University of Santo Tomas

CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

○​ Can we develop our economy

on our own
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
○​ Whatever happens in another
country, can affect us indirectly
Albert Einstein or directly
○​ Ex. russian war - affected us
●​ “Imagination is more important than through resources for oil
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. ●​ Mcdonaldization
Imagination encircles the world.” ○​ Fast food chains - model of
●​ Difference from other scientists that he efficiency because of the fast
believes in God pace
●​ Internist - knowledge comes from own ○​ Fast pace of life that we have
knowledge; what is felt by senses are ○​ The world moves in a very fast
knowledge pace
●​ Democritus - All things around us are ○​ It might not be good
made of atomos (invisible) - made thru ●​ Existence of Global Institutions
imagination/speculation ○​ Can the world be governed?
●​ When curiosity happens, philosophy ■​ Possible, but is not the
starts and knowledge is produced same as governing a
●​ We got all these info (above) because of country because the
globalization context is different.
○​ Ex: International law (signed by
countries) is different from
GLOBALIZATION domestic law
●​

●​ Is complex
GLOBALIZATION

TERMS RELATED TO
GLOBALIZATION -​ The intensification of all the interactions
(economic, political, social) among the
different actors in the international
●​ Internationalization system
○​ keyword is nation (group of -​ Refers to all interactions
people believing you are part of -​ No agreement when globalization
a particular culture) started but is more intensified today than
○​ Movement of people around the before (happening in a wider scale)
world (interaction) -​ Different actors
○​ Ex. Institutions (religious or -​ Non State - We can also be
not), half half na tao actors
(intermarriage) -​ State - countries
●​ Interdependence -​ International state - has rules,
○​ Analogy: We cannot become norms, pattern of behavior
happy alone
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

SKEPTICS
PERSPECTIVES
●​ Not ‘Globalization’
○​ If it is really globalization, all
-​ because of the complexity of countries should have a
globalization, we cannot avoid contribution and should not be
developing different perspectives monopolized by a country or
-​ Ex. Even the law is open to various group of countries
perspectives ●​ Americanization or Westernization
○​ Western countries (United
DIFFERENT VIEWS ON States and Western Europe) -
GLOBALIZATION pushed neoliberal economics
(principle that dominated
HYPERGLOBALIST economy until today)
○​ Importation - neoliberal
●​ Purely economic - usual perspective ○​ Command economy - you
●​ How would a hyperglobalist explain a remove yourself from
political alliance? globalization (alt for
○​ Ex. Defense alliance with the neoliberalism)
US ○​ State intervention - through
○​ When you establish any kind of proper policies to balance
political alliance, a globalization and improve
hyperglobalist would say that it national economy(alt for
is about protecting your globalization)
resources or obtaining more ●​ Negative effects of globalization
resources ○​ Inequality - worse effect of
○​ One way or another (US Bases) globalization
has an effects and is a part of the ○​ There are some countries that
economy still suffer and has something to
●​ Positive effects of Globalization do with resources - something
○​ Website: our world in data - that ordinary people don’t have
shows the increase/decrease of control over
GDP ○​ Majority of resources aren’t
●​ How can hyperglobalists explain really controlled by countries
negative things in globalization? ●​ You have doubts
○​ The reason why u are
experienced negative effects of TRANSFORMATIONALISTS
effects is because you are not ●​ Middle- ground
globalized enough - be a part of ○​ Reconciles the hyper globalists
globalization more and skeptics perspective
○​ Hyperglobalists - human life is
not included
○​ Skeptics - the values or how the
world is dominated
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

○​ Adds: globalization whether

A BRIEF HISTORY
positively or negatively
transforms human lives
●​ Globalization as transformation of INCEPTION OF THE GLOBAL
human lives ECONOMY
●​ Both positive and negative area
●​ We would like to mitigate the negative Post-World War II
effects of globalization
●​ Developmental problems
MOST VALUABLE COMPANIES ●​ Bipolar World: you have two
●​ Majority comes from the west superpowers competing with each other
●​ Highest percentage - information and they balance each other out
technology ●​ Cold War: there is no direct
engagement: ideological war: capitalism
vs communism
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ●​ Global economy started here so…..
○​ There are a lot of countries
●​ economic aspect of Globalization engaged in the war so it resulted
in a lack of resources (human &
material)
ORIGIN OF GLOBAL ECONOMY ●​ Proves to us that the scale of interactions
that happened it is war, that it is possible
Why is it important? to interact in such a large scale
●​ Brettenwood Conference: they
●​ We try to learn lessons from it established the Brettenwood system
●​ Helps us understand our present which is the beginning/foundation of
conditions global economy
○​ This current global economy
has a lot of problems so we need BRETTENWOOD SYSTEM
to understand its situation to
solve it ●​ Happened in 1944
●​ Gold standard
“The only true and sustainable prosperity is ○​ Wealth of a country is
shared prosperity.” determined by the amount of
- Joseph Stiglitz gold that you have which is
convertible to dollar
●​ Country’s join global economy for ●​ Adjustable-peg exchange rule system
shared prosperity ○​ You can convert your money to
●​ All countries all over the world should dollar
experience it ●​ WB-IMF-WTO
●​ We have not yet reached the goal of ○​ Unholy trinity - reason why
global economy there is inequality in the world
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

