8 The big issues

Vocabulary

V) Insight1 ^Idioms and phrases about cities 4 Complete the text with words and phrases in
exercises 1, 2 and 3.
1 Write a phrase, using a word from A and a word from
B, next to the aspect of Tokyo they describe.

A city congested slum urban Guiyang, China

B dwellers infrastructure tenements The Western image of Chinese cities has long consisted
thoroughfares of photos of1, nose-to-tail traffic
and busy2 rushing to and from their
1 Tokyo has a population of almost 14 million, so slow- places of work. But in the last 30 years, Chinese cities have
moving traffic day and night is the norm. become even more crowded; it is believed 500 million people
have made the move from rural areas to the country’s 622
2 Many poor and homeless Japanese live close to Tokyo’s main cities, something never before seen in China’s history.
Shinjuku station in old, falling down buildings.
The population of Guiyang, China's fastest-growing city,
seems to symbolise the3 shift from the
3 Tokyo’s transport system, water supply, telecommunications
countryside to the city.
and electrical grids all require regular maintenance.
Tan Guo, returning to the city after several years away,

4 People living in urban areas often have no idea where immediately noticed the 4 contrast to how

their food comes from. it had been before. Her grandparents' village, once five
kilometres from the city, is now part of the newly extended
5: the fields have gone and in their place are
busy roads, high-rise buildings and shopping centres.
^Insight ^Emphatic adjectives_______________
From a planning perspective, Guiyang is a well-thought-
2 Match adjectives 1-5 to synonyms A-E. out city whose expansion has been orderly It has few
1 squalid A numerous, ample, many disadvantaged areas and almost no6 among
2 impoverished B dirty, seedy, wretched its housing. However, from an ecological standpoint its
3 abundant C bald, bare, blunt expansion has been full of7
4 unprecedented D never having happened in the past When the city first began to grow, there was little monitoring
5 stark E destitute, insolvent, bankrupt of air pollution. As most of China's industries are reliant on
coal, land used for farming was cleared to make way for coal
Social issues mines, which are known to release toxic materials into the
Vocabulary extra
^and solutions air, water and soil.
Today, authorities are trying to find a8 for
3 Complete the headlines with the words below. There
these past mistakes. $150 million has been spent on cleaning
is one word that you do not need.
up the Nanming River. In addition, buying new cars has
crisis panacea pitfalls plight quick fix been restricted in favour of electric ones.
remedy resolve There’s no9, as it will take years to
10 the environmental problems. But at least
1 No__________ to the housing crisis: solutions
recognition of the need for effective solutions means the city
will take years say government
is on the right

2 Three ministers resign

as political__________ deepens

Fresh attempts to avoid__________

in social housing

More money not universal

for social ills, says minister

5 Local communities hope to bring the desperate 5 TASK How does overpopulation in the world’s
__ of child refugees to light biggest cities affect urban living? Think about:
g infrastructure. healthcare,
Prime minister vows to__________ the jobs, education.
problem of child poverty pollution.

Unit 8 Miejsce zamieszkania • Państwo i społeczeństwo

Grammar

Reported speech 3 Read the online comments from residents about the
motorway proposal. Then report what was said using
1 Choose the correct answers to complete the the reporting verbs provided.
sentences.
1 One of the residents recommended___ a petition.
A starting B to start
2 Angry workers are demanding that the government___ RESIDENTS TRY TO REMEDY
to them.
A will listen B listen
GLOBAL PROBLEMS LOCALLY
3 The local council promised___ into the sewage system
near the beach. At last week’s open meeting, townspeople
A looking B to look offered local solutions to global problems. Here
4 Activists accused the farming industry___ to stick to
are some of their comments.
quotas.
Rush-hour traffic through the area is terrible.
A that they failed B of failing
Children are suffering from health problems caused
5 The politician wondered___ he had managed to win so
by pollution. We should start car share schemes
many votes.
in and around the town. This will involve drivers
A how B what
taking it in turns to drive a car full of passengers to
6 The lawyer mentioned___ about a similar trial.
work. I’ve no idea why this hasn’t been suggested
A having read B to have read
previously.
7 The councillor warned him that his proposal___ by the
Jack Wilson
government.
A would be opposed B be opposed
We’re too reliant on fossil fuels. We should make
8 We insist that the health minister___ to avoid the
a stand in our town to change things. If we put
spread of infection.
wind turbines in the surrounding fields, our town
A act now B to act now
will be self-sufficient in energy. The top five energy
2 Read the poster. Then complete the sentences to companies have discouraged us from taking this
report what the residents said at the meeting. sort of action in the past. We really need to take
control of the situation.
Patricia Holmes
PROTECT OUR COUNTRY TOWN!
Why isn’t there a football pitch in our town? The
The council plan to build a new local area needs more green spaces. Why don’t we
provide one for the local school? It will provide a
motorway close to our town! Come and place for children to exercise and play. It will also
make your views known. be beneficial for dog walkers.
Winston Neptune

