Ho dule / 2, Wisene Randam Vanobtes je ai, “dias 2 Renclem _expesiment Random expeament KS an expemment eurf More Ban. CNR posse outcome + The outcome Of the expemment Cannot, be predected ont, Cervfagn before. cf ig run: But whe Set posh out comes ka cod) lefinsd Set, Called the. Sam Jo Space usual denoteq., dy. 2 “1 Ran dom + ee cs om expernenl cat d @ JE canbe wpeabid any number B fame s enctar din heal Gndihiens @ F has more than one outeme th any frac G) Hd not poribG fo Predict hx em D Pesiog 2 corr hl hho f4ead, par! } Aromples ) expeiment tosting Q@ ke: and Obwewing which numba ferns up Seornple pda” => fans 45.8} D kxpesimend of Pile too vdhice and oberg Cob'ch Num ber each of thom fur UP + Them are 36 posseble gutcomes and fi Pog ode — Can Se unten as r= 4) Jy 939 ng 4) 4 Coen a fossed - unk] bead hirns Up» Me Sampa Spaw of bis expenment May be Uno 0 STITH, The eth ct — Sam ple spac dg Coun tabyy efen leD Repeaiment of dounting eHpha particles | Omid “by “a “Fad'o,achue Substance ae QA fered period % feene The Sample Space Ud = {Billede . ' whroh os Coun ta thy ingen & R ae Eexeeaninr | ABipedticeens ae = fame. SH am “elected bulb” 'P Selected “Fern — Te00.e bulbs Present &y hore = ey Boy ron negahve “real namber aid ict 6e On outcome , ‘o Me "Sam ple ca ties YN = [0 0). ya tahach a ~Uncotin tally mfeni ein een Se a hep vr be re Sample spac ce a ends expupment An eray HAS) 3 oubset ihe Sample Spaw 2. Bias ca ond UL) ar%e subs Q 0 Suen ie he aie get g qu eo beth of Herd Ox my oo the ge ts called ee vent or Ful vent . an sy cal. Sure events of - ’ Ramp &s i CK experiment Polleng. two the event. that the Sam % Ihe foes ob a roy ee iC hh pee (Bir 0 Shion 30 aceMcample 2 Jy tha example % emission of alpha parhetes Ihe, event xX "mare Ran 4 particles are ermbed, #9 One mina” 69 he. Subtel- £- S454. a Cf Ae Sample span - ; Gm bining Cvents a ) %% a and B Are ang ie aR eet Sich a PEN OAM ore Ba _umen o% and eo ’ ton events % Orn experiment of. ol _duttomes contishog BvQ di called Srp lat dhe event (consisting of Oubtomes bot, io A and Bete denoted by 40B Qnd & Called @ tolerstetos Be og Arana B. he A and B have yo outtomes KB = $%, & Ce, Sey thar 4 and B ave mateally MD Cmmom’ | Cxclu sive. or Ai'Spont : : “mectaally C21 Ih She occurence g : : : To eee ere a af eames e even? SSA h E-comes tw) which are Noth ane) event Aen cs called [he and’ denoted by Bio 4°. ) Gm plement of A Rob aabely He Ghroduie Re tunel of : probable ob an autot Ihe degree Q Itkelebheod as & Numen'cal measure & of that event fo Occur when The random excpeminent ys peopomed : We contact Be experiment. @ (args number fires CS IY PD demes ) umoler dentreal eondittons, the NurrBer ef. fines @ porteulay and oAsexve + Lvent & ‘occurs (Say £ Ames); Than, Wt Tatroee 1's Thy , Catfes) tke relate freguedey © 6 Bain gq Ke hmsteng Wace ey Php Sn “Seb & kg Calle of We Prrbaby lily rp ‘E Cand’ — Aenoted by PE). , 3h te, | al 5 ai L%) r id cee By oe nitron. : : OX” Re ae a A * 5. cot eh Me Dumber PE).