UNIT–I: THE INTERNET OF THINGS

The Internet of Things- An Overview of Internet of things, Internet of Things Architecture,

Technology behind IoTs, Sources of the IoTs, Examples OF IoTs, Design Principles for Connected
Devices, Internet connectivity, Application Layer Protocols- HTTP, HTTPS, FTP.

The Internet of Things: IoT is a concept which enables communication between internet
connected devices and applications, whereby physical objects or things communicate through
internet.
Internet of thing means a network of Physical things (object) sending, receiving or
communicating information using internet or other communication technologies just as the
computer, tablet and Mobile phone do and thus enabling the tracking , coordinating , monitoring
and controlling across the internet or another data network.

Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain embedded
electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to enable it to greater value and service by
exchanging of data with the operator and/or other connected devices.

An Overview of Internet of Things: IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the
interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances and vehicles that are embedded with
software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data.
This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices,
creating opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.

In the upcoming years, IoT-based technology will offer advanced levels of services and
practically change the way people lead their daily lives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene
therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes are just a few of the categorical examples
where IoT is strongly established.

IOT is a system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital

machines, objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers. The ability to
transfer the data over a network requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

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VISION of IoT:
IoT is a vision where things (smart watch, Alarm clock, smart devices etc) become smart and
function like living entities by sensing, computing and communicating through embedded devices
which interact with remote objects ( Server, cloud, services and processes) or person through
Internet or NFC.
Example-1: Smart Umbrella with LED indicator.
Example-2 Smart Street Light with command Control system.
Smart Umbrella

Smart Street light technology with central command and control station.

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Hyperconnectivity or Smart connectivity means use of multiple systems and devices to
remain connected to social network and steam the information constantly.
 Use of RFID (Radio frequency Identification) or smart labelling in super markets.
 Use of Edge computing Technology.
Ex: A City network of street lights which constantly connects to the controlling station.
Edge Computing: Edge computing implies the ability of computation at the Device level before
the computed data communication over the Internet is known as Edge computing Technology.

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Conceptual Frameworks or Architectural View for IoT
Simple conceptual Framework
Physical Object + Controller, Sensor & Actuators + Internet = IoT
Ex: An Umbrella
Oracle Model of Framework
Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organize and Analyze = IoT with connectivity to
Data Centre, Enterprise or Cloud Server.
Ex: Streetlights in a city
IBM Framework for IoT
Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage & Analyze = IoT with
connectivity to cloud service.

IoT with connectivity to Data Centre with Oracle Model Framework.

Architectural View of IoT:

The architecture of an IoT system can be broadly divided into several layers.

CISCO Model of Conceptual Framework for general IOT System

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These elements make up the backbone of any IoT system upon which effective, multi-layered
architecture can be developed.

1. Sensing/Device Layer: This layer consists of the physical devices and sensors that collect
data from the environment hosting smart things.
2. Network Layer: This layer provides the communication infrastructure for transmitting data
from the devices to the data processing centers.
3. Connectivity or transport layer transferring data from the physical layer to the cloud and
vice versa via networks and gateways.
4. Data Processing Layer: This layer involves processing, analyzing, and storing the data
collected from the devices. This can be done using cloud computing platforms or edge
computing devices.
5. Application Layer: This layer provides the user interface and applications that allow users
to interact with the IoT system and utilize the processed data.

Oracle IOT Architecture View and Framework

Oracle IOT Architecture View and Framework

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Sensors Device: This layer consists of the physical devices and sensors that collect data from the
environment hosting smart things.

Technology behind IoT:

The following entities provide the wide technology environment and are the examples of
technologies, which involved in IoT.
1. Hardware- Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel, ArmBed, Bosch XDK110 and Wireless SoC.
2. Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing Device software, firmware and
API’s.
3. Protocols-RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP (Extensible Messaging and presence )
4. Communication- Ethernet, RFID, NFC, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi , WiMax, 2G,3G,4G & 5G.
5. Network backbone- IPv4, IPv6, UDP and 6LowPAN.
6. Internet cloud Platform/Data centre- CICSCO, IBM BlueMix, AWS IoT, TCS CUP and
Sense.
7. Machine learning: Machine learning algorithms and Software.