○​ 1944 - International Bank for ■​ Those countries who

Reconstruction & Development were members of GATT
(IBRD) had no choice to be a
■​ To give loans part of it
■​ Clients are ■​ We opened up our
countries/states economy so our infant
■​ Now known as World industries that needed to
Bank be protected, suddenly
■​ Still exists but is now vanished
under the world bank ●​ John Maynard Keynes
○​ Same year - International ○​ Suggested to establish an
Monetary Fund international currency
■​ Lender of last resort ●​ Harry Dexter White
■​ Original and main role: ○​ Suggested to use dollars as an
to monitor the flow of international currency (won
capital around the because he represents a
world, financial flows powerful country)
■​ Has a data per economy
■​ Works closely with the COLLAPSE OF THE SYSTEM
world bank
○​ 1947 - International Trade ●​ Cold war
Organization ○​ The value of dollar decreased
■​ US Congress vetoed because the World bank supplies
and was rejected by a lot of money to countries
allies ●​ Triffin Dilemma
■​ Was not established ○​ International equidity
because the US does not ●​ Abandonment of the Gold Standard
want to be a part of a ●​ Floating exchange rates
free trade during this ●​ 70s - oil crisis
time ●​ 80s - peak of this collapse
■​ US was trying to protect ○​ IDRD gave out loans without
their infant industries monitoring
(has cotton industries) ○​ Authoritarianism - form of
○​ 1948 - General Agreement on government during this time
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ○​ Debt crisis
■​ Was approved because
it is not an organization WASHINGTON CONSENSUS
■​ Had so much flexibility
■​ International agreement ●​ Came up with policy reforms which
and can be gave birth to NEOLIBERAL
circumvented ECONOMICS
○​ 1995 - GATT became the World ●​ reason why our current global economy,
Trade Organization (WTO) globalization is ruled by neoliberalism
●​ Solution that the US implemented
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

iii.​Service was better but

you have to pay higher
WASHINGTON CONSENSUS electricity bills
d.​ Deregulation
i.​ Phil gov controlled the
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF prices of oil before
NEOLIBERALISM ii.​ Affects our economy
because of the flow of
1.​ Macroeconomic Stability movement
a.​ Controlling inflation and iii.​ Oil deregulation law -
reducing the fiscal deficits gas stations opened, lots
b.​ Neoliberalism - values of supplies, more
efficiency efficient, but prices
i.​ Lower supply = increased
importation 4.​ Increased Role of International
c.​ Reduce fiscal deficits Organizations
i.​ Fiscal deficit - a.​ Conditions of IMF and World
Pagkukulang sa income Bank
(mas malaki ang gastos)
ii.​ Implementing taxes or
adding taxes
iii.​ Mangutang - in order
for your economy to THE CURRENT GLOBAL ECONOMY
move forward you need
to spend so you need to NEOLIBERAL INTERNATIONAL
take loans ECONOMIC ORDER
2.​ Opening the Economy
a.​ Free trade ●​ Dominated by the principles of
b.​ Non tariff barriers neoliberalism
c.​ Make sure that the flow of ○​ Less state intervention
services are free ○​ Free market economy
3.​ Liberalize Domestic Product Markets ○​ Full integration to the world
a.​ Privatization and Deregulation economy
b.​ Less state intervention ○​ Removal of trade barriers
c.​ Privatization
i.​ 90s are prone to
blackout so the
government controls CRITICISMS OF THE CURRENT
electricity SYSTEM
ii.​ Then electricity was
privatized because of
laws ●​ Failure to address the problems of
developing status
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

○​ Most developing states didn’t

5 INSTITUTIONS OF WORLD BANK
benefit from this
○​ We had a lot of industries that
slowly died when we joined free ●​ International Bank for
trade Reconstruction and Development
●​ Worsening inequality (IDRD)
○​ Developed countries were in a ○​ They give loans to countries
better situation devastated by wars (when
○​ Biggest issue established)
●​ Lack of sustainability in its ○​ (Today) you can only go to
developmental promise IDRD if you classify as a
○​ Every 10 years, there will be a (1)middle indcome country or a
crisis (2) deserving low income
●​ Too much intervention from the World country
Bank and IMF ○​ GDP will determine the income
○​ Viewed their solutions as one of country
size fits all ○​ Deserving low income countries
○​ Already being reformed ■​ loans have interests so
○​ Working towards better the countries should be
interaction with developing able to pay the interest
countries and principal
○​ Most developing conutries are
“Development is about transforming the lives of considered to be low income
people, not just transforming economics.” ones
- Joseph Stiglitz ●​ International Development
Association (IDA)
○​ Loans are interest free
○​ For low income country
○​ Loans are usually long-term sith
a maximum of 10 years and the
BRETTON WOODS INSTITUTION
particular amount is given
yearly
○​ There ar loans that doesn’t fully
come from the eorld bsmk but
WORLD BANK contribution of the country and
world bank
■​ Happened after the debt
AN UMBRELLA OF FINANCIAL crisis
INSTITUTIONS ●​ International Finance Corporation
(IFC)
●​ World bank is not a single financial ○​ For private companies,
institution corporations, and such
●​ Composed of five ●​ Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA)
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

