,ay; - 2

fs;shpd tho;tpay; nra;jpfs;

Kd;Diu

fs;sh; ,df; FOf;fshf Mjpapy; tho;e;jth;fs;. ,jw;F Mjhukhfr; rq;f

,yf;fpag; ghly; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. mg;NghJ Ntl;ilahLjy; mth;fspd;
gpujhd njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ. Mjpf; FOf;fshf ,Ue;j NghJ jha;topr; r%fk;
cUthdJ. ,jdhy; ngz;zhjpf;fk; r%fj;jpy; epiyngw;wJ. ,jd;top muR
cUthf;fk; ele;jJ. muRfs; ,ilNa Nghh;fs; eilngw;wd. muRfspd;
nja;tkhf Jh;f;if cUthdhs;. ,df;FO tho;tpy; Jh;f;if topghL rpwg;gplk;
ngw;wJ.

,jd;top r%f tho;T Njhd;wyhapw;W. kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; rhjpag; gphpTfs; Njhd;wpd. fs;sh;fs; Nghh;f;Fbfshf
muRfspy; epiyg; ngw;wdh;. mg;NghJ tshp tPRjy;> mk;Gtpy;
tPRjy; ,th;fspd; Nghh;g; gilf; fUtpfshf ,Ue;jd. ,e;jg; Nghh;f;Fbfs;
thOk; gFjp ghiy vdg;gl;lJ. ,th;fs; Nghhpl;l ,lq;fs; gpwe;jiy
vdg;gl;ld. ,th;fs; nfhw;wth; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;. fs;sh;fs;
Nghhpy; xw;wh;fshfTk; nray;gl;ldh;.

vjphp ehl;L Mepiuf; fth;jy; ,th;fspd; gpujhd Nghh;j; njhopyhf

,Ue;Js;sJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; gpwUf;fhf tho
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wdh;. mjpYk; Fwpf;NfhSld; $bajhf
tho;f;if mika Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdh;. kf;fspd; grpg;gpzpapidg;
Nghf;FtNj vy;NyhUila jiyaha flikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. md;G
nrYj;JtJk;> kdpj flik Mw;WtJk; nghUs; NjLtJk; Mz;fspd; njhopyhFk;.

1
 cs;ehl;by; kf;fs; jq;fs; gpur;ridfis Ch; gQ;rhaj;J %yk; jPh;j;Jf;
nfhs;th;. ehL> Ch;> ];jyk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhty; fhg;gNj fs;shpd;
Kf;fpakhd njhopy;. jw;fhyj;jpy; mjpf mstpy; Ntshz;ik njhopYk;
<LgLfpd;wdh;. fs;sh;fspd; njhopy;> topghL> tho;tpay; Kiwfs;>
cwT Kiw kw;Wk; tof;F nrhw;fs;> MAjq;fs;.

,JNghd;w nra;jpfis tpsf;Fk; Kfkhf ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ ,ay; mikfpwJ.

md;whl tho;tpay;

jw;fhy cstpay; mwpQh;fs; rpy md;whl tho;tpay; nray;fisf;

$Wfpd;wdh;. md;whl nraw;ghLfs;> gof;fq;fs;> nghUs; - cstpay;
Njitfs;> nghOJ Nghf;Ffs;> cwthly;fs;> Ntiy FLk;g Row;rpfs; vd
tho;tpay; mk;rq;fis md;whly; tho;tpay; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

Mil myq;fhuk; nra;jy;

1. tPl;L Ntiy
2. flik Mw;wy;
3. Foe;ij tsh;g;G
4. gzptpilfs; nra;jy;
5. nghUs; Nrfhpj;jy;
6. gazQ; nra;jy;
7. nghOJ Nghf;F

md;whl tho;tpay; Ma;T Kiwfs;

2
 md;whlk; kdpjh;fs; jkJ Neuj;ij ve;j ve;j tpjj;jpy; nryT
nra;fpd;whh;fs; vd;W tho;tpay; gw;wpAk;> r%fq;fs; gw;wpAk;>
r%f khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; gy jfty;fis juf;$baJ ,df;FO Ma;T

,df;FO tpsf;fk;

ehl;lhh; tof;fhWfis mit toq;Fk; ,aw;ifr; #oypy; njhFj;J> r

%ff;FO mbg;gilapy; Muha;e;J> mr;r%ff; FO gw;wpa KOikahd
mbg;gilj; jd;ikfis Ma;T nra;J ntspg;gLj;JtJ ,df;FOtpay;
my;yJ ,dtiutpay; MFk;. “xU jdpj;j rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;ilg; gw;wp
khdpltpayhsh;fs; mr;r%fj;NjhL ePz;l fhyk; xd;wp tho;e;J> Ma;T
nra;J mjid vOj;jpy; vOjp mspf;Fk; jdp tiuT E}Ny ,dtiutpay;
vdg;gLk;”2 ,j;jF ePz;l fhy fsg;gzpapy; cw;W Nehf;fp tpthpf;Fk;
jdptiuTfis vOJk; khdpltpayhsh;fs; ,dtiutpayhsh; vdg;gLth;
vd;fpwhh; gf;jtj;ryghujp.

jdpkdpj epiyapy; jd; Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;a Kbahj kdpj ,dk;

FOthfr; nray;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtpy; midtUk; rkkhfNt fUjg;gl;ldh;. mjdhy;
jq;fspd; r%fj; jsj;jpy; typik> mwpT Kjph;r;rp vd;Dk; tiffspy; cah;
epiyapy; ,Ue;j xUtidNa ,df;FOj; jiytdhff; fUjpdh;. ,df;For; r%f
mikg;G jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jpizfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gFf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mjp r%fj;jpdhpd; tho;T FwpQ:rp epykhfpa kiyfspypUe;Nj
Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. “Mjp r%f kf;fspd; tud;Kiwaw;w
ghYzh;it ntspg;gilahff; Fwpf;fhky; jha;topj; jiyik> Gwkz cwT>
Rje;jpu kzk;> cld;Nghf;F (ngw;Nwhh;fspd; jiyaPL ,y;yhik) vd;gijg;
3
ghly;fs; gjpT nra;jpUg;gjhy;> Gzh;r;rp chpg;nghUs; MjyhYk;>
FwpQ;rpj;jpiz jkpohpd; Mjp r%f tho;it gpujpgypf;Fk; jpizahFk;.”3
vd rpyk;G.eh.nry;tuhR Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

,df;FO tho;f;if Kiw

jdpkdpj epiyapy; jd; Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;s Kbahj

kdpj ,dk; jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;b Nkw;nfhz;l $l;L
tho;f;ifNa ,df;FO r%f mikg;G MFk;. Mjp nghJTilik mikg;ghd ,df;FO
tho;f;if Kiwapy; midtUk; rkkhff; fUjg;gl;ldh;. ghFghbd;wp gFj;Jz;L
tho;e;jdh; vd;gij> “je;Jepiu ghjPL cz;lhl;Lf; nfhil”4 vd;Dk;
njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpy; cs;s ghjPL vd;Dk;
nrhy;yhl;rp ,df;FOf;fisg; nghJTilikr; r%fj;jpd; vr;rkhf
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,df;FO tho;f;iff;F ,d;wpaikahj ghjPL> gfph;e;Jz;zy;
vd;w tof;fk; ,df;FO kf;fspilNag; nghJTilikia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Ntl;ilapy;
fpilf;ff; $bag; nghUs;fis midtUk; gfph;e;Jz;L kfpo;e;jdh;. Ntlh;>
Fwth;> Mah;> jiyth;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; nghUs; cw;gj;jpapy; kpfTk;
gpd;dile;J ,Ue;jhYk; jkf;Ff; fpilj;j czitg; gfph;e;J cz;lij>

“Gy;nyd milKjy; GwTNrh;e; jpUe;j

Gd;Gyr; rPW}h; ney;tpis ahNj

tuFk; jpidAk; cs;sit vy;yhk;

,uty; khf;fSf;F <aj; njhiye;jd”1

vd;w ghlybfs; rPW}h; kd;dd;> nkd;Gyj; jiytd; vd;w ,U r%f

epiyikfspy; ,Ue;jth;fspilNa> nghUshjhu Vw;wj; jho;Tfs;
ntspg;gilahf $wg;gl;bUg;gpDk;> tWikAw;w NghJk; njhd;ikahd

4
thspidAk;> ahopidAk; gpizakhf itj;Jg; nghUs; ngw;W
tpUe;jpdiug; Ngzpdh; vd;gijr; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

“neUie te;j tpUe;jpw;F kw;Wj;jd;

,Uk;Gilg; goths; itj;jdd;> ,d;wp,f;

fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpaho; gizak;> ,Jnfhz;L

<tjpyhsd; vd;dhJ ePAk;

ts;sp kUq;Fy; taq;fpio mzpa”2

vd;w ghlyb tWikAw;w epiyapYk; tpUe;jpdiug; Ngzpg;

gfph;e;Jz;Zk; ,df;FO kf;fspd; nghJikj;jd;ikia tpsf;FfpwJ. grpj;j
ghzh; kdk; kfpo tuFf;fld; ngw;W mth;fsJ grpiag; Nghf;Fjy; ,df;FO
kf;fspd; gz;ghf ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gij>

“grpj;j ghzh; cz;L> fil jg;gypd;

Xf;fy; xw;fk; nrhypa> jd;Ch;r;

rpWGy;yhsh; Kfj;J mit $wp>

tuFfld; ,uf;Fk; neLe;jif

muRthpd; jhq;Fk; ty;yhsd;Nd”3

vd;Dk; ,g;ghly; Rl;LfpwJ. ,q;F ,df;FOtpd; rPW}h; jiytd; jd;id ehb

te;jth;fs; cz;zhuhapDk; cz;Zk; vd;W ,uf;Fk; Fyg;gz;gpddhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;whd;.

,df;FOTk; Ntl;ilj; njhopYk;

5
 njhy; r%f kf;fs; midtUk; Ntl;ilj; njhopiyNa Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
rpyh; Ntl;ilj; njhopYld; tptrhaj;ijNah> fhy;eil tsh;g;igNah
njhopyhff; nfhz;L jk; nghUshjhu Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhz;ldh;.
Ntl;ilapd; NghJ tpy;> mk;G Kjypa fUtpfis gad;gLj;jpaNjhL fhy
tsh;r;rpapy; fz;lwpag;gl;l cNyhfq;fshd Nty;> ths; Kjypa fUtpfSk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lij> “gy;yth; joP,a; fy;yh ty;tpy; ciof;Fuy; $if miog;g
Ml;b”4 vd;w GWehD}w;W mb czh;j;JfpwJ.

,e;j tifapy;> fs;sh; Mjp goq;Fbfshf Ntl;ilahb tho;e;jth;fs;.

Ntlh;Fb

gioa ,df;For; r%fj;jpd; tho;f;ifia kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;tjw;fhf>

rpy Mjhukhd FOf;fisj; Njbdhy; Ntlh;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jpiaf; fhz KbAk;.
Ntlh;Fbiaj; njhd;ikahd Fbahff; $wyhk;. kiy tptrhaKk;> Ntl;ilAk;>
Njd; fpoq;F Nrfhpg;Gk; vd Guhjhdg; nghUshjhur; nray;ghLfisf;
nfhz;bUe;jdh;. %y ,df;FO ehfhPfj;jpypUe;j ,th;fis %y
jpuhtpl ,df;FO vd miof;fyhk;. Ntld;> Ntl;Ltd; vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpd;w
Mz;kfd;> tpy;> mk;G vd;w fUtpfisf; nfhz;L ahUf;Fk;
cilikahfhj ,aw;ifapd; mk;rq;fspy; xd;whd tpyq;Ffis Ntl;il eha;fspd;
JizNahL nrd;W Ntl;ilahb czthff; nfhz;lhd;. fs;Sf;F tpiyahf
mt;Ntl;ilg; nghUs;fisj; je;jhd;. Nfhtyh;fs; tsh;j;j Mepiufis
fth;jyhy;> Mepiu Ntl;ilf;Fhpa nghUshfNt fUjg;gl;lJ.

,t;Ntlh;fs; rpw;W}h;fspy; Fbir ,l;L tho;e;jdh;. ,th;fs; tLfh;>

tLfNte;jh;> vapdh; vd;w nrhw;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. Ntlh;fs;
Mepiuf; fth;jy;> gRf;fwp cz;Zjy;> fs; Fbj;jy;> Fbirapy; tho;e;jdh;
vd;gij> “ntl;rpf; fhdj;J Ntl;Lth; Ml;l”5

vd;w thpfs; czh;j;Jfpwd;wJ.

6
fhdf;Fwth; Fb

Fwth; gyhg;gok; cz;lij>

“fiy czf;fpope;j KoTkUs; ngUk;go

rpiyf;nfO Fwth;f;F my;FkpirT MFk;

kiynfO ehlh .............................”6

vd;Dk; ghlypy; Fuq;F gyhtpid fpopj;J cz;ljhy; gpsTg;gl;l KoT

Nghd;w nghpa gyhg;gok; Fwth;f;F rpy ehl;fSf;F itj;jpUe;J cz;Zk;
czthf gad;gl;lJ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nfhtyh; - Mah;

epyk; rhh;e;j ,df;FO tho;f;ifapd; kw;nwhU tsh;r;rp epiyapd;

vr;rkhd Ky;iyj;jpiz> GwT> td;Gyk; Ky;iy epyk; vd;w nrhw;fshy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ. thdk; ghh;j;j G+kpahf ,Ue;j Ky;iy epyj;jpy; fhy;eilfis
tsh;j;J mtw;wpypUe;J ngw;w ghy; nghUs;fis cz;Lk;> gz;lkhw;wk;
nra;Jk; te;j Fbapdiuf; Nfhtyh;> Mah;> mz;lh;> ,ilah; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. rkntsp fhLfSk;> Nka;r;ry; epyq;fSk;>
MepiufSk;> MLfSk;> vUJfSk; mth;fSila cilikfshff; fUjg;gl;ld. czT
cw;gj;jpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tsh;r;rpia Ky;iy epy ,df;FOf;fs;
vl;bapUe;jd. Mepiufis Ntlh;fs; nfhs;isabj;jjw;fhfg; Nghh; epfo;Tfs;
ele;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fhy;eilAk; mjd; ghy; cw;gj;jpAk; mjpypUe;J
cw;gj;jp nra;af; $ba nghUs;fSk; Ky;iy epy ,df;FOf;fSf;Fg;
nghUshjhuj;ij Nkk;;gLj;j cjtp nra;jd. fhy;eil rhh;e;j tho;f;if xU
Gwk; ,Uf;f td;Gyq;fspy;> nrk;kz; epyq;fspy;> kioia ek;gp tuF>
mtiu> vs;> nfhs;> gapW tptrhaj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.

7
,jid>

“fitf;fjph; tufpd; mitg;GW Mf;fy;

jhJvU kWfpd; NghnjhL nghJspa

Ntis ntz;G+ ntz;japh;f; nfhsP,

Ma;kfs; ml;l mk;Gsp kpjit

Miuf; nfha;Aeh; Mu khe;Jk;”7

vd;Dk; ghly; Rl;LfpwJ.

mjhtJ Ritahfg; gpse;j fjphpidf; nfhz;l tufpidf; Fw;wp vLj;J

tbf;fg;gl;l Nrhw;wpidAk;> vUit cila njUtpy; jhdhf cjph;e;J> jiyj;j
Ntsr; nrbapd; nts;spa G+tpidj; japhpy; ,l;L ,ilkfs; rikj;j Gspj;j
$ioAk;> mtiuf; fha;fisAk; rikj;J cz;ghh;fs;. NkYk; Nfhtyh;fspd;
Fbir> Kw;wk; ge;jh; fUtpfs; itf;Fk; ,lk;> Mepiufisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
nfhl;by; Nghd;wit Nfhtyh;fspd; ,Ug;gpl mikg;ghFk;. Fbirf;F
thrYk; fjTk; ,Ue;jd. Fbirf;Fs; tuFf; fw;iw Nta;e;j gLf;ifAk;> mjd;
Nky; fplhapd; NjhSk; tphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. cUis> rpWtz;b cUis>
fyg;ig> Nfhlhhp Nghd;w fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;.

kWgq;fPL nra;jy;

“Mjpg; nghJTilik r%fj;jpy; ,df;FOj; jiytd; kWgq;fPL nra;Ak;

epiyapNy tpsq;fpdhd;. kw;w rkaq;fspy; kf;fNshL kf;fshf Ntl;ilf;Fr;
nrd;W> czTg; nghUs; Nrfhpg;gpy; <Lgl;lhd;. ,df;For; r%fj;ij mLj;j
juepiy r%f mikg;gpy;jhd; kd;dDf;F rpy jdpj; jFjpfSk;>
milahsq;fSk; mspf;fg;gl;ld. njhy;Fb kf;fs; fhl;Lg; gFjpapy; fpilf;ff;
$ba nghUs;fisAk;> Ntl;ilapy; fpilj;j tpyq;FfisAk; jq;fSf;Fr; rkkhfg;

8
gq;fpl;L tho;e;J te;jdh;” tPuepiyf; fhyq;fspy; gq;fPL nra;af;$ba
nghUs;fs; Nghhpd; topNa ngwg;gl;lJ. ghzh;> $j;jh;
Kjypa ,utyh;fSf;F ghpRg; nghUs;fis mspj;jNjhL kd;dh;fs;
ghzh;fSf;F Cd;NrhWk; kJitAk; mspj;jdh; vd;gijg; Gwg; ghlybfs;
giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.

fs;shpd; ,df;FO tho;tpay;

Ntl;Lthpd; epiy

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntl;ilahLfpd;w NghJ gfph;e;Jz;Zk; fUj;ijAk;

rpy ghly;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. fhdth;fs; gd;wpia Ntl;ilahbaijAk;>
gpwUf;F mtd; kidtp kfpo;e;J nfhLj;jr; nra;jpapidAk; rq;f E}ypy;
fhz KbfpwJ.

“fhdtd; va;j KsTkhd; nfhOq;Fiw

Njq;fko; fJg;gpd; nfhbr;rp fpoq;nfhL”6

Ks;sk; gd;wp kw;Wk; fpoq;F Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; mth;fs; jk; Ch;

kf;fSf;Fk; gfph;e;J nfhLf;ff; $ba gz;igAk; Ntl;Lth; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

kdpj njhlf;f tho;tpd; Nghf;F $b ,Uj;jy;> $b Ntl;ilahLk;

Nghf;Fk; gfph;e;J cz;lYk; MFk; vdyhk;. cjhuzkhf
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ghjPL vd;W ntl;rpj; jpiz nghUs; gq;fPL gw;wp
vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ. Gwj;jpizapaypy; Mepiufisf; fth;jy; xU Nghh; Kiw
vd;fpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. fth;e;j Mepiufis jhk; gfph;e;J
nfhz;lNjhL gpwUf;Fk; toq;Ftij kughff; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. ,df;FO
rKjha tho;tpd; gz;Gfspy; jiyahaJ nghJtpy; itj;J cz;Zfpw Kiw
rq;f ,yf;fpa ghly; xd;wpy; $l;L ciog;gpy; fpilj;j clk;gpid rpwpa
tPl;bd; Kw;wj;jpNyNa gq;fpl;Lf; nfhz;l nraiy>

9
 “KsTkhj; njhiyr;rpa KOr;nrhy; Mlth;

cLk;G ,OJ mWj;j xLq; fho;g; gliyr;

rPwpy; Kd;wpy; $Wnra;J ,Lkhh;”9

Nkw;fz;l ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

mf;fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; fpohh;> kd;dd;> Ntsph;> Nte;jh;

vd;w mjpfhug; gbepiyfisf; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. jkpof murpaypy;
njhlf;fj;jpy; Fbj; jiytdhff; Fwpf;fg; ngWfpwhd;.

“,df;FO kW cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLtjw;F Kd; cs;s r%f mikg;gpid

Ntl;ilr; r%fk; vdf; nfhs;syhk;. FwpQ;rpj; jpizg; ghly;fNs
ngUk;ghYk; Ntl;ilr; r%fj;jpd; $Wfs; rpytw;iw gjpT nra;Js;sd. gpw
jpizfspYk; Ntl;il njhopy;fs; rpWghd;ikahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mjpr; r
%fj;jpd; cw;gj;jp Ntl;ilahLjypypUe;J fpilj;jit.

kf;fspd; tho;tpy; $b ciof;Fk; KiwAk;> $b cz;Zk; KiwiaAk;

nfhz;l xU nghJikg; gz;Gila kf;fl; njhFjp nfhz;l goe;jkpofj;jpidf; fhz
KbfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf>

1. Ntl;ilahbf; fpilj;j gz;lj;ij gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; Kiw

2. Mepiu fth;jy; <Lgl;l kf;fs; jhKk; gfph;e;J nfhz;L gpwUf;Fk;
toq;Fk; epiy
3. ghzh;fSf;F czT nfhLj;J jhDk; czT cz;l epiy
4. eLfy; topghl;L Kiw. czT gilj;J gpwUf;F toq;Fk; Nghf;F

10
 5. rpWth;fs; Ntl;ilahl nrd;w Kiw> $b epfo;j;Jk; tpohf;fs;
kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lfs;.

vdg; gy nray;fSk; $l;L Kaw;rpapy; nra;af;$ba fpilf;ff;$ba gaid

midtUk; nghJthf ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kiw Guhjd tho;tpay; Kiw
goe;jkpofj;jpy; epytpapUf;fpwJ.10

fs;sh; r%f mwpKfk;

jkpof kf;fs; tiuaWj;Jf; $w Kbahj gy;yhz;Lfshff; FwpQ;rp>

Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vdj; jhk; thOk; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g epyg;
gug;igg; gFj;Jf; nfhz;L tho;e;J tUgth; vd;gh; Muha;r;rpahsh;.
tlf;Nf ,kak; Kjy; njw;Nf fd;dpahFkhp tiuAs;s epyg;gug;G ghuj
fz;lnkd;Wk; ghujj;jpd; njd;gFjp jpuhtpl ehL vd;Wk; toq;fg; ngWk;.
tlf;Nf Ntq;fl kiyiaAk; njw;Nf Fkhpahw;iwAk; jkpofk; vy;iyfshff;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. tlNtq;flk; Kjy; njd;Fkhp tiu gutpa ehl;il 11 ‘jkpofk;’
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpaKk; tpsf;fpf; fhl;LfpwJ.

njhd;Wnjhl;Lj; jkpofk; %d;W kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Lj;

jkpo; Nte;jh;fshfpa Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fshy; Ml;rp
Ghpag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. jkpoh; vd;w epiyapy; ,th;fs; xUth;f;nfhUth;
nfhs;tpidf; nfhLg;gpidfSk; nra;J te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. jtpuj; jk;
vjphpfis Kwpabf;f %Nte;jUk; ,ize;Jg; gifth;fisg;
Gwq;fz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,it rhpj;jpuk; fhl;Lk; cz;ikfshFk;.

kwth;fspd; %jhijah; ghz;bad; vd;Wk; fs;sh;fspd; %jhijah;

Nrhoh;fs; vd;Wk; mfKilah;fspd; %jhijah; Nruh;fs; vd;Wk; fUjp
tUfpd;wdh;.12

11
Nrhoh; Fyg; gpd;dzp

‘,uhruhr FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;> gPyptis vDk; ehf fd;dpia kze;J>

mts; tapw;Wg; gps;is njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuaDf;F Kb #l;baJ Nrhoh;
rhpj;jpuj;jpy; xU Kf;fpaj; jpUg;gkhFk;. ,td; je;ij ,uhruhr
FNyhj;Jq;fdhy; jdf;F toq;fg;gl;l muirg; gphpj;Jj; jd; rNfhjur;
NrhoDf;F xU ghjpiaf; nfhLj;J tpl;Lj; jdf;Fs;s kW ghjpia 24
Nfhl;lq;fshfg; gphpj;J xt;nthU Nfhl;lj;jpw;Fk; xU rpw;wurid
epakpj;Jj; njhz;ilkhd; rf;futh;j;jp vd;w ngaUld; Kb#l;bf; nfhz;L
Mz;L te;jjhfr; rhpj;jpuk; fhl;LfpwJ.”13

Nrho kd;dh;fSf;Fhpa gl;lq;fs;

Nrhod;> Njtd;> njhz;ilkhd;> NfhNdhp Nky; nfhz;lhd;>

thz;ilah; Nghd;w gl;lq;fs; Nrho murh;fSf;Fhpa gl;lq;fSs; rpythFk;.
,g;gl;lq;fs; jw;NghJ fs;sh; Fy kf;fshy; nghpJk; njhlh;GgLj;jg;gl;Lf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. guhe;jfd; tk;rj;jpYjpj;j ,uhuhr NrhoDf;Fk; ,td; kfd;
,uhNre;jpuDf;Fk; Njtd; vDk; gl;lk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. FNyhj;Jq;f
Nrhod;> Re;ju ghz;bad;> tPu ghz;bad; MfpNahh; KiwNa
NfhNdhp vd;Wk; NfhNdhp Nky; nfhz;lhd; vd;Wk; gl;lkpl;L
miof;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,it tuyhw;W cz;ikfshFk;.