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(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZvLakTdGqw&list=PLJSrGkRNEDAjLGSQiR5a4pOcIiHic
PwgV&index=2)
Sources of IoT:
Examples of Hardware Sources of IoT prototype are Arduino, Microduino, Beagle Board and
RasWIK. Hardware prototype needs an IDE for developing device software, firmware and API’s.
 Arduino Yun: This Arduino uses microcontroller ATmega32u4 that supports Arduino
which includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB Port, Micro SD card slot and three reset buttons.
 Microduino: It is a small board compatible with Arduino that can be stacked with other
boards.
 Intel Galileo: It is Arduino certified development boards. Galileo is based on Intel x86
Architecture.
 Intel Edison: It enables creation of prototypes and fast development in prototype projects
and produces IoT wearable computing devices. It seamless interacts with device to cloud
communication.
 Beagle Board: Beagle board is very low power requirement. It has a Open source design for
both Hardware and software IoT designs.
 Raspberry Pi wireless Inventor Kit (RasWIK): RasWIK enables Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi
connected Devices. It is built for commercial product design proposes.

Examples of IoT or Applications of IoT:

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Devices include smart home appliances like refrigerators and thermostats, wearable health trackers,
connected cars, and industrial sensors for manufacturing and agriculture. These devices utilize
sensors, software, and connectivity to collect and exchange data, enabling automation, remote
monitoring, and improved efficiency in various aspects of life and industry.
1. Smart homes
 Smart speakers and voice assistants: Devices like Amazon Echo or Google Home can
control other smart home appliances, play music, set reminders, and answer questions
through voice commands.
 Smart thermostats: Learn your preferences and automatically adjust heating and cooling
based on your schedule, presence, and weather conditions, saving energy.
 Smart lighting: Allows you to remotely control brightness, color, and schedules, dimming
lights for a movie or turning them off when you leave the house.
 Smart security systems: Include features like smart locks, surveillance cameras with
motion detection, and doorbell cameras, enabling remote monitoring and alerts for
suspicious activity.
 Smart appliances: Refrigerators that track inventory and suggest recipes, washing
machines that can be controlled remotely, and ovens that automatically adjust cooking
settings based on scanned barcodes, are just a few examples.
2. Smart cities
 Traffic management: IoT sensors and cameras monitor traffic flow, density, and speed,
adjusting traffic lights and providing real-time data to navigate congestion and improve
urban mobility.
 Smart lighting: Streetlights can be programmed to adjust brightness based on ambient light
and activity, increasing intensity when pedestrians are present and dimming when streets are
empty, saving energy.
 Environmental monitoring: Sensors collect data on air quality, temperature, humidity, and
pollution levels, helping cities identify problem areas and implement targeted interventions.
 Waste management: Smart bins with sensors can notify waste management systems when
they are full, optimizing collection routes and reducing waste management costs.
 Parking solutions: Real-time parking availability information is provided by sensors in
parking spaces, guiding drivers to open spots and reducing search time and congestion.
3. Wearable devices
 Fitness trackers and smart watches: Monitor health metrics like heart rate, sleep patterns,
and activity levels, and can alert users or healthcare professionals to potential health
concerns.
 Connected medical devices: Continuous glucose monitors, insulin pens, and smart inhalers
are examples of devices that can monitor health conditions, track medication adherence, and
provide alerts to patients and caregivers.
4. Autonomous driving
 Self-driving cars: Utilize a network of sensors, cameras, and connectivity solutions to
analyze their environment, detect obstacles, and navigate without human input.
 Connected cars: Vehicles equipped with IoT capabilities can communicate with other
vehicles, infrastructure, and the cloud, sharing information like road conditions, traffic
alerts, and even vehicle health data.
5. Smart agriculture
 Precision farming: IoT sensors collect data on soil moisture, nutrient levels, and crop
health, enabling farmers to optimize irrigation, fertilization, and pest control for maximum
yield.