○​ Encourage Foreign direct ●​ The world bank, the elader, should

investment always be American
○​ investment - it produces jobs in ●​ IMF - managing director should always
a country be European
○​ Section 19, article 2 of the
Constitution - national economy Japan Social Development Fund: No
should be controlled by filipinos Bangsamoro Child left behind in BARMM
○​ Foreign companies - 60%
filipino and 40% foreign ●​ More on education
investor ●​ BARMM: poorest region in the
○​ Having more foreign investors Philippines
would lead to more kobs and
higher economic growth but
will lead to new problems such
as the fading of local investors INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
●​ International Center for Settlement pf
Investment Disputes (ICSID)
○​ When there is dipute between THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL MONITOR
investments
○​ There would always be a ●​ Main role: to collect data, monitor floes
possibility of dispute and this of money, capital, and investments.
institution settles it Looking at the stability of global and
national economy
●​ This is where they would determine who
GOALS OF THE WORLD BANK need help

●​ Reducing poverty CRITICAL MISSIONS OF THE IMF

○​ Consistent with the SDG
●​ Increasing shared prosperity ●​ Furthering international monetary
○​ Distributing the resources more corporation
equitable ○​ Monitoring of countries if they
●​ Promoting Sustainable Development are helping one another
●​ Encouraging the expansion of trade and
econmic growth
LEADAERSHIP AND MEMBERSHIP ○​ In partnership with WTO
●​ Discouraging policies that would harm
●​ IBRD - 189; IDA - 174; IFC - 186; prosperity
MIGA - 182; ICSID -158 ○​ If countries have policies that
●​ PRESIDENT: Ajay Banga (june 2, don’t encourage an open
2023) economy, they give advice
●​ HEADQUARTERS: Washington
IMF DUTIES
Unwritten Rule
●​ Policy advice
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

○​ If a country is not open, they

WORLD TRADE ORAGNIZATION
woruld make sure that new
policies would be enforced to
avoid protectionism and that REGULATING INTERNATIONAL TRADE
would affect global economy in
a negative light ●​ Formerly the General Agreement on
●​ Capacity building Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
○​ Training for government or ●​ Became the WTO in 1995
technocrats ●​ Facilitation of international trade us the
○​ For countries whise economies main goal of the WTO
are not globally competent ●​ Rules-based system was established
●​ Financial assistance ○​ Can punish countries who
○​ IMF is known as THE violate free trade rules
LENDER OF LAST RESORT ○​ Most violated:
■​ Most favored nation
THE LENDER OF LAST RESORT principle
●​ If mababa benta
●​ 1 SDR is equivalent to dollars sa iba, dapat
●​ Has their own currency (SDR: Special mababa rin sa
drawing rights) lahat
●​ Main source: ■​ Dumping
○​ Quotas ●​ Parang
○​ Multilateral borrowing nagtatapon ng
■​ Involved 3 or more product
countries
■​ Borrowing from more WTO DUTIES
than 3 or more countries
○​ Bilateral borrowing ●​ Trade negotiations
■​ Between you and ●​ Implrmenting and monitoring (the
another country agreements)
●​ There is an interest in IMF and the ●​ Dispute sentiment
country that you’ve borrowed from ●​ Building trade capacity
would also receive an interest ○​ Observers: perceived to be
lacking in trade capacity in
IMF MEMBERSHIP AND LEADERSHIP which WTO offers training for
these countrues
●​ MEMBERSHIP: 190 Countries ●​ Outreach
●​ MANAGING DIRECTOR: Kristalina ○​ They go to countries that are
Georgieva (Bulgarian) non-members and convince
●​ HEADQUARTERS: Washington them to be part of free trade
agreements

WTO MEMBERSHIP AND LEADERSHIP

 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

●​ MEMBERSHIP: 164 members and 23 ●​ Conflicts with activists and police force
observers
●​ DIRECTIR GENERAL: Ngozi
Okonjo-Iweala (Nigerian)
INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND
○​ First african and woman to be
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
voted
○​ Oct of 2022
○​ Added the outreach ●​ politics
●​ HEADQUARTERS: Geneva, ○​ conflict of interest; resolving
Switzerland conflict
○​ Power

THE ACTORS IN THE SYSTEM

CRITICISMS
WHO?
IMPERFECT SYSTEM
STATE ACTORS
●​ Too much intervention into different
states ●​ Considered as one of the main actors in
○​ Many suffering developing the international system
countries ●​ Seen as the sole actor in the interstate
●​ One-size-fits-all solutions system
●​ Lack of accountability and transparency ●​ This refers to the community if persons,
○​ There are a lot of meetings na more or less numerous, living in a
close door definite territory under a government
○​ Green room meetings: that can enforce obedience within its
formulation of policies jurisdiction and is free from external
○​ The policies are favored control
towards corporate interest
●​ Dominated by the interests of powerful STATE ELEMENTS
states (WB-IMF) and multinational
companies (WTO) ●​ People
●​ Inequality in the world ○​ Including foreigners if they are
○​ Have contributed to the within the country (exception
maintenance and worsening if for ambassadors or those with
inequality around the world diplomatic immunity - declares
○​ The unholy trinity persona non grata)
○​ Regardless of citizen or not, as
Additional: long as you are inside the
territory, you are part of the
WTO had violate demonstration people, thus the responsibility to
follow laws
●​ Battle of Seattle ●​ Territory
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