Nkw;fz;l gl;lq;fSila fs;sh; tFg;gpdh; guk;giuahf tho;e;Jk;

te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. nrq;fp gl;bapYk; mjd; Rw;Wg; Gwq;fspYk;
Nky; nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; gl;lKila fs;sh;fs; ,d;Wk; tho;e;J tUfpwhh;fs;.
njhz;ilkhd; jkpo; murd;> ,td; ,dk; Nrhoh; tk;rkhFk;. MfNt Nrho
kz;lykhfpa jQ;ir> jpUr;rp> GJf;Nfhl;il Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s kf;fs;
Nrhoh; topj; Njhd;wpa fs;sh; Mth; vdyhk;.

fs;sh; nrhy;yha;T

12
 “fs; jy; - gwpj;jy;> fs;s miw - ,ufrpa miw. vdNt fs;sd; gpwh;
mwpah tifapy; xUtiug; gw;wpa cz;ikfis mwpe;J murhq;fj;jpw;Fj;
njhptpg;gtd;> xw;wd; vdf; nfhs;syhk;. jkpourh;fsplk; ,Ue;j
‘xw;wh;’ vd;w murhq;f mYtyNu fs;sh; Mapdh;”14 vd;W Nrhkny
tpsf;fk; jUtJk; ,q;F xg;G Nehf;fj; jf;fJ.

fp.gp. 995 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; fp.gp. 1216 tiu ghz;ba Njrkhd kJiu
kz;lyk; Nrhoh;fsplj;jpy; ,Ue;j NghJ> Nrho ehl;L murh;fs; ghz;ba
ehl;by; jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;ij tYg;gLj;j jk; r%ff;fs;sh;fis ehfkiy>
mofh;kiy> Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiy Mfpa gFjpfspy; Nfhl;ilfl;bf; Fb
mkh;j;jpdh;. fp.gp. 13 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpwF jkpofk;
me;epah; Ml;rpf; fPo; khwpaJ. %Nte;jh;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;
gpwF ,th;fspd; thhpRfs; gy;Ntwplq;fspy; kiwe;J tho;e;J tuyhapdh;
vd;gh;.

fs;sh;fspd; jd;duR Ml;rpKiw

fs;sh;fs; jhk; rhh;e;Js;s Ciur; nrk;ikg;gLj;jp ehlhf;fp mij

eph;tfpj;J> mjpy; jhq;fNs Njhw;Wtpj;jj; jiytdpd; Mizg;gb rhjpf;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; tho;e;J tuyhapdh;. ,th;fNs jd;duR ehl;Lf;
fs;sh;fshapdh;.

murhSk; kd;dh;fSf;F thpNah fg;gNkh fl;lhJ murh;f;F kjpg;Gf;

nfhLj;J mth;fspd; ek;gpf;iff;Fk; cfe;J ele;J te;jdh;. ,jw;fpzq;f
md;dpah;fspd; xt;nthU gilnaLg;gpd; NghJk;
Nghhpy; ,f;Fyj;jth;fshy; murh;fs; ngUk; cjtpfs; gyTk;
ngw;Wte;jpUf;fpd;wdh; vd;gij tuyhW ekf;Ff; fhl;LfpwJ.

13
 Nkw;fz;l fs;sh;fspd; jd;duR Ml;rpKiw kJiuiar; Rw;wpYKs;s
fs;sh; ehLfspy; gpugy kile;J tpsq;fp te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,th;fsJ Kf;fpaj;
njhopy; Ntshz;ik vdj; njhpa tUfpwJ.

jkpo; Fbfs; tuyhW

jkpoh;fsplk; njhopy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Fbfs; ,Ue;jJ

Nghd;Nw> jpizfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l FbfSkpUe;jd. kdpjh;fspd;
Mjpj; njhopyhd Ntl;ilapidr; nra;jth;fs; Ntlh;fs;. me;j tifapy;
ghh;j;jhy; ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; ahtUNk Ntlh;fs;.

Ky;iyapy; Nka;r;ry; tho;tpy; ML khLfis ghh;j;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jjhy; ekf;Fg; ngah; Nfhdhh;. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy;
tho;e;jth;fs; Fwth;fs;> ekJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; mj;jid ngUk;
Fwth;fshf ,Ue;jth;fs; jhd;. fhl;bw;Fk; kiyf;Fk; ,ilapNy
tho;fpd;wth;fSf;F ,ilah;fs; vd;W ngah;. kUj epyj;jpy; Ntshz;ik
nra;Ak; NghJ mq;F Nkl;Lg; ghq;fhd epyj;jpy; Fby;fis mikj;Jf;
nfhz;L gs;sj;jpy; ,wq;fp Ntiy nra;Njhh; gs;sh;fs;.
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gs;S vd;why; coT vd;w nghUs; cz;L.
gpd;dNu coth;fs; Ntshsh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;. giwNahh; vd;gJ
murhpd; J}Jth;fisNa Fwpf;Fk;.

,d;Wk; <oj;jpy; ‘giwjy;’ vd;why; ‘NgRjy;’ vd;w nghUs; cz;L.

murhpd; Mizfis kf;fsplk; vLj;Jr; nry;yy;> J}J nry;yy;> Nghhpy;
Kd;dpd;W giw Koq;fpg; Nghhpidj; njhlf;fp itj;jy; vdg; gy
rpwg;ghd gzpfis Mw;WNthNu ‘giwah;’ vdg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,j;jifa
rpwg;ghd gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; GwehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; 15 ‘giwah;
rpwe;j Fb’ vdg; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. giwf;F gypaplg;gLtjd; %yk;
nja;tj;jpw;F epfuhfg; giw fUjg;gl;lij>

“flk;G mWj;J ,aw;wpa tyk;gL tpad;gid

14
 MLeh; ngah;e;J te;J mUk;gyp J}ca;

Fbg;Gf; fz; cW}ck; njhbj;Njhs; ,ath;”16

gjpw;Wg; gj;J vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.

nfhw;wit epiy

jkpo; ,yf;fzj;jpy; nfhw;wit epiy vd;gJ Gwg;nghUs; jpizfSs;

xd;whd tQ;rpj; jpizapd; xU Jiw my;yJ cl;gphpT MFk;. NghUf;Fr;
nry;Yk; Nte;jd; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd nfhw;witapd; mUs; Fwpj;Jf;
$WtJ ,J. ,jdhy; ,J nfhw;wit epiy vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.

,jid tpsf;f> ePz;l NjhspidAila Nte;jd; ntw;wp ngWthdhf vd;W

ey;y nghUl;fs; epuk;gpa ghj;jpuj;ij cah;j;jpg; giftiug; GwKJfpl
itf;Fk; nfhw;witj; nja;tj;jpd; epiyiaf; $wpaJ vd;Dk; nghUs;gLk;.

“ePs;Njshd; ntd;wp nfhs;nfd epiwkz;il tyDahpf;”

“$lhiug; Gwq;fhZk; nfhw;witepiy Aiuj;jd;W”17

vd;Dk; ghlYk;> typikAila tPuh;fs; nra;Ak; njhopy; gw;wpf; $WtJk;

,j;Jiwiar; rhh;e;jJ.

xU guk;giu vd;gJ xU nghJthd %jhijahpd; tk;rhtspiaf;

fz;lwpAk; jdp egh;fspd; FOthFk;. vdNt xU jpUkzj;jpd; jdpegh;fs;
ngz; tk;rhtspapd; %yk; cwtpdh;fshf
njhlh;GgLj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,jd; %yk; je;ij top my;yJ jha; top r%fk;

15
cUthfpwJ. jha;topr; r%fj;jpd; top ngz; Mjpf;fk; jiy J}f;fpaJ. ,jd;
ntspg;ghNl ngz; nja;tq;fs; Fwpg;ghf nfhw;wit topghL.

nfhw;wit

nfhw;wit ghiy epyj;Jf;Fhpa nja;tkhf jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fs;sh;> kwth; kw;Wk; vapdh; nfhw;witia
tzq;fpajhfr; rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpw;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
vapdh; vd;Nghh; ghiy epy NtLth;fs;; ghiy epyj;Jf;Fhpa G+h;tf;Fb
kf;fshf mwpag;gl;lhYk;> mth;fs; Itif epyq;fspYk; gutp tho;e;jdh;.
nfhw;wit vd;gts; FwpQ;rp epyj;Jf;Fhpa nja;tkhfNt ngUk;ghYk;
tpthpf;fg;gLfpwhs;. ghiyf;F vd;W jdp epyk; ,Ue;jplhky; Ky;iyAk;
FwpQ;rpAk; Kiw jphpe;J fjputd; ntk;ikahNy vq;Fk; tsik jPa;e;J
NghAs;s ,lq;fNs ghiy vd Mdjhy;> FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; topgl;ljhf
fUjg;gLk; nfhw;wit ghiy epyf; flTshf MfpapUf;fyhnkd fUjTk;
tha;g;Gz;L. nfhw;wit kwth;fSf;F njhopypy; ntw;wpiaf; nfhLg;gts;
vd ,yf;fpaq;fspd; top mwpa KbfpwJ fs;sh;> kw;wth;fSila topgL
flTshd nfhw;wit Mepiu ftUk; ntl;rpg; Nghh;j; nja;tkhFk;. ghiy
epyj;J (NtLth;) kwth; kf;fisf; fs;sh; vd;W Rl;Lfpd;wJ. ghiy epy
khe;juhfpa fs;sh; kwtUf;F> mtuJ Nghh;j; njhopypy; nfhw;wj;ijj;
jUgts; nfhw;wit.

nfhw;wit Fwpj;j njhlf;ffhyr; rhd;Wfs;

,d;W fpilg;gtw;Ws; kpfg; gioa jkpo; E}yhd

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; nghUs; ,yf;fzj;jpy; “nfhw;wit epiy” vd;Dk; xU
gphpT nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. NghUf;Fr; nry;Nthh; nfhw;witapd;
ngUikfisf; $wp mj;nja;tj;ij topgl;Lr; nry;YjNy nfhw;wit epiy

16
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l ,e;j E}ypNyNa nfhw;wit ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;Jk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vjpYk; nfhw;witj; nja;tk; ngah;
Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. nfhw;wit fhdfj;jpy; ciwAk; kwth;fSila
flTs; Mths;. vdNt “Xq;FGfo; fhdkh; nry;tp”18 vd mfehD}W
Fwpg;gpLtJ nfhw;witiaNa vdyhk;. mj;Jld; FWe;njhifapy; “tpwy;
nfO #yp”19 vdTk;> rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpw;gl;l rq;f
kUtpafhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; nfhw;wit gw;wpa rpy Fwpg;Gf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fypj;njhifapy;> jiytd; jd;dplk; $Wk; tQ;rf
thh;j;ijfSf;F ctik $Wtjhf> “ngUq;fhl;Lf; nfhw;witf;Fg; Ngha; nehb
nrhy;tJ Nghy” vd;Dk; nghUs;gLk; “ngUq;fhl;Lf; nfhw;wpf;Fg;
Ngha; nehbj;jhq;F”20 vd;Dk; thp cs;sJ. ghpghlypYk; new;wp
tpopah epiwj;jpyfk; ,l;lhNs nfhw;witf; Nfhyq; nfhz;L Xh; ngz;
vd;w ghpapy; nfhw;wit gw;wpa Fwpg;G tUfpd;wJ.
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> jkpo;f; flTs; vdf; fUjg;gLk; KUfidf; “nfhw;wit
rpWt”21 “gioNahs; Fotp” vd;Dk; njhlh;fshy; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,J
nfhw;witia KUff; flTspd; jhahfg; goe;jkpoh; fUjpaijf; fhl;LtJld;>
‘gioNahs;” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gjd; %yk; nfhw;wit topghl;bd;
njhd;ikAk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;. ,jpypUe;J>
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilf;F Ke;jpa ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapy; “#uidf;
nfhd;w KUfidg; ngw;w tapw;wpidAk;> Nga;fshLk; Jzq;iff; $j;ijAk;
moifAk; cila ,iwtp”22 vd;Dk; nghUs;gLk; “fLQ;#h; nfhd;w igk;G+l;
Nrva; gae;jkh Nkhl;Lj; Jzq;ifmk; nry;tp” vd;Dk; Fwpg;Gk;
nfhw;witiaNa Fwpf;fpwJ vd;gJ ntspg;gil.

nfhw;witapd; ,ay;Gfs;

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; fhL fhz; fhijapy;

nfhw;witf;Ff; Nfhapy; ,Ue;jJ gw;wpa jftYk; mj; nja;tk; gw;wpa

17
tpsf;fKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kio tsk; ,y;yhj gFjpapy; thOk; kwth;fs;
tpy;iyNae;jpg; gifthplj;Jr; nry;Yk; NghJ mth;fSf;F ntw;wpiaf;
nfhLg;gts; vd;Wk;> mjw;Ff; ifkhwhf tPuj; jd;ikf;F milahskhd
mtpg;gypia vjph;ghh;g;gts; vd;Wk;> mts; new;wpf; fz;id cilats;>
tpz;Nzhuhy; Nghw;wg;gLgts;> Fw;wk; ,y;yhj rpwg;Gf; nfhz;l thd
ehl;bid cilats; vd;Wk; nfhw;witapd; ,ay;Gk; rpwg;Gk;
tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

kwth; FbapNy gpwe;j rhypdp nja;tk; Vwpa epiyapy;

$Wtjhff; nfhw;witf;Fg; gyp nfhlhtpl;lhy; Vw;glf;$ba epiyiaAk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; $WfpwJ. kwthpd; kd;wq;fs; gho;gLk;> topg;gwp
tha;g;G ,y;yhky; kwth; rpdk; Fiwe;J nrUf;F mlq;Fth;> nfhw;wit
kwthpd; tpy;Yf;F ntw;wpiaj; jukhl;lhs;> fs; Fbj;J kfpo;e;J thOk;
tho;T fpilf;fhJ vd;W kwthpd; njhopYk;> ,ay;Gk; tho;Tk; gho;gLk;
epiy $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

nfhw;witapd; Njhw;wk;

rpyg;gjpfhu thpapy;> kwf;Fyg; ngz;zhd rhypdp>

nfhw;witahff; Nfhyk; Gide;jJ gw;wpa tptuq;fs; jug;gLfpd;wd. ,J
mf;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; nfhw;witia vg;gbahd Njhw;wj;jpy; topgl;ldh;
vd;gij mwpa cjTfpd;wJ.

fypj;njhifapy; nfhw;wit

nfhw;witiaf; fypj;njhif ‘nfhw;wp’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

nfhw;wpNa xU Nga;. mtSf;Nf Nga; gpbj;J tpl;lJ vd;W nrhd;dhy;
ahh; ek;Gthh;fs; vd;W jiytp jiytdplk; $Wtjhfg; ghly; tUfpwJ.
fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; nfhw;wit ngah; nfhz;l gpw;fhyj;jpy;
18
nfhw;wpNfhL vd;w ngah; nfhz;l kwth; Ch; cs;sJ. ,e;j Chpy; cs;s
kf;fs; nfhw;wit topghl;il nra;J te;jth;fs;.

rpyk;G $Wk; nfhw;wit

ntz;zpwg; ghk;Gf; Fl;b Nghd;w nghd; ,ioahy; fl;lg;gl;l ePz;l

rilKb gpiwr; re;jpud; Nghyj; Njhw;wkspf;Fk;gb mr;ril KbapNy
rhj;jpa fhl;Lg; gd;wpapd; tisthd nfhk;G. fOj;jpy;> mQ;rhj typik
nfhz;l Gypapd; thiag; gpse;J ngw;w mjd; gw;fisf; nfhz;L
cUthf;fg;gl;l Gypg;gy; jhyp. ,ilapy; thpfSk; Gs;spAk; nghUe;jpa
Gypj;Njhy; Mil. ifapNy tpy; Mfpatw;Wld; $ba ePskhd KWf;fpa
nfhk;GfisAila fiykhd; Nky; Vwp ,Uf;Fk; Njhw;wNk nfhw;witapd;
Njhw;wkhff; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkNy jug;gl;l nfhw;witapd; Njhw;wk; jkpoh; kuGtopf;

nfhw;witapd; Njhw;wj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpa mNj Ntis> Mhpar;
nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;l nfhw;witapd; Njhw;w mk;rq;fisAk;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fhz KbfpwJ. ,jd; gb nfhw;wit> jiyapy; ntz;zpw
gpiwr; #bats;> new;wpf;fz; cilats;> gtsk; Nghd;w thia cilats;>
Kj;Jg; Nghy; xsptPRk; Gd;difia cilats;> eQ;ir cz;ljdhy; fUepwkhd
fOj;ij cilats;> er;Rg; ghk;Gfis khh;Gf; fr;rhf mzpe;jts;> ifapy;
tisay;fis mzpe;jpUg;gts;> jphp#yj;ij Ve;jpapUg;gts;> ahidapd;
Njhiyg; Nghh;j;J mjd; Nky; rpq;fj;jpd; Njhiy Nkfiyahf
mzpe;jts;> ,lf;fhypy; rpyk;Gk; tyf;fhypy; foYk; mzpe;jts;> fiykhid
Ch;jpahf cilats; vd;W nfhw;witapd; Nfhyk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

nfhw;wit topghL

19
 ngz; nja;tkhd nfhw;witia md;iwa kf;fs;> ghit> fpsp>
fhl;Lf;Nfhop> kapy;> ge;J> fpoq;F Mfpatw;iwf; nfhLj;J khd; kPJ
nfhw;witia cyhtur; nra;J> gpd;dhy; tz;zf; Fok;G> Rz;zg; nghb>
kzKs;s re;jdk;> mtiu> Jtiu> vs;SUz;il> ,iwr;rpAld; $ba NrhW>
Gif Kjypatw;iwj; jhq;fpagb ngz;fs; tUth;. topg;gwpapd; NghJ
nfhl;Lk; giw> #iwahLk; NghJ Cjg;gLk; rpd;dk;> nfhk;G>
Gy;yhq;Foy; vd;git Kd;dhy; ,irj;Jf; nfhz;L tUth;. 23 vd;Wk; rpyk;G
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

nfhw;wit Nfhapy;

rptfq;if khtl;lk; khdhkJiuf;F mUfpYs;s J}ij fpuhkg; gFjpapy;

Kw;fhyg; ghz;bah; fhyj;jpidr; rhh;e;j nfhw;witapd; rpw;gk; xd;W
topghl;by; cs;sJ. ,J vUikj; jiy kPJ vl;Lf;fuq;fSld; vopYld;
fhl;rpaspf;Fk; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L Kw;fhyg; ghz;bah; rpw;gk;.

nghd;dkuhtjp gf;fj;jpy; ghiyf; FwpQ;rp vd;w Chpy;

goq;fhyj;J nfhw;wit Nfhtpy; cs;sJ. ,e;j Njtijapd; ngah; =
moFehr;rpak;kd;. ,J mk;gyf;fhuh;fs; vd;Dk; fs;sh; kugpduhy;
topglg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

tpsf;fk;

ko ehl;il Mz;l mur kugpdh; Mth;. ,g;gFjpia Ml;rp nra;jth;fs;.

“koth; kotuhah; vd;w ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.”28

NkYk;> ,g;ngah; fs;sh; rhjpapdhpd; gl;lg;ngah; vd;Wk;

jkpo; mfuhjp nghUs; jUfpwJ.

20
 ,g;ngah; cilNahh; tPuk; kpFe;Njhh; vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

“koth; ngUk”29 vd;W GwehD}Wk;>

“koehl;lhd;”30 vd;W mfehD}Wk;>

“koth; jkidad kznthyp”31 vd;W fk;guhkhazKk; koth; ngUikia

giwrhw;WfpwJ.

fth;e;j njhopyhy; fs;th;> fs;sh; vd ngah;

te;jpUf;Fkhdhy;> ,g;NghJ cs;s INuhg;gpa murh;fs; midtUk; fs;sh;
kugpduNt ,Ug;ghh;fs; vd;W Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

ehlh;> ehl;lhh;> ehl;lho;thd; vd;w gl;lq;fSila fs;sh; kugpdh;

,d;Wk; ngUk; nry;te;jh;fshfTk;> mjpfhuKilatuhfTk; tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdh;.

