nghs;fisAk; jUfpd;wd.

1. fs; + mh; (glh;f;if> gyh;ghy;) : fUik + kf;fs; - fUikahd

kf;fs;.
2. fs; + md; (glh;f;if> Mz;ghy; ) : fUikahdtd;
3. ,iwtd; (fs;td; jhd; cs;sj;jpw; fhz; - irt rpj;jhe;j mfuhjp)

11
 4. jpUkhy; (“fs;tndhyp nfhz;ltis” – jpUkhypdJ Kof;fj;ijf; nfhz;l
rq;Ffis cila)
5. fhpatd; (#lhkzpepfz;L> Kj;jh;fl;Fk; jd;idf; fhl;lhky;
xspj;jpUf;Fq; fs;tid – rPtd; Kj;jh;fSf;Fk; miljw; fhpatd;
rptd;)
6. ntl;rp kwtd; (me;jf; fs;th; M njhO mWj;njd – mUQ;Ruj;Jf;
kwth; Mf;fisj; njhOtpdpd;Wq;)

vd tpsf;fk; jUfpd;wJ mfuhjp.

[Link]. 5 k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J jkpo; Nru> ghz;ba ehLfspy;

tl;nlOj;jhfTk; Nrho> gy;yt ehLfspy; fpue;jk; my;yJ jkpo; vOj;jhfTk;
vOjg;gl;lJ. jkpo; vOj;JfSk; xt;nthU E}w;whz;bYk; jd; tbtj;jpYk;
khw;wk; nfhz;lJ. (xU nkhop 200 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw xU Fwpg;gpljf;f
khw;wk; milfpwJ.)

mJNghy fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; “kjpiu” vd;w nrhy;

kUijahfp ,d;W “kJiu”ahf khwpAs;sJ. Frtd; - Fatd;> vd;W rhjy; -
rhT vd;W jd;nra;A+h; - jQ;rhT+h; vd;W khwp cs;sJ. mJ
Nghy; ,d;W fs;td;> fs;th;> fs;sd;> fy;yd;> vd;w nrhy; fs;sh; vd;w
xw;iwr; nrhy;ypy; epiyj;J tpl;lJ.

fs;td; vd;gJ cah; nrhy;yhf ,Ue;jjhNy jhd; kd;dh;fs; mij

cah;thf jq;fs; Kd; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

1. fs;th; Nfhkhd; Gy;yp

2. fs;th; ngUkfd; njd;dd; (ghz;bad;)
3. = fs;th; fs;td; ngUk;gpLF Kj;jiuad;
4. = fs;s Nrhod;>
5. = fs;td; uh[uh[d;

12
 6. = fs;s jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
7. ePfhh;ak; - cilahh; cilahd; fs;td; Nrhod;
8. = fs;th; fs;td; ths;thp Ntq;if Fj;jpaJ.
9. fs;s ngUkhdhh;
10. fs;sd; ghg;ghd; nrhe;jdhd FNyhj;Jq;f Nrho ehlhs;thd;.

Ma;thsh;fs; fUj;Jf;fs;.

1. fsth; jkpo;r; nrhy;. ‘fsk;’ vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J

ngwg;gLfpwJ. fsk; vd;why; Nghh;f;fsk;. fsth; vd;why;
Nghh;f;fsk; rhh;e;j kf;fs; my;yJ fsk; GFNthh; vd;W
nghUs;gLk; vd;fpwhh; kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp.
2. jpU.K.,uhfitaq;fhh; fsth; vd;gJ “fs;sh;” vd;gjw;Ff; “fs;th;”
vd;w khw;Wtbtk; cz;L> “fsth;” vd;gJ> gioa Xiyr;
Rth;fspy; “s” vd;gjd; fz; cs;s Gs;sp ,lg;ngwhky; “fsth;” vd
MjYk; cz;L vd;fpwhh;.
3. Nfhtyh; - Nfhsth; - fsth; - fs;sh;Fb Mapdh;.
4. fsth; - fs;tu – fs;th;fs; - fNsgu(k;)h;fs; - fypaurh;fs;
5. “fsth;” – “fsgh;” – “fsgh” – “fsg;`u” – “fsg;`;u”
6. fsth; - fs;th; ([Link];NtY gps;is jkpo; nkhop mfuhjp) 7

vd;W nrhw;fs; cUkhw;wk; mile;jpUf;fyhk; vd;fpd;wdh;.

fskh; tpsf;fk;

fsth; vd;gjw;F

1. kUjepy kf;fs;
2. coth;

13
 3. tPuh;

vdg; nghUs; jUfpwJ tpd;RNyh jkpofuhjp.

,jd;gb ‘fsth;’ tPuiuf; Fwpf;Fk;. fsth; vd;gJ fs;shpd; Kd;Ndhb

ngauhFk;.

fs;td;

,r;nrhy; fPo;f;fz;lthW gy nghUs;fisj; jUfpwJ.

 fs;sd;
 fhpatd;
 eLr;nry;Nthd;
 KR
 ez;L
 fw;flfuhrp
 ahid
 Nrhud;

fs;td; vd;gJk; fs;shpd; Kd;Ndhbg; ngauhfNt jpfo;fpwJ.

fs;sh; Fwpj;j rhd;Wfs;

fp.K. 4 Mk; E}w;whz;L fhy mfehD}W ghly;fspy; fs;sh; Fwpj;j

rhd;Wfs;>

fs;sh; ,d kd;dd;>

“foy;Gid jpUe;jbf; “fs;th; Nfhkhd;”

koGyk; tzf;fpa khtz; Gy;yp

14
 tpoTil tpOr;rPh; Ntq;flk; ngwpDk;”11

vd;W foypidj; jhpj;j jpUe;jpa mbapidAila fs;th; ngUkhdhfpatDk;>

kotuJ epyj;ij tzq;fr; nra;j kpf;f tz;ikiaAila Gy;yp vd;ghdJ
jpUtpohf;fisAila kpf rpwg;G tha;e;j jpUNtq;flj;ij Mz;lhd; vd;Wk;>

‘fs;th; ngUkfd; - njd;dd;’

vd> kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; xU ghz;ba kd;didf; Fwpj;Js;shh;.

,t;thw;why;> rq;f ehspNy mjhtJ Vwf;Fiwa Mapuj;njhz;Z}W

Mz;Lfspd; Kd;G ‘fs;th;’ vd;w ngah; tof;F ,Ue;jnjd;gJk;> fs;th;
Fyj;jth; muruhapUe;jdnud;gJk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

“Mnfhs; %J}h;f; fs;th; ngUkfd;

Vty; ,isah; jiytd; Nkthh;....

nflhm ey;ypirj; njd;dd; njhlhm...”

gifth; Mf;fisf; fth;e;J nfhs;Sk;> gioa Chpduha fs;th;fl;F Kjy;tDk;>

VTjiyr; nra;Ak; tPuh;fl;Fj; jiytDk;> vd;Wk; nflhj ey;y
rPh;j;jpapidAKilahDk; Mfpa fs;sh; jiytd; ghz;bad;” vd;Wk;>

“,r;Ruk; glh;je; NjhNs Mapil

mj;jf; fs;th; MnjhO mWj;njdg;

gpd; gL G+rypd; toptop Xb”

mUQ;Ruj;Jf; fs;th; : gRf;fis fth;e;j nrd;wdh; vd;gd Nghd;w nra;jp

mfehD}w;wpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;whd nghUeuhw;Wg; gilapy;>

“MW miy fs;th; gil tpl mUspd;

15
 khWjiy ngah;f;Fk; kUT ,d; ghiy”

vd;Wk;>

“Mwiyg; Nghh; koth;> kwth;> fs;th; vdg; gythW Rl;lg;

ngw;Ws;sdh;. fs;th;fs; kwth; vdr; Rl;lg; ngw;wpUg;gijf;
nfhz;L ,th;fs; Nghh; tPuh;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
Nghh; ,y;yhf; fhyq;fspy; ,th;fs; coTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; thzp mwpthsd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

fs;th; gilnfhz;L jhf;FtjpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhfj; ahopy; ghiyg;gz;

ghbf; nfhz;L nghUeh; $l;lk; nry;Yk; vd;w nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,yf;fpaq;fspy; fs;sh;

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gytw;wpy; fs;sh; vDk; nrhy;yhl;rpg;

gad;ghl;by; te;Js;sJ.

jpUf;Fwspy; fs;sh; Fwpj;j nra;jp

“gd;khaf; fs;td; gzpnkhop md;Nwhek;

ngz;ik cilf;Fk; gil”12

(Fws; 1258)

gytpjkha;> khaq;fisr; nra;aty;y vd;Dila cs;sj;ijf; fth;e;j fs;tdhfpa

vd; jiytd; jho;ikAld; NgRfpd;w nkhopfsy;yNth vd;Dila ngz;ikapd;
cWjpia cilj;J> vd;Dila epiwia mopf;fpd;w gilf;fyk;> vd;W
fhjw;jiytp jd;Dila Njhopaplk; jd; jiytdpd; ,dpa grg;Gr; nrhw;fs;
Kd;G jd;Dila cWjp Fiytnjdf; $Wfpwhs;.

16
Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; fs;sh; Fwpj;j nra;jp

[Link]. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j ,yf;fpa njhif E}yhd>

“,td;vd; eyq;f;fth;e;j fs;sd; ,td; vdJ

neQ;rk; epiwaopj;j fs;sndd;W”13

vd;W jd; kd cWjpia mopj;j fs;td; Nrud; vd;Wk; vd; eyk; fth;e;j
fs;td;” vd;W jiytp nrhy;tjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

nfhq;F Ntsph; vOjpa ngUq;fij

Nrhoh; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,e;E}ypy;>

“ks;snuhL Gzh;e;j khz;gpw; whfpf;

fs;snuhL Gzh;e;j fl;luz; FWfpg;”14

gil kwth;fnshL $ba khz;Gilajha; fs;sNuhL $ba fhtiyAila muz;fis

va;jp mt;tuz;fspYs;s gilfisAila kd;dh;fs; vd;w nra;jp ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.

ehyhapuk; jpt;tpa gpuge;jj;jpy; fs;sh;

itzt Ntj E}yhd>

ehyhapu jpt;tpa guge;jj;jpy; fs;sh;fs;

“ts;sNy cd;wkh;f; nfd;Wk; ekd;wkh;

fs;sh;Nghy; fz;z Guj;Jiw ak;khNd”15

17
 ngUkhNd! ehd; akJ}jh;fSf;F mQ;rNtz;bw;Wz;Nlh? cdf;F
mbadhFkj;jidNa Ntz;LtJ> akglh;fs; mt;tstpNy Xbnahspf;fg;
ngWth;fsd;Nwh vd;fpd;wJ.

fs;th; fs;td; ngUk;gpLF Kj;jiuad;

fs;th; fs;td; ftud; khwdpd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSs; xd;W

(fs;th; - fs;sd; - fs;td;- fstd; - fstuh; - (fsg;gpuh;) fsth;f;Fj;

jiytuhd fs;td;)

fs;sd; - fs;td;.

,td; [Link]. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; jQ;iriaj; jiyefuhff;

nfhz;L ,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;k gy;ytdpd; fPopUe;J Ml;rp nra;jtd;.
Kj;jiuah; ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jtd;.

,q;F fs;th; fs;td; vd;gJ fs;sh;fspd; jiytd; vd;w nghUspy;

vLj;jhsg; gl;Ls;sdh;.

khzpf;fthrfh; ghly;fspy; fs;sh; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;

rkaf; Futh;fSs; xUtuhd khzpf;f thrfh; jk; ghlypy;>

“td;ndQ;rf; fs;td; kdtypad; vd;dhNj

fd;ndQ; RUf;fpf; fUizapdhy; Mz;Lnfhz;l”16

‘td;ndQ;rf; fs;td;’ vd;gJ ,iwtdplj;jpy; md;G nfhz;L cUfhj

epiyiaAk;> mQ;r Ntz;Ltjw;F mQ;rhJ vj;jifa jPa nraiyAk; nra;aj;
JzpjiyAk; Fwpj;jd.

18
rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy; fs;th;

Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy;>

“fs;suhw; Gypia NtWfhzpa”

vd;w thpfspy; er;rpdhh;fpdpah; ‘fs;sh;’ vd;gjw;F murh; vd

nghUs; jUfpwhh;. rPtfidg; Gyp vd;W $wpajw;F Vw;g muriuf;
fs;sh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; fs;sh; Fwpj;j gjpTfs;

fk;guhkhazk; fk;guhy; 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l jkpo;

E}yhFk;. ,jpy;>

“tUe;jy;,y; khdk; kh mida khl;rpah;

ngUe; jtk;kle;ijah; Kd;G> NgijNad;”

“fUe; jdpKfpypidg; gphpe;J> fs;th; Ch;

,Ue;jts;> ,ts;” vd Vr; epw;ngNdh”

fthpkhidg; Nghd;w rpwg;igg; ngw;w kfspUf;F Kd;dh;

mwptw;w ahd;> fhpa xg;gw;w Nkfk; Nghy;gtid gphpe;J rPij
fs;th;fs; thOk; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;jts; vd;W gopj;Jg;Ngr mJ
Nfl;L ,Ug;NgNdh? vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rptQhdNghjk; E}ypy; fs;sh; gw;wpa gjpTfs;

[Link]. 13 Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;l nka;f;fz;l Njth; ,aw;wpa

rptQhd Nghjk;> nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fs; vdg;gLk; irt rpj;jhe;j
rhj;jpuq;fSs; Kf;fpakhdJ mjpy;

“fs;td; jhd; cs;sj;jpw; fhz;”

19
vd;W ,iwtidf; fs;td; vdf; $WtJ rka kuG ,q;F fs;sh; GFe;j ,y;yk;
vd;gJ Md;khtpd; mwpthff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpy;ypghujk; E}ypy; fs;sh; ,dj; jfty;fs;

[Link]. 15 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; tpy;ypghujk; tpy;ypGj;J}uuhy;

vOjg;gl;lJ.

“fw; nfhz;L fy;kio Kd; fhj;j fs;td; fl;Liuj;j”

Nfhth;j;jd kiyiaf; nfhz;L> fy;kio Kd; fhj;J epd;w fs;td; fz;zd; vd;W
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ftpuh[ gz;bjh; nrftPu ghz;badhh;

jpUf;Fwl; FkNur ntz;gh vOjp ciuapy;

“fd;wpdhy; tpsntwpe;j fs;tdptdpd;W

Njh;edpflhtpDk; md;W Nghhpdpil

fhzyhF nkdjhly;

ntQ;rpiyap dhz;ikNa”

fd;iwf;nfhz;L tpshkuj;ij tPrpabj;j khiaiaAila ,f;fz;zd;> epd;W

Njiu ed;whfr; nryj;jpdhYk;> vd;Dila ntw;wpiaj; juty;y tpy;ypd;
jpwikia cilatd;.

“fphpj;jho;ftpijf; fUq;fs;td; fpsh; E}d; Kdptd; ike;jidAk;>

gphpj;jhdtDQ; #Sw;wh ndd;whhpUe;j NguitNahh;.”

Nfhth;j;jdkiyahfpa ftpe;j FiliaNae;jpa fUepw Ks;s khatdhfpa

fz;zd;> tpsq;Ffpd;w Kg;Ghp E}iyAila JNuhzhrhhpadJ Gj;jpudhd
mRtj;jhkidAk;> Ngjg;gLj;jpdhd;>

20
 NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s ghly;fspy; ‘fs;sh;’ kw;Wk; ‘fs;th;’ vd;w
nrhy; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU jphpnrhy; Kiwapy; mike;Js;sJ.

“fs;sh; my;yJ fs;th;”

 jpUkhy;
 murd;>
 ,iwtd;>
 kiwjy;>
 ntl;rp kwtd;>
 fUik>

fs;th; vd;w nrhy;ypd; Nth;r;nrhy;

fs;sh; vd;w nrhy; fUik vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;Nj cUthdJ vdyhk;.

fs; - fU – fUs; - fUik> fpU~;zd; (fUg;gd;> fhpad;) vd;Dk;

ngahpd; f;U~; vd;Dk; KjdpiyAk;> fUs; vd;Dk; njd;nrhy; jphpNg>
fs; - fU – fUs;. fUSjy; ‘fpU~;z’ vd;Dk; nrhy; fUg;G vd;Dk;
nghUspy; hpf; Ntjj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpU~;z g# (fUk;gf;fk;)
fpU~;z ]h;g;g (fUk;ghk;G) vd;Dk; ngah;fs; ,q;F xg;G Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
fpU~;z vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F Ntj nkhopapy; Nth;r; nrhy; ,y;iy.
jkpopNyNa cs;sJ.

rk];fpUjj;jpy; “fhsh” vd;gJ fhpa epwk; vd;gJk; “fhsp vd;gts;

fhpa epwKila fpU~;zdpd; jq;if vd;gJk; fhsp Njtpf;F fpU~;z
gpq;fyh” vd;nwhU ngah; cz;L. mjw;F fhpa epwj;Jilats; vd;Wk;
nghUs; cz;L.

fz;zDk; fs;sDk; fUg;gDk; fpU~;zDk; xNu nghUisAila gy

ngauhFk;.