○​ 12 nm - territorial sea ○​ See themselves as independent

○​ 24 nm - contiguous zone (laws state
may still be applied) ○​ Perspective of the world, they
○​ 200 nm - eez are not as it appears that they
■​ Place where resources are a province of China
may be obtained ○​ One China policy
■​ Shared by countries ○​ China is recognized by UN
○​ Issue for archipelagos because they are part of the
■​ Gaps security council thus they are
■​ There are gaps that influential to the UN = POWER
doesn’t enter the 12 nm ■​ reason why taiwan is
■​ UN clause solution - not being considered as
archipelagic doctrine a state
●​ Archipelago is ○​ Embassy - indicator that you are
considered as a recognized by countries as
single unit independent state
(principle of ●​ Example: Civil society
incorporation - ○​ Organization that have a
international particular advocacy or principle
law to that they are pushing through
constitution) ○​ Can be a critic, ally, or
●​ Government alternative of the state
○​ Agency that manifests the will ○​ NGO
of the state ■​ Red cross
○​ People - democratic ■​ Green peace
○​ State - simple the law or rules ■​ WWF
imposed ○​ Multinational and Transnational
●​ Sovereignty companies
○​ Supreme power of the state ■​ Although economic,
within its jurisdiction and be may affect policy
free from external control making
○​ International Organizations
193 countries are only considered as states ■​ Very important actors
■​ WTO, IMF
●​ UN can determine if you are a state or ○​ Individual leaders
not ■​ Especially those from
powerful countries
NON-STATE ACTORS ○​ Even certain individuals (ex.
Greta Thunberg)
●​ Refers to those actors in the ○​ Terrorists
international system that lack at least
one of the elements of the state
●​ Ex. Taiwan
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

■​ Dictating the rules

DESCRIBING THE SYSTEM
SHIFTING POWER CONFIGURATIONS
WHAT? (POST-WWII)

LIVING IN A PARADOX? -​ not really stable

-​ May shift to another power
●​ ANARCHY configuration
○​ no central authority
○​ Interstate may be an anarchy as
we have no central authority
■​ UN - only gives ●​ BIPOLARITY
recommendations, not a ○​ we live in a bipolar world
government ○​ Two dominant powers in the
■​ Each country may world
pursue their own ○​ USA and USSR emerged as
interest - lead to conflict powers after WWII
■​ A misconception - ○​ Engaged in the COLD WAR
chaos (different with ■​ ending: burning of
anarchy) Berlin Wall
○​ Anarchist - people are born ○​ USSR lost
rational and good, meaning ●​ UNIPOLARITY
people doesn’t need laws; ○​ A single world power exists
society and government is the (hegemon)
root of evil ○​ American hegemony
○​ Jean Jacques Rousseau ○​ HST (Hegemonic Stability
■​ Origin of inequalities - Theory) - scholars believe that
people are born good when there is hegemon, it is the
■​ Noble savage - most stable world order (may
nabubuhay outside nagpupulis ng mundo)
society and continue to ○​ USA became the sole power
be good after the disintegration of the
■​ Pag pumasok sa society USSR
nagiging evil kasi ■​ reason why USA started
nagkakaroon ng to decline
inequalities ○​ USA is championing democracy
○​ International system ●​ MULTIPOLARITY
■​ We can pursue and push ○​ There are multiple world
our own interest powers
■​ Forming alliances ○​ Our situation today can be
●​ HIERARCHY described as such
○​ Has levels of authority ○​ Unlike before, power is
○​ You have particular dominant measured by economic
states prosperity (soft power)
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

■​ Tumataas ung intensity ○​ If your country is capable -

ng economic offensive realism
interdependence ○​ If your country has no capability
■​ Soft power - cultural - defensive realism
influence is also a
source Neo-Realism
○​ Before, power is measured by
military strength or hard power ●​ Kenneth Wals - copernican revolution
○​ Copernicus - neocentric system
SHIFT? - Unpredictability of the System (center is sun and not earth)
because of this nagbago yung
pag-aaral sa astronomy
EXPLAINING THE SYSTEM
○​ Everything that you explain by
anarchy
HOW? ●​ Theoretical Proposition: Struggle for
Power of Individual States
Theory - formulate because it is related to ●​ Main Units of Analysis: International
context System
●​ Explanation for Behavior: Anarchy
BOOK: ONE WORLD, MANY THEORIES ○​ Formulated during time of war
●​ Other Important Information: ‘Stag
Hunt’
○​ Stag - lalaking deer and are very
difficult to hunt
○​ Hindi kaya ng isang hunter to
catch one stag
○​ To catch it kailangan ng net
○​ Nahuli na pero kailangan
magcooperate nung 5 hunters
○​ May rabbit na dumaan na mas
madali hulaan
REALISM ○​ What if may hunter na bumitaw
sa net para huliin yung rabbit
Classical para makakain siya
○​ Nakataas yung stag dahil
●​ Theoretical Proposition: Struggle for bumitaw yung isa
Power of Individual States ○​ Stag - issue that can be resolved
●​ Main Units of Analysis: States by cooperation of copies
●​ Explanation for Behavior: Economic ○​ Ex. west philippine sea because
and Military Power china is pushing for its own
○​ Prisoner’s dilemma interest
●​ Other Important Information: Offensive
and Defensive Realism LIBERALISM
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