- Can she reparclig Qs a YNumenial Measure of the »Possebelity CB... Ae x Orgborense CR he event & te ) SR es olefeniihes oe Poo bl * + Pr: . de: the samp pace > “Sen Nu Yan dom experiment - Any real Valen - unchon © Pj rwdreh ASH ANS to eve t event” ies of has Qa read num ber PCR), : “ig called "al prrbdab ile Bencton , ae ER Sati shes the Plan Ve Ax10m S$ ee Grom | ( Non~ nega ftv : 133 +o } 04 KE) < | a . \ above He Gao thas, 3 Mar iMIC . « eT POA) = ’ IR te cick, Nellie) SD Set yh ee . = gk ay be an Se ; uo” exe ae Snes Nein P(O:)= ere)RE) ic called the proba bridy op whe events. Rett det Ur ba. Whe Sample space Ba romndom expeiment aod. A.ard B be any fy events wy SL. Fen a P@-0 @) Pe APs 1 Pe @) Pomus ¢ y PO)+ ABs PCAOB) CAdditon Theorern of probably) G) % Ara, Reo ABSPH og == ee 7 Pixs of @) Sou WY px VL , we; Soave Play g)* Pia) Af. WM and g ane matsolly excluscve events sO bon %, oe hie! Pla) - Pred) = POR) + AG) =| Fp-o 0) The evens A omd os Bg o8 exclusive Ghd .AUA = 2 _ By Onwm 3: POva) = RY © = Rar Wa) = PM). 1 = Pplh) = Ry eo ee Ce= LO ole pe nok nt even ts 4A set % events % Sarl fo be chobpendent one of terry olvés not or * nds BRceber nee of ‘é He OCcurrene & any aepend on Me occurrene | he offers: hy a Fe eee then - RE 410. F? independent ¢ ere ~ Fin) POW) Fag - Fa) exclAquolly ee Guttomes ti 4 Suppose Rat All oud-Comna axe €9 wally prbabl Tn 2) Ber Outcomes a wi #04 40h Dulerre hawie a Hiei Pee Ey tet zx an) Spa & \ Bsa g a Gow UU Suttomes ae equally tkelg atte aod Pw: ) = Cf @aonstant fy Ql Cat raniog eens 3 ; PQs) eee) (Potat probably), a, A pda . 4 ; PC =) indi & P Cw. Jus Yn teal es) ee — H-@ ranc™ expenment kas nh matually exclusives and equally [Kely ouf comes y Then he Probablity af cach ext outcome a % ch the Samph Space Suppose. ACM ‘ [8 on event fe: [out comes an mutually hawng ‘m’ pukComes 6 md ‘equally feel) 5 By Countable addshutty ) Then ey = & Pei obs bee Bm wee ADOT i ry teas) outcomes poy = [al Ne. Bhasstevgtn ble stline euantib pn] Tae ihe gene- -pehy'ch face te Furs up- we Simple aa D.~ $4, 7} 9 OE —————— _ = , Ram dom Vara bles : Begry 20% prep WH AK Shicty of Probabrlly J do Vanous Nure n'cal © Outcomes 5 because eS wae fhe PHAmeteal operatrons, 6” Fhem — yhmo Fo, cufcames of Other randem = ccs But not all random expenments pete Be Outcomes» how every h Me outcomes RFenumbes , we can eee handle dy asogneng numbees fo AE ao 3 : Us by Aepining cutable eal valuad fer On He sample a a Fx for example ‘4 we eonsyoler Ibe Expenment ef Pssing @ coed Gael obsenu, Sab Gyes Poss bG_outeon, fm head CH) Ad “tas! (TP) Babich ar Net Humbsras . : Nae nthe, ea * New, we define Q finan i x on Us. dey Hak Porved o vies 4 X@)= 1 ano. x)= 0 3s Uy, each, put. come ihe, ample spa LOE ae es “1 80™|e teal rams erRondem Variable (RV) ea Let UX be by Sample Pate Assoc'ated aah @ Jan dom EXP 20) men f Den a ed Tandom vanabe je a fenctron XV ap cohith aslouates Ab RV CuFCome BUA , Areal umber Xd Menuméms XG) fr wen are cated Values & Ke Fondom vanaby, . The Set of PosebG@ valuss QiiX 18 “called. te mange X Aemoted by & (” ee” a ee ai xR fem x X@ & wen} Tn ihe Above Said example 3 & = fo 1} Aa XGo)= x , The : ‘hneye The outcome Ww occurs, we Say Bat the random Vanabla @esumes' he Value x’. wees nee Instead ef wohng Xw)>% wdecatk that X assumss Mo-reat Vals % ; We We offen Cunt ace. Note perro fy nce Variables are denoted. bg Captor Tete X,Y “ete, and Her values 4y Small lesfers