21
 fUs; - f;U~;. fs; - fh; - fU – fUs; - ,Us;

fsk; (fs; + mk;) vd;whYk; fUg;G vd;Nw nghUs; jUk;.

fs; + mh; + , - fshp vdpDk; fUikNa MFk;.

fUsh; - fh;sh; - fs;sh;

fy; - fs; - fsT – fs;td;

1. fhpa ahid (gpq;)

2. fhpatd; (gpq;)
3. fUez;L “gs;spf; fs;td;”17 (Iq;. 21)

vdg; ,r;nrhy;Yf;F gy nghUSz;L.

mfuhjpapy; fs;sh; tpsf;fk;

1. fs; + mh; : fUik + kf;fs; (fUikahd kf;fs;) mh;

vd;why; : kf;fs; - cwtpdh; (jkh; - jhk; + mh; - jk;Kila
kf;fs;)
2. fs; + md; (glh;f;if> Mz;ghy;) : fUikahdtd;
3. fhpatd; (#lhkzpepfz;L)
4. jpUkhy; (“fs;tndhyp nfhz;ltis)5) ez;L
5. fw;flfuhrp
6. ahid
7. Nrhud;
8. jPNahd;
9. nghy;yhjtd;
10. eLr;nry;Nthd;
11. KR

22
 “fy;Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;wh fhyj;Nj thNshL

Kd;Njhd;wp %j;j Fbapdh;”

vd;gjhy; Re;juuhrd; fy;ypy; Njhd;wpajhy; fy;yh; vd;W

Fwpg;gNj ,q;F rpwg;G vd;gij “jkpo; ts;sy;fs;” vd;w E}ypy;>

“fy;yh; tpisah; ngUkfd; Gy;yp> tpad;wiy ed;dhl;L Ntq;flk;”

vd;w mfg;ghly; Nghh;j; njhopiyad;wp Ntnwj; njhopYk;
gapyhjtnud;wjw;Ff; “fy;yh tpisah; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

M – khL> gj;J – gw;W> vd;gjd; tof;Fj; jphpG>

goq;fhyj;jpy;> vjphpfs; Nghh;j;njhLf;Fk; NghJ> ehl;bd; Mf;fisf;
fth;e;J nry;th;> Mf;fis vjphpfs; fth;tJ my;yJ gw;wpr; nry;tJ “Mgj;J”
mLj;J KOg;Nghh; ntbf;Fk;. ,g;gbf; fth;e;J nry;Yk; kf;fs;. “fs;sh;”
vdg;gl;ldh;18 jkpo; mfuhjp.

njhy;Fbapd; kugZ Ma;T

jkpo; r%fj;jpy; %j;j njhy; goq;Fb fs;sh; Fb jhd;. kugZ Ma;T

mwpf;ifAk; rhp> goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; rhp> fs;sh;fis njhy;Fb vd;W
giwrhw;WfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fs;th; Nfhkhd; Gy;yp> fs;th;
ngUkfd; njd;dd; vd;W Nte;jh;fshfTk; fs;sh; r%fj;jpdh; Fwpf;fg;gl;L
cs;sdh;. kwth;> mfKilahh; vd ,df;FOf;fs; fs;sh; r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J
Njhd;wp jw;fhyj;jpy; Kf;Fyj;Njhh; r%f kf;fshf gutpAs;sdh;.

jkpofj;jpy; kpfg; gpugykhd nrhytil (gonkhop)

“fs;sh; kwth; fdj;jNjhh; mfKilah; nky;y nky;y nts;shsh;

Mdh;” vd;gjhFk;.

23
 ,e;j gonkhop gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij 1912 y; Sir Athelstane Baines
vd;w Ma;thsUk;> 1914 y; rpdpthr Iaq;fhUk; jq;fspd; E}ypy;
tpthpj;Js;sdh;.

A Kallan became a Maravan.

(xU fs;sd; kwtdhf khWfpwhd;.)

The Maravan became a Agamudayan.

(kwtd; mfKiladhf khWfpwhd;)

The Agamudayan beceme a Vellalan.

(mfKilahd nts;shsd; Mfpwhd;)

,g;gb fs;sh;fspy; ,Ue;J Kf;Fyj;Njhh; r%fk; cUthfp.

mjpy; ,Ue;J ,d;iwa nts;shsh; r%fk; gphpe;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

fs;sh; r%fj;jpd; jpUkz cwT Kiw Nghy nrl;bahh; r%fj;jpYk;

nra;fpd;wdh;. Nfhtpy; Kiwia itj;J jpUkzk; nra;Ak; gof;fk; ehl;Lf;
Nfhl;il nrl;bahhplk; cs;sJ. $l;lq;fs; itj;J jpUkzk; nra;Ak; Kiw nfhq;F
fTz;lh;fsplk; cs;sJ. ,g;gb njhy; goq;Fb fs;sh; r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU
gbepiyapy; gy r%f gphpTfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mg;gb gphpe;J
nrd;wth;fspd; njhlh;Gfis ,d;iwa gof;f tof;fq;fspy; fhzyhk;.

mjdhy; jhd; vd;dNth> M130y vd;w 70>000 Mz;Lfs; goikahd

DNA kugZ fs;sh;fsplNk jw;NghJ kpQ;rpAs;sijAk; ftdpf;fpNwhk; ,e;j
DNA tpy; ,Ue;J jhd; xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpa kf;fSk; gphpe;jhh;fs; vd;gJ
Ma;twpf;if Reference : Tamil studies, Ethnography : castes and tribes

RNkhpad; nkhop –[Link]; fUj;J

24
 RNkhpad; nkhop FwpaPLfs; jkpo; RNkhpad; ,uz;bw;FKs;s
cwit ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ mjpy; #y;fp vDk; Xh; murdpd; Hymn B vDk;
mftypy;>

1. nin-mu me-gal-la sag-kesda-bi za-e-me-en

Oh my lady, you are the guardian of all the great me’s

epd;Nkh nka; fs;fs;s rq;fp fl;Lgp [hNakd; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

Kd;dpiy %tplg;ngah; : ,q;F xUik> gd;ikapYk; tUk;.

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,J cz;L – nkhopNkh nrd;Nkh vd;nwy;yhk; mq;Nf
me-gal-gal-la; nka;fs;fs;s vd;gjpy; tUk; mil “ngUik kpf;f” “fzk;
nghUe;jpa” “kpf kpfr; rpwe;j” vd;w fUj;JilaJ. ghz;bah;fs; “fs;sh;”
vdg;gLtNjhL xg;gplj; jf;fJ. %yg;nghUs; “ngUik kpf;Nfhh;”
“cah;e;Njhh;” vdj; njhpfpwJ. sag-kesda; nrd;dp fl;L jiyf;fhty; vd;w
fUj;J NghYk;. za-e-me-en jkpopy; tpsq;Fk; ‘f~;lk;’ vd;w nrhy; ,jNdhL
rpe;jpf;fj; jf;fJ. fl;bg;Nghlg;gLtjhy; f~;lk; NghYk;. ,q;F “Nkd;”
vd;gij “kd;” vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhy;yhfTk; ‘khd;’ vd;Dk; ngah;
nrhy;yhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.

[Link];ijah gps;isf; fUj;J

fs;th; vd;Dk; ngah; typia czh;j;Jk;. fs; vd;Dk; mbahfg;

gpwe;jJ – fspW> (Nghh;f;)fsk; Kjypa nrhw;fs; fs; vd;Dk; mbahfg;
gpwe;jit. kJitf; Fwpf;Fk; fs; vd;gjw;F typiaj; jUtJ vd;gJ nghUs;.

25
jpU.K.,uhfitaq;fhh; fUj;J

fsth; vd;gJ “fs;sh;” vd;gjw;Ff; “fs;th;” vd;w khw;Wtbtk;

cz;L> “fsth;” vd;gJ> gioa Xiyr;Rtbfspy; “s” vd;gjd; fz; cs;s
Gs;sp ,lk;ngwhky; “fsth;” vd MjYk; cz;L.

Kw;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; fs;th; vd;Wk;

Ke;ija fy;ntl;LfspYk; fsth; vd;Nw Fwpf;fg;gl;l ,g;ngUk;Fb.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; fs;th; vd;Wk; fs;sh; vd;W khWgl Muk;gpf;fpwJ.

cjhuzkhf

fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghYk; Gs;sp itf;fhkNy toq;fg;gLk; gb

vLg;gth;fs; mjid thf;fpaj;jpd; mh;j;jj;jpw;F Vw;whh; Nghy; Gs;sp
itj;J gb vLg;ghh;fs;.

fz;lNjtp fy;ntl;by; $l tidaUk fs;sufSk; vd;W jhd; cs;sJ. ,jw;F

td;dpaUk; fs;sh;fSk; vd;Nw gb vLf;fpwhh;fs;. mNjNghy;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; tUk; fsth; vd;w nrhy;yhly; gpd;G fs;th; vd;Nw gb
vLf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;W ma;aq;fhh; Fwpf;fpwhh;.

mJNghy fs;th; cs; fs;th; vd;W nre;jiy fy;ntl;L cs;sjhf

Fwpf;fpwhh;. Mdhy; midtUk; mjid fs;th; fs;th; vd;W
khw;Wfpd;wdh;. mtuJ Muha;r;rp gb fy;ntl;by; fsth; cs; fsth;
vd;W cs;sjhfTk;> mJ fs;sh; jiyth;fs; fs;sh;fspy; ,Ue;J
cUthfpwhh;fs; vd;gij czh;j;jNt ngUk;gpLF Kj;jiuah; fsth; cs; fs;th;
vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

,e;j fsth; FbfNs gpw;fhyj;jpy; fs;th; vd;Wk; fs;sh; vd;Wk;

cUkhw;wk; milfpwJ vd;fpwhh; fpU~;zrhkp ma;aq;fhh;.

26
 1. rpyh; fsth; jkpo;r; nrhy;. fsk; vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J
ngwg;gLk;> fsk; vd;why; Nghh;f;fsk; rhh;e;j kf;fs; my;yJ
fsk; GFNthh; vd;W nghUs;gLk; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

2. rpyh; Ky;iy jpizapd; Nfhtyh; ---- Nfhsth; --- fsth; ----

fs;sh; Mapdh; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

3. rpyh; fs;sh; - fs;tu – fs;th;fs; - fNsgu(k;)h;fs; - fypaurh;fs;

Mapdh; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

4. rpyh; ‘fsth;’ – “fsgh;” – “fsg;`u” Mapdh; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

5. “fsth; - fs;th; Mapdh; vd;W [Link];NtY gps;is jkpo; nkhp

mfuhjpapy; $Wfpwhh;”14

fy; - fs; - fUs; - fUsh; - fh;sh; - fs;th; - fs;sh; vd;W ,Wjpahf

fs;sh; vd;W epiyj;J tpl;lJ.

Gy;yp

rq;f ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; fs;sh; mur guk;giuapdh; vdr;

rhd;Wiuf;fpd;wd. Gy;yp vDk; fs;sh; Fy muridg; gw;wpar;
rhd;Wfs; mfg;ghl;L> GwehD}W Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

27
rq;f fhy fs;sh; kd;dd;

fs;th; Nfhkhd; Gy;yp vd;gth; rq;ffhyf; FWepy

kd;ddhthh;. ,th; fs;sh; kugpdh; Mthh;.

,tidg; ghba rq;f fhyg; Gyth;fs;>

fy;yhldhh; - mfk; 83> 20919

kh%ydhh; - mfk; 61> 295> 311> 39320

,td; “fsth; Nfhkhd;” vd;Wk; “,isah; ngUkfd;” vd;Wk;

milnkhopAld; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhd;. ,td; koGyk; vd;w ehl;il ntd;wtd;.

rq;f fhyj; jkpofj;ijr; Nruh;> Nrhoh;> ghz;bah; vd;Dk; %d;W

Nte;jh;fs; (%Nte;jh;) Mz;L te;jdh;. ,th;fspd; Ml;rpf;F mg;ghy;
Xa;khdhL> njhz;ilehL> Ntq;fl ehL Mfpa ehLfs; ,Ue;jd. ,tw;wpy;
Xa;khdhl;il ey;ypaf; Nfhld; tpy;ypahjd; vd;Dk; kd;dh;fs; Mz;L
te;jdh;. njhz;il ehl;ilj; njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; Mz;L te;jhd;. Ntq;fl
ehl;il Mz;ltd; Gy;yp. Gy;yp Mz;l ehl;Lf;F Nkw;fpy; koehL>
Gd;dhL> nfhz;fhdk; vd;Dk; nfhz;fhd ehL Mfpait ,Ue;jd. Gy;yp
Mz;L te;j Ntq;fl kiyg; gFjpapy; Ntw;Wnkhop toq;fpajhf kh%ydhh;
kw;Nwhh; mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

mfehD}W

mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; xd;wpy; ‘Gy;yp’ muridg; gw;wpa

nra;jpfs; gjpthfpAs;sd. ,td; rq;ffhy fs;sh; Fy kd;dd; Mthd;.

ahopirf; fiyQh; Nfhbah;> ntspA+h; nry;Yk; topapy; ghiwkPJ

mkh;e;J nfhz;L jk; ,irf; fUtpfis Kof;Fth;. mJNghy> jd; Mir tiyapy;
tPo;e;j ngz; ahidiaf; nfLj;j Mz; ahid #h;g; Nga;fs; elkhLk;

28
kiyaLf;fj;jpy; Koq;Fk; ,bNahL vjph;Kof;fk; nra;Ak;. ,g;gb Koq;Fk;
kiyaLf;fk; nfhz;lJ Gy;yp murd; ehL.

Gy;yp murd; jd nfhilahy; Gfo; ngw;wtd;. mtd; Kij Rtypy;

(kuq;fis ntl;b tPo;j;jpr; Rl;L cUthf;fpa kiy taypy;) Ritahfg; gphpe;J
tpise;jpUf;Fk; tufpid %bf;nfhz;L kiytay; Gdk; RLk; GifAk;>
mUtpapd; ePh;j;jptiyAk; fye;J Nkfk; Nghy; %bf; fplf;Fk;. me;j kiy
topahf mth; nrd;Ws;shh;. mth; cd; epiyikia vz;zpg; ghh;f;ftpy;iy
vd;W kd;dd; Gfio Njhop jiytpf;F ciuf;fpd;whs;.

“gdp thh; cz;fZk;> gre;j NjhSk;>

edp gpwh; mwpar; rhma;> ehSk;>

fue;jdk; ciwAk; ek; gz;G mwpahh;>

ePbdh; kd;Ndh> fhjyh;” vd eP

vtd; ifaw;wid? ,Fis! mtNu

“thdtuk;gd; ntspaj;J md;d ek;

khz; eyk; jk;nkhL nfhz;ldh; KdhmJ>”

“mUQ; Ruf; ftiy mir,a Nfhbah;>

ngUq; fy; kPkpir> ,ak; vOe;jhq;F>

tPo; gpb nfLj;j neLe; jhs; ahid

“#h; Gfy; mLf;fj;J kio khW Koq;Fk;>

ngha;ah ey; ,ir kh tz; Gy;yp>

fitf; fjph; tufpd; ahzh;g; ige; jhs;

Kijj; Rty; %o;fpa> fhd; RL F&cg; Gif

29
 mUtpj; JtiynahL kaq;Fk;”

ngU tiu mj;jk; ,aq;fpNahNu!.

Nehw;Nwhh; kd;d jhNk $w;wk;

Nfhs; cw tpspahh; gpwh; nfhs tpspe;Njhh; vdj;

jhs; tyk; gLg;gr; Nrz; Gyk; glh;e;Njhh;.

ehs; ,io neLQ;Rth; Nehf;fp Neha; coe;J

Moy; thop Njhop jhohJ

cUk; vdr; rpiyf;Fk; Cf;fnkhL igq;fhy;

thp khz; Nehd; Qhz; td; rpiyf; nfhsP,

mU epwj;J mOj;jpa mk;gpdh; gyUld;

mz;zy; ahid ntz; NfhL nfhz;L

ewT nehil ney;ypd; ehs; kfpo; maUk;

“foy; Gid jpUe;J mbf; fs;th; Nfhkhd;

ko Gyk; tzf;fpa kh tz; Gy;yp

tpoTil tpOr;rPh; Ntq;flk; ngwpDk;”

goFth; MjNyh mhpNj.21

vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpdhy;> fs;sh;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; murhl;rp

nra;j rpwg;gpw;Fhpath;fs; vd;gJ ,jd; topg; gydhfpwJ.

30
 Gy;yp vd;gtd; Ntq;fl ehl;L murd;. mtd; ehl;L ,isQh;fs;>
ed;ndwp fy;yhj ,isQh;fs;. Mz;ahidf; fd;Wfisg; gpbj;J tUthh;fs;.
kuhk; kuj;ijg; gpse;J mjd; ntz;zpw ehhpy; fl;b ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;L
tUthh;fs;. fs; tpw;gth; ,y;yj;J epiyf;fhypy; fl;bitj;J tpl;L tpisahLth;.
fd;iw ,oe;J> fiw gbe;j mbfisf; nfhz;l ngz; ahid fjWtijg; gw;wp
mth;fs; ftiyg; gl khl;lhh;fs;. me;jr; rpWth;fs; fhnly;yhk; kzf;Fk; gb
kuhkug; G+itj; jk; RUl;ilkapUs;s jiyapy; #bf; nfhz;bUg;gh;. kuhk;
G+ tyg;Gwkhfr; Rod;wpUf;Fk; ,jo;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,g;gbg;gl;l Ntq;fl
ehl;il jhz;b jiytd; nry;tjhf>

“tyk; Rhp kuhmj;Jr; Ruk; fko; GJ tPr;

Rhp Mh; cisj; jiy nghypar; #b>

Fiw mb klg; gpb fhdj;J myw>

fspw;Wf; fd;W xopj;j ctifah;> fyp rpwe;J>

fUq; fhy; kuh mj;Jf; nfhOq; nfhk;G gpse;J>

ngUk; nghsp ntz; ehh; mOe;Jglg; G+l;b>

neLq; nfhb Elq;Fk; epak; %J}h;>

ewT nehil ey; ,y; GjTKjw; gpzpf;Fk;

fy;yh ,isah; ngUkfd; Gy;yp

tpad; jiy ey; ehl;L Ntq;flk; fopapDk;.”22

,g;ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

Njhop jiytpiaj; Njw;Wfpwhs;

mohNj (Moy;) Njhop.

31
 gy;yhz;L tho;f.

“vd; Njhs; gioa nghypit ,oe;Jtpl;lJ.

Mjidg; ghh;j;Jj; jhAk; ehsNjhWk; tUe;Jfpwhs;.

CNu myh; J}w;WfpwJ.”

jiyahyq;fhdk; Nghhpy; nropad; (jiyahyq;fhdr; nrU ntd;w

neLQ;nropad;) vOth; $l;lzpg; gilia ntd;w NghJ ntw;wp Muthuk;
nra;jJ Nghy myh; J}w;Wfpd;wdh;” vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L
moNtz;lhk;.

ahidg; gilia elj;jp tPug;Nghh; GhpAk; murd; Gy;yp. ,td; ehL

%q;fpylh;e;j Ntq;lfk;.

,e;j Ntq;fl kiyiaf; fle;J nrd;wpUe;jhYk;> mth; cd;id

epidf;fhky; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;.

“Moy; thop> Njhop! mtNu>

khmy; ahid kwg; Nghh;g; Gy;yp

fhk;Gil neL tiu Ntq;flj;J ck;gh;

miw ,we;J mfd;wdh; MapDk;.”23

vd;W ,t;thpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; jpUNtq;flj;ij Mz;l Gy;yp vd;Dk; murd; fs;td;

Nfhkhd; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhd;. mtd; tPuj;jpYk;> typikapYk;
kpfTk; Nkk;gl;ltd; vd;gJ kpfg; ngUik tha;e;j Gyth;fshfpa
fy;yhldhUk;> kh%ydhUk; gy ghl;Lfshy; mtidg;
ghbapUg;gjpy; ,Ue;J mtdJ ngUikia ed;W Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

32
 “foy;Gid jpUe;jbf; fs;th; Nfhkhd;

kOGyk; tzf;fpa khtz; Gy;tp

tpOTil tpOr;rPh; Ntq;flk;”

“fy;yh ,isah; ngUkfd; Gy;yp”

“Gilayq; fow;fhw; Gy;yp Fd;wj;J”

“neLnkhopg; Gy;yp”

Kh%yUk;>

“fUkhd; Gy;ypa fbwe;NjhNu”24

fba FjpiuiaAila fs;td; Nfhkhd; Gy;ypnad;gtDila Ntq;flkiy fhl;bd;

fz;Nz nrd;w fhjyh; vdg; nghUs; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

GwehD}w;wpy; fy;yhldhh;> mk;gh;fpohd; mUte;ijia

tho;j;Jkplj;J>

“fhtphp mizAk; jho;ePh;g; glg;ig

ney;tpis fodp ak;gh; fpoNthd;

ey; mUte;ij> thopah;! – Gy;ypa

Ntq;fl tpwy;tiug; gl;l

Xq;fy; thdj; JiwapDk; gyNt”25 (Gwk;. gh. 385)

vd;W Gy;ypaJ Ntq;flj;ij rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. ,jd;gb Vwf;Fiwa

Mapuj;J vz;Z}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ‘fs;th;’ vd;w ngah; tof;F ,Ue;jJ
vd;gJk; fs;sh; Fyj;jtNu muruhapUe;jdh; vd;gJk; njhpatUfpwJ.

