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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
´Discuss the paradigm shift through history;

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS ´Explain how the intellectual Revolution

change the way how humans see the
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY world;
´Describe the technological advancement
that happen in the information age.

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Scientific Paradigm Scientific Revolution

´Paradigms, introduced by Kuhn in “The Structure of Scientific ´Scientific Revolution refers to historical changes in thought &
Revolutions”, are the lenses by which science views the world. belief, to changes in social & institutional organization that in
´A paradigm refers to not only the set of theories but also the entire Europe roughly from 1550 – 1700 (Hatch,2002).
set of processes, equipment, and measurements used to conduct ´It was a period of great advances in science after an era of
science (Kuhn 1962). “darkness” or intellectual dormancy brought about by the fall of
´Within a paradigm, there is consensus over the fundamental the Roman Empire.
ideologies, techniques, and methods. ´It was an age that witnessed a series of paradigm shifts which
´A paradigm recognizes the achievements of the past and also opened new doors to remarkable scientific exploits of the
defines the range of answers/explanations acceptable within the century.
framework. also defines the range of answers/explanations
acceptable within the framework.

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Scientific Revolution Paradigm Shift

´The significant shift in scientific ideas that occurred in the 16th and ´When a previous and recognized method of
17th century is known as the Scientific Revolution.
doing something is replaced by a new and
´The Greek concept of nature, which governed research for nearly
2,000 years, was replaced by a new one during the Scientific
different method, this represents a significant
Revolution. change.

´a period when traditional and accepted ways of

thinking about something completely alter.

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INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

SIGMUND FREUD – the founder of
Psychoanalysis (type of therapy that
aims to release pent-up or repressed
emotions and memories in or to lead
the client to catharsis, or healing. In
other words, the goal of
psychoanalysis is to bring what exists
at the unconscious or subconscious
level up to consciousness)

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MODELS OF THE MIND ICEBERG THEORY

Perhaps the most impactful idea put forth by Freud was his model
of the human mind. His model divides the mind into three layers,
or regions:

CONSCIOUS PRECONSCIOUS Unconscious

(sometimes called - at the deepest
- this is where the subconscious) -
our current level of our minds
this is the home of resides a repository of
thoughts, everything we can the processes that
feelings, and recall or retrieve drive our behavior,
focus live. from our memory. including primitive and
instinctual desires.

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THREE METAPHORICAL PARTS TO THE

MIND:

- Sigmund Freud

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
´GEOCENTRIC THEORY –
a belief that the earth was an
immovable object located at
the center of the universe
according to this belief, the
moon, the sun, and the planets
all moved in perfectly circular
paths around the earth common
sense seemed to support this
view.

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COPERNICAN REVOLUTION COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

´HELIOCENTRIC THEORY – sun- HELIOCENTRIC MODEL ´This still did not explain completely why
centered theory proposed by the planets orbited the way they did. He
a Polish cleric and astronomer also knew that most scholars and clergy
Nicolaus Copernicus who would reject his theory because it
reasoned out that indeed, the contradicted their religious belief.
stars, the earth, and the other Fearing ridicule or persecution,
planets revolved around the Copernicus did not publish his findings
sun after studying planetary until 1543, the last year of his life. He
movements for more than 25 received a copy of his book, On the
years. Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, on
his deathbed.

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DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
´The Darwinian revolution was one
´the theory of evolution which postulated
of the most controversial the population pass through a process
intellectual revolution of its time. of natural selection in which only the
´CHARLES DARWIN- an English fittest would survive.
naturalist and geologist who ´He stated that the organism have the
ability to adapt to their environment
explained the diversity of life on and would gradually change into
Earth with a theory of evolution in something that would be more
his book “On the origin of species” competitive to survive, a process known
as EVOLUTION.
that was published in 1859

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DARWINIAN REVOLUTION DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

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DARWINIAN REVOLUTION DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

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DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

OTHER KNOWN REVOLUTIONISTS

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NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION

: proposed the Law of Universal Newton’s law of gravitation,

Gravitation statement that any particle of
: published his influential book, matter in the universe attracts any
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia other with a force varying directly
Mathematica (Mathematical
as the product of the masses and
Principles of Natural Philosophy)
inversely as the square of the
better known as Principia
: marked the beginning of modern
distance between them.
science.

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NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION

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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

: accepted the Copernican Model & formulated

the Three Laws of Planetary Motion
(1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the
Sun as a focus,
(2) a planet covers the same area of space in
the same amount of time no matter where it
is in its orbit,
(3) a planet's orbital period is proportional to
the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis).

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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) : Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) :

studied physics, specifically the laws of ´was the most successful scientist of the Scientific
Revolution, save only Isaac Newton. He studied physics,
gravity & motion and invented the telescope specifically the laws of gravity and motion, and invented
& microscope. the telescope and microscope.
´From the seventeenth century onward, Galileo has been
: the most successful scientist of the
seen by many as the “hero” of modern science. He is
Scientific Revolution renowned for his discoveries: he was the first to report
telescopic observations of the mountains on the moon,
the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings
of Saturn.

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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) : Rene Descartes (1596-1650) :

the inventor of deductive reasoning and

was one of the greatest minds of the
Scientific revolution.

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Rene Descartes (1596-1650) : Francis Bacon

: formalized the concept of scientific

method in 1621.

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Francis Bacon

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