MINOR PROJECT ON STUDY OF FUZZY SETS

A project submitted in partial fulfilment award of

the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MATHEMATICS

Submitted by
Wusiya Lateef 1921
Irfan Waheed 1902
Rather Inam 1905
Arfaat Rasool 1938
Jehangir Ali 1910
Shaker Yousuf 1932
Aamir Malik 1918

Under the Guidance of

Dr. FIRDOSE HABIB

JAMMU AND KASHMIR INSTITUTE OF

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
Campus Amar Singh College Gogji Bagh Srinagar 190008
2022
 ABSTRACT

The project titled “Study of fuzzy sets” is devoted to the study of Fuzzy logic. We
have gone through the previous literature of fuzzy logic and came to know that
the fuzzy sets have a great progress in every scientific research area. we found
out many application areas in both theoretical and practical studies from
engineering area to arts and humanities, from computer science to health sciences,
and from life sciences to physical sciences. In this project. In this project, we have
discussed the concepts of classical sets, properties of classical sets, classical set
operations, fuzzy words, fuzzy sets, application of fuzzy sets, fuzzy set examples,
fuzzy operations, fuzzy properties, fuzzy topology and fuzzy topological space.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, we are grateful to Almighty Allah who blessed us with his mercy, so
that we were able to accomplish our project. We would like to express our
profound gratitude to Mr. Tariq Ahmad Shikari director of JKIMS for his
contributions to the completion of our project titled “STUDY OF FUZZY SETS”.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our advisor Dr Firdose Habib
for the continuous support of our project, for his motivation, enthusiasm and
proper guidance. We could not have imagined having a better advisor for our
project.

Besides our advisor we would like to express our deepest gratitude to the rest of
the faculty members who provide their valuable time in improving our
presentation skills of the project and motivating us throughout our project. This
endeavor would not have been possible without our mentors.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “STUDY OF FUZZY SETS”
which is being submitted by the students with Enrolment Numbers 1921, 1902,
1918, 1905, 1938, 1910 and 1932 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mathematics of Jammu and
Kashmir Institute of Mathematical Sciences Srinagar. They have worked under
my guidance and have fulfilled the requirements for the submission of the project.

The matter presented in this dissertation hasn’t been submitted by us anywhere

for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Dr FIRDOSE HABIB
(Project supervisor)
Date:
Place:
 SYMBOLS

𝜏 denotes topology.

(X, 𝜏) denotes topological space X.

IX denotes the collection of all mappings from X into I

fts denote fuzzy topological spaces

Cl denotes closure.

Int denotes interior.

 CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1

2 Definition of Classical Sets 3

Tabular form 3

Set builder’s form 3

Operations on Classical Sets 5

Union 5

Intersection 5

Complement 6

Difference 6

Properties of Classical Sets 7

Commutativity 7

Associativity 7

Distributivity 7

Idempotency 7

Identity 7

Transitivity 8

3 Fuzzy Words 9

Basic Definition of Fuzzy Sets 9

Example of fuzzy logic 11

Applications of Fuzzy Sets 12

Real world problem representation 16

Fuzzy Set Operations 19

Union 20

Intersection 21

Complement 23

Properties of Fuzzy Sets 24

Involution 24

Commutativity 24

Associativity 25

Distributivity 25

Absorption 25

Idempotency 25

Identity 26

Transitivity 26

De Morgan’s law 26

Topology of Fuzzy Sets 27

Basic Ideas and Definition

Some Important Definitions (a) 29

Some Important Definitions (b) 29

Conclusion 32

BIBLOGRAPHY 33
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Classical set theory formulated by George Cantor, German mathematician,

(1845-1918) is multi-dimensional tool used to build mathematical models of
various phenomena

In twentieth century, mathematicians defined the concepts of sets and functions

to represent problems. In many circumstances the solutions using this concept are
meaningless. This difficulty was overcome by the fuzzy concept. Almost all
mathematical, Engineering, Medicine, etc. concepts have been redefined using
fuzzy sets. In mathematics a set, by definition is a collection of things that belong
to some definition. Any item either belongs to the set or does not belong to that
set and every item is associated with a characteristic function, where a
characteristic function is a mapping from the universal set U to the set {0, 1}. A
fuzzy set is defined in terms of a membership function which is a mapping from
the universal set U to the interval [0,1]. A characteristic function is a special case
of a membership function and a regular set is a special case of a fuzzy set. Thus,
the concept of a fuzzy set is a natural generalization of the concept of standard
set theory. Thus, fuzzy set extended the basic mathematical concept-set. In view
of the fact that set theory is the cornerstone of modern mathematics, a new and
more general framework of mathematics was established. Fuzzy mathematics is
just a kind of mathematics developed in this framework, and fuzzy topology is
just a kind of topology developed on fuzzy sets. Fuzzy topology is a
generalization of topology in classical mathematics, but it also has its own marked
characteristics. Also, it can deepen the understanding of basic structure of
classical mathematics, offer new methods and results, and obtain significant
results of classical mathematics. Fuzzy topological spaces was introduced in 1968
by C.L.Chang as a generalization of topological spaces. The paper was published
2|Page