33
 njhz;ilah;> fs;th; vd;w ngah;fs; xU tFg;gpdUf;F chpad
vd;gJk; gz;ila ehspy; Ntq;flKk;> mijr; rhh;e;j ehLk; mtdJ
Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jdntd;gJk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,g;nghOJ njhz;ilkhd;
vd;w ngah; fs;sUf;Nf chpaJ vdTk;> njhz;ilkhd; vd;Dk; gl;lKila
khl;rpikkpf;f GJf;Nfhl;il murh; fs;sh; tFg;gpduhapUg;gJk; ,q;F
mwpag;gLfpwJ. Ntq;fl kiyapypUe;j ‘MjDq;fs;’ vd;w
ts;sYk; ,t;tFg;gpdNuahthd;. ,tidf; fs;spy; Mj;jpiuahsh; vd;Dk;
Gyth;; GwehD}w;W ghlypYk; ghbAs;shh;.

“ve;ij thop ahjDq;f”26

vd;gjpypUe;J rq;f fhyj;jpy; murh;fSk;> ts;sy;fSk; fs;sh;

tFg;gpduhf ,Ue;Js;sdh; vd;gij mwpayhk;.

tp[ahyad; vd;Dk; Nrho kd;dd; [Link]. 849 y; jQ;iriaf;

ifg;gw;wp Nrhouhl;rpia epiy epWj;Jk; Kd; jQ;irapy;
kd;duha; ,Ue;jNjhh; Kj;jiuaNu vd;gh; ty;Yeh;fs;. ,g;nghOJ
‘Kj;jphpah;’ vd toq;Fk; NtW tFg;gpdh; ,Ug;gpDk;> Kd;
Fwpf;fg;gl;lth; fs;sh; tFg;gpdNu vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

jQ;irf;F mUfpYs;s nre;jiyf; fy;ntl;by; ,th;fspy; xUtidf; Fwpj;J

‘ty;yf;Nfhd; jQ;irf;Nfhd;> fs;th;fs;td; ngUk;gpLF Kj;jiuad; vd;w
ngah;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l J}z;fs;
Kw;Fwpj;j gl;lq;fisAila ,uz;lhtJ ngUk;gpLF Kj;jiuadhy;
jpUf;fhl;Lg;gs;spapd; Nkw;fpYs;s ‘epakk;’ vd;Dk; ChpNy fl;lg;gl;l
gplhhp NfhapypUe;J ,bj;Jf; nfhz;L tug;gl;lit MFk;.

fy;ntl;by; Fwpj;jpUg;gjw;Nfw;g gy;ytuhah;> njhz;ilkhd;>

rk;kl;bahh;> ghz;Luhh; Nghd;w gl;lKs;s fs;sh; Fyj;jth;
GJf;Nfhl;ilapYk;> GJf;Nfhl;iliar; Rw;wpAs;s ,lq;fspYk; tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdh;.

34
 K.,uhfitaq;fhh; mth;fs; Kj;jiuaiug; gw;wpf; jk; E}ypy;
$wpapUg;gijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ehybahhpy; Kj;jiuaiug;
gw;wp ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. “njd;dhl;by; 7> 8 Mk;
E}w;whz;Lfspy; gpugyk; ngw;wth;fs; ,f;fs;th;
kugpduhth;. ,t;tk;rj;jth; rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa rpw;wuruhf
tpsq;fpatnud;gJ fs;th; Nfhkhd; Gy;yp> fs;th; Nfhkhd; njd;dtd;
vd;w ngah;fis mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fshy; mwpa KbfpwJ.”20

[Link] Iaq;fhh; mth;fs; Nrhoh; ,dj;jpy; fs;snud;Wk;>

ghz;bah; ,dj;jpy; kwth; vd;Wk; xU rhuhh; ,Ue;jjhfj;
njhptpj;J ,Uf;fpd;whh;.

tpy;rd; V.];kpj; vd;Dk; rhpj;jpu mwpQh; Guhjd ,e;jpa

rhpj;jpuk; vd;Dk; jdJ E}ypy; gy;yth; tuyhW $Wkplj;Nj fs;th;
tFg;gpdiuAk; ,izj;Jf; $Wfpd;whh;.

fs;sh;FyKk; murkuGfSk;

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; kpfj; njhd;ikahd fhyk; Kjw;nfhz;L

rpwg;Gw;W thOk FbfSs; fs;sh; Fb jdpr;
rpwg;GilajhFk;. ,f;Fbapdh; jk; ,aw;ngaUld; Rkhh; <uhapuk; gl;lg;
ngaiuAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. cyf tuyhw;wpy; <uhapuj;jpw;F
Nky; gl;lg; ngaUs;s ve;j rKjhaNkh FbfNsh ,y;iy vd;gJk;
tuyhW. ,t;tpdg; ngU kf;fs; jkpofj;ij Mz;l gy;NtW mur FLk;g
Njhd;wy;fshfTk; njhlh; Gs;sth;fshfTk; ,Ue;Js;sdh; vd;gjw;F Nrhoh;
fhy fy;ntl;Lfs; rhd;W fhl;Lfpd;wd.

35
 Nrho kd;dh;fs; jk; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;bUe;j rpw;wurh;fisj; jk;
murpaypy; caujpfhhpfshf nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mth;fNs fy;ntl;Lfspy;
ifnahg;gKk; Nknyhg;gKk; ,l;Ls;sdh;. rq;f fhyk; Kjw;nfhz;L kpfg;
gpw;fhyk; tiuapy; fs;sh; kugpdh; ehl;lhr;rpNahL njhlh;Gld;
tpsq;fpAs;sdh;. NkYk; Nrhoh;> kiyah;> koth;> gONtl;liuah;>
Nrjpuhah;> thzhjpuhah;> Nghrhsh;> rhSf;fpah;> fq;fh;>
Kj;jiuah;> gy;yth;> mjpakhh; Kjypa fs;sh; Fyj;jth; ehlhz;Ls;sdh;
vd;gJk; tuyhW.

rf;futh;j;jpfSk;> khkd;dh;fSk;> kd;dh;fSk; jk;

fPo;g;gzpahw;wpa mjpfhhpfs;> tPuh;fs;> rhd;Nwhh;fSf;F
mth;fspd; mUQ; nray;fisg; ghuhl;b mth;fSf;F cahpa gl;lq;fis
toq;FtJ kughff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. nghpa Guhz Mrphpah;
Nrf;fpohh;f;F cj;jk Nrhog; gy;ytuhad; vd;Dk; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Kjyhk; guhe;jfDf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;j fs;sh; Fy fq;f kd;dd; ,uz;lhk;

gphpjptpgjpf;F mtd; thzh;fspd; jiytd; vd;gjhy; thzhjpuhad;
vd;Dk; tPu tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW njd;dtd; %Nte;j
Ntshsd; ,uhruhrf; flhtuhad;> Msg;gpwe;jhd; Kjyhd gl;lq;fs;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nrho kz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfspy; <oj;jiuah;>
<oKz;lhh;> nfhy;yKz;lhh;> nfhy;yj;jiuah;> nfhq;fiuah;>
fq;fehl;lhh;> Nrhofq;fehl;lhh;> fhspq;fuhah;> flhuj;Njth;> flhuj;
jiyth;> flhuk; jhq;fpahh;> kz;izahh;> rpq;fshe;jhd;>
rpq;fsuhah;> rpq;fNse;jpahh;> Nfsuhah;> Nfushe;jfd; Nghd;w
gl;lq;fs; Nghh; ntw;wpfis Fwpj;J toq;fg;gl;ljhf njhpfpwJ.

<uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; NfhtY}h; vd;w ,d;iwa jpUf;NfhtY}h;

kiyakhd; vd;Dk; fs;sh; Fy kd;dh;fshy; Msg;gl;Ls;s
jpUKbf;fhhp ,f;Fbapy; gpwe;j ts;syhthd;. NfhtY}iu Mz;lth;fs;

36
Nfhtyuhad; vd;Wkiof;fg;gl;ldh;. ,f;Fbapdhpd; kUtpa gl;lg; ngaNu
,d;W Nfhgyh; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,d;iwa jh;kGhp rq;f fhyj;jpy; jf^uhf ,Ue;jJ. jf^iu Mz;lth;fs;

mjpakhd; vd;Dk; fs;sh; Fy kd;dh;fshth;. mjpakhd; vd;Dk; gl;lk;
kUtp mjpakhh; vd;Wk; ,g;nghOJ miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

tlf;Nf ghyhw;Wf;fiuapy; Mz;Nlhh; thzhjpuhah; vd;Dk; fs;sh;

Fy kd;dh;fshth;. ,q;F thzhjpuhad; gl;bdk; vd;Nwhh; CUk;
cz;L. ,th;fs; ghypahh;> ghy;ehl;lhh;> ghyhz;lhh;> khthypahh;
vd;Dk; gl;lq;fspYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

,J Nghd;W jpUKidg;ghbia Mz;lth;fs; Kidah; vd;w gl;lKk;>

Nrjp ehl;il Mz;lth;fs; Nrjpuhah; vd;w gl;lKk;> kot ehl;il nfhz;lth;fs;
kotuhah; vd;w gl;lKila fs;sh;fs; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

GJf;Nfhl;il gFjpapYs;s nfhLk;gh@iu Mz;Nlhh; fs;sh; Fy

Ntsph;fshth;. ,th;fs; Nrhoh;fSf;F ngz; nfhLf;Fk; chpik
nfhz;Nlhuhth;. nfhLk;gh@iu fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nfhLk;ig vdf;
Fwpf;fpd;wd. nfhLk;iguhah; vd;w gl;lk; ,d;W kUtp nfLk;Guhah;>
nfhLk;gh@uhah;> nfhLk;G+uhnud;Wk; toq;fp tUfpd;wd.
NkYk; ,Uq;Nfh Ntshh; vd;Dk; ngaUk; ,d;W ,Uq;fshh; vd;w gl;lkhf
kUtp tpl;lJ. mz;zthapy;> G+tidf;Fb Kjypa ,lq;fSk; nfhLk;gh@iur;
Nrh;e;j gFjpahFk;. ,g;gFjp fs;sh; Fyj;jth;fSf;F mz;zthry; uhah;
vd;w gl;lKk;> G+tidf;Fb fs;sh;fspd; gl;lkhfpa G+tidaiuah; vd;w
gl;lk; ,d;W G+idah; vd;W jphpe;J toq;FfpwJ. G+tidf; Fbapy;
G+jpfswp mk&d;wp vd;Dk; Kj;jiua kd;dd; ,q;F Gl;gtNdRuUf;F xU
Nfhapiyf; File;jpUf;fpwhd;. nfhLk;gh@h; FWepy kd;dd; guhe;jfd;
rpwpa Ntsph; Re;juNrhod; fhyj;jpy; <oj;ij ntd;W mg;NghhpNyNa
caph;ePj;j ngUikAk; ,Uf;F Ntsph; guk;giuiaNa rhUk;.

37
tpy;yth;

coTj; njhopy; Njhd;Wk; Kd;dNu gy;NtW ,df; FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd.

ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ rq;f fhyj;jpw;F rw;W Ke;ija fhyj;jpy;
kdpjd; Ntl;ilahLtjw;F tpy; mk;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
mg;NghJ coTj; njhopNy ,y;iy. mg;NghJ mwpag;gl;lth;fs;
Ntl;ilahly; njhopy; nra;NjhNu.

jkpofj;jpd; kpfg; goik tha;e;j Fbapduhf (fs;sh;) “tpy;yth;”

my;yJ tpy;yhspfs; vd;w Fbapdh; kiyg; gFjpfspYk;> fhLfspYk;
tho;e;J Ntl;ilahly; tho;f;if elj;jpdhh;fs;. ,f;FbapdUf;Fj; jiytuhf mth;
Fbapy; ,Ue;j xUth; jhd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jpUg;ghh;. ,th;fs; jhd; mur
Fyj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Uf;f KbAk;.

gz;ila jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahff; fhzg;ngWk;

FwpaPLfspy; tpy;ypd; cUtKk; nghwpf;fg;
ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,f;FwpaPLfs; gz;ilaj; jkpo; vOj;jpd; Ke;ija tbtk;
vd;W tuyhw;wwpQh;fshy; $wg;gLfpwJ.

“fp.K. 4 my;yJ 5 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j rpy rJu nrg;Gf;

fhRfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. kd;dd; cUtk; nghwpf;fg;glhj mf;fhRfspy;
Kd;Gwk; ahid cUtKk; gpd;Gwk; tpy; mk;G cUtKk;
fhzg;ngWfpwJ”21 (jkpoh;fhR ,ay; - eld> fhrpehjd;> cyfj;
jkpohuha;r;rp epWtd ntspaPL> Kjy; gjpg;G (1995) 27

“Kj;jpiu Fj;jg; ngw;w fhRfs; [dgjf; FOf;fshy; ntspaplg;

ngw;wit vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ”28 (ehzaq;fs; - lhf;lh; guNk];thp
yhy;Fg;jh> Ne~dy; Gf; l;u];l;> GJby;yp> 1975> gf;fk; 13-14)

mNj NghyNt Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fhRfs; tpy;iyf; Fyf; FwpaPlhff;

nfhz;l Fbapduhy; ntspaplg;ngw;wit vdf; $wyhk;.
38
 murh;fs; Nghh;f;FbapdUf;F tpis epyq;fis toq;fp cs;sdh;.
koth;> kwth; topj; Njhd;wy;fs; jq;fs; tPuj;jpw;Fg; ghprhfg; ngw;w
epyq;fNs mit. koth;> fs;sh;> kwth; Nghd;Nwhh; Nrhoh;>
ghz;bah; gilfspy; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jjhy; jhd; gpw ehl;lurh;fis
nty;Ykstpw;F Nte;jh;fs; typikAld; ,Ue;jdh;. fq;if nfhz;lhd;> flhuk;
nfhz;lhd; vd ngUikAld; gl;lk; ngw;wJ Nghh;f;Fbapduhd> kwth;>
koth; topj; Njhd;wy;fshd tPuh;fshy;jhd;. mjdhy;jhd;
Nghh;f;Fbapdh; tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wdh;.

GJf;Nfhl;il kd;dd; njhz;ilkhd;

GJf;Nfhl;il kd;dd; njhz;ilkhd; mth;fs; fs;sh; vd;gij midtUk;

mwpth;. ,tUila Kd;Ndhh;fs; Ntq;flkiyg; gFjpia Mz;l njhz;ilkhd;
Nfhl;ilapypUe;J te;jth;fs; vd;W ,uh[ mDuhf khiy $Wfpd;wJ. gz;il
fhyj;jpy; tpOr;rPh; Ntq;fl kiyAk; Nrh;e;jNj njhz;il kz;lyk; vdg;gl;lJ.
Kw;fhyj;jpy; jpUg;gjp kiyapy; tzq;fg;gl;lth; rptngUkhNd vd;gij rpy
Ma;thsh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

jpUg;gjp kiy cl;gl;l njhz;il kz;lyj;ij Mz;lth;fs; fs;sh;fNs. ,jid

fs;spy; Mj;jpiuadhh;> kh%ydhh;> jhaq;fdhh; Nghd;w Gyth;
ngUkf;fs; gd;dpuz;L mfehD}W ghly;fspy; ghb cs;sdh;.

,th;fs; njhz;il kz;lyj;ij Mz;ljhy; ‘njhz;ilkhd;’ vd;w gl;lk;

ngw;wdh;. njhz;ilkhd;> njhz;ilah;> njhz;ilkhd; fpisahh;>
njhz;ilg; gphpah;> njhz;lhh;> gy;yth;> gy;ytuhah;>
gy;ythz;lhh;> gy;ytehlhh;> gy;ytjiuah; vd;w gl;lKila
fs;sh;fs; ,th;fspd; topj; Njhd;wy;fNs Mth;.

,q;fpyhe;J Mf;];Nghh;L gy;fiyf; fof Nguhrphpah; ngd;rh;nty;

kdpjdpd; gazk; vd;w Ma;tpd; KbTfs; jUk; jftypd; gb fs;shpdj;jpy;

39
tho;e;J tUk; xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; tuyhw;W njhlh;G cz;L
vd;Wk;> NtW ve;j r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,t;tpj FLk;g tuyhw;W
njhlh;Gfs; ,y;iy vd;Wk;> ehfhPf ,dq;fspy; 650000 Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;gpUe;J tho;e;J tUk; xU khngUk; ,dk; fs;sh; ,dnkd;Wk;> ,d;W
cyfstpy; gy;NtW ehl;L khdpltpay; mwpQh;fSk; Ma;T
nra;Ak; ,dKk; fs;sh; ,dk; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.

cyf tuyhw;wpy; njhlh;e;J 433 Mz;Lfs; ([Link]. 846 Kjy; [Link].

1279) Mz;l ,dKk; fs;shpdNk fs;shpd; ehfhPfk; kpfTk; goikahdJ
vd;gij tuyhW Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. muR cUthf;fj;jpy; jd; ehl;L
vy;iyia tiuaWf;fTk; tphpTgLj;jTk;> tphpTw;wij ghJfhf;fTk;
Nghh;fs; vOe;jd. Nghhpy; gq;Nfw;gJk;. khh;gpy; Gz;gl;L kbtJk;
khl;rpaikf;Fhpa tho;thf kf;fs; fUjpdh;. ,f;fhyj;ij tPu epiyf;fhyk;
vd;gh;. ,j;jF tPuepiyf; fhy tho;tpy; gq;Nfw;Wj; jd;dyk; ghuhJ
jha;kz; fhj;j kwth;fSf;F kd;dh;fs; toq;fpa tPuepiyg; gl;lq;fs;
Vuhsk;.

jha;kz; fhf;f jd; cjpuj;ij nfhl;ba fs;sh; Fy kwth;f;F cjpug;gw;W

vd;w thp ePf;fpa epyf; nfhilia Kjyhk; ,uhruhr Nrhod; toq;fpg;
Nghw;wpaijg; ngUTilahh; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

fs;th;fspd; jiytuhfpa GJf;Nfhl;il kd;dh; jk;ik

uh[gy;ytnud;Wk;> gioa mur tk;rj;jpdnud;Wk;> nrhy;ypf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. rh;t];lh; vypal; vd;ghh; fs;sh;fs; fyff;
$l;lj;jhh;fspy; xU tFg;gpdh; vd;Wk;> Mz;ikAk;> mQ;rhikAk;
tPuKk; cs;sth;fnsd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;. tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
gy;yth;fSk;> mth;fisnahj;jth;fSk;jhd; fs;sh;fs; ,d;W tiuapYk;
G+kpapYs;s Fbkf;fis mlf;fpahz;L mth;fsplkpUe;J kuhl;bah; ‘nrsj;’
vd;w thp thq;fp te;jJ Nghy; xU thpAk; thq;fp te;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.