●​ Challenged realism ○​ Next is between bourgeoisie and

●​ Still anarchic but… prolitarian (farmers and
●​ Theoretical Proposition: Economic and workers)
Political considerations overcome desire ○​ Prolitarian won and babaliktad
for power ung triangle
○​ Economic consideration - ○​ Dictatorship to distribute
economic resources - socialist
exchange/interdependence dictatorship
■​ existence of ○​ Mawawala government and
international institutions magkakaroon ng classless
that serves as some kind society
of arbiter that allows to ●​ Very foundation of globalization is
achieve compliance capitalism
■​ Promotion of ●​ Theoretical Proposition: International
democracy - more Conflict is caused by capitalism (mode
chance for cooperation of production/who hac control);
■​ Democratic peace - Dependency (Neo-Marxists) (core vs
there are no two periphery)
democracies that ●​ Main Units of Analysis: State and
actually go to war Non-State Actors
against each other; ○​ Particularly elites
avoid war or di ●​ Explanation for Behavior: Capital and
nagbabanggaan Resources
●​ Main Units of Analysis: States and ●​ Other Important Information: Core
Non-state Actors Periphery and, later, Semi-Periphery
●​ Explanation for Behavior: International ○​ Core has control of capital and
Institutions, Economic Exchange, production
Promotion of democracy ○​ Periphery is dependent to those
●​ Other Important Information: countries at the core
Importance of Globalization ○​ Results to underdevelopment
○​ Semi-peripheries - singapore,
RADICAL APPROACHES china, taiwan, hongkog
●​ Develop vs developing countries
Marxist and Neo-Marxist ●​ Rich vs poor countries
●​ Marxist - looks at the interstate as a
●​ Karl Marx - class struggle hierarchy
○​ primitive communism - walang
rpicate property Post-Modern IR
○​ Kingdoms - nagkaroon ng
private property so first class ●​ Not often used
struggle is landowners and ●​ Challenges: relativism - whatever
tenants explanation you are going to get from a
particular region/countries, you cannot
use it to others
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

●​ Theoretical Proposition: Power relations ○​ Actually the ones who can

that go beyond the state dictate and represent the identity
●​ Main Units of Analysis: Non-State of the country
Actors ●​ Explanation for Behavior: Ideas and
○​ Whatever behavior the state Discourse
performs, it is a result of power ●​ Other Important Information: Anarchy
relations is what the state makes of it (Alexander
●​ Explanation for Behavior: Power Wendt)
Relations ●​ You need to engage yourself in the
○​ Not concentrated on the state history of the country to understand its
but goes beyond identity
○​ Analyzes GROUPS within a
state Realism, Liberalism - Anarchy affects
○​ Ex. President and the legislation everyone in the same way
●​ Other Important Information: No Grand
Theories Constructivism - Anarchy affects different
○​ Not clear is anarchic or countries depesning on their identity
hierarchic

CONSTRUCTIVISM

●​ Gaining more popularity from young

scholars
●​ From idea of social construction of
reality
○​ No objective reality
○​ Reality that you experience is
being continuously constructed
through different interactions
○​ Ex. whatever rules we have
right now was constructed by
different people as a result of
interactions of different people
○​ Reality may change because we
are continuously interacting
●​ Whatever international state we have is
a result of the different interaction os
state and non state actors
●​ Still anarchic
●​ Theoretical Proposition: State behavior
shaped by elite beliefs, collective norms,
and social identities
●​ Main Units of Analysis: Individuals
(elites)
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

e.​ Confidential - should be about

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
national security
f.​ Funds should be transparent so
that you can be accountable if
there is misappropriation
GOVERNANCE 3.​ Responsive
(Breaking Down the Concept) a.​ Connected to participatory and
consensus-oriented
b.​ The government is expected to
be responsive to the needs of
constituents
c.​ There should be participation of
people through consultations to
establish a consensus
d.​ Naririnig side ng tao
4.​ Equitable and inclusive
a.​ Equitable - it can promote
-​ Collaboration among different sectors fairness, and justice in society;
to achieve a more holistic kind of you get what you deserve
development b.​ Inclusive - regardless if you are
part of an indigenous group or
WHAT IS GOVERNANCE? minority you are treated equally
and included in governance in
●​ The process of creating, implementing,
connection with participation
and interpreting rules within a particular
5.​ Effective and efficient
jurisdiction
a.​ Effective - achieving the goal
○​ TRADITIONAL DEFINITION
i.​ Ex. gusto mo
○​ Focuses on the government
magpatayo ng tuloy
●​ GOOD GOVERNANCE transformed
tapos naachieve mo
the way it’s done
ii.​ Pero may resources na
○​ Has a variety of definitions and
di nagamit and
standards although not
madaming aksidente -
necessarily different
question in efficiency
b.​ Efficient - maximizing
8 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
resources and spending as
GOVERNANCE
minimal resources as possible
i.​ Includes human
1.​ Accountable
resources
2.​ Transparent
6.​ Follows the rule of law
a.​ First two are connected
a.​ Not only pertains to laws that
b.​ People should be informed
are written or made by Congress
c.​ Right to information to know
in the Constitution
public documents and etc.
b.​ We also have unwritten laws:
d.​ Being held accountable
norms and customs
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

c.​ All should be considered as law ➢​ LOCAL/COMMUNITY

d.​ Constitution is based on the ➢​ INDIVIDUAL
customs ○​ More on initiatives to a
e.​ Rules should be implemented particular global issue
regardless of who you are
f.​ The main purpose - limit the EXAMPLE:
power of those who are in
power and avoid the abuse of Issue: Global Environmental Problems
power
g.​ Not all about implementing the INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
laws
h.​ Not all laws, especially written ●​ In international level, you have different
ones, are actually moral treaties
i.​ Not all legal are also moral
i.​ Ex. drug war
7.​ Participatory
8.​ Consensus oriented

❖​ This is only limited to national and local

level
❖​ Can this kind of governance be
applicable/possible in the interstate
system?
➢​ With regards to process, it will
not be easy
➢​ You have to think globally, but REGIONAL LEVEL
you have to act locally
●​ ASEAN - has agreements among the
LEVELS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE member states combating environmental
issues [usage of renewable energy]
➢​ INTERNATIONAL NATIONAL LEVEL
○​ Whole world is included
➢​ REGIONAL
○​ Has certain organizations
guiding to regional governance
○​ Regions only [asia, southeast
asia, europe]
➢​ NATIONAL
○​ You have different laws that are
independent in a particular
country
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

LOCAL ■​ From the governed

itself
■​ When the countries
want to achieve
something, they will
make a treaty which
will be a law for those
included
●​ Due to sovereignty of state actors, they
are based upon CONSENT
●​ No assurance of COMPLIANCE
especially from powerful states

4 INTERACTIONS POSSIBLE

UNILATERISM

●​ Uni - 1
●​ Can involve two or more states
●​ In a unilateral action, only one scope
can benefit
●​ Not something mutual
➢​ Achieving more consistency ●​ Ex. US and Afghanistan

BILATERALISM

●​ Two states involved and both of them

GOVERNANCE IN THE will benefit
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ●​ Ex. bilateral relationship between
(How it can happen?) Philippines and Japan
○​ Japan will help us in building
INTERNATIONAL LAW infrastructure {LRT 2) and
Philippines will invest, trade
●​ Usually, these refers to treaties and and allow extracting of
agreements among the different actors resources
●​ Not the same as domestic laws
○​ Domestic laws MULTILATERALISM
■​ Has legislature
■​ You have no choice but ●​ Very essence of globalization
to follow ●​ Three or more countries
○​ International level ●​ All will benefit
■​ No such thing as ●​ Can go beyond multilateral agreement
legislature ●​ Ex. WTO, IMF, UN
●​ Open to membership for all
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

REGIONALISM ●​ Secretary General is voted by UN

General Assemble
●​ Same with multilateralism with 3 or ○​ All member states meets
more countries but not open to everyone ○​ Once elected, he/she would be
●​ Promotes exclusivity recommended to security
●​ Geographical organization council then approved
●​ Ex. ASEAN for Southeast Asian ○​ When not approves, you can be
countries replaced
●​ May go against globalization ○​ 5 YEAR TERM, NO TERM
LIMIT
○​ Wala pang lumalagpas sa 2
terms (pattern)
THE UNITED NATIONS ●​ MANDATE: to end international war
(Multilateral Organization) and promote social and economic
development
○​ Yes, they are successful (1st
●​ Promotes world peace (based on logo) mandate)
○​ Still difficult (2nd mandate)
HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT
MAIN ORGANS (UN Bureaucracy)
●​ Predecessor: League of Nations (after
WW1 in 1920) *Only 5 are functioning since 1994*
○​ Headed by Great Britain but
they slowly declined 1.​ GENERAL ASSEMBLY
○​ Great Depression happened in a.​ The most powerful organ
1930 then the rise of power of b.​ Powerful in paper
two fascist c.​ This is where all member states
○​ WWII happened then League of meet, discuss and address global
Nations failed to establish world issues, debate then create
peace resolutions which will be voted
○​ Allied Forces won upon and will be part of
●​ Established after WWII in 1945 (San international law
Francisco Charter of 1945) d.​ Follows Parliamentary
○​ Established in United States procedures
i.​ bawal ka magsalita na
BASIC INFORMATION di ka narerecognize
e.​ All the resolutions produced are
●​ HEADQUARTERS: New York all recommndatory in nature
○​ Other three: Switzerland, i.​ It’s not binding to all
Nairobi ii.​ Just recommendations
○​ Not centralized 2.​ SECURITY COUNCIL
●​ MEMBERSHIP: 193 states a.​ Most powerful in practice
●​ LEADERSHIP: Antonio Guterres from b.​ PURPOSE: promotes peace
Portugal around the world
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