in1968 under the title ‘‘Fuzzy topological spaces”. This was the beginning of
fuzzy topology. This paper by C.L. Chang attracted mathematicians all over the
globe and the ball began to roll. Here is what we see today. Google scholar lists
1335 papers with title “fuzzy topology” or “fuzzy topological spaces”, and
Google Books lists 132 books with title “fuzzy topology” or “fuzzy topological
spaces”.

It is amazing, but true, that the human race didn’t really know how to think
logically about infinity until about 1880. And even then, Cantor was driven to his
discoveries almost by accident. He wanted to prove an uncountably long
sequence of theorems about Fourier series. But then, he had to work out what
“uncountably long sequence” could possibly mean. And that led to set theory. So:
what does it mean to say that two infinite sets have the same number of elements?
Or that one set is bigger than another.

The purpose of using sets is used to represent collection of similar/relevant

objects. In maths, we usually represent a group of numbers like a group of natural
numbers, collection of rational numbers, etc. It's a useful tool for formation and
reasoning about computation and the Computer Science has its roots.

From the beginning of fuzzy sets, criticism was made about the fact that the
membership function of a fuzzy set has no uncertainty associated with it,
something that seems to contradict the word fuzzy, since that word has the
connotation of much uncertainty. The concept of fuzzy subset was introduced and
studied by Lotfi.A.Zadeh in the year 1965

The subsequent research activities in this area have found applications in many
branches of science. Many researchers like C.L.Chang , S.S Benchalli ,
K.K.Azad, A.N. Zahren and many others have contributed to the development of
fuzzy topological spaces.
3|Page

Chapter 2

Definitions of classical sets

➢ Set is a collection of objects (referred as its members). Let’s suppose ‘t’ be

any element in the discourse of universe if ‘t’ belongs within our collection,
then t is called member of that set, otherwise it is not a member of that set.
➢ Set is collection of well-defined objects.

Notation of Sets

Sets are mainly represented in two forms

Tabular form

In this form, a set is represented by listing all the elements comprising it. The
elements are enclosed within braces and separated by commas.

Following are the examples of set in Roster or Tabular Form:

• Set of vowels in English alphabet, A = {a, e, i, o, u}

• Set of odd numbers less than 10, B = {1,3,5,7,9}

Set builder’s form

In this form, the set is defined by specifying a property that elements of the set
have in common. The set is described as

A = {x: p(x)}

Example 1

The set {a, e, i, o, u} is written as

A = {x: x is a vowel in English alphabet}

4|Page

Example 2

The set {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} is written as

B = {x: 1 ≤ x < 10 and (x/2) ≠ 0}

If an element x is a member of any set S, it is denoted by x ∈ S and if an element

y is not a member of set S, it is denoted by y ∉ S.

Example 3

If S = {1,1.2,1.7,2}, 1 ∈ S but 1.5 ∉ S

REMARK

Following points should be considered while representing a set

• A set is denoted by a capital letter. Example set A, set B, set N etc.

• The elements of a set are denoted by small letters. ...like a, b, c etc
• In set notation, elements are not repeated. Example A = {a, a} isn’t
allowed.
• The order of elements in a set does not matter.

Examples of Sets

1.Students of JKIMS

2.Collection of fruits

3.Set of natural numbers

4.Set of irrational numbers

5.Set of whole numbers

6.Set of rational numbers

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7. {x: x ∈ real numbers}

8.Set of Hindi songs in playlist

Etc.

OPERATIONS ON CLASSICAL SETS

For two sets A and B and Universe X

Union

If two sets A and B are given, then the union of A and B is equal to the set that
contains all the elements present in set A and set B. This operation can be
represented as

A ∪ B = {x: x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

Where x is the elements present in both sets A and B.