40
gy;ytUk; vjphpfshfpa jkpo; kd;dh;fspd; typikf;Nfw;gj; jdJ Ml;rpia
epiyepWj;jp ,Uf;fpd;wdh; vd;Wk; njhpa tUfpd;wJ.

fs;sh;> kwth; ,th;fSld; cOJ gaphpLk; Ntshshpy; rpyUk;

jhq;fs; gy;yth;fisr Nrh;e;jth;fnsd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.29

chpikiaf; nfhLj;J ehlhl;rp nfhLg;Ngd; vd;W mtd; $w> mtSk;

Gjy;tiu mq;qdk; flypy; tpl jpiu jUjypd; jpiuandd;W ngah; ngw;w
fij $wpdhh; vd;W tuyhw;W nra;jpiaAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

neLKbf;fps;spf;F ehfh; kfshfpa gPyptis tapw;Wg;

gpwe;NjhNd ,t;tpse;jpiuad; vd;Wk; rpyh; $Wfpd;wdh;.

njhz;ilia milahskhff; fhl;btpl;likahy; ‘njhz;ilkhd;’ vd;w ngah;

ngw;w fhuzKk; mwpayhk;.

jpiuad; vd;gJ NrhoDf;FhpaNjhh; nganudf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdf;

fdfrig gps;is mth;fSk;> jpiuah; vd;Dk; ngaiur; Nrhoh;f;Nf
chpajhf;Ffpd;wdh;. NkYk; njhz;ilah; vd;Dk; ngah; fhQ;rp
jpUNtq;flk; Kjypatw;iwj; jd;dfj;NjAila xU ehl;bNy njhd;W njhl;L
Ml;rp Ghpe;j xU tFg;gpdiuf; Fwpg;gjhFk; vd;Wk;> NrhondhUtd;
njhz;ilah; kfis kze;J ngw;w Gjy;td; vd;Wk;> mtNd jha;top
chpikahy; njhz;il ehl;Lf;F murh; Mfpdhd; vd;Wk;> jha;topahw;
njhz;ilkhd; vd;Dk; ngaUk; je;ij topapy; jpiuad; vd;Dk; ngaUk;
mtDf;F te;jd vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

fhpfhyid mLj;Jj; njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; fhQ;rpapypUe;J Ml;rp

Ghpe;jtd; vd;Wk;> mtdJ Ml;rpg; ngUikia>

“ifg;nghUs; ntsTq; fsNthh; tho;f;if

nfhbNah epd;wtd; fbAil tpad;Gyk;

cUK Kuwh jute; jg;gh

41
 fhl;L khT KWfd; nra;ah”30

vd;Wk;>

“KiwNtz;L eh;f;Fq; FiwNtz;L eh;f;Fk;

Ntz;Lg Ntz;Lg Ntz;bdh;f fUsp

apilj; njhpe; JzU kpUs;jPh; fhl;rpf;

nfhilf;fldWj;j $k;gh Ts;sj;

31
JUk;gpy; Rw;wNkh bUe;Njhw; FWfpg;”

vd;Wk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

,se;jpiuaDf;Fr; rpy jiyKiwf;Fg; gpd;te;Njhh; rpyh; Me;jpu

ehl;bYk;> rpyh; fhQ;rpapYkhf ,Ue;J gy;yth; vd;Dk; ngaUld; Ml;rp
Ghpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhz;il ehl;Lf;Fg; gy;ytk; vd;gJ xU ngah;. mJ
gw;wpNa njhz;ilah; gy;ytnudg;gl;ldh;. ,g;ngah;fSk;> gy;yth;f;F
toq;Fk; fhlth;> fhL ntl;b vd;Dk; ngah;fSk; me;ehL Kd;G fhL
mlh;e;jjhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; fUjr; nra;fpd;wd. njhz;ilah;
my;yJ njhz;ilkhd; vd;Dk; ngaUk; gy;yth; vd;Dk; ngaUk; xU
tFg;gpdiuNa Fwpg;gd vd;gjpy; ve;j khWghLk; ,y;iynad
mwpayhk;.

jpUkq;ifaho;thh; gy ghly;fspy; gy;ytiuf; Fwpj;jpUf;fpd;whh;.

mtw;Ws;>

“kd;dtd; njhz;ilah; Nfhd; tzq;F

ePz; Kb khiy ituNkfd;

jd;typ jd;Gfo; #o;e;j fr;rp

42
 al;l Gafuj; jhjp jd;id”32

vd;W ml;lGafug; gjpfj;jpYk;>

“Jsq;F ePz;Kb aurh;jq; Fhprpy;

njhz;il kd;dtd;”27

vd;W jpUtuq;fg; gjpfj;jpy; xU gy;ytid njhz;il kd;dh; vdg;

ghLfpwhh;.

tz;il efu jPgDk;> Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;fr; NrhoDila ke;jpuj; jiytDk;

Mfpa fUzhfuj; njhz;ilkhid>

“gy;yth;Nfhd; tz;il Nte;jd;”33

vd;W nraq;nfhz;lhh; guzpapw; $Wfpd;whh;. gy;yth; njhz;ilah;

vd;Dk; ngah;fs; xNu kugpdiuNa Fwpf;fpd;wdh; vd;gjw;F ,JNt
MjhukhFk;.

fy;ntl;LfspYk; gy;ytiuj; njhz;ilah; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwJ.

jsthD}h; fy;ntl;by; xU gy;yt kd;dd; ‘njhz;ilah;jhh; Nte;jd;’ vd;W
$wg;gLfpd;whd;.

‘kiwnkhope;jgb kugpd; te;j Fy jpyfd; tz;il efuurNd” vd;W

guzp $WtJ gy;yth; my;yJ njhz;ilah; vd;Wk; gpd;G ,th;fs; mur
tFg;gpduhff; nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jikf;F rhd;whFk;.

fs;sh; tFg;gpdiug; gy;yth; topapdh; vd;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jq;fs;

rpy cs;sdh;. gy;yth; njhz;ilah; vd;Dk; ngah;fs; xNu tFg;gpdiuf;
Fwpg;gdthFk;. fhlth;> Nrjpah;> fhLntl;b vd;Dk; ngah;fSk;
gy;yth;f;F chpad. jpUj;njhz;lh;fspy; xUtuhfpa Iabfs; fhltd; Nfhd;
ehadhiu>

43
 “gf;jpf;fly; Iabfshfpd;w ek; gy;ytNd”34

vd;W jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp $Wfpd;wJ.

nghpaGuhzj;jpy;>

“itaepfo; gy;yth;jq; Fykugpd; topj;Njhd;wp”

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

“fly; #o;e;j Tynfyhq; fhf;fpd;w ngUkhd;

fhlth;Nfhd; Row;rpq;fd;”35

vd;W jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifAk;>

“gy;yt Fyj;J te;jhh;”36

vd;W nghpaGuhzKk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

jpUKidg;ghb ehl;Lf;Fr; Nrjp ehL vd;gJ xU ngah;

nka;g;nghUs; ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy;>

“Nrjp ed;dhl;L ePL jpUf;NfhtY}h;”37

vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nrjp ehL Mz;likahy; gy;yth; Nrjpah;Nfhd; vdTk; Fwpf;fg;

ngWth;.

fhLntl;b vd;gJ gy;ytuJ ngauhfr; rhrdq;fspy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘fhLntl;bj;jkpo; Nguiuad;’ vd;W fy;ntl;by;
fhzg;gLtjpy; ,Ue;J ,g;ngah; murUf;F chpanjd;gJk; njhpa tUfpwJ.

fs;th; tFg;gpdh; GJf;Nfhl;il mur guk;giuapdh;. njhz;il

kz;lyj;jpypUe;J te;j gy;yth; vd;Nw GJf;Nfhl;ilr; rhpjk; $WfpwJ.
tpy;rd; v.];kpj; vd;gtUk; mt;thNw Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

44
 GJf;Nfhl;il kfhuhrh fy;Y}hpapy; jiytuhf ,Ue;j jpUthsh;
Nt. ,uhjhfpUl;bzd; Iah; mth;fs; vOjpa GJf;Nfhl;il rhpjj;jpypUe;Jk;
fy;ntl;L Kjypatw;wpypUe;UJk; fs;sh; kugpdiug; gw;wpa mhpa
nra;jpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

mfehD}w;W ghly;fs; fs;sh;fs; Fwpj;J kpf tphpthf

tpsf;Ffpd;wd. jpUNtq;flkiyapy; trpj;NjhUk;> mQ;rh neQ;R
gilj;jtUkhfpa ,th;fs; “fs;sh; ngUkhd; njd;dtd;” vd;w ghz;badhy;
njd;dhl;bw;F miof;fg;gl;ldh; vd mwpa tUfpwJ. GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F
tlfpof;fpYs;s tPrq;fp (kPnrq;fs) ehl;by; ,th;fs; jiyik
tfpj;jpUe;j ,th;fspy; gyh; murh;fNshL cwT ngw;wpUe;Js;sdh;.
ehuhazg; NguuR kf;fs; vd;Wk;> gilj;jiyth; vd;Wk;> je;jphpkhh;
vd;Wk;> fh;j;jh; vd;Wk; fs;sh;fis mioj;jdh;. fs;sh; tFg;gpdh;
Nkd;NkYk; Mjpf;fk; ngw;Wr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh;.

ghz;ba ehl;L murdhd cf;fputPu ghz;ba kd;dd; VO Mz;Lfs;

njhz;il kz;lyj;jpy; Ntq;flhryg; gy;ytuhaiu mioj;J tUjw;nghUl;L
fhj;jpUe;jjhfTk;> gpd; mth;fs; cjtpAld; NrJgjp ee;jpkwtid
ntd;wjhfTk;> mjd; nghUl;L ghz;bad; nghd;dkuhtjpg; gf;fj;jpy;
mth;f;F epyq;fs; nfhLj;jd;wp murdpd; kUkfd; vd;w gl;lKk; xU
muz;kidAk; je;jjhfTk; nrg;NgLfs; $Wfpd;wd. rf;uth;j;jp vd;W gl;lk;
ngw;w njhz;ilkhd; gy;ytuhaUld; te;jtd; vdTk;> mtDf;F
mf;Nfhtpypy; epyq;fs; mspf;fg;gl;ld vdTk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

[Link]. 1116 ,y; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; Ml;rpapy; 5 tJ Mz;by;

ehh;j;jhkiyapy; Fwpj;Js;s fy;ntl;by; njhz;ilkhd; vd;w ngah;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,g;nghOJ ,Uf;Fk; njhz;ilkhd; kugpd;
njhz;ilkz;lyj;jpYs;s jpUg;gjpiar; rhh;e;j njhz;ilkhd;
Nfhl;ilapypUe;J> njhz;ilkhd; GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F te;jjhfr; nrhy;tJ tof;fk;.

45
njhz;ilkhd; njhz;ilkz;lyj;jpypUe;J te;jtnud;W ,uh[ njhz;ilkhd;
mDuhf khiy vd;w Rtbapy; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

njhz;ilkhd; tk;rhtsp vd;w njYq;Fr; Rtb %yk; njhz;ilkhd;

‘,e;jpu tk;rk;’ vd;Wk; mwpa KbfpwJ. njhz;ilkhd; mk;G Nfhtpypy;
FbNaWtjw;F Kd;G ‘md;gpy;’ vd;w ,lj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jdh; vd;Wk;>
jQ;irf;Fj; njw;fpYs;s mk;GNfhtpy; ehlhdJ gd;dpuz;L jd;duR ehlhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; mwpa KbfpwJ. njhz;ilkhd;fNshL xd;gJ Fbfs;
mk;G ehl;by; FbNawpdh; vd;W $wp mth;fs; ngaUk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

1. khzpf;fuhd;
2. gd;wp nfhd;whd;
3. gpw;gd;wp nfhd;whd;
4. fhLntl;b
5. Nkduj;jiyad;
6. gy;ytuhad;
7. njhz;ilkhd;
8. uhq;fpad;
9. Nghh;g;gd;wp nfhz;lhd;
10. fypapuhd;

Mfpa ,g;gj;J tPl;bdUk; muR vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wdh;.

,th;fs; jq;fsJ GJehl;bw;Ff; FUf;fs;> Nfhghh;> Nksf;fhud;>

tz;zhd;> ghpfhhp vd;Dk; ,th;fisf; nfhz;L te;jdh;. ,th;fs; mk;G
ehl;by; FbNawpa gpd;G Mjptyq;fs; fhspq;fuhad; vd;w ,uz;L
FLk;gq;fSk; ,th;fSld; Nrh;e;J nfhz;ldh; vd;Wk;> ,th;fs; vy;NyhUk;
Nrh;e;J ehyh gf;fq;fspYk; nrd;W>

46
 1. gpyhtpLjp
2. fuk;gf;Fb
3. tlf;fY}h;
4. nea;Ntyp
5. fy;yhf;Nfhl;il
6. euq;fpad;gl;b
7. mk;kzpg;gl;b
8. ge;Jthf;Nfhl;il
9. kq;fsnts;shs tpLjp

vd;Dk; xd;gJ ,lq;fspy; FbNawpdh; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

njhz;ilkhdhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy jhk;gpurpyhrhrdq;fspy;

mth;fs; jw;fhY}hpy; (mk;G ehl;by;) epyq;fisAila ,e;jpuFy miuah;;
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

rptd;> gps;isahh;> khhpak;kd;> tPukhfhsp> fypAfnka;ah;

Nghd;w nja;tq;fis tzq;fp cs;sdh;. [Link]. 1316 ,y; gy;ytuhad;
Muzpg;gl;bapYs;s flTSf;F epyq;fs; tpl;lik GydhfpwJ. tOj;J}h;g;
gy;ytuhah;fs; jq;fs; milahskhf ‘gy;ytd; Fsk;’ vd;W thypAk;>
gy;ytd;gb vd;w msTf;fUtpAk; cz;lhf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. [Link].
1387 ,y; tOj;J}h;g; gy;ytuhah;fs; jpUf;Nfhfh;zk; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
jUkk; nra;jpUg;gJ njhpfpwJ. fy;ntl;by; ‘,uh[;ak; gz;zpaUSifapy;’
vd;W tUtjhy; ,th;fs; murnud;Nw nrhy;yg;gl;ldh; vd;gJk;
tpsq;Fk;. ,g;nghOJ jruh tpohtpy; mhprp msg;gjw;F gb
fUtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. gy;ytd; Fsk; vd xd;W GJf;Nfhl;ilapd;
ikag;gFjpapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. itj;J}hpy; mope;J Nghd Nfhl;ilfs; cs;sd.

47
 =uq;fuhaY vd;w tp[aefu murd; ,g;gf;fkhf ,uhNk];tuj;Jf;F
ahj;jpiu nrd;w nghOJ mt;turDila ahid kjq;nfhz;L gy Nrjq;fis cz;L
gz;z> mjidawpe;j uFehj njhz;ilkhd; me;j ahidiag; gpbj;J mlf;fp
uhaYtplk; nfhz;L te;jhd; vd;Wk;> mg;nghOJ njhz;ilkhDf;F
‘uhauFfe;j uhatf;hPU uhakd;dPU uha’ vd;Dk; gl;lKk;> gy
epyq;fSk;> ahidAk; rpq;fKfg; gy;yhf;Fk; gpbAk; thpirahf
mspf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; mjpypUe;J njhz;iluha njhz;ilkhd; vd
toq;fg;gl;lhd; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jpypUe;J GJf;Nfhl;il
njhz;ilkhdhy; [Link]. 1639 Kjy; Msg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij
mwpayhk;.

