1. Write a program to implement DDA line drawing algorithm.

Ans.
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int gd = DETECT ,gm, i;
float x, y,dx,dy,steps;
int x0, x1, y0, y1;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI");

x0 = 80, y0 = 160, x1 = 300, y1 = 200;

dx = (float)(x1 - x0);
dy = (float)(y1 - y0);
if(dx>=dy)
{
steps = dx;
}
else
{
steps = dy;
}
dx = dx/steps;
dy = dy/steps;
x = x0;
y = y0;
i = 1;
while(i<= steps)
{
putpixel(x, y, RED);
x += dx;
y += dy;
i=i+1;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output:
2. Write a program to implement Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm.
Ans.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>

void drawline(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1)

{
int dx, dy, p, x, y;

dx=x1-x0;
dy=y1-y0;

x=x0;
y=y0;

p=2*dy-dx;

while(x<x1)
{
if(p>=0)
{
putpixel(x,y,7);
y=y+1;
p=p+2*dy-2*dx;
}
else
{
putpixel(x,y,7);
p=p+2*dy;
}
x=x+1;
}
}

void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT, gmode, error, x0, y0, x1, y1;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

printf("Enter co-ordinates of first point: ");

scanf("%d%d", &x0, &y0);

printf("Enter co-ordinates of second point: ");

scanf("%d%d", &x1, &y1);
drawline(x0, y0, x1, y1);
 getch();
}

Output:
[Link] a program to implement Midpoint circle drawing algorithm.
Ans.
#include <stdio.h>

#include <graphics.h>

void drawCircle(int x1, int y1, int r);

void main()

{ int gd = DETECT, gm;

int x, y, r;

printf("Enter the Midpoint and Radius: ");

scanf("%d%d%d", &x, &y, &r);

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI");

drawCircle(x, y, r);

getch();

closegraph();

void drawCircle(int x1, int y1, int r)

int x = 0, y = r;

int p = 1 - r;

void plotPoints(int, int, int, int);

plotPoints(x1, y1, x, y);

while (x < y)

x++;

if (p < 0)

p += 2 * x + 1;

else

y--;

p += 2 * (x - y) + 1; }
 plotPoints(x1, y1, x, y);

void plotPoints(int xctr, int yctr, int x, int y)

putpixel(xctr + x, yctr + y, 1);

putpixel(xctr - x, yctr + y, 1);

putpixel(xctr + x, yctr - y, 1);

putpixel(xctr - x, yctr - y, 1);

putpixel(xctr + y, yctr + x, 1);

putpixel(xctr - y, yctr + x, 1);

putpixel(xctr + y, yctr - x, 1);

putpixel(xctr - y, yctr - x, 1);

Output:
[Link] a program to implement Bresenham circle drawing algorithm.
Ans.
# include <stdio.h>

# include <conio.h>

# include <graphics.h>

void main()

int xc,yc,r,p,x,y;

int gd,gm;

detectgraph(&gd,&gm);

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");

clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the co-ordinates of center : ");

scanf("%d %d",&xc,&yc);

printf("\nEnter the radius: ");

scanf("%d",&r);

x = 0;

y = r;

p=3-(2*r);

for(x=0;x<=y;x++)

if(p < 0)

p = p + (4 * x)+6;

else

y=y-1;

p = p +4 *(x-y)+10;

putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,WHITE);

putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,WHITE);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,WHITE);

putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,WHITE);

putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,WHITE);

putpixel(xc-y,yc-x,WHITE);

putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,WHITE);

putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,WHITE);

getch();

closegraph();

Output:
5. Write a program to clip a line using Cohen and Sutherland line
clipping algorithm.
Ans.
#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<graphics.h>

#include<dos.h>

typedef struct coordinate

int x,y;

char code[4];

}PT;

void drawwindow();

void drawline(PT p1,PT p2);

PT setcode(PT p);

int visibility(PT p1,PT p2);

PT resetendpt(PT p1,PT p2);

void main()

int gd=DETECT,v,gm;

PT p1,p2,p3,p4,ptemp;

printf("\nEnter x1 and y1\n");

scanf("%d %d",&p1.x,&p1.y);

printf("\nEnter x2 and y2\n");

scanf("%d %d",&p2.x,&p2.y);

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");

drawwindow();

delay(500);

drawline(p1,p2);

delay(500);

cleardevice();
 delay(500);

p1=setcode(p1);

p2=setcode(p2);

v=visibility(p1,p2);

delay(500);

switch(v)

case 0: drawwindow();

delay(500);

drawline(p1,p2);

break;

case 1: drawwindow();

delay(500);

break;

case 2: p3=resetendpt(p1,p2);

p4=resetendpt(p2,p1);

drawwindow();

delay(500);

drawline(p3,p4);

break;

delay(5000);

closegraph();

void drawwindow()

line(150,100,450,100);

line(450,100,450,350);

line(450,350,150,350);

line(150,350,150,100);

void drawline(PT p1,PT p2)

{

line(p1.x,p1.y,p2.x,p2.y);

PT setcode(PT p) //for setting the 4 bit code

PT ptemp;

if(p.y<100)

[Link][0]='1'; //Top

else

[Link][0]='0';

if(p.y>350)

[Link][1]='1'; //Bottom

else

[Link][1]='0';

if(p.x>450)

[Link][2]='1'; //Right

else

[Link][2]='0';

if(p.x<150)

[Link][3]='1'; //Left

else

[Link][3]='0';

ptemp.x=p.x;

ptemp.y=p.y;

return(ptemp);

int visibility(PT p1,PT p2)

{
 int i,flag=0;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if(([Link][i]!='0') || ([Link][i]!='0'))

flag=1;

if(flag==0)

return(0);

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

if(([Link][i]==[Link][i]) && ([Link][i]=='1'))

flag='0';

if(flag==0)

return(1);

return(2);

PT resetendpt(PT p1,PT p2)

PT temp;

int x,y,i;

float m,k;

if([Link][3]=='1')

x=150;

if([Link][2]=='1')

x=450;
if(([Link][3]=='1') || ([Link][2]=='1'))

m=(float)(p2.y-p1.y)/(p2.x-p1.x);

k=(p1.y+(m*(x-p1.x)));

temp.y=k;

temp.x=x;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

[Link][i]=[Link][i];

if(temp.y<=350 && temp.y>=100)

return (temp);

if([Link][0]=='1')

y=100;

if([Link][1]=='1')

y=350;

if(([Link][0]=='1') || ([Link][1]=='1'))

m=(float)(p2.y-p1.y)/(p2.x-p1.x);

k=(float)p1.x+(float)(y-p1.y)/m;

temp.x=k;

temp.y=y;

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

[Link][i]=[Link][i];

return(temp);

else
 return(p1);

Output:

Before clipping:

After clipping: