Inorganic Chemistry
Chemical Bonding
Lecture - 20 By - OM PANDEY, IIT Delhi
Topics
1 Inter-molecular FOA
Inter Molecular Force of Attraction
Polar Molecules Non-polar
(1) Interaction between Polar molecules
Dipole - dipole attraction
(2) Interaction between Polar & non polar molecules
Dipole - induced dipole attraction
(3) Interaction between non-polar molecules
Instantaneous induced dipole -induced dipole
Dispersion force
London force
Order of Inter-molecular forces
Ion – ion attraction
Ion – dipole attraction
Dipole – dipole attraction
Ion-induced dipole attraction
Dipole - induced dipole attraction
Ins. Induced dipole - induced dipole
QUESTION (2020/02 Jan/Shift-1)
Correct order of intermolecular forces
A Dipole – Dipole > ion – ion > Dipole – ion
B ion – ion > Dipole – Dipole > Dipole – ion
C Dipole – ion > Dipole – Dipole > ion – ion
D ion – ion > Dipole – ion > Dipole – Dipole
Energy & Distance Relationship
Ion-ion attraction
Ion-dipole attraction
Dipole-dipole attraction
Ion-induced dipole attraction
Dipole - induced dipole attraction
Ins. Induced dipole - induced dipole
These forces are always attractive and interaction energy is inversely
NCERT
proportional to the sixth power of the distance between two interacting
particles (1/r6 where r is the distance between two particles).
Vander Waal Force of Attraction
Molecular mass Vander Waal force
PH3 H2S HCl
Boiling Point
AsH3 H2Se H Br
SbH3 H2Te HI
Size of the atom Vander Waal force
Boiling Point (K) Melting Point (K)
He 4.216 0.95
Ne 27.1 24.7
Ar 87.29 83.6
Kr 120.85 115.8
Xe 166.1 161.7
Rn 211.5 202.2
Hydrogen Bonding Y Z H A
F,O,N F,O,N
Csp, CF3, CCl3
Water
Acetone and Acetylene
Acetone & Chloroform
Water & Ammonia
Water & Amine
Water & Alcohol
Types of Hydrogen Bonding
Inter – molecular Intra – molecular
H2O O-Nitrophenol
(HF)n Salicylic Acid
The hydrogen bonds in HF link the F atom of one molecule with the H-atom of another
molecule, thus forming a zig-zag chain (HF)n in both the solid and also in the liquid.
Boiling Point p- Nitrophenol o- Nitrophenol
Physical State (i) H2O is liquid but H2S is gas ?
(ii) HF is liquid but HCl is gas ?
Order Of Boiling Point
CH4 NH3 H2O HF
SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl
GeH4 AsH3 H2Se HBr
SnH4 SbH3 H2Te HI
100 H2O
HF
H2Te
0 NH3
H2S
H2Se
AsH3
SbH3
HI
T(°C) HCl HBr SnH4
PH3
–100 GeH4
CH4 SiH4
–200
2 3 4 5
Period
Sudden increase in boiling point of NH3 , H2O and HF is due to hydrogen bonding.
H2O > HF > NH3
B.P. & Viscosity :
CH2 — O — H
CH2 — O — H
CH3 — O — H CH — O — H
CH2 — O — H
CH2 — O — H
Water H2O(ℓ) H2O(s)
No. of water molecular attached
to 1 H2O molecule =
Tetrahedrally bonded to a water
molecule in solid state.
Density : H2O(s) H2O(ℓ)
Volume :
Volume of ice is more because of open
cage like crystal structure, from by
association of water molecules with
the help of hydrogen bond.
H2O(s) in H2O(ℓ) D2O(s) in H2O(ℓ) D2O(s) in D2O(ℓ)
Due to open structure, ice is capable of forming Clatherates .
Clatherates compounds
Xe Xe He
He He
He
Cage like compounds
Xe Xe
Variation of density with temperature
H2O H2O
(at 0° C) (at 4°C)
In this temperature region some of the ice melts and hence some
H2O molecule go into the cages of remaining ice structure .
So, volume decreases density increases becoming max at 4oC but
beyond this temp thermal effects become dominating volume
increases then density decreases.
Extent of H-bonding (i) Partial (+)ve charge on H
A H Z (ii) Electron density on Z
O H N Extent of H-bonding :
O H O Bond length :
N H N
N H O
K [ HF2 ]
QUESTION
Identify type of Interaction present between following species
1. Xe , H2O 6. Na+, Cl–
2. Na+, Br2 7. Li+, H2O
3. Br2, Br2 8. HCl, HCl
4. CO2, CO2 9. Ne, Ne
5. CCl4, CCl4
QUESTION (2022/25 June/Shift-1)
Which one of the following alkaline earth metal has the highest ionic mobility in its
aqueous solution?
A Be2+
B Mg2+
C Ca2+
D Sr2+
QUESTION (2023/29 Jan/Shift-1)
The correct order of hydration enthalpies is
(A) K+ (B) Rb+ (C) Mg2+ (D) Cs+ (E) Ca2+
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A (C) > (A) > (E) > (B) > (D)
B (E) > (C) > (A) > (B) > (D)
C (C) > (E) > (A) > (D) > (B)
D (C) > (E) > (A) > (B) > (D)