,jpypUe;J fs;sh;fs; njhz;il ehl;bdpd;Wk; Nrho> ghz;ba

ehLfspy; FbNawp> miuah;’ vd;Wk; ngaUld; jd;durhf Ml;rp Ghpe;J
te;jdh; vd;w cz;ikia czu KbfpwJ. NkYk; gy;ytuhah; njhz;ilkhd;>
fs;sh; vd;Dk; ngah;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs; xNu tFg;gpdNu vdTk;
mwpayhk;.

fs;sh;fisr; Nrhoh; kugpdnudr; rpyh; fUjpAs;snud;gJ Kd;G

fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ,th;fs; Kjypy; gy;yth; tFg;gpdNu vd;Wk;> Nrhoh;fs;
gpd;Ng ,th;fSld; fye;Js;sdh; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nrhohpy; rpyUf;F “NfhNdhpNky; nfhz;lhd;’ vd;Dk; gl;lk;

toq;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij gRgjPr;Rth; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

mwe;jhq;fpj; njhz;ilkhd;

mwe;jhq;fp efiur; #o;e;J nghpa kjpYk; mfopAk; mopTw;Wf;

fplj;jiy ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. ,J xU fhyj;jpy; murh; tPw;wpUe;J
48
nrq;Nfhy; nrYj;jpa jpUTil efuhapUe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,it
Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;efhpypUe;J Kd;dhspy; Ml;rpGhpe;jth;fNs
mwe;jhq;fp muR vd;w ngaUld; epytpa FWepy kd;dh;fs;. ,th;fs;
njhz;ilkhd; vd;w gl;lKilNahh;> gy;yth; kugpdh;> MSilahh;
Nfhapy; vd;W ,e;ehspy; toq;fg; ngWtJk;> kzpthrfg; ngUkhDf;Fr;
rptngUkhd; nre;newp mwpTWj;jpaJk; Mfpa jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;
nghpJk; <LghLilNahh;> mq;F vOe;jUspAs;s ,iwtidNa jk; Fy
nja;tkhff; nfhz;L topgl;L te;Njhh;> ,r;nra;jpfSs; rpytw;iwf;
fhQ;rpGu tuhjPRtud; MSila jk;gpuhdhh; rPghj gf;jd; vd;W
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wtjd; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,th;fs; jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; gy
mhpa jpUg;gzpfs; Ghpe;J ehs; topghl;bw;Fk; gpwtw;wpw;Fk;
tpl;Ls;s epge;jidfshYk; czuyhk; [Link]. Mwhk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapypUe;J xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L Kba ek;
jkpofj;jpd; ngUk; gFjp gy;yth; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W
Muha;r;rpahy; mwpag; ngw;wjhFk;. Kjy; Mjpj;j Nrhod; xd;gjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; gy;yth;fisg; Nghhpy; ntd;W Nrho
kz;lyj;ijAk; njhz;ilkz;lyj;ijAk; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. gpd;dh;> gy;yth;fSs;
rpyh; Nrho kd;dh;f;Fj; jpiw nrYj;Jk; FWepy kd;dh; Mapdh;> rpyh;
mth;fs;ghy; mikr;rh;> gilj;jiyth;> Kjyhd murpay; mjpfhhpfshfTk;
tho;e;J te;jdh;. ,q;qdk; tho;e;J te;j gy;yt Fyj; jiyth;fSs;
mwe;jhq;fpj; njhz;ilkhDk; xUtd; Mthd;. ,j; njhz;ilkhd; kugpdh;
mwe;jhq;fp muR vdTk; tzq;fhKbj; njhz;ilkhd; vdTk;
mwe;jhq;fpapy; GfOld; tho;e;J te;jij gy fy;ntl;Lfspy;
mwpag;gLfpwd;wJ. “GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F tlfpof;fpYs;s tprq;f ehl;by; tsj;J
thotpl;l ngUkhs; njhz;ilkhd; vd;gtd; [Link]. 1201 ,y; ,Ue;jdd; vd;W
njhpfpwJ. ,tNd> mwe;jhq;fpj; njhz;ilkhd;fSs; kpfj; njhd;ik
tha;e;jtd;”31 vdNt> [Link]. gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; ,f;Fbapdh; jk; Ml;rpia mq;F epWtpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

49
mwe;jhq;fp njhz;ilkhdpd; Ml;rp

fs;sh; tk;rj;ijr; Nrh;e;j mwe;jhq;fp njhz;ilkhd; vd;gth;fs;

GJf;Nfhl;il gFjpapy; jdpauruhf MTilahh; Nfhtpy;> mwe;jhq;fp>
Myq;Fb njd;gFjp> jpUkak; fPo;g;gFjp tl;lq;fspy; Ml;rp nrYj;Jk;
murh;fshf tpsq;fp te;Js;sdh;. jkpof mur kugpdh; gyUf;F
el;ghfTk;> Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wk; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. me;j tifapy;
“ghz;bah; njhlh;ghd rpy njhz;ilkhd;fs; cs;sdh;. ,th;fis gw;wp 13
Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J mwpa KbfpwJ. GJf;Nfhl;il gFjpapy;> tprq;f
ehl;by; ,Ue;j tsj;J thotpl;l ngUkhs; njhz;ilkhd; vd;gtd; [Link].
1201 ,y; ,Ue;jhd; vd;Wk; ,tNd> mwe;jhq;fpj; njhz;ilkhd;fSs; kpfj;
njhd;ik tha;e;jtd;”32 FyNrfu njhz;ilkhd; 1426 ,y; xU gpufldj;ij
ntspapl;lhh;. mjpy; ghiyA+h; kf;fSf;F Gjpa thpfis tpjpf;fkhl;Nlhk;
vd;W mwptpj;jhh;. 1453 ,y; mofpa kzthsg; ngUkhs; njhz;ilkhd;
jdJ kfDf;F thptpyf;F ,y;yhj epyq;fis toq;fpdhh;. Kjypy; jd;id
“muR” my;yJ “mwe;jhq;fpapd; Ml;rpahsh;” vd;W mioj;Jf; nfhz;lth;
Vfg; ngUkhs; njhz;ilkhd; Mthh;. ,tUila kfd;fs; rpjk;guehjd;>
jPuhtpid jPh;j;jhd;> MTilehadhh; Mthh;fs;. ,th;fspy; rpjk;guehjd;
vd;w nghd;dk;gy ehj njhz;ilkhd; (ngh.M. 1514-1569) kpfTk; rf;jp
tha;e;jtuhf tpsq;fpath;. VO ehspy; ,yq;ifapy; cs;s rpq;fsth;fis
ntd;W mth;fsplk; thp thq;fp te;jhh;.

jQ;ir ehaf;fh;fs; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;W ,uFehj ehaf;fj;

njhz;ilkhd;> mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fj; njhz;ilkhd; vd ,Uth; ,Ue;jdh;. ,th;fs;
,UtUk; mwe;jhq;fp muRf;F chpik Ntz;b jq;fSf;Fs; Nghh;
eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;ldh;.32

Mz;ltuhah tzq;fhKb njhz;ilkhd; kfd; tpra mUzhr;ry tzq;fhKbj;

njhz;ilkhd;> jd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l epyq;fis uhag;gj; Njth; kfd;

50
me;Njhzp Kj;J Njth; vd;gtUf;F 27.10.1759 ,y; jd; epyj;ij tpw;gid
nra;Js;shh;. ,tNu mwe;jhq;fp njhz;ilkhd;fspy; ,Wjpahf mwpaf;
$bath;. ,th;fspd; Neub topte;jth;fs; ghiytdk; [kPd;fs; Mthh;fs;.

mwe;jhq;fp muR njhz;ilkhdhh; ngah; nghwpj;j 50

fy;ntl;Lfspy; gd;dpuz;L fy;ntl;Lfspy; kl;Lk; ghz;bah;> ehaf;fh;
Nkyhz;ikia Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. Vida fy;ntl;Lfs; “mwe;jhq;fp muR”
vd;w ngahpNyNa nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
Ml;rpf;F te;j GJf;Nfhl;il rk];jhdk; njhz;ilkhd; kd;dh;fSk;> ,th;fspd;
fhy;top te;jth;fNs.

njhz;ilkhdpd; nka;fPh;j;jp

,J njhz;il ehl;il Mz;l mwe;jhq;fp njhz;ilkhdpd; ,yf;fpakhFk;.

,yf;fpar; rhd;W

fs;sh; njhz;ilkz;lyj;ij Mz;lth;fs; vd;gjw;F ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;

cs;sd.

mit>

1. nka;f;fPh;j;jp
2. njhz;ilkz;ly rjfk;.

“#hpa Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ts;sy;”

(Nrhoh;fs; #hpa Fyk;)

51
 “eyk;ngW Nrho uhrhtpd; kugpdd;”

(Nrhohpd; kfd;)

“Gypf;nfhb NkUtpy; nghwpj;jUs; GfNohd;”

(Gypf;nfhb Nte;jd;)

“GwhtpDf;fhfj; JiyGF gpugyd;”

(Gwhtpw;fhf jd; rijia nfhLj;j rpgpr;rf;futh;j;jp Nrhod; kuG)

“fplhuj;J murd; nja;tpjk; mspj;Njhd;”

(flhuk; ntd;w ,uhN[e;jpu Nrho kuG)

“fypq;fk; jpwf;nfhz;L guzp Gide;Njhd;”

(fUzhfu njhz;ilkhd; kuG)

“fk;gd; jkpOf;Fr; nrk;nghd; mspj;Njhd;”

(fk;gUf;F ghprspj;j mur kuG)

“Xl;lf; $j;jd; cah;jkpo; Gide;Njhd;”

52
(Xl;lf; $j;juhy; Gfog;gl;l mur kuG)

“fr;rpak; gjpahd; fUzh flhl;rd;”

(fhQ;rpia Mz;l mur kuG)

“,e;jpud; Vob vjph;nfhsg; ngw;whd;”

(,e;jpu Fyj;jtd;)38

GJf;Nfhl;il njhz;ilkhdpd; nka;fPh;j;jp

“Gypf;nfhb Ks;Nshd;”

(Nrhoh; nfhb jhq;fpatd;)

“tl;l ePyf;Fil G+Rf;fpd;w thsf;Fil Ks;Nshd; apl;l ghjj;jp

yzpe;Njd;”

(ePy kw;Wk; thsf; Fil cila kd;dh;fis jdJ ghjj;jpy; mzpahf mzpe;jtd;)

‘tsh; ape;jpuFy Nktpsq;fpa; re;jpu FyNead;”

(,e;jpu Fyk; top te;J ghz;bah; Fyj;ij Nerpg;gtd;)

“rp~;l ghpghyd; nfhbA+ud;”

53
(jh;k ePjpia fhg;gtd;)

“rpq;fkdhjpg jpahd; ghhpy; nrq;Nfhy; nrYj;j te;jtq; fhkNjD

Jq;fd; tp[a uFehj uha njhz;ilkhd; Nghw;wp”

(rpk;khrdj;jpw;Fhpa G+Tyfpy; jdJ nrq;Nfhiy nrYj;j

te;j ,ug;gth;fSf;F ,y;iy vdhj fhkNjD Nghd;w ,uh[d; tp[a uFehj vDk;
uha njhz;ilkhd; Nghw;wp)34

vd;W Fwpg;gplg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

fs;shpd; njhz;ilkz;ly rjfk;

fs;sh; kf;fs; thOk; njhz;il ehl;by; njhz;ilkz;ly rjfk; vd;gJ 17

Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l jkpo; rpw;wpyf;fpa tifahFk;. ,jd;
Mrphpah; gbf;fhRg; Gyth; Mthh;.39

rPjf;fhjp vd;Dk; ,Ryhkpa ts;sypd; md;Gf;F chpatuhf

tpsq;fpdhh;. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; njhz;ilkz;lyj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwg;
gFjpapy; fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk; mwpe;j nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOjpa E}y; ,J. 40

,t;thrphpah; ,aw;wpa kw;w E}y;fs; jz;liyahh; rjfKk; nfhq;F

kz;ly rjfKk; MFk;.

jpUf;Fwspd; ciuahrphpah;fspy; xUtuhd ghpNkyofh;

fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; tho;e;jhh; vd;gJ ,e;E}ypypUe;J
mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,r;rjfj;jpd; 41 tJ nra;As; “jpUf;fhQ;rp tho;
ghpNkyofd; ts;Sth; E}w;F topfhl;bdhd;” vd;W $WtjpypUe;J ,jid
mwpayhk;.

fs;shpd; tho;tpay; Mjhukhf ,e;j ,yf;fpak; jpfo;fpwJ. vdNt ,e;j

E}y; Ma;tpy; Nrh;f;fg; gLfpwJ.

54
 ngz; ,dk; jd; FLk;gk; kl;Lkd;wp jhd; thOk; r%fj;ijAk; cUthf;ff;
$bats;.

“<d;W Gwe;jUjy; vd;jiyf; flNd

rhd;Nwhd; Mf;Fjy; je;ijf;Ff; flNd

Nty; tbj;Jf; nfhLj;jy; nfhy;yw;F flNd

ed;dil ey;fy; Nte;jw;Ff; flNd

xspWths; mUQ;rkk; KWf;fpf;

fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd”41

vd;w nghd;Kbahhpd; GwehD}w;Wg; ghlYk; fs;sh; kuig

mbnahw;wpr; nrhy;fpwJ.

fs;sh; ,dj;jpd; tPu tuyhW

tk;r Njhd;wypd; Kbtpy;yh Rfkhd neLk; gazk;

tuyhw;wpy; rpgp rf;futh;j;jpapy; njhlq;fp

KRFe;jdpy; tpijahfp

fhe;jdpy; gjpe;J

nrk;gpadpy; Kis tpl;L

kDtpy; tsh;e;J

fhpfhydpy; cah;e;J

nrd;dpapy; jpisj;J

Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhodpy; glh;e;J

55
 Nfhr;nrq;fzhdpy; mUk;ghfp

tprahyadpy; nkhl;lhfp

Mjpj;jdpy; Kifahfp

guhe;jfdpy; kyuhfp

Fz;luhjpj;jdpy; myuhfp

mhpQ;radpy; tPahfp

cj;jkdpy; nrk;kyhfp

,uhruhrdpy; fhahfp

,uhNre;jpudpy; fdpahfp

vd;Wk; ek; ,jaj;jpy; ,ize;jJk; tsh;tJk; fs;sh; ,dNk!.

fs;sh; Fy Nfhl;ghLfs;

kfsha; gpwe;J kidtpaha; tpsq;fp jhahf cah;e;J>

Kbtpy; ,iwahfpg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwts; ngz;.

kfid ngw;wspj;jy; vd; flik – rq;f fhy fs;sh; Fy jha;

rhd;Nwhdhf;Fjy; vd; flik – je;ij

ed;dil ey;fy; vd; flik – Nte;jd;

Nghhpy; fspW vwpe;j ngah;jy; vd; flik – ike;jd;

,dj;ijAk; Fyj;ijAk; ngUikg;gLj;jy; vd; flik – Nghh; kwtd;

gpwe;j tPl;il fhj;jy; vd; flik – jiytd;

56
GFe;j tpl;il xspahf;fy; vd; flik – jiytp

epoyspj;j ngw;Nwhiu fhj;jy; vd; flik – jiykfd;

fy;tp mspj;j FUit epidtpy; nfhs;sy; vd; flik – rhd;Nwhd;

kf;fis ngw;Wj; je;j kidtpia kfpo;tpj;jy; vd; flik – fztd;

Fyk; jiof;f te;j kf;fis tsh;j;jply; vk; flik – fs;sh; Fy kf;fs;.

,g;nghOJ fs;sh;fs; ngUe;njhifapduha; ,Ue;J tUk; fhtphp ehNl

Nrhoh;fs; Ml;rp Ghpe;j ehL> Nrhoh;fs; NrhzhNlad;wp NtW
ehLfisAk; ntd;W Mz;bUf;fpd;wdh;. Nrhohpw; rpyh;f;F
‘NfhNdhpNky; nfhz;lhd;’ vd;Dk; gl;lk;
toq;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,g;ngah; jhpj;jpUe;NjhUk;> nfhq;F ehl;ilAk;
Ml;rp Ghpe;NjhUkhd %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDk;> tPu NrhoDk;
KiwNa ntq;fhy ehl;Lf; fk;khsh;f;Fr; nra;jpUf;Fk; jPh;g;G xd;Wk;>
fUT+h;f; Nfhapw; gzpahsh;f;F ,iwapyp epyk; tpl;bUg;gijf;
Fwpg;gJ xd;Wkhf ,uz;L fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fUT+h; gRgjPr;Ruh; Nfhapypy;
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

jphpGtd rf;futh;j;jpfs; =NfhNdhpNky; nfhz;lhd; ntq;fhy

ehl;Lf; fk;khsh;f;F 15 tJ Mb khjk; Kjy; jq;fSf;F ed;ik
jP;ikfSf;F ,ul;ilr; rq;Fk; Cjp> Nghpif cs;spl;lTk; nfhl;Ltpj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk;> jhq;fs; Gwg;gl Ntz;Lk; ,lq;fSf;Fg; ghjui ~ Nrh;j;Jf;
nfhs;sTk;> jq;fs; tPLfSf;Fr; rhe;J ,l;Lf; nfhs;sTk;.

NfhNdhp Nky; nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; ngahpidf; Fwpj;j

njd;dpe;jprhrd Gj;jfk; ,uz;lhtJ njhFjp> Kjw;gFjp 21 k; rhrdj;jpy;
rhrd ghpNrhjfh; gpd; tUkhW.

57
 “,g;ngah; xU tpLfij Nghd;Nw ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. gyh;
gytpjkhf ,jid vOjpAs;shh;fs;. NfhNdhpd;ik nfhz;lhd; vd;gjw;F
murh;f;Fs; xg;gpy;yhjtd; vd;W nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. NfhNdhp vdg;
gpd;dh; kUtpapUf;fpwjhfj; njhpfpwJ. tPuNrhoDk;> FNyhj;Jq;f
NrhoNjtDk; NfhNdhpNky; nfhz;lhd; vdTk;> NfhNdhp
Nkw;nfhz;lhd; vdTk; gl;lk; G+z;bUf;fpd;wdh;. xU ehzaj;jpy;
NfhNdhp uhad; vd;W vOjg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Re;ju
ghz;baDf;Fk; ,g;gl;lKz;L tPughz;bad;> FyNrfu
Njtd; ,th;fSk; ,g;gl;lj;ijNa nfhz;lth;fs;.

jpUg;gjp kiyapYs;s xU jPh;j;jk; NfhNdhp vd;gjhFk;

NfhNdhpuh[Guk; vdr; rpy Ch;fspUj;jYk;> NfhNdhp vd;W gyh;
ngah; itj;Jf; nfhz;bUj;jYk; ,t;Tz;ikia tpsf;FtdthFk;. FyNrfu Mo;thh;
fhyj;jpy;>

“NfhNdhp thOk; FUfha;g; gpwg;NgNd”42

vd;W ghLtjd; %yKk; ,jid mwpaKbfpwJ.

fs;sh;fspd; gl;lg; ngah;fs;

fs;sUf;Fs; toq;Fk; ngah;fSs; ‘Nky; nfhz;lhh;’ vd;gJk;

xd;W. ,g;gl;lKilahh; nrq;fpg;gl;b
Kjypa ,lq;fspy; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,d;Ndhh; guk;giuahf kpf;f
Nkd;ikAilauha; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. kJf;$h;r;rkPd;whhpd;
khg;gps;isAk; ;$dk; gl;bapd; mjpgUkhfpa jp&thsh; v];.Fkhurhkp
Nky;nfhz;lhh; mth;fis ,jw;Fr; rhd;whff; Fwpg;gpLjy; nghUe;Jk;.
NfhNdhp vd;Dk; ngaUk; fs;sh;fspy; gyh; jhpj;J
te;jpUf;fpd;wdh; ,t;tifspypUe;J Nrhoh; gyh;f;F toq;fpa
Nky;nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; ngah; mth; topapdh;f;Fg; gl;lkhf ,Ue;J

58
tUfpwnjd;Wk;. mth;fs; gy FLk;gq;fshfg; gphpe;J jq;fs;
ehlhl;rpia ,oe;J gpw;fhyj;jpNy Nrhoh; Fbapw;Nwd;wpNdhnud;gJk;
cz;ik vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

fs;sUf;Fs; toq;Fk; gl;lq;fspy; nrhoq;fh; my;yJ Nrhoq;f Njth;

vd;gJk; xd;W. Nrho kd;dh;fs; jhk; ntd;W ifg;gw;wpa ehLfspy; jk;
fpisQiug; gpujpepjpfshf epakpj;J> mth;fl;F ntt;NtW gl;lq;fs;
nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. Nrho ghz;bad;> Nrho Nfusd;> Nrhogy;ytd;
Kjypad mq;qdk; cz;lhd gl;lq;fshFk;. njd;dpe;jpa rhrd Gj;jfk;
%d;whtJ njhFjp> Kjw; gFjp 59 Mk; rhrdj;jpy; te;Js;s gl;lq;fspy;
‘Nrhoq;fd;’ vd;gJk; xd;W> ‘jd;wpUj;jk;gpah; jk; Ks; - kJuhe;jfidr;
Nrhofq;fndd;Wk;> kzpKb #l;b vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gl;lKila fs;sh;
Fy kf;fs; Jz;Luhad;ghb> me;jiy
Kjypa ,lq;fspy; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; Nfhl;il fl;bAk; Ml;rp
Ghpe;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. mJ gpd;dh; rhrdq;fspy; ‘NrhoNfhd;’ vd xU
gl;lk; te;Js;sJ. ,J Nrhofd; vdj; jphpe;J gd;ikapy; Nrhofh;
vd;whfp ,t;tFg;gpdh;f;F toq;FfpwJ.