Meeting Town Hall 7 p.m. Wednesday 28th June

1 explain point out suggest warn wonder

1 ‘Let’s take our protest to parliament.’ Jack Wilson_________________________________________

Norm suggested____________________________________
2 ‘Do the council have plans in place to compensate
residents?’
Hanako wondered__________________________________ 2 blame insist recommend urge
3 ‘Could you please take measures to limit noise
Patricia Holmes
pollution?’
Kim requested that the council
4 ‘I don’t accept that there is nothing we can do about the
situation.’ 3 ask inform predict state wonder
Tom refused________________________________________
Winston Neptune
5 ‘Our quality of life will be undermined if the plan goes
ahead.’
Michael predicted___________________________________ 4 TASK You are going to attend a town meeting to
6 ‘Previous councils have consistently failed to build discuss problems in the area where you live. Choose
proper access roads.’ the biggest problem your area has in your opinion,
Amir blamed_______________________________________ and offer a solution that could be applied to it and
also other towns and cities around the world.

Miejsce zamieszkania • Podróżowanie i turystyka • Państwo i społeczeństwo Unit 8

 Listening, vocabulary and speaking

V) Insight ^Idioms: problems and solutions 3 0)8.01 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 Melanie blames the organisers. Which of the following
1 Complete the text. Use one word in each gap.
arguments does she not make?
A Organisers were given plenty of time to implement
safety guidelines.
B The council provided advice on safety throughout the
planning of the festival.
Reinventing Birmingham C The council listened to what the police had to say
before cancelling the event.
Birmingham is the city of my birth and also a place that isn't
D When they began planning, organisers were informed
known as being aesthetically pleasing, at least from an urban
of necessary safety procedures.
planning point of view.
2 Danny rejects Melanie’s accusations. Which of the
But now, if recent plans are given the go-ahead, it will be given following points does he not make?
the chance to effectively ban cars from the centre. By taking the A This was the first time that his group has been
bull by the 1 the city council has the chance to accused of failing to meet guidelines.
redesign the chaotic mess of the 1960s and 70s infrastructure, B The organisers didn’t know the requirements in the
a system of roads that was designed for car users, with little initial stages of the planning process.
thought for anyone else. C The council did not give them enough time to plan
If Birmingham follows the example that cities like Boston set the event properly.
in the 1990s, it could replace the congested streets with more D The council’s decision to cancel the event came
trees and green spaces for the public to enjoy, and minimise the suddenly and very late.
amount of traffic pollution in the city. Given these potential 3 Karen is disappointed. Which of the following does she
benefits, some say the decision is a no-2 not ask for?

However, sceptics are of course up in 3 about A a refund of the price of her ticket

