Introduction to Linux
Introduction to Linux
UNIX
Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system.
You can have many users logged into a system
simultaneously, each running many programs.
It's the kernel's job to keep each process and user
separate and to regulate access to system hardware,
including cpu, memory, disk and other I/O devices.
Introduction to Linux
History of UNIX
First Version was created in Bell Labs in 1969.
Some of the Bell Labs programmers who had worked on
this project, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd
Canaday, and Doug McIlroy designed and implemented
the first version of the Unix File System along with a few
utilities. It was given the name UNIX by Brian Kernighan.
00:00:00 Hours, Jan 1, 1970 is time zero for UNIX. It is also
called as epoch.
Introduction to Linux
History of UNIX
1973 Unix is re-written mostly in C, a new language
developed by Dennis Ritchie.
Being written in this high-level language greatly decreased
the effort needed to port it to new machines.
Introduction to Linux
History of UNIX
1977 There were about 500 Unix sites world-wide.
1980 BSD 4.1 (Berkeley Software Development)
1983 SunOS, BSD 4.2, System V
1988 AT&T and Sun Microsystems jointly develop System
V Release 4 (SVR4). This later developed into UnixWare
and Solaris 2.
1991 Linux was originated.
What is
Linux?
It’s an Operating
System
Introduction to Linux
What is LINUX
Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally
created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of
developers around the world.
It originated in 1991 as a personal project of Linus
Torvalds, a Finnish graduate student.
The Kernel version 1.0 was released in 1994 and today the
most recent stable version is 4.18
Developed under the GNU General Public License , the
source code for Linux is freely available to everyone.
What is Linux?
Linux + GNU Utilities = Free Unix
• a set of small programs
• Linux is an O/S core written by Richard
written by Linus Torvalds Stallman and others. They
are the GNU utilities.
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Linux Has Many Distributions
Components of Linux System
a) Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is
responsible for all major activities of this
operating system.
b) System Library − System libraries are special
functions or programs using which application
programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's
features.
c) System Utility − System Utility programs are
responsible to do specialized, individual level
tasks.
Features of Linux
a) Portable − Portability means software can works on
different types of hardware in same way.
b) Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it
is community based development project.
c) Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple
applications can run at same time.
d) Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like
password protection/ controlled access to specific files/encryption of data.
e) Multi-processing Support.
f) Architecture Independence (Intel, Alpha, Sparc,…)
g) Several File Systems (Ext2,Ext3,Ext4) support along with windows FS.
h) Several network protocols support.
Architecture of Linux Operating System
The architecture of Linux contains some layers :
a) Hardware layer − Hardware consists of all
peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc).
b) Kernel − It is the core component of Operating
System, interacts directly with hardware, provides
low level services to upper layer components.
c) Shell − It takes commands from the user and
executes kernel's functions.
d) Utilities − Utility programs that provide the user
most of the functionalities of an operating systems.
About Kernel
•It interacts with the actual hardware in machine
language.
•It is the monarch who has overall control of
everything.
•It has various functions such as file management ,
data transfer between file system and hardware,
memory management, scheduling of various
programs in the memory, interrupts issues.
Linux Shell
Shell is an environment in which we can run our commands, programs, and shell scripts. There are
different flavors of a shell, just as there are different flavors of operating systems. Each flavor of
shell has its own set of recognized commands and functions.
Shell Types
In Unix, there are two major types of shells −
•Bourne shell − If you are using a Bourne-type shell, the $ character is the default prompt.
•C shell − If you are using a C-type shell, the % character is the default prompt.
The Bourne Shell has the following subcategories −
•Bourne shell (sh)
•Korn shell (ksh)
•Bourne Again shell (bash)
The different C-type shells follow −
•C shell (csh)
•Turbo C shell (tcsh)
Shell Prompt
The prompt, $, which is called the command prompt, is issued by the shell. While the prompt is
displayed, you can type a command.
$ - User shell
# - root shell (super user)
User-Interface of Linux
•The user interface is either a command line interface
(CLI),a graphical user interface (GUI), or through
controls are associated with hardware.
•CLI shells are text based user interfaces, which use
text for both input and output.
•On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces
are the GUI shells.(GNOME & KDE) called X windows
system.
Linux Directory Structure