Example

If set 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} and B = {6,7}

Then, Union of sets

A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }

This operation is also called logical OR

Intersection

If two sets A and B are given, then the intersection of A and B is the subset of
universal set U, which consist of elements common to both A and B. It is denoted
by the symbol ‘∩’. This operation is represented by

A ∩ B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
6|Page

Where x is the common element of both sets A and B.

This operation is also called logical AND.

Complement

If U is a universal set and X is any subset of U then the complement of X is the

set of all elements of the set U apart from the elements of X.

X′ = {a: a ∈ U and a ∉ A}

Example

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

A = {1, 2, 5, 6}

Then, A′ is

A′ = {3, 4, 7, 8}

Difference
If there are two sets A and B, then the difference of two sets A and B is equal to
the set which consists of elements present in A but not in B. It is represented by
A-B.

Example: If 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and 𝐵 = {6, 7} are two sets.

Then, the difference of set A and set B is given by;

𝐴 − 𝐵 ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

We can also say, that the difference of set A and set B is equal to the intersection
of set A with the complement of set B. Hence,

A − B = A ∩ B′
7|Page

PROPERTIES OF CLASSICAL SETS

For two sets A and B and Universe X, then

1.Commutativity

Intersection and union of sets satisfy the commutative property.

A∩B = B∩A

A∪B = B∪A

2.Associativity
Intersection and union of sets satisfy the associative property.

(A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)

(A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)

3.Distributivity
Intersection and union of sets satisfy the distributive property.

A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)

A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

4.Idempotency
A∩A = A

A∪ A = A

5. Identity

A∪ ∅ =A

A∩U = A
8|Page

6.Transitivity

This property provides the following state for the finite sets A, B and C

if

A ⊆ B

B ⊆ C,

Then

A ⊆ C
9|Page

Chapter 3

FUZZY WORDS

The 'Fuzzy' word means ‘Ambiguity’ or ‘Vagueness’ the things that are not clear
or are vague. The meaning and use of such words is not clear yet. Sometimes, we
cannot decide in real life that the given problem or statement is either true or false.
At that time, this concept provides many values between the true and false and
gives the flexibility to find the best solution to that problem.

Examples of fuzzy words

Words like young, tall, good or high are fuzzy.

1. There is no single quantitative value which defines the term young.

2. For some people, age 25 is young, and for others, age 30 is young.
3. The concept young have no clean boundary.
4. Age 30 has some possibility of being young and usually depends on the
context in which it is being considered.

BASIC DEFINITION OF FUZZY SETS

A classical (crisp) set is normally defined as a collection of elements or objects

x ∈ X that can be finite, countable or un countable. Each single element can

either belong to or not belong to a set A, A ∈ X. In the former case, the statement
"x belongs to A" is true, whereas in the latter case this statement is false.

Such a classical set can be described in different ways: one can either enumerate
(list) the elements that belong to the set; describe the set analytically, for instance,
by stating conditions for membership (A = {x ∈ X: x < 5}); or define the
member elements by using the characteristic function, in which 1 indicates
membership and 0 non-membership. For a fuzzy set, the characteristic function
allows various degrees of membership for the elements of a given set
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Definition 1

[1]
If X is a collection of objects denoted generically by x, then a fuzzy set A in X
is a set of ordered pairs

A = {(x, μA(x)): x ∈ X}

𝜇A(x) is called the membership function or grade of membership (also degree of

compatibility or degree of truth) of x in A that maps X to the membership space
M (When M contains only the two points 0 and 1, A is nonfuzzy and 𝜇A(x) is
identical to the characteristic function of a nonfuzzy set). The range of the
membership function is a subset of the nonnegative real numbers whose
supremum is finite. Elements with a zero degree of membership are normally not
listed

Definition 2

[2]
A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership.
Such a set is characterized by a membership (characteristic) function which
assigns to each object a grade of membership ranging between zero and one.

Fuzzy set is expressed as a function and the elements of the set are mapped into
their degree of membership. A set with the fuzzy boundaries is “hot”, “medium”
or “cold” for temperature.

A class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership ranging between 0

and 1, differ from Boolean or crisp sets which are limited to only values of 1 or
0.
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Example of Fuzzy Logic

1. “I will buy an ice cream if today is warm”. As the statement is imprecise.

The word “warm” Fuzzy logic approach to approximate imprecise
reasoning.

2. “I will bath today if water is hot”. Statement being imprecise, as word “hot”
is included. Logic diagram follows as
12 | P a g e

3. I will drive fast if 25% of the sky is cloudy and the temp is 65𝐹 If it’s
sunny and warm, I will drive Fast. If it’s cloudy and cool, I will drive
slowly.

APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY SETS

Fuzzy logic has been used in numerous applications such as facial pattern
recognition, air conditioners, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, antiskid
braking systems, transmission systems, control of subway systems and unmanned
helicopters, knowledge-based systems for multi objective optimization of power
systems, weather forecasting systems, models for new product pricing or project
risk assessment, medical diagnosis and treatment plans, and stock trading. Fuzzy
logic has been successfully used in numerous fields such as control systems
engineering, image processing, power engineering, industrial automation,
robotics, consumer electronics, and optimization. This branch of mathematics has
instilled new life into scientific fields that have been dormant for a long time.
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The objective is to explore the advances of fuzzy logic in a large number of real-
life applications and commercial products in a variety of fields. Although fuzzy
logic has applications in a number of different areas, it is not yet known to people
unfamiliar with intelligent systems how it can be applied in different products
that are currently available in the market.

Some of its applications are given as follows:

o It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control of spacecraft and

satellites.
o It has been used in the automotive system for speed control, traffic control.
o It is used for decision-making support systems and personal evaluation in
the large company business.
o It has application in the chemical industry for controlling the pH, drying,
chemical distillation process.
o Fuzzy logic is used in Natural language processing and various intensive
applications in Artificial Intelligence.
o Fuzzy logic is extensively used in modern control systems such as expert
systems.
o Fuzzy Logic is used with Neural Networks as it mimics how a person
would make decisions, only much faster. It is done by Aggregation of data
and changing it into more meaningful data by forming partial truths as
Fuzzy sets.

For many people, the engineering and scientific meaning of the word fuzzy is still
fuzzy.

[3] Some major works on fuzzy logic applications are as follows

➢ In “Detection and elimination of a potential fire in engine and battery

compartments of hybrid electric vehicles” by M. S. Dattathreya et al.
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They also present the simulation results for detecting potential fires and
determining the actions for eliminating them.

➢ In “Comparison of detection and classification algorithms using Boolean

and fuzzy techniques” by R. Dixit and H. Singh the authors compare various
logic analysis methods and present results for a hypothetical target
classification scenario.

They show how pre-processing can reasonably preserve result confidence and
compare the results between Boolean, multi-quantization Boolean, and fuzzy
techniques.

➢ In “BDD, BNN, and FPGA on fuzzy techniques for rapid system analysis”
by R. Dixit and H. Singh.

The authors look at techniques to simplify data analysis of large multivariate

military sensor systems.

➢ In “A fuzzy pre-processing module for optimizing the access network

selection in wireless networks” by F. Kaleem et al.

The authors present the design and implementation of a fuzzy multicriteria

scheme for vertical handoff necessity estimation. Their method determines the
proper time for vertical handoff while considering the continuity and quality of
the currently utilized service and end-user satisfaction.

➢ In “A soft computing approach to crack detection and impact source

identification with field-programmable gate array implementation” by A.
M. Dixit and H. Singh.

The authors present a fuzzy inference system to automate crack detection and
present their work on a microchip for automated CDISI.
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➢ In “Analysis of adaptive fuzzy technique for multiple crack diagnosis of

faulty beam using vibration signatures” by A. K. Dash.

The author proposes a method for multi-crack detection of structure using a fuzzy
Gaussian technique.

➢ In “Effect of road traffic noise pollution on human work efficiency in

government offices, private organizations, and commercial business centres
in Agartala city using fuzzy expert system: a case study” by D. Pal and D.
Bhattacharya.

The authors examine the reduction in human work efficiency due to growing
road traffic noise pollution. Using fuzzy logic, they monitor and model
disturbances from vehicular road traffic and the effect on personal work
performance.

➢ In “A Hybrid approach to failure analysis using stochastic petri nets and

ranking generalized fuzzy numbers” by A. D. Torshizi and J. Parvizian.

The authors present an innovative failure analysis approach that combines the
flexibility of fuzzy logic with the structural properties of stochastic Petri nets.
This algorithm has a diverse range of industrial applications.

➢ In “Excluded-mean-variance neural decision analyser for qualitative group

decision making” by K.-Y. Song et al.

The authors introduce an innovative mean-variance neural approach for group

decision making in uncertain situations.

➢ In “Warren, McCain, and Obama needed fuzzy sets at presidential forum”

by A. M. G. Solo.

The author shows how an understanding of fuzzy logic is needed to properly ask
and answer queries about defining imprecise linguistic terms.
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Fuzzy set example – Real world problem representation

This article talks about the fuzzy set example. As discussed in the previous article
about fuzzy set, many natural phenomena can easily be modelled using fuzzy set.
Some of the examples are discussed here to make the understanding clearer.