,d;W> fs;sh; ehl;bYs;s njhFjpfSf;F ehLfs; vd;W ngah;fs;

cz;L. ehLfisr; rPikfs; vd;Wk; toq;fpAs;sdh;. rpw;W}h;fSf;F
kq;fyk;> rKj;jpuk;> Fb> Ch;> Guk;> Fsk;> Fwpr;rp> gl;b vdTk;
ngah;fs; toq;fpd.

nfhw;wit Nghh; nja;tkhFjy;

FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; Ntl;ilj; njhopypypUe;J Guhjdg; gaph;j;

njhopYf;Fj; jpUk;gpa fhyj;jpy; Gd;Gyg; gaph; nra;aj;
njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; Mjpf;fk; ngwj;
njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. jha;topr; r%fk; Njhd;WfpwJ. MfNt fhl;by; ngz;fs;
gaph; nra;aj; njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpy; nfhw;wit Njhd;wpdhs;. fhLfis
fhg;gjhy; “fhLfpohs;” vd;w kW ngaUk; mtSf;F cz;L. nfhw;wit
jkpofj;jpd; gz;ila jha;j; nja;tk;.
21
 “ntl;b jhNd FwpQ;rpaJ GwNd

cl;Ftuj; Njhd;Wk; <Nuo; Jiwj;Nj”24

ntl;rp vd;Dk; Mepiu fth;jy; FwpQ;rp epyj;Jf;FhpajhFk;. Mepiu

fth;e;Jtuf; nfhw;witia topgl;ldh;. nfhw;wit vd;w ngz; nja;tNk
ntl;rpg; Nghh; kugpdh; nja;tkhFk;. Mepiu fth;jy; vd;gJ jpULjy;
MfhJ. Nghhpd; xU tif kl;LNk.

nfhw;wit> ghiy epy nja;tkhf fhl;lg;gl;lhYk; Ky;iyAk;

FwpQ;rpAk; Kiwikapy; jphpe;j epykhjyhy;> FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy>
ghiy vd;w %d;W epyj;jpw;Fk; nghJ nja;tkhFk;. nfhw;wit>
FwpQ;rp Kjy;td; rptd; kidtpahfTk;> KUfd; jhahfTk; (“nfhw;wit
rpWt”)> Ky;iy Kjy;td; jpUkhy; rNfhjhpahfTk; fhl;lg;gLfpwhs;.

gpwF Ky;iyapNyNa vspa Ml;rpaikg;G Kjypy; Njhd;wptpl;lJ.

mjhtJ xU rpW $l;lj;ij topelj;Jk; jiyth;fs; Njhd;wptpl;ldh;. Ky;iy
epyk; vd;gJ MSikf; Fbfspd; Njhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. jdpegh;
nrhj;Jhpik> fw;Gkzk; Mfpait je;ij topr; rKjhak; cUthf toptFj;jJ.
nghpa FLk;gj;jpd; jiytd; ehsiltpy; “rpw;wurd;” Mdhd;. gpwF
nfhw;wit NghUf;F chpa nja;tkhdhs;.

Cilikr; rKjhakhf khwpa Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba Nte;jh;

rKjhaj;jpy; topgL nja;tkhf tzq;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.

fs;sh;fSf;F nfhw;wth; vd;Wk; ngah;. fs;sh; gl;lq;fshf

nfhw;wq; nfhz;lhd;> nfhw;wg;gphpad; vd;Wk; cs;sJ. fs;sh;fspd;
Kjd;ik nja;tkhf nfhw;wit ,Uf;fpwhs;.

nfhw;wit Ngr;rpak;kdhFjy;

22
 goq;fhyj;jpy; ghiy epyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; nfhw;wit> vd;w
ngz; nja;tj;ij topgl;ldh;. mf;nfhw;wit gpzq;fisj; jpd;W Nga;fis
mlf;fp kf;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wgtshff; fUjg;gl;lhs;. mf;nfhw;witNa
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fshy; Ngr;rpak;kd; vdg;gl;lhs;.

Nga;r;rpak;kd; vd;w nrhy;Ny ,d;W Ngr;rpak;kd; vd kUtp

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd rhjpapdh;
Ngr;rpak;kidj; jq;fsJ Fynja;tkhff; fUjp topgLfpd;wdh;. mJNghy
gpwkiyf; fs;sh;fspYk; Ngr;rpak;kidj; jq;fsJ Fynja;tkhf topgl;L
tUfpd;wdh;.

vy;yhg; gpwkiyf; fs;sh;fSk; Ngr;rpak;kidj; jq;fsJ NfhapYs;s

Jiz nja;tq;fspy; xd;whf topgl;lhYk; fOtehj Nfhapiy tzq;Ffpd;w 22
kzpf;fpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Ngr;rpak;khSf;Fj; jdpf;Nfhapy; fl;b
jq;fsJ Fynja;tkhf tzq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,f;Nfhapy; fUkhj;J}h; tlf;fk;gl;b
rhiyapy; fpof;Fg; gf;fk; tay; ntspfSf;F eLtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jpy;
tpUkhz;br; rhkp fhty; nja;tkhf cs;sjdhy; ,J ‘tpUkhz;bf; Nfhapy;’
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nrho ghz;bah; kd;dh;fspd; Fy nja;tk; “nfhw;wit”Na

nfhw;wit> gplhhp (gPlh – Jauk;> `hhp – ePf;Fgts;) vd;W

gz;il ehspy; tzq;fg;gl;lhs;. gplhhpf; Nfhapy;fs; gw;wp Vuhskhd
fy;ntl;L Fwpg;Gfs; gy;yt> Nrhoh;> ghz;bah;> rhrdq;fspy;
fpilf;fpd;wd. clYf;Fk;> Md;khTf;Fk; Vw;gLk; Jauq;fis ePf;Fk;
mjpNjtijahf rhKz;lh Njtp Nghw;wg;gl;lhs;. mf;dp fphPlj;Jld;
$ba ,t;tk;ik khhpak;kd; cs;gl gy;NtW fpuhk Njtijahf cs;shs;.

23
 Gwj;jpizfSs; ntl;rpf;F mLj;J itf;fg;gLtJ> ntl;rpf;F vjpuhd my;yJ
khwhd> fue;ijj; jpizahFk;. gifth; fth;e;J nrd;w jk; Mepiufis
kPl;LtUtNj ,j;jpizahFk;.

,g;gbf; fth;e;J nry;tijAk;> kPl;L tUtijAk; “fs;sh;” nra;jdh;.

1. fp.gp. 899 k; Mz;L fk;gth;kd; fhyj;jpy; tpz;l ghb

fs;sh;fs; nra;j Mepiu fth;jy; Nghhpy;> mth;fis vjph;j;J
rz;ilapl;L ,we;J Nghd rh$od; Ntshsd; vd;gtDf;F ,lg;gl;l
eLfypy;.
2. ghbf;fs;sh; jk; Ch; Mepiu fth;e;j NghJ rh$od; Ntshsd;
vd;gtd; mth;fSld; Nghuhb caph; ePj;jhd; vd;Wk;>
mtDf;fhf murQ; nrW vd;w epyk; nej;jy;gl;bahff;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; njhpfpwJ. nej;jy;gl;b vDk; nrhy;
cjpug;gl;bapidf; Fwpg;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;. ‘CUq;Nfhtp
ehd;W’ vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjd; nghUs; njspthf mwpa
Kbatpy;iy. eLfy; ehl;Lk; rkak; epfo;j;jg;gLk; rlq;fhf ,jidf;
fUj ,lKz;L. tPud; iffspYk; tpy;Yk;> thSk; Ve;jpa epiyapYk;
fhypy; mk;G Jisj;Jk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;shd;.

tho;tpay; newpfs;

“mhpjhpJ khdpluha;g; gpwj;jy; mhpJ” vd;ghh; mwptpw;

rpwe;j xsitg; gpuhl;bahh;. ngWjw;fhpa khdplg; gpwtpiag;
ngw;w kf;fs; kz;zpy; ey;y tz;zk; tho;tjw;Fr; rpy newpKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. ‘vg;gbahtJ thoyhk;’ vd;gij tpLj;J ‘,g;gbj;jhd;
tho Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W kdj;jpy; cWjp Nkw;nfhz;L nraypy; mjid elhj;jpf;
fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. “Fwpf;NfhspyhJ nfl;Nld;” vd;ghh; ngUkhd;.25

24
 epy;yhik epiyngw;wpUf;fpd;w ,t;Tyfpy; epiyngw tho Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vz;zpath;fs; jk; Gfo; epiyf;ff; $ba tifapy; rpy rpwe;j
nray;fisr; nra;J tpl;L khz;L Nghdhh;fs;.

“kd;dh Tyfj;J kd;Djy; Fwpj;Njhh;

jk;Gfo; ePwp,j; jhkha;e; jdNu”26

vd;W GwehD}W GfYk;.

Kjyhtjhf> ekf;F tho;f;ifapy; cah;e;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW cah;e;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fis milag; ghLgLk; nghOJ>
mt;Tah;e;j ,yf;Ffs; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mila Kbahkw; NghdhYk;
ftiyapy;iy vd;gjid Kay; Ntl;ilahb kdk; Kwpe;J Nghtij tpl> ahid
Ntl;ilahbj; Njhw;wk; NghtJ Nky; vd;ghh; ‘jpUts;Sth;’.

“fhd Kanya;j mk;gpdpy; ahid

gpioj;jNty; Ve;jy; ,dpJ”27

vdNt cah;e;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kdpj tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;fhf

mika Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; rpy mhpa nray;fis ekf;fhfTk;
rKjhaj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;w KbAk;

“ed;Nw nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;>

ed;Wk; ,d;Nw nra;y; Ntz;Lk;

,d;Wk; ,d;Nd nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;”28

vd;gJ fgpyufty;>

vdNt> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nry;fis ,dpJ Kbg;gjw;F Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfis

tpiue;J Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

25
 Kjyhtjhf> “GfOk; ,d;gKk; mwKk; Mfpa ,k;%d;Wk; Nrhk;gy;
cilahhplk; jtwpf; $l cz;lhtjpy;iy” vd;W ek; Kd;Ndhh; fz;ldh;....

“,irAk; ,d;gKk; <jYk; %d;Wk;

mirTld; ,Ue;Njhh;f;F mUk;Gzh;T ,dk;nkd

tpidtapd; NtWgL nfhs;if”29

vd;W ew;wpiz etpy;fpd;wJ. vdNt tho;tpay; newpfisr; nrk;ikahf

itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthh; Nrhk;gpapUj;jy; jfhJ vd;gJ KjyhtJ xUth; fw;f
Ntz;ba ghlkhFk;.

,e;j cyfpy; xUth; caph; tho cWJizaha; miktJ czthFk;. ve;j

xUtUila Kaw;rpAk; czitj; NjLtjpNyNa miktjidf; fhzyhk;. vdNtjhd;
ghujpahh;>

“tapw;Wf;Fr; Nrhwply; Ntz;Lk;> ,q;F

thOk; kdpjUf;F vy;yhk;”

vd;W ghbdhh;.

jtNahfpahk; jpU%yh; “ahth;f;Fkhk; cz;Zk; NghJ xU ifg;gpb”

vd;whh;.

“grp vd;W te;jth;f;Fg; Grp vd;W

xUgpb nfhLj;Jg; ghug;gh”

vd;whh;> jhAkhd jahguh;>

“Nahrpf;Fk; Ntisapy; grpjPu cz;gJk;

cwq;FtJNk ay;yhky; Ntnwhd;wwpNad;.”

(guhguNk)

26
vd;whh;.

jpUts;Sth;>

“gFj;Jz;L gy;Yaph; Xk;Gjy; E}Nyhh;

njhFj;jtw;Ws; vy;yhk; jiy”30

jpUf;Fws; : nfhy;yhik : 2

vd;whh;.

“fpilj;jijg; gyUf;Fg; gfph;e;J cz;zf; nfhLj;J tho Ntz;Lk;.

Nrhk;gy; $lhJ. vtiuAk; ntWf;ff; $lhJ. rhd;Nwhh; mQ;Rk;
mwQ;rhuhr; nray;fisr; nra;af; $lhJ. ehSk; ey;y nray;fisNa ehbr;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. vt;tsTjhd; ,yhgk; fpilg;gjhapDk; gopr; nray;fisr;
nra;af; $lhJ. mj;jifa kdTWjp te;jikjy; Ntz;Lk;. jd;dyk; ghuhky;
gpwh; eyk; NgZk; ngw;wpauhfj; Jyq;f Ntz;Lk;”

“cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;Tyfk; ,e;jpuh;>

mkpo;jk; ,iatJ MapDk; ,dpnjdj;

jkpah; cz;lYk; ,yNu> Kdptpyh;>

JQ;rYk; ,yh; gpwh; mQ;RtJ mQ;rpg;

Gfo;vdpd; capUk; nfhLf;Fth;> gop vdpd;

cyFld; ngwpDk; nfhs;syh;> mah;tpyh;>

md;d khl;rp midah; Mfpj;

jkf;Fvd Kayh Nehd;jhs;

gpwh;f;Fvd KaYeh; cz;ik ahNd”31

27
 vd;W flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;ngUtOjp vd;Dk; murg; Gyth;
ghbAs;shh;.

,iwtid tzq;fp tho;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghg;ghTf;F mwpTiu $wte;j

ghujpahh;>

“caph;fsplj;jpy; md;GNtZk;> nja;tk;

cz;iknad;W jhdwpjy; NtZk;>

tapu Kila neQ;R NtZk;> ,J

thOk; Kiwikab ghg;gh”32

vd;ghh;.

gy rkaj;jtUk; gy;NtW jpUg;ngah;fspl;L mioj;J> gy;NtW

tifahfj; njhOjhYk; ,iwtd; xUtNd vd;ghh; ehkf;fy; ,uhkypq;fk;
gps;is mth;fs;.

“my;yh vd;ghh; rpy Ngh;fs;

mud; mhp vd;ghh; rpy Ngh;fs;

ty;yhd; mtd; gukz;lyj;Nj

thOk; je;ij vd;ghh;fs;

nrhy;yhy; tpsq;fh eph;thzk;

vd;Dk; rpyNgh; nrhy;thh;fs;

vy;yhk; ,g;gbg; gyNgRk;

VNjh xUnghUs; ,Uf;fpwNj.”33

28
 “flTs; cz;L vd;wpU> xd;W vd;W ,U”

vd;W nghpNahh; Gfy;th;.

xd;Nw Fyk;> xUtNd Njtd; vd;gJ jpU%yh; thf;F. ,iw ek;gpf;if

nfhz;lTld; me;j ,iwtid vt;thW tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidAk; ehkf;fy;
ftpQNu vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.

,t;thW ,iw ek;gpf;ifAld; thoj; jiyg;gLk; Neuj;jpy;> mLj;J

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tho;tpay; newp vJntdr; rpe;jpf;Fk; nghOJ
<l;Lk; nry;tj;jpidg; gpwh;f;Fg; gfph;e;J thOk; ngw;wpapid
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ.

Vnddpy; “fly; #o;e;J ,t;Tyif xU ntz; nfhw;wf; Filapd; fPO;

MSk; NguurdhapDk; rhp> ,uTk; gfYk; fz;Zwq;fhky; tpyq;Ffis
Ntl;ilahbj; jphpAk; fy;tp mwptw;w xUtdhapDk; rhp ,UtUk; cz;gJ
ehop mhprpr; NrhW jhd;> cLg;git ,Lg;gpy; xd;W> Njhspy; xd;W
Mf ,uz;Ljhd;. Mf ,uz;Nljhd;. kw;wgpw tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd
nghUs;fSk; ,t;thNw jhd;. vdNt nry;tj;ij <l;Ltjd; gad;> ,y;yhjth;f;F
<tNjahFk;. mg;gbapy;yhky; ehk; kl;Lk; mDgtpj;J tho;Nthk; vd;W
,Ue;jhy; mjdhy; tUk; NfLfs; gy cz;L” vd;fpwhh; ef;fPudhh;;.

“cz;gJ ehop> cLg;git ,uz;Nl>

gpwTk; vy;yhk; Xh;xf;Fk;Nk

nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;>

Ja;g;Ngk; vdpNd jg;Ge gyNt”34

ek; tho;f;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; gpwUf;F cjTtjhfNt mika Ntz;Lk;.

mJjhd; rhd;Nwhh; fz;l newp> mt;thW xUNtis cjt Kbahkw;
NghdhYk; gpwUf;Fj; jPq;fhtJ nra;ahky; ,Uj;jNy rpwg;ghFk;. mJNt

29
ey;y fjpf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; ghq;Filj;jhFk;. vd;fpwhh;
ehpnt&cj;jiyahh;;.

“ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPh; MapDk;

my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;!”35

tho;f;ifapy; ,j;jifa njspitg; ngw;wTld; kdpjd; tpiue;J

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nray;fs; gythFk;.

Mjyhy; ,e;j cyfpNy xd;iwr; nra;a ty;ytuhapDk; rhp> ty;yik

mw;wtuhapDk; > tWikahy; thb tUe;jp te;Njhh; ahuhapDk;>
mth;fs; Jd;gj;ijf; fz;L ,uq;f Ntz;Lk;> mth;fSila tapw;Wg; grpiag;
ghh;j;J> mth;fsplk; ,uf;fk; fhl;b> mth;fSf;F cjtp nra;Ak;
jd;ikAilath;fs; Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; ciwA+h; KJfz;zd; rhj;jdhh;
vd;w rq;fg; Gyth;.

“ty;yhh; MapDk; ty;Yeh; MapDk;

tUe;jp te;Njhh; kUq;F Nehf;fp

mUs ty;iy MFkjp!”36

goe;jkpoh;fSs; Mz;fs; flikNa – nfhz;l njhopNy capuhff;

nfhz;bUe;jdh;.

“tpidNa Mlth;f;F capNu> thd; Ejy;

kidAiw kfsph;f;F mt;thlth; caph;”37

ngz;fs; jj;jk; fztiuNa capuhff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.

goe;jkpoh; kwj;JiwapYk; mwnewp Nghw;Wgth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;.

xU ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F Kd;dhy;> me;ehl;bYs;s
gRf;fSk;> me;jzh;fSk;> ngz;fSk;> Neha;tha;g;gl;lth;fSk;>

30
ePj;jhh; fld; nra;jw;Fhpa nghd; NghYk; gps;isfisg; ngwhjth;fSk;
ghJfhg;ghd ,lk; ehbr; nrd;W tpLf vdg; giwaiwe;J $wptpl;Nl
gpd;dh;g; gil elj;jpr; nrd;wdh; vd;gjid.

“MTk; Mepfh; ghh;g;gd khf;fSk;

ngz;bUk; gpzpAil aPUk; Ngzpj;

njd;Gy tho;eh;f;F mUq;fld; ,Wf;Fk;

nghd;Nghw; Gjy;th;g; ngwh jPUk;

vk;mk;G fbtpLJk; Ek; muz;Nrh;kpd; vd

mwj;jhW EtYk; G+l;if kwk;”38

nel;bikahh; vd;Dk; Gyth; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.

goq;fhyj;jpy; cz;b nfhLj;jth;fis caph; nfhLj;jth;fshf kjpj;jdh;

vd;gJ>

‘ePhpd; wikah ahf;iff; nfy;yhk;

cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj; NjhNu”47

“cz;b Kjw;Nw cztpd; gpz;lk;

czntdg; gLtJ epyj;njhL ePNu”39

vd;Dk; GwehD}w;wbfshy; njhpa tUfpd;wJ.

“jk;khy; nfhLf;f Kbe;j nghUis KbAk; vd;W nrhy;ypf;

nfhLg;gJk;> jk;khy; nfhLf;f Kbahj nghUis KbahJ vd;W kWj;J tpLtJk;
Mfpa ,uz;L gz;GfSk; ew;gz;Gfshff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

31
 vy;yhk; ekJ CNu> vtUk; ek; cwtpdh;fNs! jPikAk; ed;ikAk;
gpwuhy; ekf;F tUtd ty;y> ek;khy; ekf;Nf Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhFk;.

Mw;W ePhpd; Nghf;fpNyNa nry;Yk; Xlk; Nghd;W MUaph;fs;

Copd; Nghf;fpNyNa nry;Yk; vd;gJ tho;f;ifapy; mEgtg;gl;l ek;
Kd;Ndhh;fs; fz;l cz;ikahFk;. vdNt nghpNahh;fis tpae;J ghuhl;bf;
nfhz;bUj;jYkpy;iy> rpwpNahiu ,fo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJkpy;iy” vd;W
fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhUk;>

“ahJk; CNu> ahtUk; Nfsph;>

jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh

Nehjyk; jzpjYk; mtw;Nwh ud;d>

rhjYk; GJtJ md;Nw> tho;jy;

,dpJ vd kfpo;e;jd;Wk; ,yNk> Kdptpd;

,d;dhJ vd;wYk; ,yNk> kpd;ndhL

Thdk; jz;Jsp jiy, MdhJ

fy;nghOJ ,uq;Fk; ky;yh;Ngh; ahw;W

ePh;topg; g^ck; vd;gJ> jpwNthh;

fl;rpapy; njspe;jdk; Mjypd;> khl;rpapd;

nghpNahiu tpaj;jYk; ,yNk

rpwpNahiu ,fo;jy; mjdpDk; ,yNk.”40

“tho;jy; Ntz;bg; ngha; $Nwd;> nka; $Wty;” vd;gJ md;W ek;

Kd;Ndhh;fs; fz;l tho;tpay; newpahFk;.

32
njhy; goq;Fbapduhfpa fs;sh; jhk; tho;e;j tho;f;ifapidg; gpd;tUk;
topj; Njhd;wy;fSk; njhpe;J gpd;gw;wp tho;T rpwf;f tho Ntz;Lk;
vDk; cahpa Nehf;fj;Jld; ftpijapy; tbj;Jr; nrd;wdh; vd;Wk; xUthwhf
ca;j;Jzh;e;J mwpayhk;.

tl;lhu tof;F nrhw;fs;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L

cd; khkd; - ck; khk

,t;thwhf fs;sh; Ngr;R nkhopapd; mikg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

cwTKiwg; ngah;fs;

t.vz;. nkhop tof;fpy; - Ngr;R tof;fpy;

1. je;ij - mg;Ng (mg;gd;) (gbj;j
FLk;gq;fspy; ‘ma;ah’ vd;Wk;
‘mg;gh’ vd;Wk; tof;fpy; cs.)
2. jha; - ahj;Nj (Mj;jhs;) (gbj;j
FLk;gq;fspy; ‘mgkh’ vd;gJk;
tof;fpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.)
3. ghl;ld; (je;ij my;yJ - rpa;ah(d;) (gbj;j FLk;gq;fspy;
jhiag; ngw;wth;) ‘jhj;jh’ vd;gJk; cz;L.
4. ghl;b (je;ij my;yJ - mk;kj;jh(s;) (jhiag; ngw;wts;)
jhiag; ngw;wth;) mg;gj;jh(s;) (je;ijiag;
ngw;wth;) (gbj;j FLk;gq;fspy;
‘ghl;b’ vd;gJk; cz;L.)
5. rpw;wg;gd; - ey;yg;g(d;) (‘rpd;da;ah’

33
 (je;ijf;F ,isath;) vd;gJk; cz;L)
6. rpd;dk;kh - ey;yj;jh(s;) (‘rpd;dk;kh’
(jha;f;F ,isats;) vd;gJk; tof;fpYz;L)
7. mz;zp (mz;zdpd; - kjpdp (gbj;j FLk;gq;fspy;
kidtp) ‘mz;zp’ vd;gJKz;L)
8. fztd; - GUr(d;) (gbj;j FLk;gq;fspy;
‘tPl;Lf;fhuh;’ vd;gJk; ‘Husband’
vd;gJk; tof;fpy; cs)
9. kidtp - nghz;lhl;b (gbj;j FLk;gq;fspy;
‘tPl;Lf;fhhp’ vd;gJk; ‘Wife’
vd;gJk; cz;L)
10. mj;ij (je;ijAld; - mapj;j ‘mj;ij’ vd;gJk; tof;fpy;
gpwe;jth;) cz;L)
11. khkd; (jha;khkd;) - mk;ah(d;) (mk;khd;) (‘khkh’
vd;gJKz;L.

rk;ke;jp Kiw (khkd; - ikj;Jdh; cwT Kiw) gq;fhsp Kiw (mz;zd; -

jk;gp cwT Kiw) vDk; ,uz;L cwT Kiwfs; ,t;tpdj;jpy; cs;sd. rk;ge;jp
Kiwapy; cs;sth;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; xUtiu xUth; Kiw nrhy;ypNa
(khg;gps;is – khkh) mioj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,k;Kiw cwtpy;
cs;sth;fs; taJ tpj;jpahrk; ghh;f;fhky; rpWth;fsplk; NgRk; NghJ $l
‘ePq;fs;’ vd;W khpahijg; gd;ikapNyNa mioj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
tajhdth;fis (Old Man) tpspj;Jg; NgRk; NghJ ‘ngUR’ vd;w nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;Jk; Nghf;F ,t;tpdj;jhhplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gbf;fhj gy
FLk;gq;fspy; fztd; - kidtp rz;ilapd; NghJ xUtUf;nfhUth; rigf;
Fwpg;gpy; Vwhr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJk;> kidtp jd; fztid
‘Nghlh’ – ‘thlh’ vd;W xUikapy; khpahijf; Fiwthfg; Ngrpf;
nfhs;tJk; ,t; ,dj;jhhplk; cz;L.