fs;sh;fspy; ehl;lhs;thh; my;yJ ehlhs;thh; vd;Dk;

gl;le;jhpj;Njhh; gy ,lq;fspy; ngUe;njhifapduhf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
NfhdhL fhdhLfspd; gphpTfis ‘miuah;’ ‘ehlhs;thh;’ vd;Dk;
gl;lKilahh; Ml;rpGhpe;j nra;jp fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ehlhs;thh; vd;Dk; ,g;ngah; Kjy; FNyhj;jJq;fd; kfdhfpa tpf;fpuk
NrhoDf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. FUguk;giug; gpuge;jk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r;
nra;As; E}ypy; ,uhkhErh; rhpijapy;>

“rPuhU kuq;fj;Jr; rpygfy;fz; kd;dte;ehl;

ghuhS kd;dtd; ghftj hplj;jpnyd;Wk;

Muhj fhjydhk; mfsq;f ehlhs;thd;

59
 VuhUk; itFe;j ehlhs Ntfpdhd;”43

vd;W $wg;gl;L cs;sjhf nre;jkpo; njhFjp rhd;W gfh;fpwJ.

tpf;fpukDf;Fg; gpd;dh; =uq;fj;jpy;

rpw;wurh;fshapUe;Njhh;f;Fk; ,g;ngah; toq;fpa nra;jp
fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; ntspahfpd;wJ.

tPuepiyg; gl;lq;fs;

muR cUthf;fj;jpy; jd; ehl;L vy;iyia tiuaWf;fTk; tphpTgLj;jTk;

tphpTw;wij ghJfhf;fTk; Nghh;fs; vOe;jd. Nghhpy; gq;Nfw;gJk;>
khh;gpy; Gz;gl;L kbtJk; khl;rpikf;Fhpa tho;thf kf;fs;
fUjpdh;. ,f;fhyj;ij tPuepiyf;fhyk; vd;gh;. ,j;jF tPuepiyf; fhy
tho;tpy; gq;Nfw;Wj; jd;dyk; ghuhJ jha;kz; fhj;j kwth;fSf;F
kd;dh;fs; toq;fpa tPuepiyg; gl;lq;fs; Vuhsk;.

fz;luhjpj;j Nrhod;> mhpQ;raNrhod;> Re;juNrhod;>

cj;jkNrhod;> ,uhruhrNrhod;> ,uhNre;jpuNrhod;> ,uz;lhk; ,uhNre;
jpuNrhod;> tPuuhNre;jpuNrhod;> mjpuhNre;jpuNrhod;>
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; MfpNahh; Njth; vd;Dk; fs;sh; gl;lq;fis G+z;ldh;.

Kjyhk; ,uhruhrNrhod;

Kjyhk; ,uhruhrNrhod; ,uhrfz;bad;> ca;af;nfhz;lhd;>

Nfushe;jfd;> rpq;fshe;jfd; vd;Dk; fs;sh; gl;lq;fis nfhz;lhd;.

Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhod;

Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhod; rPdj;jiuad;> Nrdhjp> Nrdhjpgjp

vd;Dk; fs;sh; gllq;fis nfhz;lhd;.

60
,uhrhjpuhrNrhod;

,uhrhjpuhrNrhod; nraq;nfhz;lhd;> raq;nfhz;lhd;>

Nrq;nfhz;lhd;> Nghhpw; nfhSj;jp> Nghiuf; nfhSj;jp vd;Dk; fs;sh;
gl;lq;fis nfhz;lhd;.

FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod;

FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; <oj;jiuad;> <oq;nfhz;lhd;> Nfhl;il RUl;b>

Nfhl;ilkPl;lhd;> Kbnfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; fs;sh; gl;lq;fis nfhz;lhd;.

,uz;lhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhod;

,uz;lhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhod; cj;jq;nfhz;lhh;> cj;jKz;lhh; vd;Dk;

fs;sh; gl;lq;fis nfhz;lhd;.

,uz;lhk; ,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; kfd; Nrhofd;d Fr;rpuhad;

vd;Dk; fs;sh; gl;lj;ij nfhz;lhd;.

kJuhe;jf Nrhod;

kJuhe;jf Nrhod; Nrhoq;fh; vd;Dk; fs;sh; gl;lj;ij nfhz;lhd;.

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; Nrho Nfus Njd;> Nrho

ghz;bad;> NfhNdhp Nkw;nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; fs;sh; gl;lq;fis
nfhz;bUe;jhd;.

tpf;fpuk Nrhod;

61
 tpf;fpuk Nrhod; NfhNdhp Nkw;nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; fs;sh; gl;lj;ij
nfhz;bUe;jhd;.

,uhrkNfe;jpu Nrhod;

,uhrkNfe;jpu Nrhod; nfhy;yj;jiuad; vd;Dk; fs;sh; gl;lj;ij

nfhz;bUe;jhd;.

gpwUf;F toq;fpa gl;lq;fs;

Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud; njw;fhrpa ehLfis ifg;gw;wpa NghJ

epfo;e;j Nghhpy; kz;izf; flf;fj;ij ntd;W fLk; Nghh; Ghpe;jth;fl;F
kz;izahh; vd;w gl;lj;ijAk;> ,yq;ifia nty;y Nghh; Ghpe;jth;fl;F
Kbnfhz;lhh;. <ok;nfhz;lhh; vd;Wk;> kNyahtpd; Nkw;F fiuapy;
cs;s flhuj;ij ntd;NwhUf;F flhuk; nfhz;lhh;> flhuk; jhq;fpahh;>
flhuj;jiyth;> flhuj;jiuah; vd;Wk;> =tprak; vd;w Rkj;jpuhit
ntd;wjw;fhf tpraNjth;> tprauhah; vd;Wk;> epf;Nfhghh; vd;w
khzf;fthuk; jPit ntd;wjw;fhf khzf;fthuh; vd;Wk; Rkj;jpuh jPtpd;
gd;idA+iu ntd;wjdhy; gd;idahh; vd;Wk;> tzpfj;jpd; nghUl;L
rPdehl;bw;F mDg;gpNahUf;F rPdj;jiuanud;Wk; gl;lq;fSk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; Nrho murpd; rhh;ghf fz;b khefh; vd;Dk;
jiyefh; mikj;J murhz;l fz;bA+h; murDf;F uhrfz;bad; vd;Dk; gl;lKk;
toq;fp> mNj uhrfz;bad; vd;w gl;lj;ij jdJ rpwg;Gg; gl;lkhf ,uhruhr
Nrhod; jdf;F #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;.

fs;sh; Fygl;lq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; miuah;> ,uhah;> Mz;lhh;>

Ms;thh;> cilahh;> nfhz;lhh;> G+z;lhh;> gphpah;> Rw;wpahh;>
el;lhh;> jiyth;> ntd;whh;> Njth;> fpisahh;> cz;lhh; vd;Nw
KbTWk;

62
 miuah; vd;why; murd;> kd;dd; vd;W nghUs;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L
gy;ytuhad; (gy;yt – miuad;)> thdtuhad; (thdth; - miuad;)>
kotuhad; (koth; - miuad;) Nghd;wit. jQ;ir fs;sh; Fyj;jpd; gl;lq;fs;
Rkhh; 305 gl;lq;fs; murh;fis Rl;Lk;.

,e;jpag; goq;Fb kf;fspy; xUtuhd fs;sh;fspd; njhd;ik gw;wp

mwpQh;fsplk; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; epytp tUfpd;wd. Ntw;W ehl;L
Mepiufisf; fstpy; ftUkhW NrhoNte;juhy; Msg;gl;l ghiy epyj;J kwth;
fs;sh; my;yJ fsth; vdg;gl;ldh;. ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> gh;kh Mfpa
ehLfspy; xUfhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ehfh; ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fNs fs;sh; vd;W
fdfrig $Wfpwhh;. Nrhoh;fSf;F Kd; kwth;> fs;sh; rhjpapdhpd;
Kd;Ndhh;fs; ehfh; vd;w ngaNuhL Nrho kz;lyj;ij Ml;rp Ghpe;jjhfTk;
mth;fspd; jiyefuhfj; jQ;ir> jpUf;Fle;ij> fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;
Mfpait jpfo;e;jjhfTk; rhpj;jpu thapyhf mwpa KbfpwJ vd;fpwhh;
gh.,uh[uhN[Rtu NrJgjp.

fs;sh;fisg; GJf; fw;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; vd;Wk; kj;jpa

jiuf;fly; ,df;FOitr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; vd;Wk; ePyfz;lrh];jphp $wpAs;shh;.
fs;sh; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F murhq;f xw;wuha;j; njhopy; Ghpe;Njhh;
vdg; nghUs; nfhs;gth;. fs;sh; gpwh; mwpah tifapy;
nfhs;isah;fisg; gw;wpa cz;ikj; jfty;fisj; jk; Mo;e;j mwpthy; mwpe;J
murhq;fj;jplk; (kd;ddplk;) njhptpg;gth; vd;W ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

njhz;ilah; fs;th; vd;Dk; ngah;fisAila xU tFg;gpdh; Kd;dhspy;

Ntq;flkiyiaAk; mijr; rhh;e;j ehl;ilAk; Mz;ldh; vd;gJk; ,th;fsJ
kugpdNu ,f;fhyf; fs;sh; vd;gJk; Nguhrphpah; [Link];flrhkp

63
ehl;lhhpd; fUj;jhFk;. ,f;fhyj;Jf; fs;sh; tFg;gpdUf;Fj; njhz;ilkhd;
vd;Dk; gl;lk; kw;Wk; GJf;Nfhl;il njhz;ilkhd; muirAk; ,th; vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpwhh;.

“foy;Gid jpUe;jbf; fs;sh;Nfhkhd;

koGyk; tzf;fpa khtz; Gy;yp

tpoTil tpOr;rPh; Ntq;flk;”44

vd;Dk; mfehD}W mbfisAk; rpy rq;fg; ghlw; Fwpg;GfisAk; mth;jk;

fUj;Jf;F mbg;gilahf vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;. fs;sh;> njhz;ilkhd;
MfpNahh; gy;yt kd;dh;fs; vd;gJk; ,th;jk; fUj;jhFk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
gy;ytNuhL NrhoUk; fye;jdh; vd;Wk; ,th; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

fs;sh; #hpa kugpdnud;Wk; mhpr;re;jpud;> kD ,f;FthF>

KRFe;jd; MfpNahh; ,th;fsJ Kd;Ndhh; vd;Wk; ,k;kugpy;
te;j ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ngauhy; ,th;fs; ,uhN[e;jpud; Fyj;jhh; vdTk;
ngah; ngw;wdh; vd;Wk; mg;ngaNu gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpu Fynkd
khw;wpw;W vd;Wk; jkpo;ehl;L kf;fspilNaAk; jk;ik xU nja;tj;jpd;
kugpduhff; $wpf; nfhs;Sk; tof;fKk; cs;sJ. ,t;tof;fj;jpd; tpisthfNt
fs;sh;fSf;Fr; #hpa Fyj;jhh;> ,e;jpu Fyj;jhh; vd;w ngah;
Njhd;wpapUf;ff; $Lk; vd;W Rthkp cghj;jpahah; jkJ E}ypy;
$wpAs;shh;.

NkYk; #hpad;> re;jpud;> mf;fpdp vd;Dk; Kj;Njth;fspd;

kwg;Nghh;fshfpa (Nru> Nrho kw;Wk; ghz;bah;) %Nte;jh;fSk;
Mjpfhyj;jpy; xUtUf;nfhUth; kzcwitg; ngw;wdh;. fhyj;jpd;
fl;lhaj;jpy; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ntt;NtW gl;lg; ngaUila jq;fs; kugpNyNa
nfhs;tpidf; nfhLg;gpidfisf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,k;%Nte;jh;fSila
kugpdNu gpd;dh; Kf;Fyj;Njhh; (fs;sh;> kwth; kw;Wk; mfKilahh;)
vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wdh;.

64
 nghJthf gy tuyhw;whsh;fs; fs;sh;fisr; Nrhotk;rj;ijr;
Nrh;e;jth;fs; vd;W $Wfpwhh;fs;. ,t;tifapy; fs;sh;fs;> Nrhoh;fs;
topte;jth;fs; vd;W ntq;flhryk; td;dpah; $Wfpwhh;. ,th; vOjpa
“fs;sh; ,d kd;dh; ,uh[uh[Nrhod;” vd;w E}ypy; khkd;dh;
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; fs;shpdj;ijr; rhh;e;jtd; vd;gjw;Fr; Nrhoh;
fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rhd;Wfshf mikfpd;wd. jQ;irapYk; kw;Wk;
jkpofj;jpd; gpw gFjpfspYk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l Nrhoh;fspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
gytw;wpy; ,uh[uh[Nrhod; fs;shpd; kd;dd; vd;Nw Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;.

Nrhoh;fs; fs;sh; vd;W [Link] Iaq;fhh; mth;fSk;

$Wfpwhh;. v];.fpU~;zrhkp Iaq;fhh; nrhy;yhuha;r;rp mbg;gilapy;
fs;sUk; fsg;gpuUk; xUtNu vd vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. fs;th; my;yJ fsth;
vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy;Yk; fsgh; vd;Dk; fd;dl nkhopr; nrhy;Yk;
tlnkhopapYk; $Wk;NghJ ‘mD fyg;u’ vd kUtpaJ. fs;sh;> fs;th;>
fsth;. fsg;gpuh;> fsg;ghsh;> fsgU vd;gdnty;yhk; Xhpdk; vd;Nw
fUj KbfpwJ vd;ghh; [Link];.

fsg;ghsh; vd;Dk; gl;lg; ngahpidAila rpw;wurh; rpyh; jkpof

tuyhw;wpy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. fsg;gpuh; mayth; vd;gJk;
fsg;ghsh; jkpoh; vd;gJk; [Link]. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhh; fUj;jhFk;
Nts;tpf;Fbr; nrg;Ngl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghz;bah;> fsg;gpuiu
ntd;w nra;jp jstha;Gur; nrg;Ngl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;nrg;NgL
fsg;gpuiuf; fsg;ghsnud;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fsg;gpuUk;
fsg;ghsUk; xUtNu vd mwpQh;fs; KbTf;F tUfpd;wdh;. NkYk;
mz;ikapy; fpilj;j nghd;dpthbf; fy;ntl;Lk; Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLk;
fsg;gpuUk; fs;tUk; xUtNu vd;gjidj; njspTg;gLj;Jtjhf eld fhrpehjd;
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. NkYk; fs;sh;> fs;th;> fsg;gpuh;> fsg;ghsh;
vd;gnjy;yhk; Xhpdk; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;. ,f;fy;ntl;by; ‘fyp epUg
fs;tdhapd; Nfhf;fz;ld; ,utp’ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Nts;tpf;Fbr;
65
nrg;NgL fsg;gpuiuf; fypaurnddf; Fwpg;gijAk; ,f;fy;ntl;L fs;th; Fy
murid fsepUgndd;W Fwpg;gijAk; xg;gpl;L ,th; ,k;KbTf;F tUfpwhh;
vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.

fs;td; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fj; jpthfuk; gpq;fyk; Mfpa epfz;Lfs;

fUik epwKilNahd; vdg; nghUs; $WtijAk; ,e;jpuDf;Ff; fhpNahd;
vdg; ngahpUg;gijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;bf; fs;sh; ,e;jpu Fyj;jth; vd;Wk;>
fs;th; Fyj;jth; vdpDk; ,e;jpa goq;Fbapduha jkpoh; vd;gNj nghUs;
vdf; $Wthh; th. Nfhghy;rhkp nuFehj uhrhspahh;.

fs;td; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ‘ahid’ vd;Dk; nghUSk; cz;L. Ntq;fl

kiyapy; tho;e;j fs;th; ,dj;jhh; ahidfis ntd;W mtw;wpd; je;jq;fisg;
gz;lkhw;Wr; nra;J tho;e;jdh;. ahidfis mlf;Fk; njhopiy
Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; mk;kugpdNu ahidfisf; Fwpf;Fk; fs;td; vd;w
ngaiuNa ngw;wdh; vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.

Gyth;fSf;F ,y;iynad;W $whky; nfhLj;J mth;fsJ kdijf;

fth;e;jikahYk;> Nghhpy; giftUila caph;> ehL> nghUs;
Kjypatw;iwf; fth;e;jikahYk; ‘fs;th;’ vd;Dk; ngah;
ngw;wdh;. ,t;tbg;gilapy; fs;sh; vd;Dk; rhjpg; ngah; Njhd;wpw;W
vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;. fth;Nthh; vd;Dk; nghUis typAWj;Jtjw;F
fs;sh;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l khL gpbf;Fk; njhopiy rhd;W fhl;Lfpwhh;
[Link];igah.

[Link];ijah ‘fs;sh;’ vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ,uz;L tifapy; nghUs;

jUfpwhh;. fsk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; mbg;gilahff; fs;th; vd;Nw ngah;
mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mth; fUj;J. fsk; vd;gjid new;fsk; vd;w
nghUs; nfhz;L new;fsq;fspy; gzpGhpe;j kUj epy kf;fs; fs;th;
vdg;gl;ldh; vdTk; fsk; vdg; nghUs; nfhz;L Nghh;f;fsq;fspy;
gzpGhpe;j kwth; vd;gth; fs;sh; vdg;gl;ldh; vdTk; ,Utpjkhf mth;

66
nghUs; nfhs;fpwhh;. fskh; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F kUjepy kf;fs; vd;Wk;
cotnud;Wk; nghUSz;L.

jkpofj; njd; gFjpfspy; ngUthhpahf thOk; Kf;Fyj;Njhh; vd;Dk;

%d;W rhjpapdh; mlq;fpa r%fg; gphptpy; xU rhjpapdh; fs;sh;
vdg;gLth;. kw;w ,U rhjpapdh; kwth; kw;Wk; mfKilahh; Mth;”41
vd;W tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ jkpo; tpf;rdhp.