Crisp representation has limitation of not being able to incorporate partial

membership of element. In real world, many times, element may belong to
multiple sets with different membership values. Specifically, when we represent
concepts using linguistic variables.

For example, if we have three linguistic representations for the temperature –

called cool, nominal and warm, then depending upon value, temperature ‘t’ has
different membership in all three sets. The temperature value t = 5 might have
membership value 0.7 in cool set, 0.3 in nominal set and 0 in warm set. Because,
5 degree is considered quite cool but it’s not warm at all, so its membership value
in cool set would be high, where is it will be very low in warm set

Few examples of fuzzy set are discussed here for better understanding.
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Example-1

Let us try to represent the concept 2 or so using fuzzy set. We can use different
functions to model this concept. Same number can take different membership
values (fuzzy value) based on the membership function used to assign the
membership to the number.

Following figure represents the concept 2 or so using three different membership

function. All three functions are modelled using different gaussians. We can
observe the membership value of elements 1, 2, 3 and 4 for each of the
membership function

A = {2 or so}

Membership value of few elements for fuzzy set A is,

𝜇𝐴 (1) = 0.5, 𝜇𝐴 (2) = 1.0, 𝜇𝐴 (3) = 0.5, 𝜇𝐴 (4) = 0.0

In set notation, we can combine them all together as,

𝐴 = 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐0.51 + 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐1.02 + 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐0.53 + 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐0.04

In this representation, denominator denotes element of the sets, and numerator

denotes membership value of corresponding element.
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Alternatively, we can represent the fuzzy set using tuple notation as,

A = {(1, 0.3), (2,1.0), (3, 0.3), (4, 0.0)}

In each tuple, first value represents element of the set, and second value represents
its membership in the set.

In similar way, the membership value assigned by second function would be,

B = {(1, 0.7), (2,1.0), (3, 0.7), (4, 0.2)}

And finally, the third function will assign membership value to the elements as
shown below:

𝐶 = {(1, 0.9), (2,1.0), (3, 0.9), (4, 0.4)}

As we can see that, same elements have different membership value for different
function.

It is quite obvious from the shape of the gaussians that if element is in the centre
of gaussian, it will be assigned highest membership value, and as we move away,
the membership value decreases. As the spread of gaussian increases, the more
and more elements fall in the set and the elements near to edges assigned smaller
and smaller membership value.

Example –2

Let us consider age is to be represented using fuzzy set. We will be using two
fuzzy sets Young and Very Young to represent different age range.

A = {young} ∈ [0, 90]

B = {Very Young} ∈ [0, 60]

Let us see, how the membership value is affected by two different functions. As
of now, the mathematical description of both fuzzy sets is not important, but as a
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human, we can easily map that if the range of young set is from 0 to 90, then as
we move away from 0, they young Ness will keep decreasing and become 0 at
the age 90.

The age 30 is in upper half of the entire range and hence it has higher membership
value for being considered as young.

For set Very Young, the range is from 0 to 60, so age 30 is at the centre and hence
it’s obvious it takes membership value 0.5.

As we can see from the diagram, person with age 30 has membership 0.9 in set
Young, where as it is 0.5 in set Very Young.

FUZZY SET OPERATIONS

Fuzzy operations are very useful in the design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller. It
allows the manipulation of fuzzy variables by different means. Fuzzy operations
are very useful in the design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller. It allows the
manipulation of fuzzy variables by different means.

Let A and B be two fuzzy set which is defined on X, where X defined the
universal set.
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Union

In the case of the union of crisp sets, we simply have to select repeated elements

only once. In the case of fuzzy sets, when there are common elements in both the
fuzzy sets, we should select the element with the maximum membership value.

The union of fuzzy sets A and B is a fuzzy set C, written as C = A ∪ B

C = A ∪ B = {(x, μA∪B (x)) | ∀x ∈ X}

μC (x) = μA∪B (x) = μA (x) ∨ μB (x)

μC (x) = max(μA (x), μB (x)), ∀x ∈ X

Graphically, we can represent union operations as follows:

Red and Blue membership functions represent the fuzzy value for elements in
sets A and B, respectively. Wherever these fuzzy functions overlap, we have to
consider the point with maximum membership value.

fuzzy union
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Examples of fuzzy union