34
nrhw;nwhlh; tof;Ffs;

nkhop tof;fpy; - Ngr;R tof;fpy;

1. ,uT - rhk (k;)

2. ,Wf;fkhf - fpr;rpz;L (nfl;bahf)
3. cwf;fk; - xwf;f(k;)
4. rhl;rp - rhf;fp
5. rhp - Ml;L(k;)
6. rhg;ghL - fQ;rp
7. Nrhkgyhf - nkjkhf
8. (jP) Rl;L tpl;lJ - nghRf;fpg;Gbr;R
9. fhzhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ - Nghf;fbQ;R Nghr;R
10. fwpf;nfhok;G - fwpr;rhW
11. gzk; - Jl;L
12. nghwhikg;gLjy; - fhkhwg; gLwJ
13. kf;fs; - rdk;
14. khiy - nghOrha (nghOJrhAk;Ntis)
15. NjdPh; - Njapy
16. ftdkhf - #jhdkhf
17. vOg;gptpL (cwf;fj;jpypUe;J) - crpg;gp tpL
18. tpUg;gkpy;iy - xg;gy (gpbf;ftpy;iy)
19. tpiuthf - tpRf;Fz;L
20. tho;f;ifg;gLjy; - thf;fg;glwJ
21. epd;Wtpl;lJ - vr;Rg; Nghr;R

,t;thW fs;sh; ,d tho;tpaypy; tof;F nrhw;fs; rpwg;gplk; ngwf;

fhzyhk;.

35
fs;sh; ,d MAjq;fs;

fs;sh;j;jb

(Nghhpy; fs;sh; vwpAk; tisjbahAjk;)

fs;sh; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ jhq;fs; Nghh;f; Fbfs; vd;gij

giwrhw;Wtjw;fhf ‘tshp’ khw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.

fs;sh; vwpAk; tisjb Ma;jk;> thowing stick used by the Kailas and
maravas resembiling a boomerang.

,d;iwf;F 10>000 Mz;Lfl;F Kd;dNu njhy; jlpoUf;Fk;

Mj;jpNuypag; goq;Fb kf;fSf;Fk; njhlh;G mWj;J tpl;lJ.
vdpDk; ,d;Wk;> mth;fs; NgRk; nkhopfs; jkpopaj; jd;ik nfhz;Ls;sd.
mth;fs; G+kuhq; MAjKk; tisjb Nghd;wNj. xUrhh; tisjb vwpe;jhy;
jpUk;gp tuhJ. ngUk; guyhd ‘G+kuhq;’ FfSk; mt;thNw. “Is the Boo
merang oriental? By D.S. Davidson. Journal of the American Orental society :
1935.

1817 - ,y; jpU.b.lh;d;Gy; “fs;sh;fs; nghJthf <l;b vwptjpYk;>

tshp vdg;gLk tis jbapid vwptjpYk; jpwik kpf;f mQ;rh
nrQ;rh;fs;. ,e;jg; Nghh;f; fUtp ,r; rhjpahhpilNa ngUtof;fpdjhd
xd;whFk;. Rkhh; 30 mq;Fyk; cs;s tisTilajhd xU fUtpahFk; ,J.

VOfpis fs;sh; ehl;lhh;fs; jq;fsJ jpUkz epr;raj;jpd;

NghJ ,UtPl;lhh;fSk; tshpia khw;wpf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.

36
 fs;sh; r%fj;jth; tshp MAjj;ij gad;gLj;jpaijf; fz;l xU Mq;fpNyah;
mjw;F fs;sh; MAjk; vdg; ngahpl;lhd; Fk;gpdp Mtzq;fspYk;
mt;thNw ,lk; ngw;wJ.

eLfy; (Nghhpy; caph; ePj;j tPuDf;F)

fy; eLjy; vd;gij ,J Fwpf;Fk;. Nghhpy; caph; ePj;j tPuDf;F>

mtDila ngaiuAk; tPug; GfioAk; fy;ypy; nghwpj;J mtd; epidthfg;
gyUk; topgLkhW fy; eLtij eLfy; vd;gh;. ,t;tof;fk; gw;wpr;
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;Js; njhy; fhg;gpah; eLfy; vLj;jypd; epiyfis ntl;rpj;
jpizapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. eLfy;iyr; Rw;wpf; Nfhapy; vLj;Jr;
rpwg;gpj;jikia ‘thSf;Fg; gypCl;b kzp xypf;f> tPuh; gyUk;
NfhapypDs; tPuf;fy;iy ,Uf;fr; nra;jhh;’ vd;fpwJ.

1. tshp

tshp vDk; ,e;jg; ngah;> jkpo; r%fj;jpd; Qhgfj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj

Kw;wpYkhf mope;Jtpl;lJ. tshp> tis vwp vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; ,r;nrhy; jkpohpd; Xh; njhd;ik MAjkhf jpfo;e;j
tuyhw;iw Kw;fhyj;jpa RtLfs; kw;Wk; ehty;fs; %ykhf mwpa
KbfpwJ.

2. tshp Njhw;wk;

gz;ila fhyj;jpy; tshp Ntl;il MAjkhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; jkpopd

tuyhw;wpy; tshp vDk; nrhy;>

tPuj;jpd; FwpaPL>

37
 tpirapd; FwpaPL>

guq;fpah; gilia eLq;fr; nra;j njd; jkpofj;Jg; Nghh; Kiwapd;

FwpaPlhf jpfo;e;j ngUikf;Fhpa MAjkhfTk; ,J cs;sJ.

njd;dpe;jpa Ma;Tfspd; rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk; jkpoh; tuyhw;wpy;

tshp vDk; nrhy; fp.gp. 10-11 Mk; E}w;whz;L fhyj;jpy; fhz KbfpwJ.
,e;j fUtp vg;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w rhd;Wfs; mope;Js;sjhy;
njspthf tshpapd; njhd;k tuyhiw Fwpg;gpl ,aytpy;iy.

Mdhy; tshp vd;gJ ‘tis vwp’ vDk; Ntl;il MAjkhfTk;> Nghh;

MAjkhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tuyhWk;> tshpia ifahYk; jpwikAk;>
cUthf;Fk; Ez;zwpitAk; Xh; goe;jkpoh; r%fk; nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gij
gz;ila tuyhw;W Fwpg;Gfs; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

‘tshp’ vd;gJ Xh; vwp MAjk; MFk;.

fiuapy; ,Ue;J vwpe;jhy;> jz;zPhpd; kPJ rPtpr; nry;Yk;

rpj;Jf;fy; Nghy> fhw;wpd; kPJ rPtpr; nrd;W ,yf;ifj; jhf;Fk; jpwd;
nfhz;lJ. epd;w ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J vjphpiaj; jhf;fg; gad;gl;l Nty;fk;G
MAjk;.

mJNt J}uj;jpy; nrd;W jhf;f Ntz;ba Njit te;j NghJ> gha;e;J

nry;Yk; Fj;jPl;bahfg; ghpzkpj;jJ. Mdhy; tshp vd;gJ iftPr;R tiu
Nghhpl Kbe;j rpwe;j MAjk;. ,g;NghJ ifnawpAk; J}uk; tiug; Ngha;j;
jhf;Fk; gykhd MAjkhf khwpaJ.

ths; - tshpahdJk; mg;gbj;jhd; epd;w ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J vjphpia

tPo;j;jg; gad;gl;l ths;> J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; vjphpiaj; jhf;f Ntz;ba Njit
te;j NghJ> fhw;wpy; Rod;W gwf;Fk; tbtj;Jf;F tshp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kjypy; kuj;jhy; Md tisvwp (v) tshp gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,Uk;ghy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l Nghh; MAjkhf khwpaJ. ths; MAjk; gpiw epythf tise;jJ

38
Nghd;Wk;> jd;id jhq;fpg; gpbf;Fk; ifg;gpbia> thspd; Edp tise;Jk;
cUthf;fg;gl;l MAjNk tuyhw;wpy; tshp MdJ.

etPd fhyj;jpy; Jg;ghf;fp> VTfiz Nghd;w njhopy; El;g MAjq;fis

Nghy> 1500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu Mjp jkpofk; mjprapf;fj;jf;f jpwid
nfhz;l Xh; MAjj;ij cUthf;fp gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh; vd;gij vz;zpg;
ghh;f;ifapy; jkpoh;fspd; mwpTj; jpwDf;F rpwe;j rhd;whf tshp
MAjk; cs;sJ.

tshp tPrg;gLk; NghJ tpir Fiwaf; $lhJ. MAjj;jpd; vil $bdhy;>

ePz;l J}uk; tPr KbahJ. Fiwe;jhy;> jhf;Fk; jpwd; FiwAk;.

,jpy; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhdJ> Xh; ,Uk;Gj;Jz;l fhw;wpy;

Rod;wgb ,yf;F Nehf;fpr; nry;tjw;F> mbg;gilahd vilf; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. MAjj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; epiy nfhz;Ls;s vil> mjd;
rkepiyiaf; Ftpj;J> tpirapd; ghijapy; Jy;ypakhfg; gazpf;f cjTfpwJ.

,d;wsTk; vtuhYk; cUthf;f ,ayhj Ed;dwpT jpwidAk;> tpsf;fj;jf;f

tuyhw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;s tshp MAjj;ij jkpod; gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F
Kd;dNu cUthf;fp gad;gLj;jpAs;shd; vd;gJ tPur; rhpj;jukhFk;.

tshpapy; Jyq;Fk; njhopy; El;gk;> vd;nwd;Wk; mopahj tiyah;

tuyhW kw;Wk; jkpo; kz;Zf;Fhpa jdpj;j rhjidfspy; xd;W.

3. tPu tiyahpd; tshp MAjk;

tis vwp> tiyjb> tiy(ah;)vwp vd;nwy;yhk; Kw;fhyj;jpy;

miof;fg;gl;l tshp vDk; MAjkhdJ jkpoh;fspd; Nghh; kw;Wk; Ntl;il
MAjkhfTk;> njhd;ik tuyhw;W milahskhfTk; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; 2 E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;G jhd; Mq;fpNyaUf;F

vjpuhf tshpia gilj; jsgjpfs; kw;Wk; xU rpy tPuh;fs; gad;gLj;jpdh;

39
vDk; Fwpg;Gfis kl;Lk; itj;J> tshpapd; MAs; fhyj;ij
rpWikg;gLj;jpAk;> Fwpg;gpl;l r%f milahskhfTk; rpdpkh kw;Wk;
tpsk;gujhuh;fs; %yk; jtwhf rpj;jhpj;J tUfpd;wdh;.

Mdhy; 14 E}w;whz;Lfs; goik tha;e;j ,e;j tisjb> tshp vd;gJ

Kj;jiuah;fspd; Kjd;ik MAjkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. tis vwp vDk; tshpia
cUthf;fpaJk; Kj;jiuah; Fyj;ij rhh;e;j tiyah; kf;fNs Mthh;.

,jw;F rpwe;j rhd;whf fp.gp. 11 E}w;whz;L fhyj;jpy; tPuky;y

Kj;jiuad; tuyhWk;> Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd; ehtYk; $WfpwJ.

,d;wsTk; Kj;jiuah;> mk;gyf;fhuh;. tiyah;> tiyakhh;fs; thOk;

gFjpfspy; tshp MAjj;ij fhz KbfpwJ. Fy nja;t topghl;by; jdJ
Kd;Ndhh;fspd; Ntl;il kw;Wk; fhty; MAjkhfTk; ,d;wsTk; tshp> fhty;
MAjq;fs; Kj;jiuah; kf;fshy; topglg;gLfpwd;wJ.

fp.gp. 18-20 fhy fl;lj;jpy; tiyah;> mk;gyf;fhuh; vDk;

Kj;jiuah; r%fj;jpdh; ngUk;ghYk; ehl;L jiyikfs;> mk;gyk;>
jiyahhp> fhty;fhuh;> epyf; fpohh;fshf Kj;jiuah; kf;fs; ,Ue;jjpdhy;
mth;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;>

Kj;jiuah;fspd; tshp> Nty; fk;G> fhty; MAjq;fs;> clik –

nghUshjhuk; midj;ijAk; gwpj;J cs;ehl;L mfjpfshfTk;> Fw;wg;
gphptpduhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;L> Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpy; tPuj; jkpoh;fis
nghpJk; tQ;rpj;jdh;.

Tuyhw;wpy; jdpr; rpwg;G tha;e;j MAjkhf Nghw;wg;gLk;

tshpiaAk;> mt;thAjj;ij cUthf;fp Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa Kj;jiuah;
tuyhw;iwAk; tuyhW NgRk; jkpoh;fs; epr;rak; cz;ik tuyhw;iw
Nghw;wpl Ntz;Lk;.

40
 4. tshp xj;j MAjq;fs;

tshp vd;gJ Xbj; jg;gpg;gth;fis gpbg;gjw;Fk;> fhy;eilfis

jpUbr; nry;Yk; jpUlh;fisg; gpbf;fTk; gz;ila jkpouhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
xUtif tisjb Nghd;w MAjk; MFk;. tshpj;jb vd;Dk; tshp goq;fhy
MAjq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,t;thAjk; jhq;fpa gil vhpgil vd Nrhoh; fhyf;
fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,jw;F xj;j MAjq;fis

1. tisjb>
2. jpfphp>
3. ghwhtis>
4. Roy;gil>
5. fsh;jb>
6. giltl;lk; vd;Wk; mioj;jdh;.

5. mikg;G

,J M];jpNuypa Mjpthrpfshy; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;l G+kuhq; tif

MAj tbtikg;ig cilaJ. G+kuhq; vwpe;jtDf;Nf jpUk;gp te;JtpLk;.
Mdhy; jkpodhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tshp mg;gbay;y> tshpfs; gy;NtW
mikg;gpy; mike;Js;sd. rhjhuzkhf tise;j ,wf;if tbthd kuj;jhy;
nra;ag;gl;l Jz;lhFk;. rpy tshpfspd; tpspk;Gfs; gl;ilahf $uhf ,Uf;Fk;.

XLgth;fis capUld; gpbf;f> kuj;jhy; Md tshpiag; gad;gLj;JtJ

cz;L. fhy;fSf;Ff; Fwpitj;J Row;wp> tprpwp> tPrp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
rpytw;iw ,Uk;gpYk;$l nra;thh;fs;. gl;ilahd $uhd tshpia tPrpdhy;
Rod;W nfhz;Nl nrd;W> ntl;Lg;glf;$ba ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jhy; rPtpj;js;sp
tpLk;.

41
 6. Vwpag;gLk; Kiwfs;

tshpfs; Fwpitj;J vwptjw;Fg; gy Kiwfs; cz;L. nghJthf

Row;wg;gl;Nl vwpag;gLk;. ,g;gb vwpag;gLk; NghJ ,J nrq;Fj;jhf
my;yJ fpilahf RoYk;> my;yJ RoyhkNy nry;yf;$Lk;. mjd; Row;rp
Ntfj;jpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ. capUf;F Mgj;ij tpistpg;gjw;F tshpahdJ
xUtdpd; fOj;ijf; Fwpitj;J vwpag;gLk;. nghJthf fhy;fisNa
jhf;Ftjw;F ,J vwpag;gLk;.

7. gad;

tshp khd; Ntl;ilapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU MAjkhd ,J gz;ila

Nghh; tiffspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. jkpo; ehl;by; rptfq;if>
jw;Nghija gl;Lf;Nfhl;il> kJiu> ,uhkehjGuk; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspd; rpy
gFjpfspy; ghtpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. tshp vwpjy; Nghl;bfSk;
eilngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. rptfq;ifapy; Ml;rpapypUe;j kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;>
mth;fsJ gilj; jsgjp itj;jpypq;f njhz;ilkhd; tshpiaNa MAjkhfg; ghtpj;J
Mq;fpNyah;fSld; rz;ilapl;ljhff; $Wg;gLfpwJ.

fs;sh;fs;> kwth;fs; kw;Wk; tiyah;fs; Ntl;ilapd; NghJ tshpia

gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ehl;lhh; fs;sh;fs; jpUkz rlq;fpd; NghJ ,U
tPl;lhh;fSk;> mth;fspd; gz;ghl;bd; milahskhf tshpia khw;wpf;
nfhz;bUe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. tshpia mDg;gp kzkfis mioj;J thUq;fs;
“send the valari and bring the bride” vd;W $wpAs;shh;fs;. GJf;Nfhl;il
kd;dh;fs; vg;NghJk; jq;fs; MAjf; fplq;fpy; tshp MAjq;fis ,Ug;G
itj;jpUe;jdh;.

1801 Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpNyah; tshp MAjj;ij itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk;

kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jTk; jil tpjpj;jhh;fs;. ,jdhy; tshpapd; gad;ghL

42
kiwe;J NghdJ. eLfw;fspYk; kw;Wk; rhkp fhzpf;ifahfTk; toq;fpa
tshp MAjk; kl;LNk ,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fs;sofh; Nfhapypy; ,Ue;J kJiu Nehf;fp fpsk;Gk; ngUkhs;> xU

ifapy; tshpj;jb vd;w MAjj;ij itj;Js;shh;> ,ijNa fs;sh; jpUf;Nfhyj;
Njhw;wk; vd;fpwhh;fs;.

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tshp

rq;f ,yf;fpakhfpa GwehD}W 347 Mk; ghlypy; kzk; ehW

khh;gpd; kwg;Nghh; mFij Fz;L ePh; tiug;gpd; $ly; vd;w xU
Fwpg;G cs;sJ. mFij vd;w FWepyj; jiytd; xUtd; nghd;Gid jpfphp
(cNyhfj;jhyhd rf;uhAjk;) vd;w MAjj;ijf; fz Neuj;Jf;Fs;> fz;lJ
cz;ikNah ngha;Nah vd;W kUSk; tz;zk;> fz; ghh;itf;Fj; Njhd;wp
kiwe;J tplf; $ba tifapy; tpiue;J nrYj;jty;y xU tPud; vd;W GwehD}W
233 Mk; ghlypy; (mFijf; fz; Njhd;wpa nghd;Gid jpfphpapw;
ngha;ahfpaNuh) $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpoh;fspd; Kjd;ikahd Nghh;f;fUtp
vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fSk; gpw Fwpg;GfSk; njhptpf;fpd;w tisjb (tshp)Na
jpfphp vd;W ,g;ghlypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

Mq;fpNyah;fs; vOjpa Fwpg;Gfs;

nghpa kUJ XLfpd;w Kaiy $l tshp fk;ghy; mbj;J tpLthh; vd;W

Nk[h; N[k;]; nty;~; kUJtpd; tshp tPRk; jpwikiag; ghuhl;b tpae;J
$wpAs;shh;. mNj Nghy N[k;;]; nty;~; rpd;d kUJ> jdf;F tshp
vwptijf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jjhf uhZt epidTfs; vd;Dk; E}ypy;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

43
tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpFe;j tshp MAjk; fs;sh; tho;tpy; ePq;f Kbah ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.

njhz;ilah;

fs;sh; njhz;ilkz;lyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; mjdhy; njhz;il ehl;L kf;fs;

njhz;ilah; vdg;gl;ldh;.

njw;fpy; GJr;Nrhp Kjy; tlf;fpy; Me;jpu khepyk; rpj;J}h;>

Fz;^h; tiuapy; gutpf; fple;j gz;ila ehL epyg;gFjpNa njhz;il ehL
vdyhk;.

ngah; tpsf;fk;

 njhz;il ehL rhd;Nwhh; cilj;J’ vd;fpwhh; 12 Mk;

E}w;whz;L xsitahh;. njhz;L GhpNthh; njhz;ilah; njhz;L
GhpNthh; rhd;Nwhh;. MfNt njhz;ilehL vd;Dk;
ngah; ,e;j tifapy; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;.
 ‘M njhz;il’ vd;Dk; nfhb xd;W cz;L. Mb mkhthir
tpujk; ,Ug;Nghh; ,f;fhyj;jpy; Mnjhz;lq;fhia cl;nfhz;L
tpujk; ,Ug;gh;. ,e;j ‘Mnjhz;il’ vd;Dk; nrhy; KjnyOj;J
Fiwe;J njhz;L vd toq;fyhapw;W vdyhk;. ,e;jj;
njhz;ilf;nfhb kpFjpahfg; glh;e;jpUe;j ehL njhz;ilehL vdf;
nfhs;thUk; cz;L.
 ehfj; jPtpypUe;J njhz;ilf; nfhbahy; Rw;wg;gl;L kpjitapy;
fly; topNa te;j Foe;ij murdhfpj; Njhw;Wtpj;j ehL njhz;il
ehL vd;Dk; Cff; fijAk; cz;L.

44
rq;fg; ghly; nra;jpfs;

thiokuk;

njhz;ilehl;L kiyaLf;fq;fspy; thiokuk; mjpfk;. (ntz;zpwj;jpy;

G+f;Fk; Gd;id kuj;ij thio vd;gh;).