the idea of a car ban, on the grounds that it would result in B a ticket for the rearranged festival
C money to cover her travel costs
commuters being unable to drive across the city and therefore
D better communication from the organisers
create more traffic problems elsewhere.
I am well aware this is likely to be an uphill 4:
there are plenty of commuters who won't want to use public Discussing and responding to solutions
transport, or cycle, and will still rely on their vehicles to take
4 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences
them to and from work, even if it takes twice as long!
from a radio debate.
But with any luck, supporters will highlight the success of
1 ‘I thought your solution / observation about city­
Boston, proving that it can be done and that any arguments to
centre parking was interesting.’
the contrary are, in hindsight, really no more than a storm in a
5 2 Tm not sure / agree that’s the best use of council
money.’
Clean air, green streets, fewer road traffic accidents: why would 3 ‘Is there anyway / any way we could use a system
anyone pour cold 6 on that? whereby only certain cars can park at weekends?’
4 ‘Joe’s speak / remark about air pollution being
2 0)8.01 Read the newspaper report about a music avoidable is absolutely right.’
festival that was cancelled. Then listen to a radio debate 5 ‘That’s a great idea, but how would you see / look at
and underline the six factual errors in the report. that working in reality?’
6 ‘One way to solve / check this issue would be to only
allow electric vehicles at certain times, but it would be
Fans angry as festival cancelled hard to police.’
The music festival Our
5 TASK In small groups, discuss how best to organise
Time was cancelled a
a music festival in your town. Brainstorm ideas
day before opening on
for measures that could be put in place to avoid
financial grounds. A
potential problems like the one in the newspaper
thousand people had
report in exercise 2. Think about:
bought tickets to see
top bands at Westland safety.
Park in Klapton. timescale.
Although organisers local council, organisers and ticket holders.
have promised to refund
Remember to listen to people’s ideas and note them
tickets, fans like Karen
down for consideration. Then discuss the pros and
Hardy feel letdown ...
cons of each to come up with a final plan.

MELUnit 8 Miejsce zamieszkania • Podróżowanie i turystyka • Kultura

Vocabulary and grammar

^Insight Word analysis 4 Choose the correct words.

1 Match verbs 1-8 to the words they collocate with A-H.

1 commence
2 abolish
3 assert
Votes for all women!
4 fasten When they hear of the suffragette movement, most people
5 endeavour are aware of the role Emmeline Pankhurst played. She started
6 yield the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU), a militant
7 seize group, which ■’yielded / endeavoured to fight for the rights
8 inflict of women, even if that meant using methods which were
A your seat belt the buttons the gate sometimes Antisocial / unsocial.
B pain hardship damage But few people know that, although she was a white woman,
C slavery poverty child labour and the suffragettes were almost exclusively white, their
□ stolen goods someone’s wrist control principle / principal message was that they represented all
E your rights your authority your independence women, regardless of race. This differed from the movements
F a profit a solution to someone’s demands in the USA and Australia.
G to resolve to improve to find out One such woman, Sophia
H proceedings the trial drilling Duleep Singh, was of
2 Complete the quotes with the words in exercise 1. Indian, German and
Ethiopian descent and
1 ‘The only way to war is to make peace
seem heroic.’
was a notable suffragette
in her own right. A
John Dewey (American philosopher and educator)
god-daughter of Queen
2 ‘Intellectual growth should at birth and
cease only at death.’
Victoria, she resided in
Albert Einstein (German physicist)
Faraday House, which
3 ‘Solitary confinement is too terrible a punishment to
was, at that time, part
on any human being, no matter what his
of the Hampton Court
crime.’
Estate. As part of the
Women s Tax Resistance
Emmeline Pankhurst (British suffragette)
4 ‘If you must break the law, do it to power:
League, she 4asserted /
in all other cases observe it.’
abolished her rights by
refusing to pay her taxes
Julius Caesar (Roman general and statesman)
5 ‘The way to gain a good reputation is to
until women got the vote.
Although such 5elicit / illicit acts angered the government,
to be what you desire to appear.’
Singh wouldn’t back down and went on to promote similar
Socrates (Greek philosopher)
6 ‘Painting is a nail to which I my ideas.’
activities in other British colonies.
Georges Braque (French artist) That is why in 1918, when women were given the vote, this right
7 ‘Man’s nature is not essentially evil. Brute nature has extended to 6migrants / immigrants who were members of
been known to to the influence of love. the British Empire as well, provided that they had the required
You must never despair of human nature.’ residency qualifications. To this day. Commonwealth citizens are
Mahatma Gandhi (Indian nationalist leader) able to vote despite not necessarily being British nationals.
Therefore, when we look back to the suffragette movement,
Social issues: frequently Sophia Duleep Singh should be remembered as a key figure.
Vocabulary extra She helped women of all races win the fight for the vote. To her,
^confused words______
the main focus was that we were all 7humane / human beings
3 Choose the correct words. and that race, culture and background were of no consequence.
1 The principle / principal cause of malaria is through
female Anopheles mosquito bites.
2 Unsocial/Antisocial behaviour is a growing problem in
this borough. 5 TASK Put the following moral or personal principles
3 Many Americans are the descendants of Irish emigrants / in order of importance to you, from 1 (most
immigrants. important) to 5 (least important). Justify your order.
4 The weapons in the suitcase were found to be illicit / elicit. independence
5 All the students wanted was the human / humane generosity of spirit
treatment of the animals. loyalty
6 Migrant / Emigrant workers were brought in to cover courage
the staff shortage at weekends. empathy