c.​ Gumagwa ng paraan to end d.​ Recommendations din ehwn it

international level comes to developmental issues
d.​ Only organ that can intervene in 6.​ TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
countries a.​ Caretaker of nations
e.​ Only organ that can legitimately b.​ To guide countries to
use force to maintain peace independence
f.​ Nagpapdala ng UN c.​ Since 1944, it does not function
Peacekeeping Force anymore
g.​ Has 15 members
i.​ 5 permanent members CRITICISMS/LIMITATIONS OF UN
(P5) - USA, Russia,
Britain (UK), France, ❖​ Lacks of implementing power in most of
and China its organs
ii.​ They would not be ➢​ Security Council only but still
removed has limitations with the veto of
iii.​ 4 of them are winners permanent member
iv.​ PRIVILEGE: if there is ❖​ Dominance of a few state interests
one permanent member [Security Council]
that went against the ➢​ Permanent members
wishes of the majority,
he/she can veto the
decision REGIONALISM
v.​ 10 elected members (2
years term)
3.​ SECRETARIAT ●​ difference between regionalism and
a.​ Main purpose: record keeping multilateral - geographical proximity
b.​ Manage the General Assembly ●​ Concept of exclusivity
c.​ Lahat ng pinag-uuspan ●​ Goes against globalization - essence is
nirerecord nila multilateralism
4.​ INTERNATIONAL COURT OF ●​ Should be seen as a complement to
JUSTICE multilateralism
a.​ To settle different disputes
b.​ Decisions made by international REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
courts are recommendatory (Emerging Trend of Global Governance)
c.​ Ex. arbitral ruling
5.​ ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COUNCIL ●​ the peak
a.​ In charge of second mandate ●​ Ideal - EUROPEAN UNION
b.​ Madaming attached agency: ○​ beyond a regional organization
UNICEF, and more ○​ Called a Supra-national state
c.​ 54 members: mixed of ■​ Supra: above
developed and developing ○​ Can actually act like a single
countries state not just an org
○​ Has a european parliament
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

○​ In a presidential system: ●​ Regional: exclusive

executive and legislative are
separate PURPOSE
○​ Parliament: they are fused
○​ Has 27 members; ●​ International: global regulation and
○​ 28 before umalis Great Britain cooperation
■​ Were labeled as ●​ Regional: regional regulation and
sinophobic - superior to cooperation, response to powerful states
other races
○​ All states should follow the EXAMPLE
European Parliament
●​ International: United Nations
ASEAN ●​ Regional: ASEAN

●​ very nature is different from EU ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN

●​ Seen as another model for integration NATIONS
●​ We are now called Asia’s EU (The Emerging Important Actor in the
International System)
REGIONALISM

●​ The process of coming together of HISTORY

different states based on two factors
1.​ Geographical Proximity ●​ Establishment: August 8, 1967
a.​ You can’t be part of ASEAN if (Bangkok Declaration or ASEAN
u are not part of southeast asia Declaration)
2.​ Interests ●​ Founding members: Indonesia,
a.​ BRICS - added Iran Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,
i.​ Joined together to Philippines
challenge the current set ●​ Other members: Brunei Darussalam (jan
up of global economy; 4, 1984); Viet Nam (july 28, 1995);
change the idea of Laos and Myanmar (july 23, 1997);
global north and south Cambodia(april 30, 1999); Timor Leste
(their interest) (2023?)
ii.​ Changing the face of
global economy ASEAN MEMBERS
●​ As compared to multilateral
organizations (like UN) this form of ●​ Hundreds of ethnolinguistic groups
organization promotes EXCLUSIVITY ●​ Diverse in religion: buddhist, islamic,
confucian (singapore), catholic
SIMPLIFIED VERSION (Philippines and Timor Leste)
●​ Closest to Democracy: Philippines,
MEMBERSHIP Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia
●​ EU: Homogenous; dominated by
●​ International: open to all Christianity; mostly democratic states
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

ASEAN WAY d.​ Criticism: we are very good at

conflict avoidance instead of
●​ Characterized by informality conflict resolution
●​ Example: how does ASEAN choose 2.​ Regional Autonomy (regional solutions
who will host the summit? to regional problems)
○​ 2022 - cambodia; This year - a.​ If there is an issue within the
indonesia; And so on region, they have to resolve it
○​ Alphabetical order by themselves without external
○​ President or executive is intervention
automatically the chairperson 3.​ The Doctrine of Non-Interference
●​ They treat each other with equality a.​ Cannot intervene in domestic
○​ Works with countries that are issues/sovereignty of the
diverse country
●​ Intensive consultations and consensus b.​ Only concern is region but
○​ They have to unanimously agree internal affairs - no
c.​ Ex. Drug war - wala silang pake
4.​ No military pacts and Preference for
Bilateral Defense Cooperation
ASEAN NORMS (Acharya, 2001) a.​ Military pact - do it as an
individual state
●​ In the ASEAN, we do not have rules ●​ Would all result to the ASEAN WAY
○​ Laws - written ones; formal ●​ Characterized by…
rules (present in EU) ○​ Informality
●​ essence of ASEAN- unwritten norms ○​ Organization minimalism
○​ Member states interact with one ■​ Chairman - just a title
another kung saan lumalabas ■​ Engage as equals
organically yung norms ○​ Inclusiveness
○​ May nabubuong idea between ■​ Engages with outside
their conversation/interaction forces (US, China,
that they will use Russia) - for economic
1.​ Non-use of Force and Peaceful purposes
Settlement of Disputes ■​ ASEAN REGIONAL
a.​ All the disputes that we had FORUM (ARF) -
disappear engage these countries
b.​ Maintains regional peace as a single organization
c.​ Ex. Conflict of philippines and ○​ Intensive consultations and
malaysia - sabbah island consensus (musyawarah &
i.​ Sabbah - may-ari ang mufakat)
sultanate of sulu then ■​ Political issues -
inupahan lang ng british unanimous decision
empire ■​ Reason why they can’t
ii.​ Malaysia assumed that stand up to what is
it was theirs happening in WPS
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