Ntq;flj;jpy;

Ntq;fl kiyg; gFjpapYk; njhz;ilah; Ml;rp eilngw;wJ.

nfhz;b cz;b

njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuadpd; Kd;Ndhh; Nghhpl;Lg; ngw;w

nry;tj;jhy; cz;L tho;e;jduhk;.

fs;shpd; njhz;il kz;ly vy;iy

jkpo;NgRk; ey;Yyfk; kpfg; nghpa xU epyg;gug;ghf ,Ue;Js;sJ.

mq;F gy;NtW Fbkf;fs; tho;e;J te;Js;sdh;. mth;fs; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa
mbg;gilapy; E}y;fisf; fw;Wk; ,aw;wpAk; jpfo;e;Js;sdh;. jkpo;
NgRk; ey;Yyfj;jhh; fy;tpapYk; Nfs;tpapYk; Xq;fpapUe;jdh;
vd;gij ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpw;F
Kd;gpUe;Nj jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; jdf;nfd Xh; vy;iyia tFj;Jf; nfhz;L
te;Js;sJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W cz;ikahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy;
gd;dpuz;L ehLfs; ,Ue;Js;sd. mUthehL> mUthtljiyehL vDk; ,uz;Lk;

45
jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfj;jpd; tlgFjpahf ,Ue;Js;sd. me;j tlgFjp
njhz;ilkz;lyk; vd;Wk;> njhz;il ehL vd;Wk;> fr;rpah; ehL vd;Wk;>
njhz;ilkz;ly ehL vd;Wk; tof;fpy; toq;fp te;Js;sJ. njhy;fhg;gpaUila
fhyj;jpNyNaj; njhz;il ehL xU jdp ehlhfr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpAs;sJ.
njhz;il ehL xU jdpj;j ehlhf tpsq;fpajw;Fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fNs
rhd;Wfshf mikf;fpd;wd. Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fs; jkpo; $Wk;
epyg;gFjpapidj; jdpj;jdpahf Mz;l fhyq;fspYk; njhz;il ehL xU jdpj;j
ehlhf ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf fbaY}h;
cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh; ,aw;wpa ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil mikfpwJ. mjpy;
njhz;il ehl;bd; tof;fhw;Wf; $WfisAk; gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk;
me;ehl;bd; epyg;gFjpapidAk; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhz;il ehL
fhQ;rp khefiuj; jiyik ,lkhff; nfhz;L Msg;gl;L te;j gFjpahFk;
vd;gij ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaf; fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; %yk; mwpayhk;.

njhz;ilkz;ly vy;iyg;gFjp

njhz;il ehL vd;gjw;F> jkpo;nkhop mfuhjp njhz;ilkz;lyk;

vd;Wk; kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp ,J neLq;fhyk; cgehlhfTk;> rpyfhyk;
jdpehlhfTk; ,Ue;J ngUk;Gfo; gilj;jJ vdTk;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofg;
Ngufuhjp njhz;ilkz;lyk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wd. mgpjhdrpe;jhkzp
njhz;ilehL Nkw;fpy; gts kiyapidAk;> fpof;fpy; fliyAk;> njw;fpy;
gpdhfpdp ejpiaAk;> tlf;fpy; jpUNtq;flj;ijAk; vy;iyahff; nfhz;l
ehlhFk; vd;W $WfpwJ.

nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofg; Ngufuhjp njhz;ilkz;lyk; fhQ;rpiaj;

jiyefuhff; nfhz;lJk;> Ke;ija Mh;f;fhL> nrq;fw;gl;L> ney;Y}h;
khtl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpaJkhd jkpo;ehl;Lg; gFjp vd;W njhz;ilk z;ly
rjfj;jpd; topahff; $Wfpd;wJ.

46
 nrd;idapy; ,d;Wk; njhz;ilkz;lyj;jpd; vr;rkhf xU gFjp>
njhz;ilahh;Ngl;il vd;W toq;fp tUfpwJ. mJ jw;nghOJ jz;ilahh;Ngl;il
vd;W kUtp toq;fp tUfpwJ. mg;gFjp njhz;il ehl;bw;Fr; rhh;G
gFjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ vdf; fUjyhk;.

jkpo;ehl;bd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s njhz;il ehl;bd; vy;iyia

Nkw;Fj; jpf;fpy; vy;iy gts kiy (rt;thJ kiy)> tlf;Fj; jpf;fpy; vy;iy
Ntq;flkiy> mofpa fpof;Fj; jpf;fpy; vy;iy xypf;Fk; fly;> njw;Fj;
jpf;fpy; njd; ngz;izahW (gpdhfpdp)> ,tw;wpd; ,ilkapy;
tpsq;FtJ ,UgJ fhj njhiyT. mjhtJ> ,d;iwa Me;jpu khepyj;jpd; rpj;J}h;
khtl;lk;> jkpo;ehl;bd; fhQ;rpGuk;> nrd;id Mfpa khtl;lq;fis
KOikahfTk;> NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpAk;> jpUtz;zhkiy
khtl;lj;jpd; tlf;F> tlfpof;Fg; gFjpfSk;> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpd; tlf;Fg;
gFjpAk; ,r;rjfg; ghly;fs; $Wk; nra;jpfspd;gb njhz;il ehl;ilr;
rhh;e;jtdtha; cs;sd. ,jid gpd;tUk; fk;gh; jdpg;ghly; xd;W>

‘Nkw;Fg; gtskiy> Ntq;flk; Neh;tlf;fhk>

Mh;f;Fk; ,thp mzp fpof;F> - ghh;f;Fs;cah;

njw;Fg; gpdhfp jpfo; ,Ug jpd;fhjk;

ey;njhz;il ehnldNt ehl;L”

(fk;gh; jdpg;ghly;fs; 145)

vd;fpwJ.

vy;yPrhpd; jkpo; ahg;gpyf;fzk; (A Facsimile edition of eillis’

Treatise on’ Tamil Prosody) vDk; ,e;E}iy g.kUjehafk; jkpo; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; nkhop ngah;g;G nra;J gjpg;gpj;Js;shh;.

ehw;gJ tajhd NghNj ,we;jhh; vd;gJ Ntjidf;FhpajhFk;.

me;E}ypy; Kjy; ntz;ghtpy; Nruj;J vy;iyg; gw;wpAk;> ,uz;lhtJ
47
ntz;ghtpy; Nrhoj;J vy;iyg; gw;wpAk;> %d;whtJ ntz;ghtpy;
ghz;baj;J vy;iyg; gw;wpAk;> ,e;E}ypy; ehd;fhtJ ntz;ghtpy;>
njhz;ilehl;L vy;iyg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

ehd;fhtJ ntz;gh njhz;ilehl;L vy;iy

“nra;ahW njw;Fj; jpUNtq;flk;tlf;F

ikahh;fly; fpof;F khdidaPh;

nka;ahap

hpfphp Nkw;F,U njhz;il ehl;bd;

,lkjidr; nrhd;ndhk; tFj;J”

(kUjehafk;> 2011:152)

njhz;ilehl;L vy;iyg;gw;wp Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhd;ikahd jkpo; NgRk; ehd;F Nguurh;fs; tPw;wpUf;Fk;

mitapy; xsitahh;> nre;jkpo; ghLfpd;w Ntshsh;fs; njhz;il ehl;by;
thOk; rpwg;Gilikahy;> Ntok; cilj;J vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliyg; ghba
gpd;Dk; tQ;rpntspa vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghliyAk; ghbdhh;.

,g;ghly;fspy;>

“Ntok; cilj;J kiyehL> Nkjf;f

Nrho tsehL NrhWilj;J – G+opah; Nfhd;

njd;dhL Kj;Jcilj;J> njz;zPh; taw;

njhz;il ed;dhL rhd;Nwhh; cilj;J”

48
 “tQ;rp ntspa FUnfy;yhk; gQ;rtd;wd;

ehd;kh lf;$ lypw;fy; typJ

Nrhod; cwe;ijf; fUk;gpdpJ njhz;ilkhd;

fr;rpAs; fhf;if fhpJ”

vd;W ,t;tpU ghly;fSk; fhQ;rpj; njhz;ilkhDila mitf;Fr; Nru> Nrho>

ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; tUif ju> me;ehd;F Nte;jh;fisAk; Gfo;e;J xsitahh;
ghba ghly;fshFk;. Kjw;ghl;by; Ntok; cilj;J kiyehL> Nrho tsehL
NrhWilj;J> ghz;baehL Kj;Jilj;J> njhz;ilehL rhd;Nwhh; cilj;J vdg;
Gfog;gl;bUg;gJk; njhpfpwJ.

,uz;lhtJ ghlypy; Nruehl;by; gpw tsq;fSld; tQ;rpf;Fg; Gwj;Nj

gwitfs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. ghz;ba ehl;by; khzpf;ff; fw;fs; typikahf
cs;sdNt md;wp kf;fs; kdk; ,sfpajha; cs;sJ. Nrho ehl;by; kUj
tsj;jhy; fUk;G kpf ,dpaJ my;yJ fUk;igg; Nghy me;ehl;L
kfsph; ,dpah;> njhz;ilehl;by; fhf;if fUik epwKilaNj md;wp kf;fs;
tQ;rfk; Kjypa fUq;Fzq;fs; ,y;yhjth;fs; vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ.

FWk;gh; epyk;

neLq;fhyj;jpw;F Kd; njhz;ilehL ‘FWk;gh; epyk;’ vd;W ngah;

ngw;wpUe;jJ. FWk;gh;> jk MLkhLfis Nka;j;jf; nfhz;L mq;F fhyk;
fopj;jdh;. mth;fs; jq;fs; ehl;il 24 Nfhl;lq;fshf tFj;jdh;. fhtphpg;
G+k;gl;bdj;J tzpfUld; fly; thzpfk; elj;jpdh;. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
Mnjhz;lrf;futh;j;jp vd;gtd; ,f;FWk;giu ntd;W FWk;gh; ehl;ilf; fth;e;J
mjw;Fj; njhz;ilkz;lyk; vdg; ngahpl;lhd; vd;gJ nrtptopr; nra;jp
MFk;. jkpo; E}y;fs; fhpfhw;Nrhod; me;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;

49
vd;Wk;> gpd;dh; njhz;ilf; nfhbahy; Rw;wg;gl;Lf; fly; top te;j
ehfh; kfs; kfdhd ,se;jpiuad; Mz;ljhy; mJ njhz;ilk z;lyk; vdg; ngah;
ngw;wJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodplk; cah;
mYtyhsuhf ,Ue;j njhz;ilkz;ly mwpQuhf gzpGhpe;jth;
Nrf;fpohh;ngUkhd;>

nfhw;wth;

fs;sh; ghz;ba> Nru. Nrho kd;dh;fshf Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;. vdNt

fs;sUf;Ff; nfhw;wth; vd;W ngaUk; cz;L.

nfhw;wth; vd;gjw;F>

1. murh;
2. ntw;wpAilNahh;

vd;w nghUs;fSk; cz;L.

jkpo;g; Gyth;fshfpa ts;Sth;> fk;gh; kw;Wk; ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;

MfpNahh; jk; ghly;fspy; tho;tpay; nra;jpfis gjpT nra;Js;shh;.

ek; tho;f;if KOtjw;Fk; Njitahd cah;e;j fUj;Jfisr; nrhy;Yk;

ts;Sth;> ,y;tho;f;if> tho;f;ifj; Jizeyk; vd ,uz;L mjpfhuq;fspd;
jiyg;gpNyNa tho;f;if vd;w nrhy; ,lk; ngwr; nra;jpUf;fpwhh;.
tho;f;if vd;w nrhy;iy mth; jk; Fwl;ghf;fspy; gy; ,lq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;.

‘gopaQ;rpg; ghj;J}z; cilj;jhapd; tho;f;if

topaQ;ry; vQ;Qhd;Wk; ,y;.”

50
 (Fws; vz; : 44)

rpwe;j tho;f;if vd;gJ gopf;F mQ;rp tho;tJjhd; kw;wth;

gopf;fhj tz;zk; jd; tho;f;ifia xUtd; mwk; rhh;e;J nghUsPl;b tho
Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW Nrh;j;j nghUis kw;wth;f;Fg; gfph;e;J mspj;Jj;
jhDk; cz;z Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;jhy; me;j tho;f;ifapd; xOq;F
vg;NghJk; Fiwtjpy;iy.

“tUtpUe;J itfYk; Xk;Gthd; tho;f;if

gUte;J gho;gLjy; ,d;W”

(Fws; vz; : 83)

ehs;NjhWk; tUk; tpUe;jpdiug; Nghw;wpg; NgZfpd;wtDila

tho;f;if xU ehSk; Jd;gj;jhy; tUe;jpf; nfl;Lg; Nghtjpy;iy.

“mstwpe;J thohjhd; tho;f;if csNghy

,y;yhfpj; Njhd;wf; nfLk;.”

(Fws; vz; : 479)

jd;dplKs;s nghUspd; jd;ikia mwpe;J mjw;F cl;gl;L thohjtd;

tho;f;if vy;yh tsKk; cs;sJ Nghy Njhd;wpdhYk; gpd; VJk; mw;wjha;
mope;J tpLk;.

“mstsh tpy;yhjhd; tho;f;if Fstshf;

Nfhbd;wp ePh; epiwe;jw;W”

(Fws; vz; : 523)

Rw;wj;jhNuhL fye;J goFk; jd;ik ,y;yhjtDila tho;f;if fiuapy;yhj

Fsj;jpy; ePh; epiwtijg; Nghyg; gadw;wjhfptpLk;.

“,fypd; kpfy; ,dpJ vd;gtd; tho;f;if

51
 jtYk; nflYk; ezpj;J”

(Fws; vz; :856)

gpwUld; kdNtWghL nfhs;tjhy; ntw;wp ngWtJ ,dpaJ vd;W

fUJfpd;wtdpd; tho;f;if mopahky; ,Ug;gJ rpwpJ fhyNk. mope;J
NghtJk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;F cs;NsNajhd;.

“tifkhz;l tho;f;ifAk; thd;nghUSk; vd;dhk;

jifkhz;l jf;fhh; nrwpd;”

(Fws; vz; : 897)

nghpNahiug; Ngzp mth; nrhw;gb thOk; tho;f;ifNa rpwg;ghd

tho;f;ifahFk;. nghpNahh; rPw;wj;jpid mjpfhpf;Fk; tz;zk;
tho;e;jhy; mg;gbr; rPw;wkilar; nra;jthpd; rpwg;ghd tho;f;ifAk;
thdsT nghUl; nry;tKk; epiyf;fhJ vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.

fk;gh; fUj;J

‘NghJyh khjtpg; nghJk;gh; va;jpdhs;’ vd;fpwhh; fk;gh;.

mg;NghJ kuj;jpd; NkypUe;J rPjhNjtpiag; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
mDkd;> rPijapd; vz;zj;ij czh;e;J nfhs;fpwhd;. ‘uhkgpuhdpd; J}jd;
ehd;’ vdr; nrhy;ypathW rPij Kd; iffisj; njhOjgb mDkd;
Njhd;wpdhd; vd;fpwhh; fk;gh;.

“fz;ldd; mDkDk; fUj;Jk; vz;zpdhd;

nfhz;ldd; JZf;fk; nka; jPz;lf; $Rthd;

mz;lh; ehafd; mUs; J}jd; ahd; vdhj;

njhz;iltha; kapypidj; njhOJ Njhd;wpdhd;”

52
 kpfr; rhpahd Neuj;jpy; ‘ehd; uhkJ}jd;’ vdf; $wpathW rPij Kd;
mDkd; Njhd;wpajhy; mts; tho;f;if fhg;ghw;wg;gLfpwJ. gujd;
tho;f;ifiaf; fhg;ghw;WgtDk; mDkd; jhd;. gjpdhd;F Mz;L tdthrk;
KbAk; jUthapy; uhkd; ,d;Dk; mNahj;jpf;Fj; jpUk;ghjij vz;zp gujd;
tho;f;ifia Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s epidf;fpwhd;. neUg;G %l;b mjpy; tpo KbT
nra;J> tpOKd; me;j neUg;Gf;Fg; G+irnra;aTk; njhlq;Ffpwhd;.
me;j Neuj;jpy; Fd;W Nghy khUjp mq;F Fjpj;J te;J gujd; capiuf;
fhf;fpwhd; vd;fpwhh; fk;gh;.

“vd;W jPapid va;jp ,iuj;J vOe;J

xd;W G+rypLk; cyNfhh; cld;

epd;W G+rid nra;fpd;w Nerw;F

Fd;WNghy; neL khUjp $bdhd;.”

Mf tho;f;ifia Kbj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; vz;zk; rPijf;Fk; gujDf;Fk; xt;nthU

fhy fl;lj;jpy; te;Js;sJ. mDkdhy; mth;fs; tho;f;if
fhg;ghw;wg;gLfpwJ. G+kpapy; gpwf;Fk; xt;nthU caph;fSf;FNk
jk;Kapiu kha;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpik fpilahJ. thOk; fhyk; tiu tho
Ntz;Lk; vd;w cah;e;j fUj;ij fk;gh; jk; ghly; thpfspy; gjpT
nra;Js;shh;.

fz;zjhrd;

53
 ‘gNy ghz;bah!’ jpiug;glj;jpy; tp];tehjd; uhk
%h;j;jp ,iraikg;gpy; gp.RrPyh> b.vk;.nrse;juuh[d; ghba ‘tho
epidj;jhy; thoyhk;’ vd;fpw fz;zjhrd; vOjpa ghlypy;>

“tho epidj;jhy; thoyhk;

topah ,y;iy G+kpapy;

Mof; flYk; NrhiyahFk;

MirapUe;jhy; ePe;jp th....

tho epidg;Nghk; thONthk;

topah ,y;iy G+kpapy;

fhjy; flypy; NjhzpNghNy

fhyk; KOJk; ePe;JNthk;.”

tho;f;ifia vg;gb mZf Ntz;Lk; vdf; fw;Wj; jUfpwJ ,g;ghly;. “Rik

jhq;fp” glj;jpy; tp];tehjd; uhk%h;j;jp ,iraikg;gpy;> =dpth];
Fuypy; xypf;Fk; kw;WnkhU fz;zjhrd; ghlypy;> tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa
ek; ghh;itiaNa khw;wp ekf;F MWjYk; cw;rhfKk; jUfpwJ.

“kaf;fkh fyf;fkh kdjpNy Fog;gkh

tho;f;ifapy; eLf;fkh....

tho;f;if vd;why; mjpy; Mapuk; ,Uf;Fk;

thry; NjhWk; Ntjid ,Uf;Fk;”

xt;nthUtUk; mtuth; tho;f;ifapy; gpzp> %g;G> rhf;fhL vDk;

%d;iwAk; mDgtpj;Nj Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;w cz;ikia Gj;jh; fz;lwpe;J
njhptpj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

54
 gpzpNa tuhj kdpjh; ahUkpy;iy.

fhL kiyfspy; ghiytdq;fspy; ehNlhb tho;f;if Nkw; nfhz;lth;fs;

fs;sh; Fyj;jth;. ehfhPf tsh;r;rp Vw;gl muRfs; cUthf njhz;il
kz;lyj;jpy; Nghh;f; Fbfshf tho;e;jdh;. gpd;dh; jw;fhyj;jpy; Ntshz;
Fbfshf khw;wk; fz;L tho;fpd;wdh;. vdNt fs;shpd; tho;tpy; Nkw;
$wpaj; jkpo;g; Gyth;fspd; ghly; fUj;Jf;fs;; gpujpg; gypf;f fhzyhk;.

fw;G newp Nghw;Wk; fs;sh; Fyg; ngz;fs;

jdpkdpj xOf;fj;ijf; fl;bf;fhf;f ‘fw;G’ vDk; cah;e;j gz;ghl;ilj;

jkpod; fhyk; fhykha; gpd;gw;wp te;Js;sikiar; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSk;>
jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fSk; $Wfpd;wd. jpUts;Sth; jpUf;Fwspy; fw;gpay;
vd;w jdp ,aiyNa tFj;Js;shh; ghujpahh;>

“fw;Gepiy vd;W Ngrte;jhy; - mij

,U fl;rpf;Fk; nghJtpy; itg;Nghk;”1

vd;W Mz;> ngz; ,UghyUf;Fk; nghJthdJ fw;G vd;fpwhh;. xUtDf;F

xUj;jp vd;Wk; cah;e;j gz;ghl;il tpsf;f te;jNj fw;Gnewp> cz;ikf;
fhjy; xUKiw kl;LNk caphpdq;fspd; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk;> mf;fhjy;
<Nlw capiuAk; kha;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; J}a;ikahd fhjy;. ,jid
fhyq;fhykha; njhd;Wnjhl;L gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUk; jkpohpd;
tho;tpay; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; top ehk; mwpayhk;. ,jidNa
ghujpahh;>

“fhjy; fhjy; fhjy; fhjy; Nghapd;

fhjy; Nghapd; rhjy; rhjy; rhjy;”2

vd;fpwhh;.

55
 Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs; Kjd;ikahd rpyg;gjpfhuk; fw;Gf;furp
vd;W jkpo;f;$Wk; ey;Yyfhy; Nghw;wg;gLk; fz;zfpapd; tho;f;ifiaf;
$WfpwJ. “fztid ,oe;Njhh;f;F fhl;LtJ ,y;” vd;gJ mt;tpyf;fpak;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; cz;ik.

“nja;tk; njhohs; nfhOed; njhOnjOths;

nga;ad nga;Ak; kio”3

vDk; jpUf;Fws; ghly;thp fw;Gila ngz;bhpd; nrhy;td;ikiaf; $WfpwJ.

