Class 9 History - Chapter 1: The French Revolution
1. Introduction
Revolution in France began in 1789. Led to end of monarchy and rise of democracy. It inspired revolutions in
other countries too.
2. Causes of the French Revolution
a) Social Inequality: Society divided into First Estate (Clergy), Second Estate (Nobility), Third Estate
(Common people). First two enjoyed privileges; Third Estate paid all taxes.
b) Economic Crisis: France had huge debt due to wars and royal lifestyle. Bad harvests caused food shortage
and price rise.
c) Political Conflict: Absolute monarchy under Louis XVI with no representation.
d) Enlightenment Ideas: Thinkers like Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire spread liberty and equality ideas.
e) Immediate Cause: King called Estates General in 1789 due to financial crisis.
3. The Revolution Begins
Third Estate formed National Assembly (June 1789). Took Tennis Court Oath. On 14 July 1789, Bastille
prison was stormed by the people.
4. Abolition of Monarchy
National Assembly abolished feudal privileges. Declared Rights of Man and Citizen. In 1791, France became
a constitutional monarchy.
5. France Becomes a Republic
King Louis XVI was executed in 1793. Republic declared. Jacobins, led by Robespierre, came to power.
6. The Reign of Terror (179394)
Robespierre ruled harshly. Thousands executed using guillotine. Later, Robespierre was executed.
7. Rise of Napoleon
Class 9 History - Chapter 1: The French Revolution
After Robespierre, Directory ruled. In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power. Became Emperor in 1804.
8. Impact of the French Revolution
Monarchy and feudalism ended. Ideas of democracy and equality spread across Europe and inspired future
revolutions.
Important Keywords
Estate General, National Assembly, Tennis Court Oath, Bastille, Jacobins, Guillotine, Robespierre, Directory,
Napoleon Bonaparte.