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  Livestock monitoring: Wearable sensors attached to animals can track their health,
behavior, and location, helping farmers detect illness early, optimize breeding, and manage
herds more efficiently.
 Greenhouse automation: Sensors and actuators in greenhouses monitor and control
environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and lighting, creating optimal growing
conditions for increased production.
6. Industrial IoT
 Predictive maintenance: Sensors monitor the performance of industrial machinery,
predicting potential failures before they occur, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
 Smart manufacturing: IoT enables automation and data exchange in factories, optimizing
production processes, improving quality control, and streamlining supply chains.
 Logistics and fleet management: IoT tracking devices and sensors provide real-time
location and condition data for vehicles and cargo, optimizing routes, reducing fuel
consumption, and improving delivery times.
These examples showcase the diverse applications of IoT across various industries, highlighting its
potential to drive innovation, improve efficiency, and create a more connected and intelligent
World.

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Application Layer Protocols: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZzvNkuY6ac)
HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP are all application layer protocols used in networking, but they serve
different purposes. HTTP is for transferring web content, HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP, and
FTP is for transferring files.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):
Purpose: Enables communication between web browsers and web servers, allowing users to access
and display web pages.
How it works: It's a stateless protocol, meaning each request is treated independently. It uses a
client-server model, where browsers (clients) send requests to servers, and servers respond with the
requested data (usually HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, etc.).
Port: Typically uses port 80.
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure):
Purpose: Provides a secure way to browse the web by encrypting communication between the
browser and server, protecting sensitive information like passwords and credit card details.
How it works: HTTPS is essentially HTTP over an encrypted connection (usually using SSL/TLS).
This encryption ensures that data transmitted between the client and server is secure and cannot be
easily intercepted or tampered with.
Port: Typically uses port 443.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
Purpose: Allows users to transfer files between a client and a server over a network.
How it works: FTP uses two connections: a control connection for commands (like login, file
transfer instructions) and a data connection for transferring the actual files.
Port: Typically uses port 21 for control and port 20 for data connections.
Security: FTP is not inherently secure and transmits data (including usernames and passwords) in
plain text. Therefore, FTPS (FTP over SSL/TLS) or SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) are
recommended for secure file transfer.
Design Principles for Connected Devices:
Connected devices in IoT should be designed with principles like scalability, security, and user-
centricity in mind. They should also prioritize data privacy, interoperability, and efficient energy
consumption.
1. User-Centric Design:
 Focus on user needs: IoT devices should be designed to solve real-world problems and
improve user experiences.
 Consider the user's perspective: Designers should understand how users will interact with
the device and design accordingly.
 Prioritize usability: The interface and functionality should be intuitive and easy to use.
2. Security and Privacy: Secure data: Protecting sensitive data collected by IoT devices is crucial.
 Ensure privacy: Implement measures to protect user privacy, such as data minimization
and encryption.
 Secure communication: Use secure communication protocols to protect data transmitted
between devices.
3. Scalability and Interoperability:
 Scalable architecture: IoT systems should be designed to accommodate a growing number
of devices and data volumes.

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  Interoperability: Devices should be able to communicate with each other and other
systems, regardless of manufacturer or protocol.

4. Data Management:
 Efficient data processing: Design systems that can efficiently process and analyze the large
amounts of data generated by IoT devices.
 Data enrichment: Consider where and how to enrich data, whether at the edge or in the
cloud.
5. Connectivity and Reliability:
 Stable and reliable connectivity: Ensure devices stay connected and can function reliably
in various environments.
 Consider offline behavior: Design devices to handle situations where connectivity is lost.
6. Energy Efficiency:
 Low power consumption: Many IoT devices are battery-powered, so energy efficiency is
critical.
 Green IoT: Consider sustainable design practices to minimize the environmental impact.
7. Contextual Awareness:
 Adapt to the environment: IoT devices should be designed to understand and adapt to their
surroundings.
 Consider the social setting: The social context should be considered during the design.
8. Value and Meaningful Interaction:
 Deliver value: Ensure the device provides a tangible benefit to the user.
 Create meaningful interactions: Design devices that engage users in a subtle and helpful
way, rather than being intrusive.
9. Software Integrity:
 Secure boot: Implement secures boot mechanisms to ensure software integrity and prevent
unauthorized changes.
10. Prototyping and Iteration:
 Early prototyping: Start prototyping early in the design process to test and refine the
device.
 Iterative design: Continuously improve the device based on user feedback and testing.

Overview of IOT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJVMbqpVCAk&list=PLJSrGkRNEDAjLGSQiR5a4pOcIiHicP
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