Człowiek • Państwo i społeczeństwo Unit 8

 Reading

1 What do you think‘think like a

freak’ means? Choose an answer

How to solve
below. Then read the article and
compare your ideas.
A Think in the same way as leading
scientists and thinkers do
B Look at challenging problems in new
£W problem
and unorthodox ways
C Pool creative ideas with like-minded
people to find solutions

®2 EXAM TASK Read the article

again. For questions 1-4, choose
the appropriate section and write
the corresponding letter (A-E).
One section does not match any of
the questions.
In which section does the author
1 mention simple rather than extreme
ideas as possible solutions to global
problems?
2 say there is no need to have
specialist knowledge to tackle
complex problems?
A In their bestselling book Think Like A Freak, New York Times
3 use statistics to dramatise why it
journalist Stephen J. Dubner and university economist Steven D.
might be a good idea to adopt one
Levitt explain how to tackle problems from unusual angles in order to
idea suggested?
reach original and often counter-intuitive solutions. The book urges
4 compare an approach to problem
5 readers not to feel cowed by the fact that they might not be experts
solving to that of the men who wrote
in any particular field. It also advises them to tackle small problems,
Think Like a Freak?
not big ones, and to identify root causes, not symptoms. Above all,
Based on the text, answer however, what the book tries to do is tell its readers how to resolve
questions 5-8. any problem out there - and it's often a simple, cheap and quick fix.
5 What does IV suggest for stopping w Human beings just have to be open-minded enough to think outside
global warming? the box.

B The great problems that face the world today, such as global
6 If their ideas can’t be implemented,
warming, disease and destructive weather patterns, often appear to
what is IV’s goal?
be complicated and unsolvable, or, at least, like fighting an uphill
is battle that only incredibly expensive government efforts could ever
7 How would the inner tube idea work
hope to alleviate. Not so if you think like a freak. Like Dubner and
to stop hurricanes?
Levitt, Intellectual Ventures (IV), a company based on the west coast
of the USA, has spent the last decade or so thinking up solutions that
8 What does the author think about
are offbeat and unexpected - but which, they argue, might just work.
ideas like zapping mosquitos with
lasers? 2o Take global warming, for example. IV's proposal is to pump sulphur
dioxide into the atmosphere at regular intervals from the end of a
huge hose that would stretch from the surface of the Earth right up
3 Study the highlighted adjectives in
into the sky. In computer simulations, they have worked out that
the article and match them to the
the sulphur dioxide particles would have the effect of diffusing
definitions 1-8.
25 sunlight to such an extent that the Earth's temperature would
1 intimidated fall, thus eradicating global warming, reversing the melting of the
2 vast polar ice caps, and saving the polar bears in one fell swoop. Hard
3 clever to believe? You bet. And, like many of IV's wacky suggestions,
4 opposite of what you would expect it is necessary to take what they say with a pinch of salt. The
5 astonishing 30 point, though, is that by being ingenious and creative in how they
6 silly or crazy approach the problem, they have come up with a possible solution
7 unusual but interesting that nobody thought of before.
8 possible

Człowiek • Świat przyrody • Państwo i społeczeństwo • Rozumienie tekstów pisanych • Dobieranie •

Units Odpowiedzi na pytania
 4 Complete the sentences with the words
in exercise 3.
C Of course, a more conventional approach to the problem of global 1 If the product is not from
warming is to reduce greenhouse gases. We are regularly being told to an ecological point of view, we can’t
35 cut down our consumption of fossil fuels and to invest in green energy. manufacture it.
There is, however, one major source of greenhouse gases which seems 2 There are a number of 4x4s
to go unnoticed, and that's cows. There are 1.3 billion cows and bulls on the road, and they use a
in the world and they all produce prodigious quantities of methane, amount of fuel! They shouldn’t be legal!
one of the worst greenhouse gases there is. Every year, the methane 3 The Carnival for New Technologies was
40 from one cow is equivalent to the carbon dioxide produced by using a really carnival, full of
one thousand litres of petrol! Indeed, overall, two billion metric tons crazy new innovations; some were so
of CO2-equivalents are emitted annually by cattle! It's a staggering they made me laugh out
amount. So, the question is, what would a 'freak' do about it? loud.
4 The striking workers were
into submission by the police.
5 The young media-crowd
were streets ahead when it came to
internet marketing.
6 It’s now to use plastic
when you can use an environmentally
friendly option.