Mdhy; rpy fs;sh; FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ujhu kzKiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

gpwd;kid Nehf;fhik

ts;Sth; ‘gpwd; kid Nehf;fh Nguhz;ik’ vd;fpwhh;. nghJthf>

jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; jtW nra;gtid ‘Mz;ik ,y;yhjtd;’ (mlf;fp MSik jd;ik)
vd;W Fiw$Wk; gof;fk; cs;sJ. Mdhy;> ,q;F gpwd; kidtpia
tpUk;ghjj; jd;ikia ts;Sth; ‘Nguhz;ik’ vd;fpwhh;.

fs;shplKk; ,g;gz;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngz;fisg; Nghw;wpg;

ghJfhg;gJ mtuJ cahpag;gz;ghFk;.

nra;ed;wp kWj;jy;

“ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;yJ

md;Nw kwg;gJ ed;W”41

vd;W jpUts;StUk;> ed;wp kwNty; (9) vd xsitahUk; gpwh; jdf;Fr;

nra;j cjtpia xU ehSk; kwf;ff; $lhJ vd;gjw;F rpWtajpNyNa

56
ePjpf;fijfSk; (10) $wg;gLfpwJ. xUth; nra;j cjtpia vspjpy; kwe;J
tpLk; cyfpy; ehk; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.

gpwe;j ehl;bw;Fk;> jha;f;Fk; fs;sh; ed;wpAld; thOk; Fyj;jth;.

rhd;whz;ik

Nfhg;ngUQ; NrhoDf;fhf tlf;fpUe;J caph; Jwe;J cz;ikahd

el;Gf;F ,yf;fzkhdth; gprpuhe;ijahh;. xUtd; ftiyapd;wp tho;e;jhy;
eiuapd;wp> neLehs; ,sikNahL thoyhk;. mjw;F mtDila kidtp>
kf;fs; ey;y Fzeyd;fspy; rpwe;J> mwpTilath;fsha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mtd; thOk; ehl;bd; kd;dd; Kiw jtwhJ kf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mtd; thOk; Chpy; ew;Fzj;jhy;> ghpTilath;fsha; kdk;Nghd
Nghf;fpy; thohJ> fl;Lg;ghNlhL thOk; rhd;Nwhh; gyh; tho;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ew;gz;Gk;> rhd;whz;ikAk; cilNahh;fs; gyh;
tho;tjhNyNa ,t;Tyfk; mopahJ epiyg;ngw;W tho;fpd;wJ vd;gijj;
jpUts;StUk;>

“rhd;wth; rhd;whz;ik Fd;wp dpUepyj;jhd;

jhq;fhJ kd;Ndh nghiw”42

vd;fpwhh;.

njhz;ilkz;lyf; fs;sUk; jQ;irehl;Lf; fs;sUk; rhd;whz;ik kpf;ftuhf

tho;e;jdh;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf murh;> murpah;> tho;itf; fhzyhk;.

md;G

57
 ‘md;gpyh nuy;yhe; jkf;Fhpah; md;Gilahh;

vd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;F”

(Fws; : 12)

vd;fpwhh; jpUts;Sth;.

midj;J caph;fisAk; jd;Daph; Nghy; ghtpg;gtd;

mt;Taph;fSf;Fj; jPq;F nra;aj; Jzpakhl;lhd;. gpw caph;fisf; nfhy;tJ
vt;tsT ghtNkh mJNghy; gpw caph; grpf;fg; ghh;j;jpUg;gJk; ghtk;
vd;fpwhh; ts;sy; ngUkhd;.

midj;Japh;fisAk; vd;Daph; Nghy; vz;zp mt;Taph;fspd; Jah;

Jilg;gtd; “[PtfhUz;ak;” nghUe;jpatd; Mfpd;whd;.

Vio kf;fs; grpapdhy; thb> cly; Nrhh;e;J> kdk; Nrhh;e;J

mth;fs; caph; gphpAk; jUzk; Vw;gLtijf; fz;L kdk; gijf;fpwhh;.
ekf;F czT juf;$ba gaph;fs; jsjsntd;W tsuhky; thb tjq;fp ,Ug;gijf;
fz;L thLfpwhh;.

,jidNa>

“thba gapiuf; fz;lNghnjy;yhk; thbNdd;”

vd;fpwhh;.

ehl;il Nerpf;Fk; gz;gpy; fs;sh; Mjpfhyk; Kjy; rpwe;J

tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.

<if

“<jy; ,irgl tho;jy; mJty;yJ

Cjpak; ,y;iy caph;f;F”

58
 (Fws; : 14)

vd;gJ ngha;ahnkhopg;Gyth; $w;W.

ehk; mDgtpf;Fk; gjtp> gl;lk;> trjpfs; ahTk; Kd;G nra;j

tpidg;gadhy; fpilj;jjhFk;. ,t;Tyfpy; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLk; %d;W cWjpg; nghUspd; topapy; tho;tjw;F Kaw;rp
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F ekJ nry;tk; cjthky; Nghdhy; ehk; ek;ikNa
ghJfhthjth;fs; MNthk; vd;gijg; GwehD}w;Wg; Gytd; czh;e;J
$wpAs;shd;.

“mwDk; nghUSk; ,d;gKk; %d;Wk;

Mw;Wk; ngUkepd; nry;tk;

Mw;w hike;epw; Nghw;whikNa”43

vDk; ghly; thpfs;> jh;kk; jiyfhf;Fk; vd;gijAk;> gFj;Jz;L thOk;

tho;f;ifNa ey;y tho;f;if vd;gijAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

tUNthiu Mjhpg;gJk;> czT+l;b kfpo;tJk; njhz;ilkz;ly ‘fs;shpd;

gz;G’ rhd;whf njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuaidf; $wyhk;.

ts;Stk; tho;tpay; topfhl;b

jpUf;Fws; jhd; Njhd;wpa fhyk; Kjy; ,d;wsTk; jdpj;Jtk;

kpf;fjhfNt tpsq;FfpwJ vd;gij vtUNk xj;Jf; nfhs;Sthh;fs; me;j msTf;F
mjd; mikg;Gk;> mjpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. gftj;fPij
tho;Tf;F topfhl;bjhd;. jpUf;Fuhd; tho;tpaiyf; fhl;Lk; fUj;Jf;fs;
nfhz;lJjhd;. igigspy; $l tho;tpay; fUj;Jfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy; ,itahTk; rkak; rhh;e;jdthf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

59
tho;tpay; Kiwfs;

vg;gbAk; thoyhk; vd;W kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpNy tho;e;jhy;

tho;f;if tho;f;ifahf ,Ue;J tplhJ. tho;ntd;why; mjw;F xU
Nehf;fk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpf;Nfhs; mw;w tho;f;if FUl;L
tho;f;ifahFk;. rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy; kdpjDf;Fk; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; ngUk;
tug;gpurhjkhFk;. gFj;jwpAk; ghq;F vd;gJ kdpjid khepyj;jpy;
cah;j;jp itg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

tpyq;fhf kdpjd; tpyq;FfSld; fhl;by; ,Ue;j epiyiaf; fle;J ehl;by;

ehfhpfkhf thOk; epiyf;F te;Jtpl;l gpd;dUk; $l kdpjdhf tho
vz;zhtpl;lhy; kdpj tho;Tf;Nf mh;j;jk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk; vdNt
fy;tpAk;> fw;wYk;> tho;tpaypy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd
vd;gJ jhd; ts;Stj;jpd; epiyg;ghlhFk;. fy;tp gw;wp Nehf;fq;fs; gy
nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; - mjd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; “Rarpe;jidAk; kdpj
Neakpf;f kdpjid cUthf;FtJNkahFk;” mjD}lhf njs;spa mwpT>
ed;dlj;ij kdpj jj;Jtk;> ,iw gw;wpa czh;T> Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gJ jhd;
Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.

,jd;gb kdpjh; cyfpaiyf; fw;Wj; Njh;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

1. flTs;
ts;Stj;jpd; tho;tpayhdJ jkpo; ehl;Lf;F kl;Lky;y jkpopdj;Jf;F
kl;Lky;y cyf khe;jh; midtUf;FNk nghUe;Jtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ
kdq;nfhs;sj; jf;fjhFk;. mwj;Jf;F Kjy;tdhfpa ,iwtid Kjyhff;
nfhz;Ljhd; ,e;j cyfk; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gJ jhd; “ts;Stj;jpd;
njhlf;fNkahFk;.
“mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp
gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF”44

60
 ,iwik vd;gJ ,aw;if mjDila nghJik ,af;fNk mwj;Jf;F Kjy;
tbtkhFk;. MfNt ,iwikNa ,aw;if. ,aw;ifNa mwk;. mwNk
nghJik. nghJikNa tho;f;if. ,tw;wpy; NtWghLfs;
khWghLfs; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; czh;T vdg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ mJ
xd;Wjhd; mijj;jhd; nghJik vd;fpd;Nwhk;. ,g;nghJik czh;T
Nehf;fpNa midj;J kf;fsJ tho;f;ifAk; ,aq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj
nghJikf; nfhs;iff;F %yKk; NtUk;; MFk; vd;gijNa Kjw;Fwspy;
ts;Stk; njspthf;fp epw;fpwJ.

2. fy;tp
fy;tp fw;W mjd;gb epw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;ypa ts;Stk;
fy;tpapd; gaidf; fhl;Lk; nghOJ ,iwtid czh;jYk; gzptJk; vd;W
tho;thff; fhl;b epw;gJk; MFk;. ,q;F ve;jf; flTSk;
Fwpf;fg;gltpy;iy. thywpT vd;why; - J}a;ik vd;Wk; mwpT
vd;Wk; nfhs;syhk;. mjhtJ fw;wgpd; Vw;gLk; mwptpy; J}a;ik
vd;gJ – mwpahikia ePf;fp vy;yhtw;iwAk; mwpAk; epiyiag;
ngWfpd;w epiyahFk;. kf;fs;> KOtijAk; czUk; epiyia miltijNa
thywptd; (,iwtd;) vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjhy; ehj;jpfk;
NgRfpd;wth;fSf;Fk; ts;Stj;jpd; ,e;j tho;tpay; Kiw
nghUe;jpajhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ.

3. mwptpd; rpwg;G
ts;Stk; flTis ek;GfpwJ. mJ MZky;y ngz;Zky;y. ts;Stj;jpd;
flTSf;Ff; NfhGuq;fSk; ,y;iy. Nfhl;ilfSk; ,y;iy...... ts;Stj;jpd;
flTSf;Ff; fzf;Fkpy;iy. tof;Fkpy;iy. mjw;Fg; ngah; NguwpT.

61
 ,J jhd; nghJikahd tho;tpay; newpahFk;. ,jid ,d;iwa
epiyapy; ahtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;thh;fs; my;yth!.
J}a;ikahd mwpT te;jhy; mq;Nf ey;ywKk; ,iza Ntz;Lk;.
mwk;jhd; ahtw;Wf;Fk; mj;jpthukhFk;. Mwj;Jld; ,ize;J tho;T
mike;Jtpl;lhy; Mde;jk; mq;Nf mkh;e;Nj ,Ue;JtpLk;. nray;fs;
midj;Jf;Fk; rpe;jidNa mbg;gilahFk;. rpe;jidapd;
epiyf;fsdhf ,Ug;gJ kdkhFk;.

4. kdjpy; njspT
kdj;jpNy khR ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mJNt kpfr; rpwe;j mwk; vd;Dk;
tho;tpay; Kiwia ts;Stk; fhl;LtJ cyfj;Jf;Nf cfe;jjhFk;. ,d;iwa
epiyapy; kdj;jpNy Vw;gLk; mOf;fpdhy;j;jhd; vq;F ghh;j;jhYk;
rz;ilAk; rr;ruTfSk; kype;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rhe;jpAk;
rkhjhdKk; fhz;gnjd;gJ Kaw;nfhk;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ.

murpay; nra;thh;fs;;> gbj;Jg; gl;lk; ngw;w gy gjtp

tfpg;ghh;fs;. itj;jpaj;Jiw rhh;e;jth;fs;> ePjpj;Jiw cs;Nshh;fs;>
ahtUNk kdj;jpy; khRs;stuhf tpsq;Ftjhy; kdpj tho;Nt
mh;j;jkw;wjhfptpLNkh vd;Dk; gaNk Njhd;wp ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j
mtyk; khwNtz;Lkhdhy; midtUNk ts;Stj;jpd;gb “kdj;Jf;fz;
khrpy;yhky; thOjy;” mtrpakhdjhFk;.

khrw;w kdk; ahtUf;Fk; mikAk; nghOJ ey;y xOf;fKk;

te;jikAk; xOf;fk; vd;gJ caphpYk; NkyhdJ vd;gJ ts;Stj;jpd;
mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;ifahFk;. ,jdhy; xOf;fj;ij tho;tpay;
Mf;fpapUf;fpd;wJ ts;Stk;. ,e;j xOf;fkhdJ jdpkdpj xOf;fk;>
rKjha xOf;fk;> cyFjOtpa xOf;fkhfhTk; tphptila ty;yJ.

62
 xOf;fj;jhy; rpwg;G tUk;! cah;T tUk;! mjdhy; xOf;fkhdJ
caphpYk; NkyhdjhFk; vd;W ts;Stk; nrhy;Yfpd;wJ.

5. xOf;fj;jpd; rpwg;G
Mil mzpfyNdh> gl;lk; gjtpfNsh> itu it^hpaq;fNsh>
gw;gy thfdq;fNsh> khbkidfNsh> gl;Lg;gPjhk;guq;fNsh>
ke;jphpg;gjtpfNsh> rpwg;Gj;ju khl;lhJ.

“xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd; xOf;fk;

caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;”45

rpwg;igj; juNtz;Lnkd;why; mjid xOf;fk; jhd; jUk; vd;gJjhd;

ts;Stj;jpd; epiyahFk;.

Nghdhy; tuhj nghUs; ,uz;L xd;W xOf;fk;. mjhtJ khdk;.

kw;nwhd;W capuhFk;.
mjhtJ capiuf; fhg;ghw;w vg;gbnay;yhk; tho;tpy;
NghuhLfpd;NwhNkh mg;gb. xOf;fj;ijAk; fhg;ghw;wp
epw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd; ts;Stj;jpd; tho;tpay; KiwahFk;.

6. nghpNahh; nra;jy;
mwpitf; nfLg;gJ fs;shFk;. mjhtJ Nghijg; nghUl;fshFk;.
mwpT ,oe;jhy; midj;JNk ,oe;jkhjphp ve;jg; gpiofs; nra;jhYk;
jhq;Fk; jha;$l fs;Sz;Zk; gps;isiaf; fhwp ckpo;e;J ntWj;J
epw;ghshk; nghpath;fs; $l ,th;fis ntWj;J xJf;fp tpLthh;fshk;.

“<d;whs; Kfj;NjAk; ,d;dhjhy; vd;kw;W

rhd;Nwhh; Kfj;Jf; fsp”46

63
 md;G nrYj;Jk; mk;khTk; mUs; nrYj;Jk; nghpNahh;fSk;
fs;Sz;ltidf; fz;lhy; ntWj;J xJf;fp tpLthh;fs;.

7. fhkk;> rpdk; ,tw;wpd; ,opT

fhkk; vg;gbnay;yhk; kdpj tho;itg; glhjghL gLj;JfpwNjh
mg;gbjhd; NfhgKk; mike;J tpLfpwJ. rpdj;jpd; cr;rj;jhy; ntbj;jJ
jhd; cyfj;jpd; Nghh;fs; vy;yhNk! jdpg;gl;l rpdk;
jd;idaopg;gNjhL jd;idr; Nrh;e;jth;fisAk; $l mopj;JtpLk;;.
`pl;yh; vd;gtdpd; Nfhgk;> KNrhypdp vd;gtdpd; Nfhgk;>
[hh;kd;dh;fspd; Nfhgk;> gphpl;b~hhpd; Nfhgk;> cyfpd;
mopTfSf;F tpj;jpl;ld. ,d;W tiu cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspYk;
murpay; jiyikfspd; mlq;fhj Nfhgj;jhy; rz;ilfs; Xahky;
ele;jgbNa ,Uf;fpwJ. mopTfSk; njhlh;fpd;wd. mopTfs; myf
Ntz;Lkhdhy; rpdk; mlq;FjNy rpwe;j khh;f;fkhFk;. ,e;j ,lj;jpy;
ts;Stk; fhl;Lk;.

“rpdnkd;Dk; Nrh;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dnkd;Dk;

vkg; Giziar; RUk;”48

vd;Dk; tho;tpay; jj;Jtk; kpfTk;

gaDilajhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhy;jhd; rpdj;ij neUg;Gld; ,izf;fpd;wJ
ts;Stk;.

8. md;gpd; rpwg;G
md;G ,y;yhjth;fs; cyfj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w midj;J ,d;gq;fSk; jkf;F
kl;Lk; jhd; vd;Nw vz;Zfpwhh;fs;. mth;fsJ epidg;G
jtwhdjhFk;. Mdhy; md;G nfhz;l neQ;rj;jhNuh – jq;fspd;
cly;> nghUs;> Mtp midj;jpdhYk; cjtpNa epw;fpd;whh;fs;.

64
 “md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah; md;Gilahh;
vd;Gk; chpah; gpwh;f;F”49
caph; tsh;r;rp vd;gJ – clyhYk; mwpthYk; md;ghYk;
tsh;tjhFk;. mwpTk; md;Gk; tsuhj cly; tsh;r;rp cz;ikahd
tsh;r;rpahfhJ. Mifahy; md;G ,y;yhjth;fs; vy;yh ed;ikfSk;
jkf;Nf te;J mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;ZtJ – mth;fsplk; md;G
tsh;r;rp> mwpT tsh;r;rp ,y;iy vd;gJ kl;Lky;y – ntWk; cly;
tsh;r;rp kl;LNk ngw;wpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gij czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

9. cs;sj;J cah;T
tha;ik top cyfk; epw;f Ntz;Lk;. cyf kf;fs; cs;sj;jhy;
ngha;ahJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ts;Stj;jpd; ,yl;rpak; MFk;.
xt;nthUtUk; cs;sj;jhy; ngha;ahJ xOfpdhy; cyfj;Jf;Nf cfe;jtdhf
vy;NyhUk; nfhz;lhLk; xUtdhf tUthd; vd;W ek;gpf;ifia
nrhy;yp epw;gJjhd;

“cs;sj;jhy; ngha;ahJ xOfpd; cyfj;jhh;

cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;”50
ts;Stj;jpd; tho;tpayhFk;.

ts;Stj;jpd; cd;djk;

“xOf;fNk kdpjDila cah;e;j Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

kpFe;j cWjpNahL ts;Sth; $wpapUf;fpwhh;. xt;nthUtUk; jdf;Fs;
jhNd nra;a Ntz;ba flik vd;d? kw;wth;fSf;Fr; nra;a Ntz;ba flik vd;d?
vd;gtw;iwnay;yhk; rpwe;j gz;ghl;NlhLk; kjpEl;gj;NjhLk;> ts;Sth;
NgRfpwhh;.
65
“itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAk;

nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk;”51

vd;W tho;e;J tsk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

fs;sh;fspd; tho;tpay;

1. fs;shplk; Muk;gj;jpy; eLfy; topghNl tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ.

2. ,df;FO tho;f;if Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; fy;tp mwpT Kjypy; ,y;iy
jw;fhyj;jpy; cs;sJ.
3. mwptpd; tsh;r;rpahy; muRfs; cUthd NghJ ehl;ilf; fhf;Fk;
gzpapy; fs;sh; kd;duhfg; Nghh; Fbfshf tho;;e;jdh;.
4. jq;fs; ,dj;jpw;nfdj; jdpg;gl;l tho;tpaiy mikj;J nfhz;lth;
fs;sh;.
5. goq;Fbfshf ,df;FO tho;f;if Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ gof;f
tof;fq;fspy; rpy FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
6. xOf;fj;ij capuhfg; Nghw;wp thOk; fs;sh; ehl;bw;fhfTk;
ehl;L kf;fSf;fhfTk; xd;W gl;L tho;fpd;wdh;.
7. fs;shplk; kJ mUe;Jk; tof;fk; Mjp KjNy ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,J
FLk;gj;jpy; rpy gpur;ridfis cUthf;FfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf ngz;L
gps;isfSf;F ,ilA+W Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; rpy
FLk;gq;fspy; ,uz;L jhu kzKiwAk; ngz;L gps;isfisf; fz;L
nfhs;shj epiyAk; cUthfptpLfpwJ.
8. fhkk;> rpdk; cztpYk; kJ mUe;JtjpYk; ntspg;gLk;. ,df;FO
tho;tpy; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ngz;fSld; $b thOk;
tof;fk; ,Ue;JsJ fs;shplk;. mJ ,e;j E}w;whz;bYk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
gpwtpapy; ,iwr;rpAk; kJTk; mUe;Jtjhy; fs;sh; mjpf rpdk;
cilNahh; Mth;. vdNt jhd; Nghh;f;Fbfshf tpsq;fpdh;.

66
 9. ehl;il Nerpg;gjpYk; jd; ,dj;ij Nerpg;gijAk; tof;fkhf
nfhz;lth;fs; fs;sh;.
10. fhL kiyfspy; ehNlhb tho;f;if Nkw;nfhz;l fs;sh; jd; cs;sj;J
cah;thy; njhz;ilkz;lyj;ij Mz;L tsh;e;J Ntshz; Fbfshf ,d;W
jpfo;fpd;wdh;. ehfhpfKk; gz;ghl;bYk; jdp rpwg;G
ngw;wdh;.

vd;W ts;Stk; kw;Wk; KJnkhopf; fhQ;rpapd; fUj;Jf;fs; gyTk;

fs;sh;fs; tho;tpaypYk; gpujpgypf;ff; fhzyhk;.

tho;f;ifia newpg;gl thOk; ,dpa eilKiw tho;tpay;

vdf;nfhs;syhk;. kdpj tho;tpaiy ,y;ywk;> Jwtwk; vd ,Utifahfg;
gphpf;fyhk;. ,y;ywthjpfSf;Fk;> JwtpfSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf thOk;
Kiwfs; ,yf;fpaq;fshy; tFf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. ,y;yw tho;T rpwf;f
ed;ndwpfisj; njhFj;J kJiuf; $lY}h;f; fpohh; KJnkhopf; fhQ;rpapy;
ciuf;fpd;whh;. jkf;nfd thohky; gpwh;f;Fhpikahf tho;tJ vd;gJ kdpj
tho;tpd; ntw;wpahFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

“xj;j jwpthd; caph;tho;thd; kw;iwahd;

nrj;jhUs; itf;fg; gLk;”52

(jpUf;Fws; :
214)

vd;W ts;Sth; xj;j thOk; tho;f;ifNa rpwg;ghdJ vd;fpwhh;.

tho;f;if vd;gJ jhDk; gopg;gpy;yhky; tho;e;J> jd;idr;

rhh;e;jth;fisAk; tsh;j;J> jd; rKjhaj;ijAk; tsh;f;Fk; tho;f;ifNa rpwe;j
tho;f;ifahff; fUjg;gLk;.

67
KJnkhopf; fhQ;rpapy; tho;tpay; rpe;jidfs;

kdpjdpd; tho;tpay; Kiw gw;wp>

“tho;f;if Ntz;LNthd; #o;r;rp jz;lhd;”53

vd;W> tho;f;iff;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpd;wJ KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> ,jw;F

ciu tiue;j ciuahrphpah;fs; #o;r;rp vd;gjw;F “Muha;r;rp” vd;W
nghUs; vOJfpwhh;fs;. tho;tpy; nry;thf;F Ntz;Lgtd; jd; nray;fis
Muha;e;J nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJjhd; ,t;tbf;Fr; nrhy;yg;ngw;w
nghUshFk; #o;r;rp vd;gjw;Ff; fofj;jkpo; mfuhjp cghak;> je;jpuk;
vd;Wk; rpy nghUs;fisj; jUfpd;wJ. jz;lhd; vd;gjw;F ePq;fhd; vd;gJ
mt;tfuhjp jUk; nghUshFk;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fisAk; ,izj;Jg; nghUs;
nfhs;tjdhy; tho;tpy; ntw;wp ngw vz;Zgtd; jd; nray;fis Muha;e;Jr;
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.

tho;f;if gw;wpa Neub tiuaiwfs; KJnkhopf;fhQ;rpapy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sd.

