csjava This Chapter ✏
4.3. Loops and Strings
Loops are often used for String Traversals or String Processing where the code steps through a string
character by character. In lesson 2.6 and 2.7, we learned to use String objects and built-in string methods
to process strings. In this lesson, we will write our own loops to process strings.
Remember that strings are a sequence of characters where each character is at a position or index
starting at 0.
Figure 1: A string with the position (index) shown above each character
Note
The first character in a Java String is at index 0 and the last characters is at length() - 1. So loops
processing Strings should start at 0!
The String methods (previously covered in unit 2.7) that are most often used to process strings are:
int length() : returns the number of characters in a String object.
int indexOf(String str) : returns the index of the first occurrence of str; returns -1 if not found.
String substring(int from, int to) : returns the substring beginning at index from and ending at
index (to – 1). Note that s.substring(i,i+1) returns the character at index i.
String substring(int from) : returns substring(from, length()).
4.3.1. While Find and Replace Loop
A while loop can be used with the String indexOf method to find certain characters in a string and process
them, usually using the substring method.
String s = "example";
int i = 0;
// while there is an a in s
while (s.indexOf("a") >= 0)
{
// Find and save the next index for an a
i = s.indexOf("a");
// Process the string at that index
String ithLetter = s.substring(i,i+1);
...
}
The example in the mixed up code below finds and removes all the letter a’s in a string. You can watch it in
action in this Java visualizer.
Check Your Understanding
4-3-1: The following program removes all the a's from a string, but the code is mixed up. Drag the blocks
from the left area into the correct order in the right area. Click on the "Check Me" button to check your
solution.
Drag from here
1 } // end loop
2 // Remove the a at index by concatenating
// substring up to index and then rest of the
string.
s = s.substring(0,index) +
s.substring(index+1);
3 } // end method
4 System.out.println("String with a's removed:" + s);
5 public static void main(String[] args)
{
6 // while there is an a in s
while (s.indexOf("a") >= 0)
{
7 // Find the next index for an a
index = s.indexOf("a");
8 String s = "are apples tasty without an a?";
int index = 0;
System.out.println("Original string: " + s);
Drop blocks here
Check Reset Help me
Activity: 4.3.1.1 Parsons (q4_3_1)
Google has been scanning old books and then using software to read the scanned text. But, the software
can get things mixed up like using the number 1 for the letter l. Try the code below (and in the Java
visualizer) to clean up scanning mistakes like this.
Coding Exercise
The following code loops through a string replacing all 1’s with l’s. Trace through the code below with a
partner and explain how it works on the given message. You can run it line by line in the Java visualizer.
Note that indexOf here can work repeatedly to find the next occurrence of a 1 because they are replaced
as soon as they are found.
Change the code to add code for a counter variable to count the number of 1’s replaced in the message
and print it out. Change the message to have more mistakes with 1’s to test it.
Run Load History Show CodeLens
1 public class FindAndReplace
2 {
3 public static void main(String[] args)
4 {
5 String message = "Have a 1ong and happy 1ife";
6 int index = 0;
7
8 // while more 1's in the message
9 while (message.indexOf("1") >= 0)
10 {
11 // Find the next index for 1
12 index = message.indexOf("1");
13 System.out.println("Found a 1 at index: " + index);
14 // Replace the 1 with a l at index by concatenating substring up to index and
15 String firstpart = message.substring(0,index);
Activity: 4.3.1.2 ActiveCode (code4_3_1)
4.3.2. For Loops: Reverse String
For-loops can also be used to process strings, especially in situations where you know you will visit every
character.
Note
While loops are often used with strings when you are looking for a certain character or substring in
a string and do not know how many times the loop needs to run. For loops are used when you
know you want to visit every character.
For loops with strings usually start at 0 and use the string’s length() for the ending condition to step
through the string character by character.
String s = "example";
// loop through the string from 0 to length
for(int i=0; i < s.length(); i++)
{
String ithLetter = s.substring(i,i+1);
// Process the string at that index
...
}
Check Your Understanding
4-3-3: The following main method has the correct code to count the number of e's in a string, but the code
is mixed up. Drag the blocks from the left area into the correct order in the right area. Click on the "Check
Me" button to check your solution.
Drag from here
1 public static void main(String[] args)
{
2 String message = "e is the most frequent English
letter.";
int count = 0;
3 if
(message.substring(i,i+1).equalsIgnoreCase("e"))
4 }
5 System.out.println(count);
6 count++;
7 for(int i=0; i < message.length(); i++)
{
8 }
Drop blocks here
Check Reset Help me
Activity: 4.3.2.1 Parsons (q4_3_2)
Here is a for-loop that creates a new string that reverses the string s. We start with a blank string
sReversed and build up our reversed string in that variable by copying in characters from the string s. You
can also run this code in this Java visualizer link or by clicking on the Code Lens button below.
Coding Exercise
What would happen if you started the loop at 1 instead? What would happen if you used <= instead of <?
What would happen if you changed the order in which you added the ithLetter in line 12?
Run Load History Show CodeLens
1 public class ReverseString
2 {
3 public static void main(String[] args)
4 {
5 String s = "Hello";
6
7 String sReversed = ""
8 String ithLetter;'
9
10 .
11 for(int i=0; i < s.length(); i++)
12 ithLetter = s.substring(i,i+1);
13 // add the letter at index i to what's already reversed.
14 sReversed = ithLetter + sReversed;
15 }
Activity: 4.3.2.2 ActiveCode (code4_3_2)
4.3.3. Programming Challenge : String
Replacement Cats and Dogs
Are you a cat person or a dog person? The code below prints a nice message about cats, but if you’re a
dog person, you might not agree.
1. Write some code below that changes every occurrence of “cat” to “dog” in the message. This code
will be more like the first program in this lesson where we replaced 1’s with l’s.
2. (Optional - not autograded) add a counter to count the number of replacements and print it out.
3. (Optional - challenging and not autograded) What if you like both cats and dogs? After you replace
“cat” with “dog”, add another loop that looks for the word “dogs” and adds ” and cats” to it. Do not
replace “dog”, just replace “dogs”. This will just replace the first sentence in the example below but
you can add other sentences to test. For this loop, you will need to use a special version of indexOf
that searches from a given index, so that you don’t end up with an infinite loop that keeps finding
the first “dogs”. Make sure you add a variable fromIndex that is initialized to 0 and that is changed
each time through the loop to skip over the last word that was found.
int indexOf(String target, int fromIndex) searches left-to-right for the target substring, but
starts the search at the given fromIndex.
Write a while loop that replaces every occurrence of “cat” in the message with “dog” using the indexOf
and substring methods.
Run Load History Show CodeLens
1 public class ChallengeReplace
2 {
3 public static void main(String[] args)
4 {
5 String message = "I love cats! I have a cat named Coco. My cat's very smart!"
6
7 // Write a loop here that replaces every occurrence of "cat"
8 // in the message with "dog", using indexOf and substring.
9
10
11
12 System.out.println(message);
13 }
14 }
15
Activity: 4.3.3.1 ActiveCode (code4_3_3)
4.3.4. Summary
Loops can be used to traverse or process a string.
There are standard algorithms that utilize String traversals to:
Find if one or more substrings has a particular property
Determine the number of substrings that meet specific criteria
Create a new string with the characters reversed
For more practice with string processing, see the Free Response Question in the Practice and Summary
section of this unit.
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