5 Can you ‘think like a freak’? Think of

some wacky, offbeat remedies to the
following problems.
D And the answer? Eat more kangaroos. It's a no-brainer if you think The Amazon is being cut down at an
45 like a freak. If we got rid of all the beef cattle in the world, and alarming rate, destroying vital rainforest
replaced them with enormous kangaroo ranches, we would not only and causing numerous plants and animals
have meat to eat which was just as tasty and protein rich as beef, to become extinct.
but we would significantly reduce our carbon footprint. Kangaroos, Homelessness is a major cause of concern
you see, produce no methane. At least, that was the belief until in cities across the world.
so science proved once and for all that kangaroos do, unfortunately, There are still 130 million girls globa . . mo
produce methane. But you get the idea. don’t have access to an education.

Giant hoses and kangaroo ranches are just two of the many bizarre ideas ‘Fatbergs’ (a build-up of enormous

out there. Indeed, not content with being the think tank that suggested quantities of grease and fat are b.ocking

the idea of stopping global warming with a giant hose, IV has also urban sewage systems around the world.
55 come up with a way of wiping out malaria by zapping mosquitoes with
lasers and of stopping hurricanes in their tracks with a one-hundred-
metre-wide floating inner tube connected to a cylinder at the bottom
of the sea. This latter idea involves reducing the power of hurricanes
by pushing warm water from the surface of the ocean down through
53 the cylinder until it reaches the cold water beneath. By cooling the
surface of the ocean in this way, any hurricane is drained of its energy,
as it is the warm water on the surface that fuels the storm. Naturally,
one big inner tube and cylinder wouldn't be enough to stop a hurricane
- it would take a few thousand of these devices spread out across the
:5 warm oceans of the world. The logistics involved seem prohibitive.
Nevertheless, the idea is out there, and the science suggests that it is
a viable solution to a problem that devastates communities and takes
thousands of lives every year - theoretically, at least.

E In the end, many of IV's suggested solutions are unlikely ever to be

■: realised, and we may not be able to solve all the problems we face with
simple, savvy ideas that appear to cost next to nothing. The principal
message, however, is that we shouldn't feel helpless in the face of
global challenges, and that being ingenious, optimistic and creative in
thought might just result in some amazing breakthroughs.

Człowiek • Świat przyrody • Państwo i społeczeństwo Unit 8

Writing A problem-solution essay

1 Read the problem-solution essay. What are the two 2 Match sentences 1-5 to strategies A-C. Some
sentences may match more than one strategy.
solutions discussed by the essay writer?
1 It might be possible to limit what is contained in such
The marketing of junk food to young people is advertisements to include only the healthy choices on
a growing problem. Identify the causes of the their menus.
problem and evaluate solutions. 2 The World Obesity Federation makes a very valid point
It’s incontestable that junk food advertisements are when it says,...
having a detrimental effect on the health of young 3 It is estimated that in 2014 and 2015, the National Health
people.1‘Childhood obesity is Service in the UK spent £6.1 billion on problems related
one of the most serious global public health issues of the to obesity and being overweight.
21st century.' 4 According to Mahon, current spending on such
While it’s true that television companies would suffer advertisements is £200 million, and Channel 4 makes
from a big reduction in advertising revenue if these ads up approximately £40 million of this.
were withdrawn, surely the health of our young people 5 It seems that a blanket ban on advertising unhealthy
should be more important than anything else? And some food would be a sensible move to help address this.
responsibility must be placed on parents and educators,
A introducing a source
not just the fast-food companies. Unless there is good
guidance on healthy eating at home and school, children B using facts and figures to give credibility
might not make good food choices. How can we make C using tentative language to introduce or evaluate ideas
sure everyone involved in this controversy can achieve
a desirable outcome? In this essay, I will analyse the
3 Complete the gaps in the essay with sentences A-E in

problem and examine possible solutions. exercise 2.