Fbgpwg;G gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;

kdpjd; Fbgpwg;gpdhy; Nkd;ik ngWtJz;L>

“Nghpy; gpwe;jik <uj;jpd; mwpg”54

(mwpTg;gj;J ghly; 1)

vd;W xU kdpjdpd; kdj;jpy; cs;s <uj;jd;ikia> mus; jd;ikia itj;J

mtdpd; Fbg;gpwg;gpd; Nkd;ikia mwpe;J nfhs;syhk; vd;fpd;wJ
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp.

68
 “rpw;wpy; gpwe;jik ngUkpjj;jpd; mwpg”55

(mwpTg;gj;J ghly; 6)

vd;w KJnkhopf;fhQ;rpapd; njhlh; xUtdpd; Fbg;gpwg;gpid

mtdpd; ngUkpjr; nray;fs; fhl;b epw;Fk; vd;W nghUSiuf;fpd;wJ.

jdpkdpj milahskhf mtdpd; Fbgpwg;G tpsq;fpdhYk; mJ

ntspg;gLk; mtuth; nray;fspdhy; kl;LNk MFk;.

kw;wth; fz;zpy; ePh; tope;jhy; jd; neQ;rpy; cjpuk; nrhl;Lk;

epiy xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fs;Sk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJNt kdpj Nea
epiyahFk;.

“fhjypd; rpwe;jd;W fz;zQ;rg;gLjy;”

(rpwe;j gj;J> gh.v.

2)

vd;W ,jidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> xUth; kPJ xUth;

md;G nrYj;Jtijtpl xUtUf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;gj;ijf; fz;L mjw;fhf tUe;JtNj
NkyhdJ vd;fpwJ.

Nehaw;w tho;T gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;

kdpj Fyk; Nehaw;w ePz;l fhyk; tho Ntz;Lk;. NehAw;why; mJ

nry;tj;ij> epk;kjpia mopj;JtpLk;. msT kpFe;j cz;b cz;Nghh;f;F
Neha; cWjp vd;fpwJ KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp.

“cz;b nka;Nahh;f;F cWgpzp vspJ”

(vspa gj;J> 7)

69
vd;gJ mg;ghlybahFk;.

NehAw;wtd; vt;tsT ,d;gk; ngw;whYk; mjpy; mtd; ,d;gk; mila

,ayhJ. vdNt Neha; tuhky; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp>

“gpzpfple;Njhd; ngw;w ,d;gk; ey;$h;e;jd;W”

(ey;$h;e;J gj;J> gh.v.

4)

vd;gJ Nkw;fUj;ijf; fhl;Lk; ghlybahFk;.

“,sikapd; rpwe;jd;W nka;g;gpzp ,d;ik”

(rpwe;j gj;J> gh.v.

5)

vd;w ,g;ghlyb nka;g;gpzp ,y;yhky; thOk; epiy ,sik cilNahh;

tho;tpid tplr; rpwe;jjhf mikAk; vd;fpwJ.

%g;G gw;wp rpe;jid

,sik epiyapy;yhikahy; %g;G caph;fis te;jilfpd;wJ. %g;gpd;

fhyj;jpy; gpwh; cjtp nghpJk; Njitg;gLk;.

“,opTil %g;Gf; fjj;jpd; Jt;thJ”

(Jt;thg; gj;J> gh.v.

9)

70
 vd;w ghlyb %g;gpd; nfhLikia vLj;Jiug;gjhf cs;sJ. ghk;Gld;
thOk; tho;f;if fjk; vdg;gLk; tho;f;ifahFk;. mt;tho;it tplf;
nfhLikahdJ %g;Gila tho;T vd;fpd;wJ KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp.

jdp kdpjd; jd; tho;tpy; xU ngz;iz kze;Jf; FLk;gk; vd;w

mikg;gpDs; Eiofpwhd;. ,tidj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l
mtSk; ,y;ywj;jpy; Eiofpwhs;. ,jd; gpd; FLk;gk; Foe;ijfshy; fyfyg;G
njhpfpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; jdpkdpjdpd; tho;f;if tphpT ngWfpd;wJ.

jdpkdpj tho;tpaypy; jdpkdpjDf;Ff; Fbg;gpwg;ghy; tUk;

ngUik> fy;tpahy; tUk; rpwg;G> jdpkdpj MSikahy; ngWk; ngUik>
xOf;fk;> tha;ik> ehZilik> fz;Nzhl;lk;> nrhy;td;ik Mfpa gz;Gfshy;
Nkk;ghL milAk;.

fhjw; ghly;fspy; fs;sh; tho;tpay;

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fSk; xU r%fj;jpd; tho;tpaiy giw rhw;w

ty;yit MFk;. mwe;jhq;fp tl;lj;jpy; ghlg;gLk; fhjy; ghly;fs; me;j
tl;lhu tho;tpaiyg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

njk;khq;F

Njd; Nghy; ,dpf;Fk; ghly; vd;gjhy; ‘Njd; ghq;F’ vDk; nrhy;Ny

‘njk;khq;F’ vd kUtpajhff; nfhs;syhk;.

md;G> fhjy; vd;gjw;nfy;yhk; fhyq;fs; fpilahJ. mJ ve;j

Neuj;jpy; NeUfpwNjh mg;NghNj tsh;e;Jk; tpLfpwJ. ‘Nfl;lhy;

71
njhpahjJk; Nfl;fhtpl;lhy; njhptJkhd’ xU El;gkhd czh;T mJ. Xh;
capiuNa jd;ghy; ,Oj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; xU tpag;Gf;Fhpa <h;g;Gr; rf;jpia
mJ cilaJ.

mjdhy;jhd; cyfpy; midj;J caph;fspYk; fhjiyf; fhz KbfpwJ.

mtw;Ws; ,dj;jpd; rpwg;Gf; fUjpAk;> gz;ghL – ehfhpfk; fUjpAk;
kdpjf; fhjNy rpwg;Gg; ngWfpwJ vdyhk;. fhjypd; ngUikiaf;
‘fhjNyh> fhjypdpf; fpilj;jpyNjy; - rhjNyh rhjy;.’ vd;Dk; ghujpapd;
thp NkYk; mh;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

ghLNthUk; ghLk; nghOJk;

fhjy; ghly;fs; vg;NghJ vq;F ghlg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F VJk;

fl;Lg;ghL ,y;iy. tay; ntspfspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; nghOJk;> jdp topapy;
NghFk; nghOJk;> tz;bfs; Xl;br; nry;Yk; nghOJk; ,t;tifg; ghly;fs;
Mz; - ngz; ,U ghyhuhYk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; fjpuWg;G> fjph;f;fl;L Rkj;jy; fjpubj;jy;

Nghd;w Ntiyfspnsy;yhk; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; Nrh;e;Nj gq;F ngWtjhy;
Ntiyfspy; Nghl;b te;J Ntiyfs; tpiuthfr; nra;ag;gLk;.
mr;rkaq;fspnsy;yhk; ,th;fspd; ciog;gpd; fisg;igg; Nghf;Ftd
NtiyapD}Nl ,th;fshy; ghlg;gLk; fhjw; ghly;fNs MFk;.

fhjYk; cld;Nghf;Fk;

fpuhkj;Jf; fhjiyr; nrhy;Yk; nghOJ> ‘neQ;rj;jpypUe;J

ntspg;gLk; fhjy; czh;r;rpfs; vt;tifg; GidTk; nkUFk; ,d;wp
ntspg;gLfpd;wd. cs;sij cs;sthNw vOjpf; fhl;Lk; Xtpakha;
mg;ghly;fs; cs;sd.” vd;W K.it.mutpe;jDk;> “cz;ikahd

72
ntspg;gilahd xspT kiwtw;w $r;rkpy;yhj fhjy;” vd;W vy;tpd; vd;w
Nkdhl;ltUk; $Wtij ,q;Nf Rl;bf; fhl;LtJ jFk;.

nghJthf fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; MZk; ngz;Zk; xUth;f;nfhUth;

Neuhfg; nghJ ,lq;fspy; Ngrpf; nfhs;Sk; tof;fk; fhjyhpilNa ,y;iy.
jq;fspd; fhjy; ntspapy; njhpe;JtpLNk vDk; rKjhag; nghWg;Ng
mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mth;fs; Ngrpf; nfhs;s tay;fspy;
Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ tha;g;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. mth;fspd; cs;sf;
fplf;ifiag; ghly;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s ,it VJthfpd;wd.

Mz; :

“G+thl NjhDjb

GJf;fhj;J tPRjb

ghthl fl;lapNy

gofpaij V(d;) kwe;Nj”

ngz; :

“Nrhsg;nghwp kj;jpapNy

Rl;Ltr;r Njhiriag; Nghy;

Njhd;Wkpe;jr; Nrhjpepyh

Nrhjpepyh kiwAkl;L(k;)

jha;gLj;Jj; J}q;Fkl;L(k;)

nrhd;d Fwpghj;Jr;

Nrh;e;jpUf;F(k;) ve;Jiuiar;

73
 Nruf;fhy nkg;gtUk;.”56

,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;izr; rpW taJ Kjy; xUtd; fhjypj;J tUfpwhd;.

mtSk; mtid kdjhu tpUk;Gfpwhs;. Mdhy; ngz; tPl;lhh; NtW ,lj;jpy;
jpUkz Vw;ghL nra;J tpLfpwhh;fs;. ,jdhy; mg;ngz; jd; jha; tPl;ilj;
Jwe;J jd; fhjyDld; cld;Nghfj; Jzpe;JtpLfpwhs;. ,JNt ,g;ghlypd;
nghUsikjpahFk;.

fs;sh; r%fj;jpy; ,d;Wk; cld;Nghf;Fg; gof;fk; ,Ue;J

tUfpwJ. ,ize;j fhjyh; ngw;Nwhh; rk;kjk; fpilf;fhj epiyapy; ,wf;fTk;
my;yJ Ciutpl;L XlTk; jahuhfp tpLth;.”57

fhjYk; tWikAk;

Mz; :

“vq;Nf Nghap ntwnfhbr;R – V jpy;yhNy NyNyh

vd;d nra;ag; Nghw nghz;nz – V jpy;yhNy NyNyh...

ngz; :

fhy; &gha;f;F ntwF tpj;J – V jpy;yhNy NyNyh khkh

fQ;rpj; jz;zp Fbf;f NtZk; - V jpy;yhNy NyNyh khkh”19

fhl;bypUe;J fOj;njhba tpwiff; nfhz;L te;jhYk; mij tpw;Fk;

epiyapy;> fhy; tapw;Wf; fQ;rp Fbf;Fk; msTjhd; gzk; NjWk; vd;w
Fwpg;G ,r;r%fj;jthpd; ciog;gpd; kpFjpiaAk;> mNj rkaj;jpy; mjdhy;

74
mth;fs; ngWk; tUkhdf; FiwitAk; Rl;bg; nghUshjhu epiyapy;
mth;fspd; gpw;Nghf;fhd epiyikiaAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ vdyhk;.

fhjy; ghly;fspy; ngz;fs; gw;wpa tUzidapy; mth;fspd; Nkdp

epwk;> Mil> mzpfyd;fs; Nghd;witfSk; ,lk; ngWtjpay;G>

“jz;ll;b Ngrs;s”

“NkypL Nghl;l Gs;s”58

vd;gd Nghd;w mzpfyd;fs; gw;wpa tUzidfs; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk; ,t;tpdj;jhh; mzpAk; mzpfyd;fshd jz;ll;b>
NksL gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; fhz KbfpwJ.

fhjyd; gphpTk; fhjypapd; mwpTiuAk;

gphpT vd;gJ md;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu vy;yhj; juj;jhhpilNaAk;

vy;yhf; fhyq;fspNyAk; epfo;e;J tUk; xU nghJr; nra;jp.

ek; goe;jkpo; mf ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhjypUtUf; fpilNa vOfpd;w

gphpitAk; mjdhy; fhjyh; gLk; nfhLikapidAk; gyg;glg; NgRfpd;wd.
“ghiyf; fyp” ,jd; rhw;iwg; gpope;J jUk; xU mf ,yf;fpakhFk;.
fhjyhpilNa vOk; gphpTj; Jd;gj;ij>

“nry;yhik cz;Nly; vdf;Fiu kw;Wepd;

ty;tuT tho;thh;f; Fiu”59

(Fws; :
1151)

vd;W ts;StUk; glk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

75
 “Xjy; gifNa J}jpit gphpNt”

“..... gpioj;jJ gpioah jhfy; Ntz;bAk;

,ioj;j xz;nghUs; KbaTk; gphpNt”22

vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpak60

m/jhtJ Xjy;> gif> J}J> nghUs; ,itNa njhy;fhg;gpauhy;

gphpTf;Fhpa fhuzq;fshfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd.

,r;r%fg; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;L ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ gphpT

vd;gJ ,q;Fg; nghUs; Ntz;bg; gphpT vDk; epiyapy; mike;Js;sjhff;
nfhs;syhk;.

ntspA+h; nry;Yk; Mlth;fSf;Fk; ngz;bh; gy mwpTiufisr;

nrhy;yp mDg;GtJ ,ay;G. mJNghyNt ,q;Fk; xU ngz; jd; fhjyDf;F
mwpTiu gy nrhy;yp mDg;Gfpwhs;.

“fs;sf; FbahjPf

fUkUe;jj; jpq;fhjPf

nkj;jf; Fbr;radh

gpj;jQ; rpurpNyW (k;)....”61

fs;> fUkUe;J (xU tifr; nrbapd; ,ifspdpd;W jahhpf;fg;gLk;

Nghijg; nghUs;) Nghd;w kaf;fk; jUk; nghUl;fis ,r;r%f Mlth;
rhjhuzkhfNt cgNahfpj;J tUtJ Nkw;fz;l ghly; thpfs; ekf;Ff;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,ij kdjpy; itj;Nj fhjyp> mtw;iw mjpfkhf cgNahfpf;ff;
$lhJ vd;gJ gl jk; mwpTiuapidr; nrhy;fpwhs; vdyhk;.

76
fhjw; ghly;fSk; rKjhaKk;

rKjhag; gpd;dzpfspd; tpsf;fkhFk; kf;fspilNa cs;s Vw;wj;

jho;Tfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; fhyf; fz;zhbfshfTk; ,t;tifg; ghly;fs;
mikfpd;wd. NkYk; kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; gz;ghl;L newpKiwfs;
Mfpatw;iwAk; ekf;F njhptpf;fpd;wd. njhopy;> thzpgk;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fshy; gpw ehl;Lj; njhlh;GfSk; ,t;tifg;
ghly;fs; %yk; ekf;Fj; njhpa tUfpd;wd.

fs;sh;fspd; ftuilg;G (tpUj;j Nrjdk;) rlq;F

ftuilg;G vd;gjw;F Nrjdk;> tpUj;jNrjdk;> Rw;wpntl;ly;>

Rd;dj;J vd;w gpw ngah;fSk; cz;L.

Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; cs;s rpy goq;Fbapdh;> M];jpNuypa

goq;Fbapdh;> A+jh;fs;> mNugpa goq;Fbapdh;
Nghd;wth;fsplk; ,Ue;j Rd;dj; nra;Ak; gof;fk; kw;Wk;
Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; rpy gFjpfspYk; M];jpNuypahtpYk;
gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j tisjb (G+kuhq;) fs;sh; r%fj;jplk; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; fhJ tsh;f;Fk; gof;fk;. NkYk;> 70>000k;
tUlk; gyikahd M 130 kugZ ,d;Wk; fs;sh;fsplk; kl;LNk cs;sJ.

Mz; cWg;gpy; Kd; ghfj;jpy; cs;s Njhy; gFjpia ntl;bf;

nfhs;Sk; ,];yhkpah;fs; mt;thW ntl;bf; nfhs;tij mth;fsJ kugpy;
‘fj;dh’ ‘Rd;dj;’ vd;W miog;ghh;fs;. A+jh;fs; mt;thW nra;J nfhs;tJ
‘tpUj;jNrjdk;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ij fs;sh;fs; ‘ftuilg;G’ vd;w
ngahpy; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wdh;.

77
 fyhr;rhu KiwapYk; Fwpg;ghf ie[Phpahtpy; cs;s rpy FOf;fs;>
mh;fk;Nyz;l;> M];jpNuypahtpd; kj;jpa kw;Wk; Nkw;F ghiy
tdq;fspy; cs;s goq;Fbfs; MfpNahhplKk; tpUj;jNrjd gof;fk; cs;sJ.

‘gpwkiyf; fs;sh;’ r%fj;jpy; tpUj;jNrjdk; ‘ftuilg;G’ my;yJ

‘ftulg;G’ vd;w ngahpYk;> jw;fhyj;jpy; ,J ‘khh;f;fy;ahzk;’ vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fs;sh;fspy; ePz;l fhykhf ,Ue;J te;jjhff;
$wg;gLfpd;w ,e;jg; gof;fk;> gpwkiyf;fs;sh;fsplk; kl;Lk;jhd;
jw;nghOJ vQ;rpAs;sJ. fs;sh; fhJ tsh;j;jy; gpwkiyf; fs;sh;
g+rhhpfsplk; kl;Lk; vQ;rpAs;sJ.

fs;sh;fspd; “ftuilg;G” kw;Wk; rpWFb fs;sh; jhypapy; “gpiw

epyT tpz;kPd;” rpd;dk; cs;sij Ma;thsh; vl;fh; jh;];ld;
KfkjpaNuhL ,izfpd;whh;. Mdhy; mjw;fhd ve;j juTfSk;
ahhplKk; ,y;iy.

Fwpg;ghf “kJiu khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ghyhWgl;bapy; cs;s

“gpwkiyf; fs;sh; r%fj;jpd; tof;fg;gb 10 taJ rpWth;fs; xU thuk;
CUf;F ntspNa jq;fp> me;j topahfr; nry;gth;fsplk; topg;gwp nra;wJ
Nghd;W gzk; ngw;W> me;jg; gzj;jpy; NfhtpYf;F vz;iz thq;fp
Cw;wptpl;L> kpFjpg; gzj;jpy; fhtp Ntl;b vLj;J fl;Lthh;fs;. mjidj;
njhlh;e;J mth;fSf;F tpUj;jNrjdk; nra;ag;gLk;.

78
 “khh;fy;ahzk;” gz;Zk; NghJ nrhe;jf;fhuh;fSf;F nrhy;yp
mDg;GNthk;. mth;fs; rPh;nra;thh;fs; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;fs;”24

“cyfj;jpy; gy goq;Fbfsplk; ,e;jg; gof;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf

A+jh;fsplk; ,Ue;jJ. jkpo; rKjhaj;jpy; gy r%fq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;j ,e;jg;
gof;fk;> jw;nghOJ gpwkiyf; fs;sh;fsplk; kl;Lk;jhd; vQ;rpAs;sJ.
mth;fs; Ke;ija fhyj;jpy; khh;f;fy;ahzj;ij ftuilg;G” vd;w ngahpy;
miog;ghh;fs;. me;j tof;Fr; nrhy; jw;NghJ kiwe;J tUfpd;wJ vd;W
njh.gukrptd; jkJ E}y; xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

ftuilg;G

“rkhjhdkhg; NghapUtk;D nrhy;yp mJf;F milahskh xUj;jiu

xUj;jh; ‘rpa;ah’ d;D $g;gpl;Lf;fpwJ. fs;stPl;L gafSf;F ‘fTUflg;G’
gz;ZuJd;Dk; mtf tPl;L nghk;gs Gs;isf fUfkzp khiy
Nghl;Lf;fph;wJd;Dk; Kbthr;rhk;”25 vd;W fs;sh;fSf;F ,e;j gof;fk;
khypf;fhG+h; kJiu ifg;gw;w Kaw;rp nra;j NghJ Vw;gl;l cld;gbf;if
vd;W nrtptop nra;jpahf nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;f;fhd Mjhuk;
VJk; ,y;iy.

“MZf;Fd;D cz;lhd ‘me;j’ cWg;Gy Nky; Njhy kl;Lk;

vLj;Jtpl;Ll;lh ehsg;gpd;d ey;yJ. ‘mq;f’ mOf;Fr; NruhJ.
rpf;fyhd ,lk; ghUq;f> rPf;F tuhJ. xU taRg; gaYf;F xU ehtpjU me;jj;
Njhy itj;jpa Kiwg;gb ePf;fptplw itgte;jhd; ‘khh;f;f fy;ahzk;’
mijj;jhd; ek;k uhTj;jkhUf ‘Rd;dj;’ Jq;fpwhf....!”

(fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk;. Gf;fk; : 280)

79
 fs;sh;fSf;F ehtpjd; “ftuilg;G” nra;fpwhh;fs;. ehtpjd;
vd;gth;fs; kUj;Jt rhjpia Nrh;e;jth;fs;. Kfkjpah; %yk; te;jhy; ,jid xU
KfkjpaNuh my;yJ fs;sh;fspy; xUtNuh nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; ,jid Kfkjpah;fSf;F njhlh;G ,y;yhj ehtpjd; te;J nra;tJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ftuilg;G gw;wpa ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lk; Fwpg;Gfs; vJTk;

njspthf ,y;iy. “Nrjdg; gilQNuhLk;” vd;W 15 Mk;
E}w;whz;L ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. fq;if nfhz;l Nrho
Gwj;jpy; xU fy;ntl;by; ftuilg;G gw;wpa Fwpg;G cs;sjhf Nfhk;ig
md;th; mth;fspd; jkpo; K];ypk;fspd; tuyhW vd;fpw Gj;jfj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpLtjhf cs;sJ.

fs;sh; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j fs;sh;fs; Rd;dj;J nra;J nfhs;Sk;

tprpj;jpukhd tof;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j tof;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
cWjpahff; $w Kbahjjhf cs;sJ. kJiu khtl;lf; fy;ntl;by; jq;fs; Ml;rp
Kfkjpah; gilnaLg;ghy; tPo;e;jTld; Kfkjpah;fshy; fl;lhakhf kjk;
khw;wg;gl;l FWk;gh;fs; tlf;F Nehf;fp Xbte;j gpd; njhlh;e;J
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; tof;fk; ,J vd kJiu khtl;l tptuf; Fwpg;gpy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“Rd;dj;Jr; rlq;Ff;fhf epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Neuk; neUq;fpaJk; rlq;F

nra;J nfhs;Sk; rpWtid mtd; jha;khkd; CUf;Fg; Gwj;Nj cs;s
Njhg;Gf;Nfh xU ntl;l ntspf;Nfh jd; Njhspy; itj;Jj; J}f;fpr; nry;thd;.
mq;F $bAs;s midtUf;Fk; ntw;wpiy toq;fpa gpd; xU ehtpjd;
80
rlq;fpidr; nra;J Kbg;ghd;. me;j ,lj;jpw;Fr; rpWtidj; J}f;fpr; nry;Yk;
NghJ topneLfTk;> rlq;fpd; NghJk; rq;F Koq;fg;gLk;. mr;rpWtDf;F
mg;NghJ Gjpa Milfs; Gidtpg;gh;.

kJiu khtl;l tptuf; Fwpg;gpy;> “xt;nthU fs;shpd; ,isQDk; jd;

mj;ij kfis kze;J nfhs;Sk; chpikia tw;GWj;jyhk;. mtDila Rd;dj;Jr;
rlq;fpd; nrytpid mtDila mj;ijNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; mNj
Nghd;W xt;nthU rpWkpAk; G+g;gilAk; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
rlq;FfSf;fhd nryTfis mtSila jha;khkd; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW tw;GWj;jg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtd; jd; kfDf;Nf mtis
kzKbj;Jj; ju Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;Fk; chpik ngw;Ws;sikahNyNa MFk;.

