Computer Networking Notes
1. What is Computer Networking?
Computer networking refers to the interconnection of computers and other devices to share
resources and data.
2. OSI Model:
- Layer 1: Physical - Cables, Hubs
- Layer 2: Data Link - MAC addresses, Switches
- Layer 3: Network - IP addresses, Routers
- Layer 4: Transport - TCP, UDP
- Layer 5: Session - Controls sessions between systems
- Layer 6: Presentation - Data translation, encryption
- Layer 7: Application - User interface (HTTP, FTP)
3. TCP/IP Model:
- Application
- Transport
- Internet
- Network Access
4. IP Addressing:
- IPv4: 32-bit (e.g., [Link])
- IPv6: 128-bit (e.g., [Link])
- Classes: A (1-126), B (128-191), C (192-223)
- Private IPs: [Link]/8, [Link]/16, [Link]/12
5. Subnetting:
- Divides IP network into smaller networks
- Example: [Link]/24 - [Link]
6. MAC Address & ARP:
- MAC: Physical address (e.g., [Link])
- ARP: Maps IP to MAC
7. Switching & VLAN:
- Layer 2 device, forwards based on MAC
- VLAN: Virtual LAN for segmentation
8. Routing:
- Routers forward data based on IP
- Protocols: RIP (distance-vector), OSPF (link-state), BGP (path vector)
9. TCP vs UDP:
- TCP: Reliable, ordered, connection-oriented
- UDP: Unreliable, fast, connectionless
10. DNS, DHCP, NAT:
- DNS: Domain to IP mapping
- DHCP: Assigns IPs dynamically
- NAT: Converts private to public IPs
11. Network Security:
- Firewalls, VPNs, IDS/IPS, encryption (SSL/TLS)