■​ Economic issue - ■​ No contact

flexible consensus; apprehension
majority ■​ Free wifi in Manila

“ONE VISION, ONE IDENTITY, AND ONE

ASEAN PERFORMANCE
COMMUNITY”
(Success and Failure)

ASEAN INTEGRATION
SUCCESSES
(Attempt to More Relevance))
●​ Maintenance of peace in the region
●​ ASEAN Communities ●​ Engagement with more powerful states
1.​ ASEAN Economic Community ●​ Significance in world politics
a.​ Establish an ASEAN Regional
market FAILURES/CHALLENGES
b.​ Officially started on 2004
2.​ ASEAN Political-Security Community ●​ Conflict avoidance rather than conflict
a.​ Challenge - become a single resolution
entity ●​ Insignificant economic growth for
3.​ ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community member states
a.​ The people of SEA are already ○​ Quality of life of people is not
interacting with one another increasing
b.​ There is always a possibility to ●​ ASEAN Integration
find common ground ○​ How can we integrate with so
c.​ Establish an ASEAN much informality
IDENTITY
●​ INTERACTION AMONG STATE
ACTORS

UNIQUE

●​ Cross- Sectoral Initiatives

○​ Partnering with members of
private sector and civil societies
in the region
○​ ASEAN CONNECTIVITY
■​ Multi sectoral
partnership to build or
connect networks of
people and
infrastructure
■​ By of railway systems,
etc
○​ Smart Cities Network
University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

●​
CONTEMPORARY WORLD 1st TERM -
KAY SAMUEL

Globalization

●​ Interconnectedness or
interdependence is a relationship
●​ Even when it's a long distance,
there is still a connection. When
one of the parties is affected by
something, it will also affect the
other.
●​ It is because we are linked by
globalization

Example: The war between Russia and

Ukraine. The Philippines are still affected
because Ukraine and Russia are one of
the sources of gas.

The pandemic that started from Wuhan

greatly affected not only the Philippines
but also the whole world.
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

●​ We might witness the end of the

●​ Globalization is “the intensification nation-state
of worldwide social relations which
link distant localities in such a way ECONOMIC ASPECT OF
that the local happenings are GLOBALIZATION
shaped by event occurring many
miles away and vice versa” ●​ Globalization is dominated by
(Giddens) global economic activities like
●​ Effect: Interconnectedness neoliberal regime, reduction of
●​ “Refers both to the compression of tariffs, the creation of transnational
the world and the intensification of corporations and improvement of
consciousness of the world as a multilateral trade organization
whole” (Robertson) ○​ Example: Trades
●​ “The compression of time and ○​ Tariff barriers - A tariff is
space and the annihilation of a tax on goods and
distance” (Harvey) services imported into a
●​ “A process of interaction and country. It is typically used
integration (pagsasama sama) to increase the price of
among the people, companies, imported goods, making
and governments of different them more expensive than
nations” domestic goods and
●​ “A process driven by international services, thus protecting
trade and investment and aided by domestic industries.
information technology” ○​ Non-tariff barriers - Limits
POLITICAL ASPECTS OF the importation of goods. It
GLOBALIZATION can be through quality or
quantity
●​ Marks the increasing irrelevance ■​ Example: America
of the nation-state because not letting foreign
activities and developments in product to be
globalization have taken place imported in their
outside the formal structures of the country since it
nation-state” does not pass the
●​ Nation-states are being weakened quality test
because of globalization. It is ■​ Example:
because now, there are activities Philippines not
that the nation-state has no control letting imported
over agricultural
○​ Example: Internet, Online products anymore
banks, Online scam, into the country
E-wallets, Online since the quota limit
transactions. is reached.
 University of Santo Tomas
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
1LM4 | PROF. PAUL MICAH FRANCISCO | 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2023 - 2024

Thought to ponder: Is it better to be a they are no longer

neoliberal or a protectionist residing within the
immediate territory
NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION of the state
●​ is characterized by thick
AS A PROCESS . . . . economic, political and cultural
●​ When did the globalization starts interconnections and global flows
or where/when is its birth that render political borders and
●​ “Worldwide social economic barriers irrelevant”
interdependencies and exchanges (Steger 2008)
while at the same time fostering in
people a growing awareness of AS AN IDEOLOGY . . . .
deepening connections between
the local and the distant.” 1. ”Globalization is about the triumph of
●​ When did globalization start? markets over governments.”

AS A CONDITION . . . . 2. “Globalization is inevitable and

●​ When did we attain globalization irreversible”
as a CONDITION? When we have
a globality 3. “Nobody is in charge of globalization”
●​ GLOBALITY – the thickening of
social linkages between people 4. ”Globalization benefits everyone in the
from different parts of the world. long run.”
●​ It is a condition characterized by
○​ transplanetary 5. “Globalization furthers the spread of
connectivity” - social links democracy in the world”
between people located at
points anywhere on earth. 6. “Globalization requires a global war on
○​ “Supra-territoriality” - social terror”
connections that transcend
territorial geography.
■​ one example:
Internet since
internet is not part
of any territory

■​ a state is argued to
have
supraterritoriality
when it can
prosecute its own
citizens or
corporations even if