Kw;fhyj;jpy; kd;dh;fsplj;jpy; fhyhz;gil> kwg;gil> mfg;gil

vd;Dk; %tifg; gilapdh; ,Ue;jdh;. ,g;gilapdUs; fsg;gil topte;Njhh;
fs;snudg; ngah; ngw;wdh; vd;W G+z;b [Link]~;zrhkp thz;ilahh;
$Wthh;. ,f;fUj;jpw;Fj; jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; mj;jpntl;b vd;Wk;
fpuhkj;jpYs;s rptd; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;by; Kg;gilapd; tPug; ngUik
$wpapUg;gij ,th; rhd;W fhl;bAs;shh;.

jkpouruhplk; ,Ue;j xw;wh; vd;w murhq;f mYtyNu fs;sh;

Mapdh;. xw;wh; $l;lk; njhd;W njhl;L murh;f;Fj; Njitg;gl;l
Xh; ,dkhFk;. fs;sh; kugpdNu mQ;rh neQ;rpduhAk;
tPuuhAk; ,d;Wk; cs;sdh;. ,th;fspd; Kd;NdhUk; tPuj;jpy; rpwe;J
tpsq;fpdh;. vd;gjw;F

“ciytplj;J CwQ;rh td;fz; njhiytplj;Jj;

njhy;gilf; fy;yhy; mhpJ”45

(Fws; 762

jpUf;FwSk; rhd;W gfh;fpwJ.

fs;sh;fs;> FWk;gh; kugpdh; vd;fpwhh; nla;yh; vd;Dk;

mwpQh;. FWk;gh;fs; njhz;ilkz;lyj;jpy; ML> khL Nka;j;J
tho;e;jtnud;Wk; mth;fs; njw;F Nehf;fp te;J ghz;ba kz;lyk; tiuapy;
FbNawpdnud;Wk; ,th; fUfpwhh;.

67
mwpQh; ];^th;l; gpshf;gh;d; fUj;J

rkPg fhyj;jpy; fs;sh;fisg; gw;wp Ma;T fz;l ];^th;l;

gpshf;gh;d; vd;gth; fs;sh;Fb Fw;wg; guk;giur; rhjp vd;W $wg;gl;l
fUj;ij kW Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. kf;fs; njhiff;
fzf;fpy; ,th;fs; coTj; njhopy; nra;gtuhfNt gjpT
nra;ag;gl;bUg;gij ,th; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. jk; Muha;r;rpapd;
Kbthf ,th;fs; jkpo; ehl;bd; goq;Fb kf;fs; vd;Wk; gutyhf thOfpd;w
coth; Fbapdh; vd;Wk; ehL fhty; njhpYk; mth;fSf;F chpaJ vd;Wk;
$Wfpd;whh;. mth;fSila ehL mk;gyf;fhuh; vd;Wk; r%f epWtdq;fs;
jd;Dhpik tha;e;j xU r%fkhf mth;fis Mf;fpd vd;Wk; ngUk;ghYk; kJiu
ehaf;fh;fSila Ml;rpapypUe;J jdpj;J thof;$ba ,dkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W
$Wfpd;whh;. ,e;jj; jd;Dhpikj; jd;ikNa Mq;fpy muRf;Fk;
fs;sh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Nkhjiy cUthf;fpaJ vd;fpwhh;. 46

mwpQh; tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; fUj;J

mwpQh; tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; jhk; vOjpa ,e;J Njr rhpj;jpuj;jpy;

Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah; murhl;rp ,Ue;J tUq;fhyj;jpy; E}w;wpUgJf;F
Nkw;gl;l jiyth;fs; Njrj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfisj; jq;fspd; RthjPd
murhq;f chpikAld; (FWepy kd;duha;) Mz;ljhfTk;> mth;fl;Fs;NsNa
epfOk; rz;ilr; rr;ruTfspd; ijhpak;> mlq;fhik> #uj;jd;ik>
#iwahLjy;> Nghiu tpUk;Gk; gof;fq;fs; Kjypa Fzq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;Wk;> ,th;fspd; G+h;tPff; Fbfisf; fs;sh;> kwth;
mfKilahh;fnsdTk; ,th;fNs gy;yt rhjpapd; xU gphptpdnud;Wk;
$Wfpwhh;. ,e;ehl;il Mz;l murh; ngUkf;fSs; Nrhoiuf; fs;th; vd
lhf;lh; gh;dYk; ntq;fhrhkpuht; mth;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. 47

68
ntl;rpg;Nghh;

Nghhpd; njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; gifth; ehl;bd; gRf;fis fth;e;J tUjy;

goq;fhy kuG. ,r;nraiyj; njhy;fhg;gpak;>

“Nte;JtpL KidQh; Ntw;Wg;Gyf; fstpd;

Mje;J Xk;gy; Nktw;W MFk;”48

vdf; fsthy; Mepiu fth;e;Njhh; fs;th; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“tpidty; mk;gpd; tpOj;njhil kwth;

Njk;gpop eWq;fs; kfpopd;> Kidfle;J

tPq;Fnkd; Riua Vw;wpdk; jUck;”49

,f;fhyj;Jf; fs;sh; kugpdhpilNa gpwuJ khLfisf; fth;e;J tUk;

gof;fk; ,Ug;gJ mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; fUj;NjhL xg;G Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.

ntl;rpg;Nghhpy; Mepiu fth;jy; jpUl;lhff; fUjg;glhky; tPuk;

epiwe;j Nghhpd; xU $whff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;Jf; fs;sh;fs; khL
gpbj;jiyj; jq;fs; Mw;wYf;Fk; jpwikf;Fk; milahskhfNt fUjp ,r;nraypy;
<LgLfpd;wdh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;thW fs;sh;fshy; fth;e;J
nry;yg;gl;l epiyapy; khl;il ,oe;Njhh; mthplk; nrd;W Ntz;b khl;il
ngWk; epiy ,Ug;gijAk;> fhty; JiwapdUk; khl;ilf; fth;e;NjhhplNk
mitfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW khl;il ,oe;NjhUf;F mwpTiu $WjiyAk;
Nehf;Fk; NghJ khL fth;jiyg; ngUikAk; jpwikAk; fUjpr; nra;ag;gLk;
nrayhfNt nfhs;syhk;. khL gpbj;jiy tPukhf epidf;fpd;wdh;. ,jidj;
jd;id ek;gp te;jth;fSf;F cjTk; Nehf;fj;NjhL nra;fpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs;
khL gpbf;fg; NghFk; NghJ ney;> eif kw;Wk; nghUl;fisj; jpULtJk;>
nfhiy> nfhs;isabg;gJk; fpilahJ> Xl;b te;j khl;il tpw;gNjh

69
jpUg;gpj;ju kWg;gNjh fpilahJ. jw;NghJ ,th;fshfNt khLgpbj;jiy
epWj;jp tpl;ldh;.

Nrhoh;fspd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs;

Nrhoh;fSf;F toq;fpa rpwg;Gg; ngah;fisAk; fs;sh;fSf;Fs;

toq;fptUk; gl;lg; ngah;fisAk; ,izj;J ghh;j;jhy; fs;sh;fs; Nrhoh; ,d
topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vd;W $wyhk;. Nrhoh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l gl;lg;
ngah;fshd Nrhod;> ehfd;> gy;ytuhad;> njhz;ilkhd;> fs;th;>
thz;ilah;> ehl;lhh;> ehl;lq;fhh;> Njth;> th;kh> Kj;jiuah;>
mk;gyk;> Nrh;it> jiytha; ghz;bad;> td;dpadhh;>
fz;bah;> ,uhrhspahh;> ty;yj;jurh;> NfhNdhp Nky;nfhz;lhd; vd;w
gl;lq;fisf; nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;L tUk; ,dkf;fs; fs;sh;fshth;.

,uh[uh[d;

,uhruhrNrhod; ,aw;ngaUk; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSk; fs;shpdg;

gl;lg; ngah;fSld; nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ. mit ,uhruhr
Nrhod; ,aw;ngauhd mUz;nkhopj;Njtd; vd;Dk; ngaUk;
fs;shpdj;jpy; mUnkhopj; Njth; vd;Dk; gl;lg; ngaUk; Njth;>
fz;bah;> ca;af;nfhz;lhd;> Nfushe;jfd;> raq;nfhz;lhd;>
rpq;fshe;jfd;> njYq;F Fyfhyd;> ehl;lhd;> ehl;liuad;> Kk;Kbr;
Nrhod; vd;Dk; gl;lg; ngah;fs; midj;Jk; jw;NghJ fs;sh;fspilNa
toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,ij itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,uhruhrNrhod;
fs;shpdj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtd; vd;W cWjpahff; $w top ,Uf;fpwJ. FNyhj;Jq;f
Nrhod;> ,uhruhrNrhod;> Re;ju ghz;bad;> tPu ghz;bad;>
FyNrfud; MfpNahh;fs; jq;fSf;F NfhNdhpNky; nfhz;lhd; vdTk; gl;lk;
#l;bf; nfhz;ldh;. ,j;jifa gl;lKila fs;sh; tFg;gpdh; guk;giuahfj; jkpo;

70
ehl;by; gy khtl;lq;fspy; ,d;Wk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,ijg; Nghy;
Nrhoh;fs; Ml;rp nra;j gFjpfspy; jw;NghJ fs;sh;fs; mjpf msT tho;e;J
tUtjhYk; fs;sh;fSf;Fs; toq;Ffpd;w gl;lg; ngah;fisAk;> Nrhoh;fSf;F
toq;fpa rpwg;Gg; ngah;fisAk; ,izj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy; ,UtUk; xNu
tFg;gpdh; vdf; $Wtjw;F tha;g;Gs;sJ.50

Kj;jiuah;fs;

[Link]. 849,y; jQ;irapy; Nrhouhl;rpia epiyepWj;Jk; Kd;

jQ;irapy; kd;duhapUe;Njhh; Kj;jiuaNu vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
nre;jiyf; fy;ntl;by; ,th;fspy; xUtidf; Fwpj;J ty;yNfhd;>
jQ;irf;Nfhd;> fs;th;> fs;td;> ty;yj;jurh;> jQ;iruhah;> nrk;gpa
Kj;jiuah; vd;Dk; gl;lKs;s fs;sh; Fyj;jth; jQ;irapYk;> jQ;iriar;
#o;e;j ,lq;fspYk; ,d;Wk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,itfs;> midj;ijAk;
ghh;f;Fk; NghJ fs;sh;fs; Nrhoh;fs; top te;jth;fNs vd;W cWjpahf
ek;gf; fsk; ,Uf;fpwJ.51

fpis top fs;sh;fs;

fpis top fs;sh;fs; vdg;gLNthh; jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Nghh;f;Fb

fs;sh; r%fj;jpd; fpisg; gphpTfspy; cs;s Xh; ,df;FOtpdh;
Mth;. ,th;fSk; Kf;Fyj;Njhh;fspd; xU gphptpdh; Mth;.

,th;fs; jq;fs; ngaUf;F gpd;dh; mk;gyf;fhuh;> Nrh;itf;fhuh;

gl;lg; ngah;fis gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs; jha;top cwT Kiwia
gpd;gw;Wk; gof;fKilath;fs;. ,th;fs; murpahd;> mhpahjd;>
gpr;irah> Nrhohd;> murdd;> njhz;ilkhd;> FUtpyp vd;w VO
fpisfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,f;fpisg;gb jha;khkDk;> rNfhjhp kfSk;

71
xNu fpisia rhh;e;jth;fshth;. ,th;fsplk; jha;khkd; kw;Wk; mf;fhs;
kfis> jpUkzk; nra;Ak; Kiw Kw;wpYkhf jil nra;ag;gl;l xd;W.

rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy;> ,th;fs; tho;e;J tUfpd;w gFjpia gjpdhd;F

ehLfshf gphpj;Js;sdh;. mitfs; Fd;dq;Nfhl;il> njd;dpiy>
cQ;rid> ,uTNrhp> nrk;nghd;khhp fg;gY}h;> ,Uk;gh> rpyk;gh>
tlk;Nghfp> Njh;Nghfp> Nfhghy> VONfhl;il Mw;wq;fiu> Kj;J
ehLfs; MFk;.

gjpdhd;F ehLfSf;Fk; jiyikahf cQ;rid> nrk;nghd;khhp>

njd;dpiy> ,uTNrhp ehl;bd; mk;gyq;fs; my;yJ ehl;lhh;fs; cs;sdh;.
fz;l Njtp gFjpapy; cs;s nrhh;z%h;j;jP];tuh; Nfhapypy; ,th;fSf;F
Kjy; khpahij mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.45

fpistop ehl;lhh; fs;sh;fs; jpUkz rlq;fpd; NghJ ,U tPl;lhh;fSk;>

mth;fspd; gz;ghl;bd; milahskhf tshpia khw;wpf;
nfhz;bUe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. tshpia mDg;gp kzkfis mioj;J thUq;fs;
vd;W $wpAs;shh;fs;.

“mk;gyk;” kw;Wk; “Nrh;it” vd;gJ jkpo;ehl;by; fpis top fs;sh;

rhjpapd; xU gl;lk; MFk;. mofh; kiyia xl;b mjd; njd; gFjpapYk;
fPo;g; gFjpapYk; mk;gyk; kw;Wk; Nrh;it vd;Dk; gl;lKila
fs;sh; ,dj;jth; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;W [Link]; jd;Dila mofh;
Nfhapy; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,g;NghJ ,J> rhjpg; ngah; Nghy;
,aw;ngaUf;Fg; gpd; mk;gyf;fhuh; kw;Wk; Nrhh;itf;fhuh; vd;W
Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

fs;sh; ehLfspy; xt;nthU Ch;fspYk; fs;sh; Fyj;jthpy; xUtNuh

gyNuh jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F mk;gyf;fhuh; vd;w
rpwg;Gg; ngah; cz;L. ehl;Lf; $l;lq;fspy; me;j mk;gyfhuh;fSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.

72
 “fs;sh;” cyfe;Njhd;wpa fhyj;Nj #hpa ,e;jpu kugpy; Njhd;wp
<uhapuk; gl;lq;fis Rke;J> Ngurh;fshfTk;> rpw;wurh;fshfTk;>
gilj;jiyth;fshfTk; ,Ue;J Mz;l kugpdh;> jha; kz; gifaopf;f khw;whh;
mwpahjthW> xw;wha;e;j gpd; fhykwpe;J> ,lkwpe;J> typawpe;J>
fsk; GFe;J fspnwhpe;J ngah;e;jth; vd;gjhy; fs;sh; vd;w
ngahpNyNa epiyf;fg; ngw;wdh;. fs;sh; kf;fs; epiyg;gil fs;sh;
gilg;gw;W vd;Wk;> FbapUf;Fk; njhFjp “fs;sh;ehL” vd;W ngah;
ngWk; fs;sh; MAjk; fs;sh;jb vd;w ‘tshp’ vdg;gLk;.52

fs;sh; rpw;wurh;fspd; kapy;uhad; Nfhl;il ehL

fs;sh; rpw;wurh;fshapUe;j fhyj;jpy; gytplq;fspy; muz;fs;

(Nfhl;il) fl;bapUe;jdh;. jQ;ir khefiur; Nrho kd;dh;fs; jiy efuhff;
nfhs;tjw;F Kd;Nd ty;yk; vd;Dk; Nfhl;il> fs;shpy; xU tFg;ghUila jiy
efukhfr; rpwe;jpUe;jJ. njhz;ilkhd; kd;dh;fs; Gjpa Nfhl;il fl;b mjw;F
GJf;Nfhl;il vd;W ngah; itj;jhh;fs;. mij Nghy; fs;sh;fshy; ghz;ba
kz;lyj;jpy; jd;durhf Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;l xU gFjp kapy;uhad;Nfhl;il
ehL vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,q;Nf fs;sh;fs; 1000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; fhQ;rpGuk; (ky;iy) ts;sehL

vd;w gFjpapy; ,Ue;J $l;lkhf te;jhh;fs; vd;Wk;> me;jf; $l;lj;ij jiyik
jhq;fpath;fs; eurpq;fj; Njth;> ts;shsj; Njth;> rPtpypj; Njth;>
kd;dj; Njth;> nghd;dj; Njth; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;.

eurpq;fj; Njth;> ts;shsj; Njth;> rPtpypj;Njth; thhpRfs;

ky;yhf; Nfhl;ilapy; ,d;Wk; cs;sdh;.

GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;> ngUq;Fb gFjpapy; kotuhad;; gl;lk; cila

fs;sh;fSf;F re;jptPuDf;F jdpf; NfhapYk;> mk;gyk; vd;w gl;lKk; Ch;
73
Kjy; khpahijAk; ,th;fs; fs;sh;fspd; Nrh;thuh;fs; ngz; nfhLf;Fk; cwT
KiwahfTk; cs;shh;fs;. jQ;rhT+h; ,sq;fhL fpuhkj;jpy; re;jptPuDf;F
Nfhapy; cs;sJ. %tiuah; gl;lk; cila fs;sh;fs; tzq;fp tUfpwhh;fs;.

,e;ehl;bd; cl;gphpTfs;

1. fl;lhzpg;gl;b>
2. khk;gl;b>
3. ky;yhf;Nfhl;il>
4. ehkD}h;>
5. VhpA+h;>
6. mofkhefhp>
7. n[aq;nfhz;lhd;epiy
8. tltd;gl;b>
9. tlf;Ftl;lk; - v];v];Nfhl;il>
10. njw;F tl;lk; - mtyhf; Nfhl;il.

,g;gFjp cl;gl ,e;ehl;by; 60 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpuhkq;fs;

cs;sd. ,J ,d;Wk; fs;sh; Fbapd; mk;gyf;fhuh;fspdhy; Ml;rp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

,e;ehl;by; ,Ue;J fpof;F gf;fk; gphpe;J ehY}h; ehL (jkuhf;fp)>

mQ;#h; ehL (Vdhjp) Nkw;F gf;fk; gphpe;j ehL gpwkiy ehL
(Gj;J}h; ehL)> gpwkiy ehL (nfhf;Fsk; ehL) vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

ghz;ba kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l ,g;gFjpia 11 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; Nrho kd;dd; Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpud; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
mjd; gpd; 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ghz;bah; tk;rj;jpy; te;j [lhth;k
FyNrfud;> Nrho kd;did ntd;W ehl;il kPl;lhh;. rptgf;jdhd [lhth;k
FyNrfud;> jhd; ntw;wp ngw;wikf;F ed;wpf; fhzpf;ifahf> jpUkiy

74
fpuhkk; kiyapy; rptDf;F Nfhapy; vOg;gp> “kiyf;nfhOe;jP];tuh;”
vd;W ngah; #l;bdhd;. kpfTk; njhd;ikahd ,f;Nfhapypy; [Link]. 2
Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;j jkpo; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
cs;sd. Kd;kz;lgj;jpy; fk;gPukhf jpUkiy gFjpf;F jpirf; fhty;
nghWg;gpw;F epakpf;fg;gl;l fs;sh; Fbapy; gpwe;j fhty; nja;tk;
khtPuh; fUtghz;bah; rpiy cs;sJ.