C = A ∪ B = {(x, μA∪B (x)) | ∀x ∈ X}

A = {(x1 , 0.2), (x2 , 0.5), (x3 , 0.6), (x4 , 0.8), (x5 , 1.0)}

B = {(x1 , 0.8), (x2 , 0.6), (x3, 0.4), (x4 , 0.2), (x5 , 0.1)}

μA∪B ( x1 ) = max( μA (x1 ), μB (x1 ) ) = max { 0.2, 0.8 } = 0.8

μA∪B (x2 ) = max( μA (x2 ), μB (x2 ) ) = max { 0.5, 0.6 } = 0.6

μA∪B (x3 ) = max( μA (x3 ), μB (x3 ) ) = max { 0.6, 0.4 } = 0.6

μA∪B (x4 ) = max(μA (x4 ), μB (x4 ) ) = max { 0.8, 0.2 } = 0.8

μA∪B (x5 ) = max( μA (x5 ), μB (x5 ) ) = max { 1.0, 0.1 } = 1.0

Therefore,

C = A ∪ B = {(x1 , 0.8), (x2 , 0.6), (x3 , 0.6), (x4 , 0.8), (x5 , 1.0)}

Intersection

In the case of the intersection of crisp sets, we simply have to select common
elements from both sets. In the case of fuzzy sets, when there are common
elements in both the fuzzy sets, we should select the element with minimum
membership value.

The intersection of two fuzzy sets A and B is a fuzzy set C, written as

C = A ∩ B

C = A ∩ B = {(x, μA∩B (x)) | ∀x ∈ X}

μC (x) = (μA∩B (x)) = μA (x) ⋀ μB (x)

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μC (x) = min(μA (x), μB (x)), ∀x ∈ X

Graphically, we can represent the intersection operation as follows:

Red and blue membership functions represent the fuzzy value for elements in sets
A and B, respectively. Wherever these fuzzy functions overlap, we have to
consider the point with the minimum membership value.

fuzzy intersection

Examples of fuzzy intersection

C = A ∩ B = {(x, μA∩B (x)) | ∀x ∈ X}

A = {(x1 , 0.2), (x2 , 0.5), (x3, 0.6), (x4 , 0.8), (x5, 1.0)}

B = {(x1 , 0.8), (x2 , 0.6), (x3, 0.4), (x4, 0.2), (x5, 0.1)}

μA∩B (x1 ) = min( μA (x1 ), μB (x1 ) ) = min { 0.2, 0.8 } = 0.2

μA∩B (x2 ) = min( μA (x2 ), μB (x2 ) ) = min{ 0.5, 0.6 } = 0.5

μA∩B (x3 ) = min( μA (x3 ), μB (x3 ) ) = min { 0.6, 0.4 } = 0.4

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μA∩B (x4 ) = min( μA (x4 ), μB (x4 ) ) = min { 0.8, 0.2 } = 0.2

μA∩B (x5 ) = min( μA (x5 ), μB (x5 ) ) = min { 1.0, 0.1 } = 0.1

So, A ∩ B = {(x1 , 0.2), (x2 , 0.5), (x3 , 0.4), (x4 , 0.2), (x5 , 0.1)}

Complement

Fuzzy complement is identical to crisp complement operation. Membership value

of every element in the fuzzy set is complemented with respect to 1, i.e., it is
subtracted from 1.

The complement of fuzzy set A, is denoted by 𝐴𝐶 , is defined as

AC = {(x, μCA (x)) | ∀x ∈ X}

AC (x) = 1 – μA (x)

fuzzy complement
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Examples of fuzzy complement

AC (x) = 1 – μA (x)

AC = (x1 , 0.2), (x2 , 0.5), (x3 , 0.6), (x4 , 0.8), (x5 , 1.0)}

AC = {(x1 , 0.8), (x2 , 0.5), (x3 , 0.4), (x4 , 0.2), (x5 , 0.0)}

A ⋃ AC = { (x1 , 0.8), (x2 , 0.5), (x3 , 0.6), (x4 , 0.8), (x5 , 1.0) } ≠ X

A ∩ AC = { (x1 , 0.2), (x2 , 0.5), (x3 , 0.4), (x4 , 0.2), (x5 , 0.0) } ≠ Φ

Unlike crisp sets, fuzzy sets do not hold the law of contradiction and law of
excluded middle.

PROPERTIES OF FUZZY SETS

Involution

Involution states that the complement of complement is set itself.

(𝐴′)′ = 𝐴

Commutativity
Operations are called commutative if the order of operands does not alter the
result. Fuzzy sets are commutative under union and intersection operations.
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𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∪ 𝐴
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴

Associativity

Associativity allows to change the order of operations performed on operand;

however relative order of operand cannot be changed. All sets in equation must
appear in the identical order only. Fuzzy sets are associative under union and
intersection operations.