ney eros : ae <— Arormples ‘ en he ee @) ah Par o6 Ai'ce oe eG Kar ghotos Up Ax obfarnedher X be Me > anolom van abe : ‘ : he “Sam og he ‘numbin of ke is : Tu Re pang to <<" fas dal : XS assumes. Ae vate O93 . a a, X=3 Corre sponds to the fer whred peer ea ae aa Caper San fh y,@ aif ™ WQS Br yd Ay 24 A e & aaah a Rebx000- ~ fu, Pty TPH, WIM 8 fet X,.cunot Ke ae gb seit wh EO random Vian abt . wh oh may | a ay = rato chal poe frags —- } Ko BAO Nu &. oh oa ftp 37 Yes > seal ae oat ys whores Sta! ah\ 3 Ke exponent er counting i. alpha arkeles evwited Re mouk Oy a Yacko ye % a Pe esr ree Somes sgubstene | oe "nr = Dy te: a kt % denote es snumbea.. “4 alphe powes “Pe Poin , Hae a Sch 8 ee . Neate’ £ Pe bane mo sy ey a Son Ge ‘ aan veLL — by 4 H 3 wer are doseed: and lee xX Aenok jg rumbsr % Heads Ihe OG a Tandem Vancee with S.>t6, 54) Of * &S Bee Bonde, [he expunmanf | Consyste y oben ving Ihe Ke deme oe a lant Tandon ly picksel up brem a bof. Ne luge Pian as any real Valus 0 . Sample Spae = fo, ) He degcae a Fadom vornabe X as the Ife King ¥ a butd Picked up randomly Hn Se Sho, &) = Bicedeyen. Anetta randem Ta be a) A Htc adi ike baffeny we fe yee 2 EE ae 2 oe mere PS ° olksnunse 7 . I) Qiscn ee Ron dom vanab & #} random vaniabe’ xX! f Miter anohe Be PuNge KE SIS Pink o Gunta buy capenite . 4 . Gard fo bea Alscrete fy: ye Dumber J arrivals * a9 eoergeny spor Je/wein Midnight and 6.am. f 2) Te number, of pp licants foo gb D The Sumbe & mew Cases ™ of enfhunza- 5 % Prot ewiag Country 1 Ode month,0 rN Prvbabetity é. os Sink rindi ‘Vorb eee? freed ns 6 R, if maps 4 pubser Yo a. Stabsey Q MR. yn ints weg - “a ee subs 9 Foal Num bares 88 ch bpateeH 1 Of Oca dr ofri bates _ vert: , ket § bea uber ® ' and ure } lene lke Set ochre) eee cs Rat Xs) CA yen ih ve yr st EDTA ee © Bee eal ka oA “Mer "yak Fee /XeVENY PO) = pe) - P[ foes. kayenff % tae fo okie i. o, Oneae number, lin = xg) = fusea/xCy> xf a danobd as X= : and -toe Say Plx=x) as the Pr bath ty that w X eisumes Ike reo valus and d ogeuen by PO Ré)= Pf feca)xe)-> a. > % 7 tegny Heal number eats = PCKe>}) rg wf Mus) Plex = PP frefe f ux / ey £7} ond §X> x} =h we vr fs K(w) y7, aR complement Events : Braap: — Grgcler he %orndom expeninunt % pssing a pan of fore oct The Sample spre of * oxpesment 5s Oe $y y),UP), Gy an} her noleele” the smuishdie| head (s, «Bang X 2 random vanabh . wh: possible Valuss 0,1,2 we can woe X aa a funehen frm hb R eas ct - KEK GL = oo @ w= (7,7) : ory } poke (PRES SCH? or (ht) ; “ a ik w= (H, H) Bie bun WO, cutomes Oe equals, Ikely , @ack OukCome bas. the Same Prrbabrlty Vy : fr. a} means fiver/ Xl)> af=flrn) ws Te event, o peng bok Nkaehi22 $k ::: z=" PL 6) spall PCK=0) 5 Afwenr/ xo} =pf(rf = Ti Plx=) = nf ves fren = Pp) P&l-2) = Pc suen/ xs 2p = PIM B= % “Rint) = fee yor 4f)= A We Can, Gmpue- PCX=a) Br cheay Peake: Mex da) = ffuen/ 1 es apy = PC for) Gd, Gowdp) ‘peste i = P(fiwers | xa), y3} : = es = Oe . bese Be range, Seb Xe Ss Fyn] for any ofan Yea “PGe%) numby % : | Pliony 28 Gnd Toten Reyer =yX et Aigcoet Fomdemivarnable , ten warnge See K& 8 » fenite OF Counta bly MHfenik Den hr each Kee Soe here Aepened.a posrhve Valur for PCX =u) Sour Apes POkaxi) = | CS, Nove: Gy. Aefoiteen & Tandem Vanaba » we