,q;Nf fs;sh;fs; ngUk;ghYk; mk;gyk; vd;w gl;lj;jpidNa

gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fspy; rpyh; rptfq;if murh;fsplKk;
gilj;jsgjpfshfTk;> gil tPuh;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdh;. tlf;F tl;lj;jpid
Nrh;e;jth;fSk;> ky;yhf;Nfhl;il nghpa mk;gyf;fhuh; tk;rj;jtUk;
“Nrh;it” vd;w gl;lj;ij #bf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,jpy; rpyh; Njth; vd;w
gl;lj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

,th;fs; kj;jpapy; ifk;ngz;kzKk;> kztpyf;Fk; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fs;sh; Fy gl;lq;fs; gw;wpa xU rpwg;Gg; ghh;it

khuhak; vd;gJ rpwe;j giltPuDf;F toq;fg;gl;l rq;f fhy tpUJ>

njhy;fhg;gpak; ,e;j tpUijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. Mepiufisf; fth;e;J te;j
tPuDf;F ,J toq;fg;gl;lJ. miuad; (murd; vd tUtJ NghyTk; murd;)
uhrd; vd tUtJ NghyTk; kh – miuad; vd;Dk; nrhy; khuhad; vd
kUTk;.

“gQ;rt khuhad;..... nfhq;fhs;thd;” vd;gj fy;ntl;by; tUk; njhlh;.

murd; ngWk; tpUJ. khuhak; ngw;wtd; neLnkhop $Wthd;. rq;f
fhyj;jpy; murd; Nghhpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa tPuid ‘khuhak;’ vd;Dk;
tpUJ toq;fpg; ghuhl;LtJ tof;fk;. ,g;gb khuhak; gl;lk; ngw;wtd;
murdpd; ngUikia vLj;Jg; NgRtNjhL kl;Lkd;wpj; jd; ngUikiaAk; vLj;J
$WtJ tof;fk;. ,jw;F neLnkhop $wy; vd;W ngah;. tQ;rpg; Nghhpy;

75
ntw;wpiaj; Njbj;je;j tPuDf;F khuhak; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lijr;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. khuhak; ngw;wtd; khuhad;.
khuhad; tpUij kd;dtd; jifik ,y;yhj xUtDf;F toq;fhky; ,Ug;gJ ed;W
vd mwE}y; $WfpwJ.

gz;ila jkpoh; tuyhw;wpy; njhopy;> fiy> tPuk; Kjyhdtw;wpy;

rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; ngUkf;fSf;F tpUJfs; toq;fpr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lijf; fhz
KbfpwJ. ,e;j tpUJfs; muritapy; toq;fpg; Nghw;wg;gl;ld.

vl;b – rpwe;j tzpfh;

fhtpjp - rpwe;j coth;

fpohh; - Ch;j;jiyth;> Gyth;

fpohd; - Ch;j;jiytd;> rpw;wurd;

jiyf;Nfhy; - rpwe;j mitf;$j;J ehl;baf;fhhp

jhkiu (tpUJ) - rpwe;j njUf;$j;J tpwyp

khrhj;Jtd; - jiutzpfhpd; jiytd;

kheha;fd; - fly;tzpfhpd; jiytd;

khuhak; - rpwe;j giltPud;

rq;f fhy Nte;jh;fs; mwpT typik> rhd;whz;ik> tPutypik

ngw;w jk; Fbkf;fSf;F gl;lq;fis toq;fp rpwg;gpj;jik rq;f fhyj;jpw;F
gpd;Gk; ,r;rpwg;Gg; ngah; kuG njhlh;e;J te;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf fs;sh;
Fyk; ,g; gl;lq;fis jq;fspd; caph; fhf;Fk; Nflakhf czh;e;J ghJfhj;J
tUfpd;wdh;.

76
 nrq;Nfhy; rpwf;f nrq;FUjp nfhl;bajw;fhf Rkhh; <uhapuk;
gl;lq;fis Rke;Js;s fs;sh; kuG tuyhW> cyf tuyhw;wpy; xU
tuyhwhFk;.

Nrhog; ngUNte;jh;fs; jq;fSf;Fg; gl;lKila ngah;fis NgZtjpYk;

jk;ikr; rhh;e;Njhh;fSf;F gl;lq;fis mspg;gjpYk; kpFe;j mf;fiwAk;
tpUg;gKk; nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gij fy;ntl;LfSk;> nrg;NgLfSk;
czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

1. Nguurh;fs; jq;fspd; rpwg;GfSf;Fk;> tpUg;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g

jhq;fNs #bf; nfhz;l gl;lq;fs;> ,uhrfz;bad;>
rptghjNrfud;> ,utp Fykhzpf;fk; Nghd;wit.

2. Nguurh;fs; jq;fspd; muRg; gpujpepjpfshf ,Ue;j jhidj;

jiyth;fSf;Fk;> jk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; Fyj;jth;fSf;Fk; #l;bag;
gl;lq;fs;> flhuk; nfhz;lhd;> Nrhoq;fd;> khiuad; Nghd;wit.

3. Nguurh;fs; jq;fspd; MSikf;F cl;gl;l FWepy kd;dh;fSf;Fk;>

mjpfhhpfSf;Fk;> jiyth;fSf;Fk; toq;fpa gl;lq;fs;>
fhypq;fuhad;> Nrjpuhad;> kotuhad;> ehlhs;thd;
Nghd;wit.

,uh[uh[d;> ,uhN[e;jpud; Kjyhd Nrho kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

ntl;lg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fspNy ,d;Ndhh; ngah;fspw; rpw;rpy
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mit>

1. fr;rpauhad;>

77
 2. fhltuhad;>
3. fhLntl;b>
4. fhypq;fuhad;>
5. rPdj;jiuad;>
6. Nrjpuhad;>
7. Nrhofq;fd;>
8. NrhoNfhd;>
9. njhz;ilkhd;>
10. ee;jpauhad;>
11. ehlhs;thd;>
12. gy;ytuhad;>
13. kotuhad;>
14. Nky;nfhz;lhd;>
15. thz;luhad;>
16. tpy;ytuhad;.

Kjypad.

,t;thNw> NtW rpy gl;lq;fSk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;sd.

mit>

1. mdfuhad;>
2. fsg;ghsuhad;>
3. FUFyuhad;>
4. rk;Gtuhad;>
5. jkpojiuad;>
6. gq;fsuhad;>
7. kd;whb>
8. kPdtuhad;>
9. %tuhah;fz;ld>

78
 10. %Nte;jiuad;>
11. tq;fj;jiuad;>
12. thStuhad;>
13. tpyhlj;jiuad;>
14. tpSg;ghjuhad;.

Kjypad.

fs;sh; Fygl;lq;fis MuhAk; NghJ ngUk;ghYk; mit>

1. miuah;>
2. ,uhah;>
3. Mz;lhh;>
4. Ms;thh;>
5. cilahh;>
6. nfhz;lhh;>
7. G+z;lhh;>
8. gphpah;>
9. Rw;wpahh;>
10. el;lhh;>
11. jiyth;>
12. ntd;whh;>
13. Njth;>
14. fpisahh;>
15. cz;lhh;

vd;Nw KbTWk;.

Nguurh;fs; jq;fspd; gy;NtW fiyQh;fSf;Fk; toq;fpa gl;lq;fs;.

1. fw;wspg;gpr;rd;>
2. jiyf;Nfhyp>

79
 3. thr;rpa khuhad;

Nghd;wit.

150 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; gphpl;b~;hh; Fwpg;gpl;l fs;sh;fspd; rpy

tk;r gl;lq;fs; :

jQ;ir tho; fs;sh;fs; gy;NtW tk;rq;fis jq;fSs;

nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,j;jifa tk;rq;fs; gy;NtW gl;lq;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.”

jQ;ir fs;sh;fspd; gpugykhd gl;lq;fspy; rpy

1. jQ;rpuhah;
2. td;dpah;>
3. Nrh;itf;fhuh;>
4. Nkdhl;liuah;>
5. rpWehl;liuah;>
6. Nrhofh;>
7. Nrhoq;fNjth;>
8. fhypq;fuhah;>
9. thz;ilahh;>
10. njd;nfhz;lhh;>
11. mz;ztprhuh;>
12. njhz;ilkhd;>
13. ,uhrhspahh;>
14. nghd;dg;G+z;lhh;>
15. kotuhah;>
16. fhltuhah;>
17. fshf;Filahh;>
80
 18. gy;ytuhah;>
19. khJuhah;>
20. gd;dpf;nfhz;lhh;.”

Nrho Njr fs;sh;fs; gy;NtW tk;rq;fshf jq;fsJ gl;lq;fis Rke;J

goq;fhy ngUikfSf;F rhd;whf tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. ntt;NtW
gl;lKilath;fs; jpUkz Kiwapy; ,iztij fhyq;fhykhf gpd;gw;wp
tUfpd;wdh;.

fs;sh;fs; gy;NtW gl;lg; ngah;fis Rke;J tho;e;J tUtij 150

Mz;LfSf;F Kd; nts;isah;fNs jq;fsJ Mtzq;fspy; gjpT nra;jpUg;gJ kpfr;
rpwg;gpw;FhpaJ......53

A Manual of the district of tanjore in the madras presidency / k venkasamy row

/ 1883

gy rhjpapdUf;Fk; gy gl;lq;fs; cs;sd. mjpy; xNu gl;lk; gy

rhjpapdh;f;Fk; cs;sJ. Mdhy; fs;sh;fSf;F cs;sJ Nghy
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> njhd;ikahd jkpo; thh;j;ijfspYk; cs;s gl;lq;fs;
ahUf;Fk; ,Uf;fpwjh vd;why; fz;bg;ghf ,y;iy.

1. mk;gh;j;Njtd;
2. mk;guhz;lhd;>
3. mUthehl;lhd;>
4. cwe;ijuhad;>
5. fhtphpehld;>
6. kz;ntl;bf; $o;thq;fp>

81
 7. Gj;jpfope;jhd;>
8. Kidajiuad;>
9. Mh;Rj;jpahh;>
10. rptypq;f Njth;>
11. tpOg;giuah;>
12. ehl;lhh;>
13. fshp>
14. ghh;Gul;bahh;>
15. ehaf;fthbahh; (ef;fd;thb)
16. Filfpohh;>
17. Mopahd;.

fs;sh;fspy; cs;s xt;nthU gl;lq;fspYk; gy Mapuk; FLk;gq;fs;

cs;sd. xNu ChpYk; my;yJ mNj gl;lq;fspy; 200 [Link] mg;ghYk;
cs;sdh;. fs;sh; gl;lq;fspd; ngah;fshy; gy Ch;fNs ,d;W rpwe;J
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,ay; KbTfs;

1. jkpof fs;sh; ,dkf;fs; Kf;Fyj;Njhhpy; xU gphpitr;

rhh;e;jth;fs;. ,th;fs; MjpFbfs; ,df;FOthf tho;e;jth;fs;.

2. Nguurh;fshfTk; FWepy kd;dh;fshfTk;> gilj; jiyth;fshfTk;

tho;e;NjhNu fs;sh; vdg;gl;ldh;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf
gy;yth;fisAk;> njhz;il kz;lyj;jhiuAk; $wyhk;.

3. rq;f kuigr; rhh;e;j Nrho ,dk;> gy;yt ,dk; fsg;gpuh; ,dk;

ghz;ba ,k;> njhz;ilah;fs;> Kj;jiuah;> thzhjpuhah;,dk;>
Ntsph; ,dk; rhh;e;Njhuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. vd;w fUj;J epyTfpwJ.

82
4. Nrhoh;> fsg;gpuh;> gy;yth;> Kj;jiuah; Nghd;w mur
kuigr; rhh;e;Njhh; fs;sh;fs; vd;gij fl;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa
rhd;Wfs; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

5. fs;sh; guk;giuapdhpy; gj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpisg; gphpTfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

6. fs;sh; r%ff; fpisg; gphpthff; $wg;gLk; fpistopf; fs;sh;fs;

rptfq;if khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;;e;Njhuhff; fUjg;
gLfpd;wdh;. ,g;gFjp gjpdhd;F ehLfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7. fs;sh;fshy; Msg;gl;l jQ;irg; gFjp kapy;uhad; Nfhl;il

vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

8. GJf;Nfhl;ilg; gFjpapy; mWgjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpuhkq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gFjpfs; mk;gyf;fhuh;fshy; Ml;rp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

9. fs;sh;fSf;F mWgjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gl;lg; ngah;fs; ,Ug;gjhf

mwpag;gLfpwJ.

10. mk;gyk;> Nrh;it vd;git fpistopf; fs;sh;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;

gl;lk; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.

11. fs;sh; ,dg; gl;lg; ngah;fs; gy cUkhwp fhzg;gLk; epiya

Ma;Tfs; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

12. fs;sh;fs; thOk; Ch;g; ngah;fSld; mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l

gl;lg; ngah;fSf;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlh;G ,Ug;gJk; rpytw;iw
83
 tuyhw;W rhd;Wfs; top tpsf;f Kbah epiyAk; ,t;tha;tpd; top
fhzyhfpwJ.

gpd;dpizg;Gfs;

fs;shpd; gl;lg; ngah;fs;

84
1. mirahj;Jiwahh;
2. mz;Zd;lhh;
3. mhpagps;is
4. Mr;ruhah;
5. ,uhq;fpg; gPypah;
6. fpspapdhh;.
7. ifauhah;
8. Nfhwh;
9. rtspahh;
10. rhzhh;
11. Rz;ilahh;
12. Nrg;gpohh;
13. Nrhkurh;
14. jhspjpahh;
15. jpUf;fhl;bahh;
16. njj;J ntd;whh;
17. Njrpuhah;
18. Njthz;lhh;
19. eha;f;fhbahh;
20. neLj;jhh;
21. newpKz;lhh;
22. gtl;Lthh;
23. gpr;rhbahh;
24. gpypauhah;
25. gPypKz;lhh;
26. Gl;by; fope;jhh;
27. Ngjiuah;
28. Ngha;e;jhh;

85
29. kapyhz;lhh;
30. kl;ilah;
31. khk;goj;jhh;
32. khd;Rj;jpahh;
33. KZf;fhl;bahh;
34. %q;fpypahh;
35. nkdf;flhh;
36. nkhl;lj; Njth;
37. tq;fzh;
38. thr;rhh;
39. thz;lhg;gphpah;
40. tPrz;lhh;
41. rd;dhlh;
42. rpq;fg;gpypahh;
43. rpWkhlh;
44. Nrz;lg;gphpah;
45. Nrg;gpohh;
46. NrhzhUz;lhh;
47. Nrhjpiuah;
48. jhf;fypf;fpahh;
49. jhdhjpahh;> jhspjpahh;
50. gRk;gpbahh;
51. gz;zpaKz;lhh;
52. gJq;fuhah;
53. gj;jhsh;
54. gk;khzpahh;
55. gz;zpnfhz;lhh;
56. gz;izahh;

86
57. ghg;G nul;bahh;
58. Gz;zhf;fh;
59. Gs;suhah;
60. Nghh; nghWf;fpahh;
61. khspRw;wpahh;
62. Kz;lhh;
63. Kjypahh;
64. ty;yhdNjth;

87
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M) mfehD}W> gh.v. 213> [Link]. 1-

3
2. Re;juuh;> jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif> gh. 11
3. GypA+h; Nfrpfd; (c.M) nghpaGuhzk;> gf;. 49.
4. NkyJ> ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp jpUte;je;jhjp> gh.v. 6
5. ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhz rhuk;> g. 52
6. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M) mfehD}W> gh.v. 61> [Link]. 11-
13
7. NkyJ> mfehD}W> gh.v. 61> gh.t.11-13
8. Iadhhpjdhh;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy> fue;ijg; glyk;>
gh.v. 35
9. Ruh jkpofuhjp> g. 117
10. [Link];NtY gps;is jkpo; nkhop mfuhjp> g. 266
11. tpd;RNyh jkpofuhjp> g. vz;. 255
12. [Link];gpukzpad; (c.M) mfehD}W> gh.v. 61>
gh.t.11-13
13. NkyJ> gh.v.342> gh.t. 6-10
14. NkyJ>
15. NkyJ> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> gh.t. 15-17
88
16. Iadhh; (c.M) jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 1258
17. [Link];G nul;bahh;> (c.M) Kj;njhs;shapuk;> gh.v. 10
18. [Link];jp (c.M) nfhq;FNtsph; vOjpa ngUq;fij> gh.v. 40
19. ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk;> gh.v. 1744
20. jpUthrfk;> jpUNfhj;Jk;gp> gh.v. 9
21. nrftPu ghz;badhh;> jpUf;Fwl; FkNur ntz;gh> gh.98
22. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M) Iq;FWE}W> gh.v. 21
23. [Link];NtY> jkpo;nkhop mfuhjp> g. 50
24. G+ypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M) mfehD}W> gh.v. 61> [Link].
11-13
25. jkpo; tpf;rdhp> [Link]
26. K.t.(c.M) jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 762
27. jpUQhdrk;ge;jk; (c.M)> [Link]. nghUs;> Gwj;jpiz>
E}.v. 60
28. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M)> mfehD}W> gh.v. 105> gh.t.
13-15
29. [Link];gpukzpad; (c.M) mfehD}W> gh.v. 359
30. NkyJ> GwehD}W> gh.v. 83> gh.t. 1-10
31. NkyJ.> mfehD}W gh.v. 209> gh.t. 8-10
32. NkyJ.> GwehD}W> gh.v. 385> gh.t. 8-12
33. NkyJ> gh.v. 385> gh.t. 4-16
34. NkyJ.> gh.v. 175> gh.t. 1
35. NkyJ.> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> gh.t. 443-447
36. NkyJ> gh.t. 40-43
37. NkyJ> gh.t. 440-443
38. Kj;J rPdpthrfd;> Fg;Grhkp (g.M) ehyhapu jpt;a
gpuge;jk;> ghfk; 1> nghpa jpUnkhop> gh.v. 1126>
gh.t. 1-3

89
39. NkyJ> gh.v. 1425> gh.t. 1-2
40. godpNty; gps;is> (c.M) fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> gh.v. 366
41. jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp> gh.v. 349
42. [Link]; (c.M)> nghpa Guhzk;> jpUehl;L rpwg;G>
gh.v. 9.
43. NkyJ> gh.v. 10
44. NkyJ> nka;g;nghUs; ehadhh; Guhzk;> g. 467
45. Rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhh;> rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhh; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs;
g. 36
46. NkyJ> g. 116
47. Kj;Juhkypq;fk;> (c.M)> njhz;ilk z;lyr; rjfk;> g. 324>
48. [Link];jd;> ciuahrphpah;fs;. g. 211
49. [Link];gpukzpad; (c.M)> GwehD}W> gh.v. 312.
50. fhrpehjd;> jkpoh; fhR ,ay;> g. 290
51. guNk];thp> ehzaq;fs;> g. 13-14
52. ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk;> ngUkhs; jpUnkhop> gh.v.
677
53. nre;jkpo; njhFjp 3> gf;. 347-351
54. c.f];J}hp fhe;jp> ehl;lhh; tho;tpaYk; gz;ghLk;> g. 168
55. [Link], [Link] of the district of fanjore in the madras
presidency, 1883.

90