A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C

A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C

Distributivity

A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)

A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

Absorption

Absorption produces the identical sets after stated union and intersection
operations.

A ∪ (A ∩ B) = A

A ∩ (A ∪ B) = A

Idempotency / Tautology

Idempotency does not alter the element or the membership value of elements in
the set

𝐴 ∪ 𝐴 = 𝐴

𝐴 ∩ 𝐴 = 𝐴
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Identity

A ∪ ϕ = A

A ∩ ϕ = ϕ

A ∪ X = X

A ∩ X = A

Transitivity

If

𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵

and

𝐵 ⊆ 𝐶

Then

𝐴 ⊆ 𝐶

De Morgan’s Law

De Morgan’s Laws can be stated as

▪ The complement of a union is the intersection of the complement of

individual sets

▪ The complement of intersection is the union of the complement of

individual sets

(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′

(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
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TOPOLOGY OF FUZZY SETS

Topology which is a basic mathematical discipline was not coined until 1930s.
But now it has influenced almost every branch of pure mathematics especially
geometry and analysis and some of the applied too. This word derives from two
Greek words, and its literal meaning is “the science of position”. For some time
now, topology has been firmly established as one of the basic disciplines of pure
mathematics. It has also deeply stimulated the abstract algebra and fuzzy
mathematics.

General topology was one of the first branches of pure mathematics to which
fuzzy sets have been applied systematically. It was in 1968, that is three years
after Zadeh’s paper on fuzzy sets, Chang made the first grafting of the notion of
a fuzzy set onto general topology. This paper was followed by others in which
topological type structures for fuzzy set systems were considered. Since the early
eighties, the intensity of research in the area of fuzzy topology has increased
sharply, and we can see the development in the area of fuzzy topology in the past
two decades.

Basic Ideas and Definition:

Suppose X be a non-empty set. Then, a collection of subsets of X namely 𝜏 is

called topology if it satisfies the following conditions:

(i) X and φ belong to 𝜏.

(ii) Arbitrary union of sets in 𝜏 belongs to 𝜏.

(iii) Finite intersection of sets in 𝜏 belongs to 𝜏.

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If 𝜏 is a topology on X, then the pair (X, 𝜏) is called a topological space. The

notation 𝑋𝜏 may be used to denote a set X endowed with the particular
topology 𝜏.

Example

For any subsets of 𝑋 = {1,2,3,4,5}

𝜏1 = {𝑋, 𝜑, {1}, {3,4}, {1,3,4}, {2,3,4,5}}

𝜏2 = {𝑋, 𝜑, {1}, {3,4}, {1,3,4}, {2,3,4}}

𝜏3 = {𝑋, 𝜑, {1}, {3,4}, {1,3,4}, {1,2,4,5}}

We noticed that 𝜏1 is a topology on X but 𝜏2 and 𝜏3 is not a topology on X.

Since 𝜏1 satisfies the necessary two conditions (i), (ii) and (iii).

Whereas in 𝜏2 , the union {1,3,4}{2,3,4} = {1,2,3,4} doesn’t belong to 𝜏2 .

Intersection {1,3,4}{1,2,4,5} = {1,4} of two sets in 𝜏3 does not belong to 𝜏3 i.e.,

𝜏2 and 𝜏3 does not satisfy the condition (ii) and (iii).

The members of 𝜏 are called open sets in X. A subset of X is said to be closed if

its complement is in 𝜏 (that is, its complement is open). A subset of X may be
open, closed, both, or neither. The empty set and X itself are always both closed
and open.

C.L. CHANG has given the definition of a neighbourhood of a fuzzy set A as. A
fuzzy set U in a fts (X, T) is a neighbourhood of a fuzzy set A if and only if there
exists an open fuzzy set 0 such that A ⊂ 0 ⊂ U

As in general topology, the indiscrete fuzzy topology contains only φ and 𝑋,

while the discrete fuzzy topology contains all fuzzy sets.
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Some Important Definitions(a)

• Interior of a fuzzy set

Let (X, 𝜏) be a fuzzy topological space and let 𝐴 = {𝑥, µ𝐴 (𝑥)} be a fuzzy set
in X. Then interior of a fuzzy set A is defined as union of all open subsets
contained in A, denoted by int(A) and is defined as follows

𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐴) = {𝑃: 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ≤ 𝐴}

• Closure of fuzzy set

Let (X, 𝜏) be a fuzzy topological space and 𝐴 = {𝑥, µ(𝑥); 𝑥𝜖 𝑋} be a fuzzy set in
X. Then fuzzy closure of A is defined by

𝐶𝑙(𝐴) = {𝐺: 𝐺 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑧𝑧𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 ≤ 𝐺}

• Fuzzy Boundary

Let A be a fuzzy set in fuzzy topological space X. Then,

the fuzzy boundary of A is defined as,

𝐵𝑑(𝐴) = 𝑐𝑙(𝐴) ∩ 𝑐𝑙 (𝐴𝐶 ).

