Module 1

Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and
programs on remote servers that are hosted on the internet
instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server.
• Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based
computing, it is a technology where the resource is provided
as a service through the Internet to the user.
• The data that is stored can be files, images, documents, or any
other storable document.
• Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics,
intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).
 Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises
datacentre.
• With an on-premises datacentre, we have to manage everything,
such as purchasing and installing hardware, virtualization, installing
the operating system, and any other required applications, setting
up the network, configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for
data.
• After doing all the set-up, we become responsible for maintaining it
through its entire lifecycle.
• But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible
for the hardware purchase and maintenance.
• They also provide a wide variety of software and platform as a
service.
• We can take any required services on rent. The cloud computing
services will be charged based on usage.
Cloud Computing
 Cloud Computing
• Nowadays, Cloud computing is adopted by every company,
whether it is an MNC or a startup many are still migrating
towards it because of the cost-cutting, lesser maintenance,
and the increased capacity of the data with the help of
servers maintained by the cloud providers.
• One more reason for this drastic change from the On-
premises servers of the companies to the Cloud providers is
the ‘Pay as you go’ principle-based services provided by them
i.e., you only have to pay for the service which you are using.
• The disadvantage On-premises server holds is that if the
server is not in use the company still has to pay for it.
 Cloud Computing
• The following are some of the Operations that can be performed with
Cloud Computing
1. Storage, backup, and recovery of data
2. Delivery of software on demand
3. Development of new applications and services
4. Streaming videos and audio
• Cloud computing helps users in easily accessing computing resources like
storage, and processing over internet rather than local hardware.
• Here we discussing how it works in nutshell:
• Infrastructure: Cloud computing depends on remote network servers
hosted on internet for store, manage, and process the data.
• On-Demand Access: Users can access cloud services and resources based
on-demand they can scale up or down the without having to invest for
physical hardware.
• Types of Services: Cloud computing offers various benefits such as cost
saving, scalability, reliability and accessibility it reduces capital
expenditures, improves efficiency.
 Why Cloud Computing
• Nowadays, several massive and tiny industries exercise Cloud computing,
either directly o indirectly. The Cloud offers different benefits to the users,
which are as follows.
1. Cost reduction: Contrast to on-site hosting, the cost of deploying
applications in the Cloud is minimal because of lesser hardware cons
which lead to the efficient usage of physical resources.
2. Universal access: Cloud computing allows far off located individuals to
see projects and work through the network
3. Software updates: A Cloud provider is also capable of promoting
software by considering the feedback from the earlier software releases.
4. Application alternatives: Cloud computing provides flexibility for the
Cloud wers to test and choose the best option available, based on the
requirements in s it permits the industries to access and pay only for
what they have wed with a quick implementation time
 Why Cloud Computing
• Nowadays, several massive and tiny industries exercise Cloud computing,
either directly o indirectly. The Cloud offers different benefits to the users,
which are as follows.
1. Cost reduction: Contrast to on-site hosting, the cost of deploying
applications in the Cloud is minimal because of lesser hardware cons
which lead to the efficient usage of physical resources.
2. Universal access: Cloud computing allows far off located individuals to
see projects and work through the network
3. Software updates: A Cloud provider is also capable of promoting
software by considering the feedback from the earlier software releases.
4. Application alternatives: Cloud computing provides flexibility for the
Cloud users to test and choose the best option available, based on the
requirements in s it permits the industries to access and pay only for
what they have wed with a quick implementation time
 Why Cloud Computing
5. Potential and cost effective: The standard amount of energy required for
a computational operation approved in the Cloud is far lower than the
regular charge for an on-site deployment since several organizations can
distribute the similar physical resources firmly which leads to the
potential usage of the shared resources
6. Flexibility: Cloud computing permits users to log on to the applications
easily and quickly using the preferences that fits their requirements at
the best level
 Cloud Services
• In Cloud computing, services refers to the idea of being able to utilize
reusable components across a provider's network.
This is commonly known as 'as a Service, The suffix 'as a Service' includes the
following characteristics:
• The entry is a little difficult, making them accessible to small industries.
• Scalability is large.
• Multitenancy, which allows sharing of resources by many users.
• Device independence, which allows client to access the system on diverse
hardware
 Cloud Services
• Main Features of Cloud Services
1. Developing the applications which have the ability to manage several
clients.
2. Accessing, maintaining and managing the commercial software.
3. Coordinating the updating feature of the software which avoids the
need of downloading the upgrades
4. Coordinating the activities regarding management of software in the
web environment
Advantages of Cloud Services
1. Helps in saving time regarding deployment and maintenance.
2. Helps in developing scalable and robust applications.
3. Helps with the investment issues in the corporate sector, which leads
to cost saving
 Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS)
• IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) gives you virtual hardware like
servers and storage.
• Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS) is means of delivering computing
infrastructure as on-demand services.
• The user purchases servers, software data center space, or network
equipment and rent those resources through a fully outsourced, on-
demand service model.
• It allows dynamic scaling and the resources are distributed as a
service.
• It generally includes multiple-user on a single piece of hardware.
• IaaS is fully self-service for accessing and monitoring computers,
networking, storage, and other services.
• IaaS allows businesses to purchase resources on demand and as
needed instead of having to buy hardware outright.
 Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS)
Characteristics
• IAAS is like renting virtual computers and storage space in the cloud.
• You have control over the operating systems, applications, and development
frameworks.
• Scaling resources up or down is easy based on your needs.