We are constantly bombarded with advertising Writing guide

wherever we go. Children are particularly susceptible to
the influence of fast-food marketing and the problem is ■ TASK Write a problem-solution essay on one of
only getting worse. In England, for example, according
the topics below.
to the National Child Measurement Programme, the
proportion of children between four and five years Some countries have good access to healthcare
old who were overweight in 2019 was almost 10%. while others struggle to get the most basic
A further 13% were obese. 2 medicines. What can be done about this?
However, Channel 4 boss Alex Mahon warned that Pollution in towns and cities around the world is
the cost of a ban for TV companies could ‘make a causing numerous problems for city dwellers. How
big impact’ and would very likely result in junk food can we address this?
advertising being ‘hyper-targeted’ online instead.
Social media websites are very hard to regulate, meaning
One solution would be to have restricted time slots children can get access to content that they would
during which unhealthy food advertising would be otherwise be protected from. How can this be remedied?
banned on television. 3 Of course
TV companies would lose out financially if this was ■ PLAN1 Ask yourself the following questions.
introduced, but not as much as they would if there was 1 What are the main challenges we face in this area?
a complete ban. And, if supported by guidance from 2 What are the solutions? Use facts and figures to
educators and parents as to what makes a healthy diet, support your main ideas.
children might not be as tempted to eat this type of food if 3 Evaluate the solutions. Is one more viable than the
they didn’t see it all the time on TV.
others?
Another solution could be based not on timing but
■ PLAN 2 Follow the plan.
content. 4 By stressing the
importance of eating well while showing a preferable Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic.
option, children might be encouraged to pick the wrap Paragraph 2: Explain the problem.
over the burger, for instance. How many advertisements Paragraphs 3-4: One or more solution(s) and evaluation.
currently show the biggest, fattiest and saltiest thing Paragraph 5: Restate the problem and possible solutions.
on the menu accompanied by the biggest, most sugar-
filled drink? It’s time we changed the focus to the more ■ WRITE Write your problem-solution essay. Use the
nutritious meal on offer. paragraph plan to help you.

The stark fact is that obesity has a financial cost too. ■ REVIEW Check the following points.
5 But, everyone has a responsibility Have you used a clear paragraph structure?
in this: it’s not just a case of blaming advertisers. Parents, Have you explained the problem clearly?
government and teachers all have a part to play to help
Have you researched the solutions thoroughly?
mould children’s choices. Whatever steps are put in place,
Have you referred to any sources you have used?
there must be an agreement between TV companies,
advertisers and health experts to ensure that children’s Have you checked grammar, vocabulary, spelling
health is the main consideration: they are the future. and punctuation?

Unit 8 Żywienie • Zdrowie • Państwo i społeczeństwo

 US Assess your progress
Give yourself a mark 1-3 for each Learning Objective from the lesson.
1 I found this difficult. 2 This was OK. 3 I can do this well.
.
«
• * # ' < > ^' l,’^|^
1 can use known words to identify the main ideas in a text.

1 can recognise vocabulary about cities.

1 can recognise emphatic adjectives.

—
<5
< How can 1 improve?
co
E
O
V)
in
CD
—I

1 can identify different lines of argument in a radio programme.

1 can recognise the key features of reported speech.

1 can use a variety of reporting verbs in reported speech.

1
CO How can 1 improve?
00
E
o
11 1/1
in
<U
_i

1 can understand and summarise the main ideas in a text or discuss’".

1 can recognise a range of idioms about problems and solutions.

1 can use expressions to discuss and respond to suggestions and cess

(5
How can 1 improve?
CO
c
o
in
in

►
1 can use context to infer the meaning of unknown words.

1 can recognise a range of vocabulary about slavery.

Ji
-- !
Q How can 1 improve? OJ
00
c
o
V)
in
OJ

1 can write a problem-solution essay.

1 can use tentative language to introduce, support and evaluate ideas.

—
1 can use correct punctuation in direct quotations.
<5
UI How can 1 improve? 2
00
c
o
in
in
(V
—1

Action plan
Make a plan for what you can do next to improve. Discuss your ideas with your classmates/ teacher.