Some Important Definitions(b)

Fuzzy Semi-Open and Fuzzy Semi-Closed Sets [4] Let 𝜆 be a fuzzy set in an fts
(𝑋, 𝜏). Then 𝜆 is called a fuzzy semi-open set of X, if there exists a 𝜈∈ 𝜏 such that
𝜈 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 𝐶𝑙𝜈 A fuzzy set 𝜇 is fuzzy semi-closed if and only if its complement μ
C is fuzzy semi-open. The class of all fuzzy semi-open (resp., fuzzy semi-closed)
sets in X is denoted by FSO (X) (resp., FSC (X)). A fuzzy set A is said to be fuzzy
semi-open set if and only if there exists a fuzzy open set ν such that
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𝜈 ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 𝐶𝑙(𝜈), equivalently 𝐶𝑙𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐴) ≥ 𝐴. And A is called a fuzzy semi

closed set if 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝐶𝑙(𝐴) ≤ 𝐴.

Definition 3.1. [4] A fuzzy set λ of a fts X is called fuzzy regular open set of X if
int(cl(λ)) = λ.

Definition 3.2. [5] A fuzzy set λ of a fts X is called fuzzy regular closed set of X
if, Cl (Int(λ)) = λ.

Definition 3.3. [5] A fuzzy set α of a fuzzy topological space X is said to be a

fuzzy regular semi open set-in fts X if there exists a fuzzy regular open set δ in X
such that 𝛿 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝑐𝑙(𝛿).

Definition 3.4. [3] A subset A of a space X is

(i) generalized closed (g-closed) if Cl(A) ⊆ U whenever A⊆U and U is

open in X.
(ii) generalized open (g-open) if X/A is g-closed in X.

Definition 3.5. If A is a subset of X,

(i) The generalized closure of A is defined as the intersection of all g-closed

sets in X containing A and is denoted by 𝐶𝑙 ∗ (𝐴).
(ii) The generalized interior of A is defined as the union of all g-open sets in
X that are contained in A and is denoted by Int*(A).

Definition 3.6. [3] A subset A of X is called regular (r-open) set if,

𝐴 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑐𝑙(𝐴)) and regular (r-closed) set if 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑙(𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝐴)).

Definition 3.7. [5] A fuzzy set λ ∈ I X is called fuzzy w-closed in fts (X, 𝜏) if
𝑐𝑙(𝜆) ≤ µ whenever 𝜆 ≤ µ and µ is fuzzy semi-open in (X, τ).

Definition 3.8. [3]A subset A of X is called pre-open set if 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑐𝑙(𝐴)) and

pre-closed set if A ⊆ cl(int(A)).
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Definition 3.9. [3]A subset A of a space (X, τ) is said to be semi-regular open if

it is both semi-open and semi-closed.
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Conclusion

Understanding fuzzy sets and their applications is the main goal of this project.
By reviewing the literature of fuzzy sets, we came to know that currently
research is going at a good pace in this area of mathematics and the applications
of these fuzzy sets have revolutionized the world, so this area can be a good
choice for our future research.
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BIBLOGRAPHY

[1] L.A.Zadeh on Fuzzy Sets information and control 8, 338-353 (1965).

[2] C. L. Chang on Fuzzy Topological spaces journal of mathematical analysis
and applications 24,182-190(1968).
[3] Sanjay Mishra, Nitin Bhardwaj and Varun Joshi on Topological Spaces
Journal of Math. Analysis, Vol. 6, 2012, no. 39, 1939 – 1952.

[4] K. K. Azad on Fuzzy Semi continuity, Fuzzy Almost Continuity and Fuzzy
Weakly Continuity Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 82, 14-
32(1981).

[5] A. N. Zahren, J. Fuzzy Math. 2(1994), 579-586.

[6] Jin Hahn Park and Jin Keun Park on regular generalized fuzzy closed sets and
generalizations of fuzzy continuous functions Math.,34(7):1013-1024, July 2003.