Examples
• Amazon Web Services
• Microsoft Azure
• Google Compute Engine
• Digital Ocean
 IaaS advantages
• The most flexible cloud computing model
• The resources can be deployed by the provider to a customer’s
environment at any given time.
• Its ability to offer the users to scale the business based on their
requirements.
• The provider has various options when deploying resources including
virtual machines, applications, storage, and networks.
• It has the potential to handle an immense number of users.
• It is easy to expand and saves a lot of money. Companies can afford
the huge costs associated with the implementation of advanced
technologies.
 IaaS Limitations
• Security : While the customer is in control of the applications, data,
middleware, and the operating system platform, security threats can still be
sourced from the host or other virtual machines (VMs).
• Legacy systems operating in the cloud : While customers can run legacy
applications in the cloud, the infrastructure may not be designed to deliver
specific controls to secure them. Minor enhancements to legacy
applications may be required before migrating them to the cloud, possibly
leading to new security issues unless adequately tested for security and
performance in the IaaS systems.
• Internal resources and training : Additional resources and training may be
required for the workforce to learn how to effectively manage the
infrastructure.
• Multi-tenant security: Since the hardware resources are dynamically allocated
across users as needed, the vendor is required to ensure that other customers
cannot access data left on storage assets by previous customers.
 Platform As A Service (PAAS)
• PaaS (Platform as a Service) provides tools for building and managing
software applications.
• Platform As A Service (PAAS) is a cloud delivery model for applications
composed of services managed by a third party.
• It provides elastic scaling of your application which allows developers to
build applications and services over the internet and the deployment
models include public, private and hybrid.
• Basically, it is a service where a third-party provider provides both software
and hardware tools to the cloud computing.
• The tools which are provided are used by developers. PAAS is also known as
Application PAAS.
• The delivery model of PaaS is similar to SaaS, except instead of delivering
the software over the internet, PaaS provides a platform for software
creation.
• This platform is delivered via the web, giving developers the freedom to
concentrate on building the software without having to worry about
operating systems, software updates, storage, or infrastructure.
 Platform As A Service (PAAS)
Characteristics
• PAAS is like a toolkit for developers to build and deploy applications
without worrying about infrastructure.
• Provides pre-built tools, libraries, and development environments.
• Developers focus on building and managing applications, while the
provider handles infrastructure management.
• It speeds up the development process and allows for easy
collaboration among developers.
Examples of PAAS (Platform as a Service)
• AWS Lambda
• Google App Engine
• Google Cloud
• IBM Cloud
 PaaS Advantages
• Programmers need not worry about what specific database
or language the application has been programmed in.
• It offers developers the to build applications without the
overhead of the underlying operating system or
infrastructure.
• Provides the freedom to developers to focus on the
application’s design while the platform takes care of the
language and the database.
• It is flexible and portable.
• It is quite affordable.
• It manages application development phases in the cloud
very efficiently.
 PaaS Limitations
• Data security : Organizations can run their own apps and
services using PaaS solutions, but the data residing in third-
party, vendor-controlled cloud servers poses security risks
and concerns.
• Integrations : The complexity of connecting the data stored
within an onsite data center or off-premises cloud is
increased, which may affect which applications and services
can be adopted with the PaaS offering.
• Customization of legacy systems : PaaS may not be a plug-
and-play solution for existing legacy applications and
services. Instead, several customizations and configuration
changes may be necessary for legacy systems to work with
the PaaS service.
 PaaS Limitations
• Runtime issues : In addition to limitations associated with specific
applications and services, PaaS solutions may not be optimized
for the language and frameworks of your choice.
• Operational limitation : Customized cloud operations with
automated management workflows may not apply to PaaS
solutions, as the platform tends to limit operational capabilities
for end users.
 Software As A Service (SAAS)
• SaaS (Software as a Service) delivers ready-to-use software
applications
• Software as a service (SaaS), also known as cloud application
services, represents the most commonly utilized option for
businesses in the cloud market.
• SaaS leverages the internet to deliver applications, which are
managed by a third-party vendor, to its users.
• A majority of SaaS applications run directly through your web
browser, which means they do not require any downloads or
installations on the client side over the internet.
• SAAS services are used for the development and deployment of modern
applications.
 Software As A Service (SAAS)
• Software As A Service (SAAS) allows users to run existing online
applications and it is a model software that is deployed as a hosting
service and is accessed over the internet or software delivery model
during which software and its associated data are hosted centrally
and accessed using their client, usually an online browser over the
web.
• It allows software and its functions to be accessed from anywhere
with good internet connection device and a browser.
• An application is hosted centrally and also provides access to multiple
users across various locations via the internet.
 Software As A Service (SAAS)
Characteristics
• Applications are ready to use, and updates and maintenance are
handled by the provider.
• You access the software through a web browser or app, usually
paying a subscription fee.
• It’s convenient and requires minimal technical expertise, ideal for
non-technical users.
Example of SAAS
• Google Workspace apps
• Microsoft 365
• Trello
• Zoom
• Adobe Creative Cloud
 SAAS Advantages