,e;j ,uz;L rlq;FfSk; xNu Neuj;jpy; gy rpWth;fSf;Fk;>

rpWkpfSf;Fk; nra;J itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;gpl;l xU ey;y ehspy;
rpWth; rpWkpaUf;F ey;y tpUe;jpl;Lr; rpwe;j Milfis mzptpj;J
Mw;wq;fiuf;F mioj;Jr; nry;th;. ngz;fspd; md;idah; thioapiyapy;
tpsf;Fr; nra;J Vw;wp mjid Mw;W ePhpy; kpjf;f tpLth;. rpWth;fSf;F
cs;@h; ehtpjd; Rd;dj;Jr; rlq;fpid epfo;j;Jthd;” vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1901 kf;fs; fzf;nfLg;G mwpf;ifapy; rpWFb fs;sh;fs;

gad;gLj;Jk; jhypapy; Kfkjpah; rpd;dkhf gpiw epyTk; tpz;kPDk;
nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vdf; $Wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

FWk;gh;

81
 FWk;gh; xU jdp rhjpahf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. fs;sh;fs; gl;lq;fshd
kiyakhd;> gz;izahh; vd;gd> ,d;W jdp rhjpahf jq;fis
milahsg;gLj;jpdhYk;> fs;sh;fnshL Neub njhlh;gpy; cs;sdh;.
Mdhy; fs;sh;fSf;F> FWk;gNuhL ve;j njhlh;Gk; ,y;iy.

FWk;gh; vd;gjw;F mfuhjp

FWepy kd;dh;> xUtifr; rhjpahh;> Ntlh;> fPo; kf;fs;>

FWk;gpilah; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

vypal;> nrt;Nty; Kjypa Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; FWk;gh;fs;

MLkhLfis Nka;g;gth;fs;> Nrho kz;lyj;jpy; tho;e;J te;j FWk;gh;>
fs;sh;> kwth; MfpNahhpilapy; ,df;fyg;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,th;fSf;fpilapy;
Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpa xU ,dNk gy;yth;fs; ,d;W rpyh;
$Wfpd;wdh;. ,jw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; VJk; ,y;iy vd;fpd;wdh;.

fs;sh; rug kugpdh; vd;W tlnkhopapYk;> jkpo; nkhopapy;

ehfh; ,dk; vd;W jhd; $Wth;. Mdhy; FWk;gh;fs; ehfh; ,dj;ij
Nrh;e;jth;fspy;iy.

fs;shpy; FWk;gh;> FWk;ghuhah; vd;w gl;lq;fs; cs;sd.

FWk;gh;> FWk;ghuhah; vd;w gl;lk; FWk;giu ntw;wp nfhz;l
fs;sh;fSf;F toq;fpa gl;lkhf kl;LNk ,Uf;f KbAk;.

82
 Kfkjpah;fshy; fl;lhakhf kjk; khw;wg;gl;l FWk;gh;fs; tlf;F
Nehf;fp Xbte;j gpd; njhlh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; tof;fk; Rd;dj;
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Mdhy; fs;sh; jtpu NtW rhjpf;Nfh my;yJ
FUk;gUf;Nfh ,e;j gof;fk; ,y;iy. fs;sh; kw;Wk; FWk;gUf;F cs;s xNu
njhlh;G ,k;kz;zpd; goq;Fb kf;fs; kl;LNk.

jhypapy; Kfkjpah; rpd;dkhd gpiwepyTk; tpz;kPDk;

rpWFb fs;sh;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; jhypapy; Kfkjpah; rpd;dkhd

gpiwepyTk; tpz;kPDk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,];yhaj;jpy; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJk;> jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpwFk; ngz;

fOj;jpy; VjhtJ mzpe;J jhd; Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jLf;fg;gl;l nray;
jhd;. ,];yhj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu jpUkzk; vd;gJ xU tho;f;if xg;ge;jNk
MFk;. ,jw;nfd ve;jtpj milahsj;ijAk; khh;f;fk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.

fp.gp. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;by; jpUkz rlq;Ffis xt;nthd;whfg;

ghLfpd;w Mz;lhspd; ghly;fspy; jhyp vd;gJ ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.

fp.gp. 10 Mk; E}whwhz;L tiu jkpo;ehl;by; jhypg; Ngr;Nr

fpilahJ vd;fpwhh;. tuyhw;W Ma;twpQh; mg;ghj;Jiuahh;.

jhyp vd;gJ gpd;dhy; Vw;gl;lJ. fs;sh; jhypapy; gpiwepyTk;

tpz;kPDk; vd;gjw;F> mJ Kfkjpah; rpd;dk; vd;W> ,th; ve;j mbg;gil
Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; fw;gidapy; vOjpAs;shh;.

83
 fs;sh; jhypapy; cs;s ,e;j rpd;dk; fz;bg;ghf> gpiw el;rj;jpukh
vd;why;> fz;bg;ghf ,y;iy. ,jid me;j fs;sh;fs; thOk; gFjpia itj;J Ma;T
nra;Nthkhdhy;> me;j gFjpapy; fs;sofh; Fb nfhz;L cs;shh;. NkYk;
mJ ghz;ba kd;dhpd; jiyefh;. NkYk; ,q;F cs;s fs;sh;fSk;
jq;fis ,e;jpuFyk; vd;W $wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

me;jj; jhypapy; cs;s rpd;dk; fPo; cs;sJ Nghy jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j
rpd;dk; vijf; Fwpf;Fk; vd;why; nghJthf ,J ghz;bahpd; re;jpu
Fyj;jpd; rpd;dkhf cs;sJ. ,ij it~;zt rpd;dk; vd;W $wyhk;.
itzth;fspd; flTshd jpUkhy; re;jpu Fykhd aJ Fyj;jpy; mtjhuk; vLj;jjhf
Guhzq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

,e;jpud; jd; new;wpapy; re;jpuh gpe;jpia #bAs;shd;.

nghJthf ,J re;jpu Fyj;jpd; rpd;dkhf cs;sJ.

,ij it~;zt rpd;dk; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. re;jpudpd; gpiwAk; mjd;

eLNt gpe;jpAk; mjhtJ Gs;spAk; cs;sd. it~;ztj;jpd; ehkk;> re;jpuh
gpiw rpd;dKk; th[pahAj rpd;dKk; $l xj;Jg; Nghfpd;wd. ,J
k`hgypGu fw;Nfhtpypy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; ,e;jpuh t[;uhAjkhFk;.
epytpd; gpiw NghyNt cs;sJ.

fs;sofh; jq;fs; Kjy;tdhf tzq;Fk;> ,e;jpuFyk; ,d;Wk;

Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fs;sh;fs; Kfkjpah; gof;fj;jpy; ,y;yhj jhypia>
mzpe;jhh;fs; vd;why; mJ Mjhukw;w nra;jp MFk;.

84
 gz;ila fhyj;jpy; NghUf;F nrd;w rpy Nghh;f;Fbfs;
KOeph;thzkhf NghUf;F nry;Yk; gof;fk; jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. mth;fis
Nkhg;g eha;fs; thrk; gpbf;fhky; ,Uf;f Rd;dj; nra;Ak; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

fs;sh; r%fj;jpy; ,];yhkpa rlq;F guTjy;

gpwkiyf; fs;sh; r%fj;jpdhplk; ,Ue;J te;j khh;f;f fy;ahzk;

jw;NghJ kiwe;J tpl;lhYk; $l GJf;Nfhl;il Rw;W tl;lhuq;fspy; nkha;
tpUe;Jk;> kJiu Rw;W tl;lhug; gFjpfspy; ,y;y tpoh> tre;jtpoh>
epfo;TfSk; gpwkiy fs;sh; r%fj;jpdhpd; tPLfspy; ele;J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

nkha; tpUe;J vd;W GJf;Nfhl;il kw;Wk; Rw;W tl;lhuq;fspy;

miof;fg;gLk; tpoh> kJiu kw;Wk; Rw;W tl;lhuq;fspy; ,y;y tpoh
kw;Wk; tre;j tpoh vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. kpfTk;
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; gl;baypy; cs;s gpwkiy fs;sh; r%fj;jpdh;
Fwpg;ghf ,e;j epfo;it jq;fs; tPLfspy; elj;Jfpwhh;fs;. vg;NghJ
Ntz;LkhdhYk; elj;jg;gLk; ,e;j ftnuLg;G epfo;Tf;F Kd;G Kf;fpakhd
rlq;Ffshd fhJ Fj;J> G+g;Gdpj ePuhl;L tpoh Kd;dpl;Lj;jhd; ele;J
te;jJ. ,tw;NwhL xU Kf;fpa rlq;fhf gpwkiy fs;sh; r%fj;jpdhplk; ,Ue;jJ
rkPg fhyq;fspy; kiwe;J tUk; xd;Wjhd; khh;f;f fy;ahzk;.

khh;f;f fy;ahzk; kl;Lky;y ,];yhkpah;fsplk; ,Ue;J tUk; rpy

rlq;Ffs; fs;sh; r%fj;jplk; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. mtw;wpy; xd;W kzkfd;
kyuhyhd kfj;jpiu mzpe;J Fjpiu Nky; Vwp jpUkzj;jpw;F tUtJ. ,e;j
tof;fq;fs; vy;yhk; mUfp tpl;ld vd;fpwhh; te;jpaj;Njtd;.

85
 ehw;gJ my;yJ Ik;gJ Mz;Lfs; tUlq;fs; Kd;G fs;sh; r%fj;jpy;
gpwe;j xt;nthU MZf;Fk; ,J kpf Kf;fpakhd rlq;F. ngz;Zf;F vg;gb
G+g;Gdpj ePuhl;L tpohNth> taJ tUk; Kd;G rpWth;fSf;F khh;f;f
fy;ahzk; vd;fpwhh;.

fpuhkq;fspy; khh;f;f fy;ahzk; kpf Kf;fpakhd jpUtpoh> xj;j

tajhd rpWth;fs; rlq;fpd; Ke;jpa ehs; Nksjhsj;Jld; Fjpiuapy; gtdp
tUthh;fs;> kWehs; mjpfhiy jpUk;gTk; Ch;tykhf fpuhkj;jpd; ePh;
epiyfSf;F mth;fs; $l;b nry;yg;gLthh;fs;.

mq;F fhj;jpUf;Fk; fpuhkj;jpd; ehtpjh; fz;zpikf;Fk; Neuj;jpy;

me;j rlq;if nra;thh;. clNd rpWth;fs; typ njhpahky; ,Uf;f Fsj;jpNyh
CuzpapNyh js;sptplg;gLthh;fs;. rpWth;fspd; Mz; cwtpdh;fs;
mth;fSld; ,Ug;gh; gpwF fhtp cLj;jp rpWth;fs; MSf;F xU ,Uk;G
fk;gpAld; tPL jpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fis vjph; ghh;j;J fwptpUe;J
tPLfspy; fhj;jpUf;Fk; vd;fpwhh;> rpd;dhd;”63

mLj;j xU thuk; fpuhkk; mkh;f;fsg;gLk;> rlq;F Kbe;j

rpWth;fSf;F jha;khkd; rPh; nra;tJ ngz; cwtpdh;fspd; fpz;lYk;
NfypAk; vd Nfhyhfykhf ehl;fs; efUk; khh;f;f fy;ahzk; nra;j fhak;
Mw %ypifg; Gif xj;jlk; nfhLg;gJk; cz;L. xU Fopapy; neUg;G %l;b
mjd; Nky; %ypiffis J}tp rpWth;fis fhiy mfl;b itj;J epw;f
nrhy;thh;fs;. me;j xj;jlk; fhaj;Jf;F ,jkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;fpwhh;
rpd;dhd;. ,e;j tof;fk; i`jh; myp kw;Wk; jpg;Gtpd; gilnaLg;Gfspd;
NghJ gpwkiy fs;sh;fsplk; gutpapUf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; cz;L vd;gJ mtuJ
fUj;J ,tw;iw ep&gpf;f Mjhuq;fs; VJkpy;iy vd;Wk; mth; $Wfpwhh;.

86
 ,e;j fhuzq;fshNyh vd;dNkh gpwkiy fs;sh; r
%fj;jpy; ,];yhkpah;fSf;F vd;W xU gpuj;jpNafkhd ,lk; xd;W mth;fis
jha; top nrhe;jkhf fs;sh;fs; fUJfpwhh;fs;. tpohf;fspd;
miog;gpjo;fspy; ,];yhkpa ngah;fs; khkd;khh; fPo;j;jhd;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; vd;fpwhh; Re;jute;jpaj;Njtd;. K];ypk; nghpath;fis
rPahd; vd;W miog;ghh;fs; fs;sh;fs; vd;fpwhh; rpd;dhd;. rPahd; -
Rj;j jkpopy; J}atd; - vd;Dk; gjk; tajhdth;fis Kf;fpakhf mk;khtpd;
jfg;gid miof;f fs;sh; r%fj;jpy; gad;gLfpwJ.

K];ypk;fs; vd;wpy;iy> gy;NtW rhjpfSld; gpwkiy fs;sh;fspd;

tof;fq;fs; gpd;dpg;gpize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,e;j r%fj;ij jpir
jpUg;GtJ fbdk; vd;W jdJ fUj;ij $Wfpwhh; ehtyhrphpah; kJiu X
KUfd;.

‘Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtiu ghY}l;b tsh;j;jJ xU ,];yhkpa ngz;kzp

vd;w xU njhlh;G NghJk;” vd;fpwhh; epth];.

jkpofj;jpy; Kjd; Kiwahf ,];yhkpa fl;blf;fiy mk;rkhd Nlhk; itj;J

fl;lg;gl;l kJiuapy; cs;s gs;spthry;>

rhjhuzkhfNt ,];yhkpah; trpf;Fk; gs;spthry; njUf;fspy;

fs;sh; ,isQh;fs; ey;ytpjkhf ele;J nfhs;thh;fs; vd;Wk; ,];yhkpa
ngz;fsplk; kpfTk; khpahijahf goFthh;fs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;
KUfd;.

87
 khh;f;f fy;ahzk; vd;w tof;fk; kiwe;J te;jhYk; mij xl;b te;j
ftnuLg;G my;yJ ,y;y tpohf;fs; gy yl;rq;fis t#ypf;Fk epfo;Tfshf
rkPgj;jpy; tsh;e;Js;sd. “tq;fpapy; fld; thq;Ftjw;F gjpy; gpwe;j r
%fj;jpy; gzj;ij nra;Kiwahf thq;fp nfhs;fpNwhk;. mth;fs; tpoh
elj;Jk; NghJ jpUg;gp nra;ag; NghfpNwhk; vd;fpwhh; fUkhj;J}iu
Nrh;e;j ma;ah; rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,e;j tpohf;fspy; gzk; t#y; nra;a
nkd; nghUis kJiuia Nrh;e;j xU epWtdk; cUthf;fpaJ vd;gijAk;
Fwpg;gpl;L nrhy;yyhk;.

nkha; nlf; vdg;gLk; ,e;j nkd; nghUs; ,g;NghJ kpfTk; gpugyk;.

“ekJ Njitf;Nfw;g nra;J jUfpwhh;fs;. nkha; nlf; nra;Kiw nra;tjpy;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsh;r;rp” vd;fpwhh; fy;Y}hpapy; cjtp
Nguhrphpauhf gzpGhpAk; tpUkhz;b.

gad;gl;l Jiz E}y;fs;

88
1. gf;jtj;ry ghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;>
2. rpyk;G.eh.nry;tuhR> njhy;fhg;gpah; fhy kzKiwfs;
3. uh[;nfsjkd;> ghl;Lk; njhifAk; njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jkpo;r; r%f
cUthf;fKk;.

89
 ,ay; KbTfs;

1. fs;sh; vdg;gLk; %jhijah;fspd; Kd;Ndhh;fshf Nru> Nrho>

ghz;bah;fs; Rl;lg; gLfpd;wdh;.

2. Nrho kz;lykhfpa GJf;Nfhl;ilg; gFjp Nrho tk;rj;ijr; Nrh;e;j

njhz;ilkhdpd; topj; Njhd;wy;fNs fs;sh;fs; vd;W
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. fs;shpdj;Njhh; nfhw;wit topghl;il Nkw;nfhz;L ,Ue;jij mwpa

KbfpwJ.

4. fs;sh;fSf;F nfhw;wh; vd;w ngaUk; nfhw;wit ngah;

njhlh;ghd gl;lq;fSk; ,Ug;gJ fs;sh;fspd; Kjd;ik topghl;Lj;
nja;tk; nfhw;witNa vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.

5. nfhw;wit topghNl gpw;fhyj;jpy; Ngr;rpak;kd; topghlhf

cUkhwp gpwkiyf; fs;sh;fshy; ,d;Wk; ,t;topghL Fynja;t
topghlhf njhlh;tij mwpa KbfpwJ.

6. tshp vdg;gLk; Nghh; MAjk; fs;sh; ,d topghl;by; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngWfpwJ.

7. ts;Stk; kw;Wk; KJnkhopf; fhQ;rpapd; mwf; fUj;Jf;fs; gyTk;

fs;sh;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwfspy; CLUtpf; fye;J cs;sijf; fhz
Kbfpd;wJ.

90
 8. fs;sh; r%f ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fSk; tho;tpay; Kiwfis vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.

9. gpwkiyf; fs;sh; ,dj;jhhpilNa ftuilg;G vd;Dk; rlq;F Kiwapy;

mj;ij cwT Kiw cilNahUk;> G+g;G rlq;fpy jha;khkd;
KiwAilNahUk; nryTfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M)> GwehD}W> gh.v. 328.

gh.thp. 1-4
2. NkyJ> g.v. 316> gh.thp. 5-9
3. NkyJ> g.v. 327> gh.thp. 4-8
4. NkyJ> g.v. 261> gh.thp. 11-12
5. NkyJ> g.v. 202> gh.thp. 1
6. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> GwehD}W> gh. v. 236> gh.thp. 1-
3
7. NkyJ> gh.v 215> gh.thp 1-5
8. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M)> ew;wpiz> gh.v – 85> gh.thp
– 8-10
9. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M) GwehD}W> gh.v. 325> gh.thp
-6-8
10. gh.gpuG (f.M) goe;jkpof ,df;FO tho;tpay;>
11. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> (c.M)> njhy;fhg;gpak;>
ghapuk;.
12. tP.gp.eluhrd;> %Nte;jh; FyNjth; r%f tuyhW>
mzpe;Jiu.
13. gp.Kj;Jj;Njth;> %Nte;jh; Fy Njth; r%f tuyhW> g.43
14. Nrhkiy> ,uhkehjGu khtl;lk;> g. 89

91
15. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M) GwehD}W> gh.v. 335> gh.thp.
7-8
16. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M)> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> gh.vz;. 17>
gh.thp. 6-7
17. t.j.Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M)> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy>
tQ;rpg;glyk;> E}.v.40
18. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M)> mfehD}W gh.v. 345> gh.thp.
4
19. NkyJ> FWe;njhif> gh.v. 218> gh.thp. 1
20. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M)> fypj;njhif> gh.v. 89>
gh.thp. 7-9
21. NkyJ> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> gh.thp. 258-259
22. NkyJ> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> gh.thp. 460
23. GypA+h;Nfrpfd; (c.M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;> Ntl;Ltthp>
gh.thp. 33-45
24. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> (c.M) njhy;fhg;gpak; (nghUs;)
Gwj;jpizapay;> E}.v. 1
25. Kidth; rp.ghyRg;gpukzpad;> tho;tpay; newpfs;> gf;. 9
26. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> GwehD}W> gh.v. 165> gh.thp.
1-2
27. NkyJ> jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 772
28. itjpypq;f Njrpfh; (g.M) fgpyufty;> gh.thp. 29-32
rfyfyhepiya gjpg;gfk;.
29. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> (c.M)> ew;wpiz> gh.v. 214>
gh.thp> 1-3
30. K.t. (c.M) jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 322
31. rh.Nt. Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M)> GwehD}W> gh.v. 182
32. ghujp> ghg;ghghl;L> gh.thp. 16> 1-9

92
33. ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs;> gh.v. 5
34. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> (c.M)> GwehD}W> gh.v. 18-9>
gh.thp. 5-8
35. NkyJ> gh.v. 195> gh.thp. 6-9
36. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> (c.M)> GwehD}W> gh.v. 27>
gh.thp. 15-17
37. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> (c.M)> gh.v. 135> gh.thp. 1-2
38. ----
39. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> (c.M)> GwehD}W> gh.v. 18>
gh.thp. 18-19
40. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> (c.M(> GwehD}W> gh.v. 192.
41. NkyJ. F.v. 108
42. NkyJ> F.v. 990
43. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M) GwehD}W gh.v. 28>gh.thp.
15-18
44. K.tujuhrdhh; (c.M)> jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 1> ghhpeiyak;>
nrd;id gjpg;G 214
45. K.tujuhrdhh; (c.M)> jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 131
46. K.tujuhrdhh; (c.M)> jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 922
47. K.tujuhrdhh; (c.M)> jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 306
48. NkyJ> Fws; vz; : 72
49. NkyJ> F.v. 294
50. K.tujuhrdhh; (c.M)> jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 50
51. K.tujuhrdhh; (c.M)> jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 214
52. jkpo;g;gphpad; (c.M)> KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> jz;lhghj;J>
gh.v. 5
53. NkyJ> mwpTg; gj;J> gh.v. 1
54. NkyJ> mwpTg; gj;J> gh.v. 6

93
55. Ngl;b> rhj;jhap> taJ 70> ehs; 12.08.2023
56. Ngl;b> gpuikah> taJ (65)> ehs; 13.08.2023
57. Ngl;b> ehr;rpahhs;> taJ (58)> ehs; 13.08.2024
58. K.tujuhrdhh; (c.M). jpUf;Fws;> F.v. 1151
59. rh.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; (c.M)> njhy;fhg;gpak;>
mfj;jpizapay;> E}.v. 27
60. Ngl;b> Ntiyah> taJ 80> ehs; 20.07.2023
61. Ngl;b> tPua;ah> taJ (69) ehs; 10.06.2023
62. Ngl;b> tpuz;zd; taJ (85) ehs; 27.06.2023
63. Ngl;b. rpd;dhd; taJ (87) crpyk;gl;b> ehs; 18.09.2023

94