dave P=) = PO) P(fuen/ eGo ry , Gohan, & Me Sample spad sag the expenment # Let P(x = 2%) %) denote Me prbabeley that X fakes dhe values % OF ae PCX = %,%4) = PCK=%) + PCx= 0) Prof: Wee P(x: x) “AE )) 2 Fifer ein Ge) *9)) ee pie) = enprxtey->f) Be pC) =P) =P ee gE, and ‘S Gre Ahspoint Now the events @ Otherwise x wil] have “foo valuos at each e m Bok, ) ‘Which, 6 Not petsrble for a. func fien P(x =» 0) = P(Riuh) = P&)t re) P (X22) + PCX=%2)Reais wb FOX: ea, diderete® random eee fork Tange Sab g eahyoh) th feork or en oF Aer dygs 6 Se an, Ki probably X fakes any # ths values Iie 8 PC g rondo = POx= Yi) Probabriy Rincon or Pood abeltty. mass funcka CPme ) & @ digente Lt X be a adiscree RY corth range Sh & ek foi! ON ae zB GAAS, U4 3 Counfabe .coponite, es A Bscuimed 5 Ki Sct §%4/Xa1° ~~ | Sa Ree ‘ Sappose ese: values Ae assumed cwctk probabibes Qtven bg EGE =e) = Re) Mah tye We can introduce the prrbatbrlidy ts banckon ss pte) OS. pa= Px=2) oy avir.. alls “weal values x a tor oo i PC) = Px) aff = PIK=%e). And for olkin valuss 9x ) PRO ov = Jn gen nae | Be above functon Poy: Sahspes C) PO Xo GF RO= | “7 : eS,@ Another deporte g pmf = Ae x be a diserek random variabe wih range st Sa Tbe one p! R— 3 Port such ot Kt & cx) = POC =») e 5 is. se Olin wi% 5 called alc probably mass wit FPO =) Pe 18 : xeSy far ch ec ae ) Becnhts ane Eki (artitire Rueben) CCBF)® % a diserete RV: 7 x be a a disevet "gy - wth Range me Sy. The function Gra R Sy Pai] hog ned by FCO = pcx e”) =F ee x’) He CX MC So y . /§ galled Cumulative, Distibu tron Bichon COF) = Of xX: » < e ae ? for. AR ‘real. num ber ‘x’, pov b abclity that X asuumes Ke VA cnperval —d) , Fe) gues the luc, Mgae ee Propertes ee cle . CI) Onhop 26 Hexen @) Fay 2 re). ih 9S: ® Ee nom decrea slg ne, FCO c te quand 6 coith Wy = F@)~ FQ) p(x ea) -Fe)-fe @) Fea) = 0 Twet CH) For ony real nu! a =) KOON FOx) and % I$ Re .votue Ax 1p mediate Ig pon “a tohew Xk <% Q: Ms poscda Valuss Q o igen Rv X & 305% USS Pi all, Ke Valuss QW, equally Ukely , Find Mi = Pmr and COF of a find also Ihe probablides < PACKS 5) , "p xeas) ana PCA even’) Pas: Sing gh Mc Valuon gd x ae @p uc lly lee ly , We ™ay wnk PCX-k)=C hk : Ke 3o¥, a fe = Seo . to tol Probabchay iS bee DO k) = | Reh — | ic =] ae cs Veeplmakye Yoo oo Ay t= leit vee pme peg = 5 5 fr x 2b ¥ 4/4) 4 6 PUx= &) , of : Cor 4 9°70 he) = PCKe%) © Borst ) 241, Foo Fe) . R De fener Foo as yea FING BLUK4 HY Aen c& X75 plasx 24) = Px =2) 4 PCY cee aeQO eal Or ow Bee bah gph wo Rak pg Polloorrg (8 @ Valg prof % 4 disenle *V" es 0 8 3 Recop fafa ‘Ce Py a valid pmt o a disse FP») =] kn + &, es ky + ay atl Bkrakt deraraksy = | 6 rv a) A random Vvarnabe a he ee Got loom Prbabuldy Vv aledtndutcon’ > 2 Compute CG) Yalu 8 K @) PCd ex 42)* ( ) PCx<2) 4) - COF of xSra 2 Pox apr | yy < 4de have toy k+ @L aK : pat aa? t Ay 3k = J a Ss Yt bee! @ plex <9 = PLY 2 1) = ply =1) 4 Resor POM 0 SY Neth tHe = Tis - Y Ea +YetY so =i he Vee thar 1S oy a 15/39

1h) Vx: a i ¢ tr 1 XW) » No of rads. In Ww S the Posseb valuas QX Gre oe wy Ye foyrash. 5 P(e) . PCs) = P( zo bea de) eae 1 ~ PC emt 171) * Vp : \G (en PO) = PO=1) = PC One bead Alland) =P( wir, TAT, TH) p(2) 2 PCx=)" = P( Be heads obfamadl) = oh pos) = p03) = PC wit) Ve BB