• It is a cloud computing service category providing a wide range
of hosted capabilities and services. These can be used to build
and deploy web-based software applications.
• It provides a lower cost of ownership than on-premises
software. The reason is it does not require the purchase or
installation of hardware or licenses.
• It can be easily accessed through a browser along a thin client.
• No cost is required for initial setup.
• Low maintenance costs.
• Installation time is less, so time is managed properly.
 SAAS Limitations
• Interoperability : Integration with existing apps and services
can be a major concern if the SaaS application is not designed
to follow open standards for integration. In this case,
organizations may need to design their own integration systems
or reduce dependencies with SaaS services, which may not
always be possible.
• Lack of integration support : Many organizations require deep
integrations with on-premises applications, data, and services.
• Customization : SaaS applications offer minimal customization
capabilities.
• Performance and downtime : Because the vendor controls and
manages the SaaS service, your customers now depend on vendors
to maintain the service’s security and performance.
 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF
CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing has many advantages which are as follows:
1. Cloud computing maintains a highly virtualized and standardized
infrastructure which leads to simplified and a more efficient IT and
application management.
2. It sustains massive scalability through which huge applications are
delivered to a large number of users.
3. Cloud computing provides the best quality of service by means of
features, such as fault tolerance and high reliability.
4. It offers instant application deployment.
5. It provides enormous storage capacity.
6. Cloud computing offers quick access service to the business.
7. It is available at low cost and as highly automated computing
 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF
CLOUD COMPUTING
Following are the challenges in Cloud Computing.
• Security and privacy: The foremost challenge to Cloud computing is how it
deals with the security and privacy issues of businesses. The truth is that the
expensive enterprise data will exist remotely from the corporate firewall
raises severe concerns Hacking and other problems with Cloud
infrastructure would distress many clients even if not more than a single
website is attacked. These problems can be reduced by using secured
applications, loss of data software, and purchasing security hardware to
trace abnormal behaviour over servers.
• Service consignment and billing: It is hard to evaluate the cost incurred due
to the demand type of the services. Financial planning and estimation of the
expenditure will be very complex except that the provider has some
excellent and analogous benchmark to present. If the organizations are
activated towards the Cloud, then the corporate sector will be declined
without a well-built service quality assurance.
 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF
CLOUD COMPUTING
• Interoperability and portability: Industries have the influence of
transferring in and out of the Cloud providers whenever they require,
and there is no login specifications of time. Cloud computing services
should have the ability to assimilate efficiently with the on-premise
IT.
• Performance and bandwidth cost: Industries can save funds on
hardware, but they have to invest supplementary for the bandwidth.
This can be a small charge for less important applications compared
to data intensive applications which are highly charged. Sharing
intensive and complicated data over the network involves sufficient
bandwidth. Therefore, several industries are waiting for reduced
costs before switching over to the Cloud.
 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF
CLOUD COMPUTING
• Reliability and availability: Cloud providers lack continuous service
which results in regular failures. It is significant to examine the
service being offered through internal or third party tools. It is
fundamental to have strategies to administer usage, strength,
presentation, and business dependency.
 USAGE SCENARIOS AND
APPLICATIONS
• The fundamental applications of Cloud computing are unlimited in the
corporate sector.
• With the accurate middleware, a Cloud computing system may execute all
the applications analogous to a standard computer.
• Actively, everything from basic word processing software to adapted
computer programs planned for a definite company may possibly be
implemented on a Cloud computing system.
• The following are the uses of Cloud computing:
• Quick service
• Safe and secured service
• Gratifying user experience
• Low expenditure
• Multiple user access
• Development environment
• Unlimited storage
 Example Use Applications
• Cloud computing applications are the cloud oriented services ie SaaS
(Software as a Service).
• Software that is installed on the system individually is existing in
online and that software is accessed by the individual from anywhere
through account login and password.
• These Cloud applications can perform everything by maintaining
account notes track.
 Example Use Applications
The following are some of the applications of Cloud computing:
• Big data analytics: From fraud recognition to statistical investigation,
big data exist universally. Analyse how Hadoop and great
presentation computing clusters can be set up in both Public and
Private Clouds.
• Develop and test: Build and test applications in on-requirement
platforms using constantly configured resources, lower expenditure,
and decreased release cycles.
• Disaster recovery: Public and Private Clouds facilitate commercial
solutions to maintain highly accessible applications with flexible
multiple data centres and provider architectures, and reduce
downtime and data loss.
 Example Use Applications
• Gaming applications: Distribute flexible capacity to assemble random
traffic actions and to lower expenditure for the on-going life cycle
management by Public and Private clouds.
• Web and mobile applications: Deploy mobile applications and web
applications that are extremely scalable and accessible across a range
of verified architectures, technologies and Clouds.
 Cloud Models
• The Cloud models can be categorized in terms of who manages and
owns the Cloud.
• To build a Cloud, there are four ways of implementation.

• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud
• Community Cloud
 Public Cloud
• A Public Cloud, also known as external Cloud, is the most popular
form of Cloud computing in which services are available to the public
in pay-by-use manner.
• Third parties run the Public Clouds as they require a huge investment
to build the Cloud.
• Applications from different customers are mixed together on storage
systems, Cloud servers and other infrastructure within the Cloud.
• In this Cloud the customer can choose a location to deploy the
application.
• This provides a way to reduce the latency when the customer
accesses the application.
• It also reduces the risk and cost for the customer by providing a
flexible, even, and short-time extension of enterprise infrastructure.
 Public Cloud
• With the geographical extension of the Public Clouds, namely Rack
Space, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure and Google offer
Content Delivery Network (CDN) features.
• Through the CDN features, the scalability of the application is
increased by caching the static content across all the data centres
around the world, offering a better experience to the end-users.
• The Public Cloud is widely adopted and accepted by several
enterprises because public vendors, like Google and Microsoft have
set their infrastructure with a huge amount of data centres by
facilitating users to freely shrink and scale their rented resources with
less management and low cost burden.
• Data control and security are the important tasks of Public Cloud.
 Public Cloud
• If Public Cloud is implemented with data locality, security and performance,
then the other existing applications executing in the Cloud must be visible to
both Cloud end-users and architects.
• Definitely, one of the advantages of Public Cloud is that Public Cloud is
always larger than an organization's Private Cloud by contributing the ability
to scale up, down and transfer the risks of an infrastructure from the
organization to the Cloud provider.
• Portions of Public Cloud can be sliced out for the restricted use of a
particular user, forming a virtual private data centre.
• A virtual data centre provides a better visibility into its infrastructure to the
clients rather than being restricted to deploy images of virtual machines in a
Public Cloud.
• Now clients can manipulate not only virtual machine images, but also
storage systems, servers, network topology and network devices.
• Forming a virtual data centre in the same environment where all the
components are located assists in minimizing the issue of data locality
because of abundant bandwidth, which is typically free when connecting
resources within the same environment.
Public Cloud

Windows Azure,
Amazon Web
Services, Google App
Engine

Organization
 Private Cloud
• A Private Cloud, also known as internal Cloud, is used when the data
centre or a proprietary network infrastructure of the Cloud is
operated uniquely in a business or for the limited use of a single
client.
• It serves clients with maximum security, quality of the service, and
control over the data within the organization's firewall.
• The infrastructure is owned by the company and it has the power
over how applications are deployed on it.
• Private Clouds are deployed in a collocation environment and also in
an enterprise data centre.
• By implementing a Private Cloud, the IT infrastructure of
organizations can be merged.
• They require a small number of IT staff to administrate the data
centre.
 Private Cloud
• Private Cloud authorizes the employees of an organization through
self-service of their IT requirements.
• It becomes simple to distribute new machines and allocate them to
project groups.
• Private Cloud makes use of some of the most excellent practices of
Public Cloud, but is restricted to an organizational boundary.
• Private Clouds can be set up by using a variety of offerings from
Microsoft, IBM, VMware and others.
• OpenStack and Eucalyptus are some of the open source
implementations.
• This model provides an organization with a high level of control over
the utilization of resources.
 Private Cloud

Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus,
OpenStack OpenStack

Organization 1 Organization 2
 Hybrid Cloud
• A combination of both Public and Private Clouds is known as Hybrid Cloud.
• Due to the agreements and regulatory issues in a few countries, sensitive
data like financial transactions, patient medical history and citizen
information cannot be stored on servers which are not located within the
boundaries of a country.
• In some cases, the user organizations desire to obtain the best Cloud by
logically connecting Public Cloud and Private Cloud.
• Through this, Hybrid Cloud offers faultless scalability by moving the Private
Cloud based applications to the Public Cloud.
• Hybrid Cloud helps to provide externally provisioned scale on demand, but
includes the difficulty of determining how to share the applications across
these different environments.
• Apart from all these complications, the requirement to be considered is the
association between processing resources and data.
 Hybrid Cloud
• It is an approach of extending the infrastructure beyond the
organizational firewall and the boundary in a secure way.
• In the Hybrid Cloud, an organization can store its important
applications and data within the firewall and can host the less
important ones on a Public Cloud.
 Hybrid Cloud

Public Cloud Private Cloud

Organization
 Community Cloud
• Community Cloud is implemented when several businesses have
similar requirements and perspectives to share.
• These are accessible to members of a particular community, but are
not available to the general public.
• Examples include branches of the educational organizations and
government, military and industry suppliers and partners.
• These are mainly useful when the customers distribute special needs
or there is a necessity for general services.
• By creating the virtual data centre from instances of virtual machines
deployed on user machines (which are underutilized), another form
of Community Cloud can be established.
• Thus, a Community Cloud is a kind of Private Cloud, but goes beyond
a business or an organization.
 Community Cloud

Cloud

Organization Organization Organization

 Public Cloud versus Private Cloud
• Cloud comprises of many benefits irrespective of public or private
cloud.
• In general, more number of public Cloud deployments are applied for
web servers.
• Private Cloud computing is a single tenant platform where the
storage, hardware and network are committed to an individual client
or industry.
• Public Cloud is a multiple tenant platform where the information is
shared across a number of tenants through the server.
 Public Cloud versus Private Cloud
Type Public Cloud Private Cloud
Infrastructure Owner The owner of the The owner of the
infrastructure is the Cloud infrastructure is an
provider or third party enterprise
Cost The cost is less The cost is high
Scalability Scalability is on demand Scalability is limited to the
and unlimited infrastructure installed
Security Concern regarding data Security is high
security
Performance The performance is hard to The performance is
attain for unpredictable guaranteed
environments
Control and Management The Public Cloud The Private Cloud has a high
manipulates the virtual level of control over the
machines which results in resources, which requires
less management burden extra expertise to manage
them