MFE1

07-10-25
 Course Content
UNIT 1 PRELIM
LESSON 1 REAL NUMBERS & LINES UNIT 2 MIDTERM
1. Set and Notation (Intro) LESSON 1 EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

2. Operations on the real number system 1. Linear and Quadratic Equations

2. Verbal Statements to Equations
3. Axioms of the real number system (Intro)
3. Equation involving rational
4. Interval Notation expressions, radicals, absolute values,
5. Integer Components etc.
4. Inequalities
LESSON 2 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
1. Factoring Polynominal
2. Rational Expressions LESSON 2 FUNCTIONS & THEIR GRAPHS
3. Radical Expression & Rational 1. The Domain Convention
Exponents
2. Graphs and Function
Note: Complex Numbers to be discussed on advance 3. Even and Odd Function
Math
4. Symmetry and Reflections
 Course Content
POLYNOMIALS &
UNIT 3
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTION
POLYNOMIAL & RATIONAL
LESSON 1
FUNCTIONS LESSON 2
1. Synthetic Division
LOGARITHMIC & EXPONENTIAL
2. Remainder Theorem FUNCTIONS
3. Complex Zeroes 1. properties of Real Exponents
4. Rational Zeroes Test 2. Graphs of Exponential
5. Rational Functions Functions
3. Logarithmic Functions
6. Inverse & Radical Functions
4. Graphs of Logarithmic
Functions
5. Logarithmic Properties
SET?
A set is a collection or group of objects or elements or
members. (Cantor 1895)

• A set is said to contain its elements.

• There must be an underlying universal set U, either

specifically stated or understood.
SET NOTATION
•Roster Method (Listing Method)
•Set-Builder Notation (Rule Method)
•Verbal Description
•Venn Diagram
ROSTER METHOD
(LISTING METHOD)
This method involves listing all the elements of the set,
separated by commas, and enclosed within curly braces {}.
Example:
•The set of vowels in the English alphabet: V={a,e,i,o,u}
•The set of first five natural numbers: N={1,2,3,4,5}
•Ellipsis (...) for large sets: If a set has a clear pattern and
many elements, an ellipsis can be used.
•Example: The set of even numbers less than 20:
E={2,4,6,...,18}
INFINITE SETS
Ellipsis (...) for large sets: If a set has a clear pattern and many
elements, an ellipsis can be used.

Example:
•The set of even numbers less than 20: E={2,4,6,...,18}
•The set of even numbers greater than 2: V={4, 6, 8, …}
 SET-BUILDER NOTATION
(RULE METHOD):
This method describes the properties that the elements of the
set must satisfy. It's particularly useful for sets with many
elements, or infinite sets, where listing all elements is impractical
or impossible.

The general format is: {x ∣ property of x} or { x : property of x}.

The vertical bar | or colon : is read as "such that."
SET-BUILDER NOTATION
(RULE METHOD):
Example:
•The set of all even integers:
E = {x ∣ x is an integer and x is divisible by 2}
E = {x ∣ x=2n, where n∈Z}
(where Z is the set of all integers).
•The set of all real numbers greater than 5:
A={x ∣ x∈R and x>5}
(where R is the set of all real numbers).
Verbal Description:
A set can simply be described in words. While not formal
notation, it's how we often initially think about sets.

Example:
• "The set of all prime numbers."
• "The set of all students currently enrolled at Cagayan State
University."
Key Notations and Symbols:
• Element of (∈): Used to indicate that an object is a member
of a set.
• a∈V (read as "a is an element of set V")
• 7∈{1,3,5,7,9}
• Not an element of (): Used to indicate that an object is not
a member of a set.
• b  V (read as "b is not an element of set V")
• 6 {1,3,5,7,9}
Key Notations and Symbols:
•Empty Set (∅ or {}):
A unique set containing no elements.
Example: The set of all flying pigs is ∅.

•Universal Set (U):

The set of all possible elements relevant to a particular
context or problem. It's like the "universe" from which all
other sets in that context are drawn.
Key Notations and Symbols:
Subset (⊆):
Set A is a subset of set B if every element in A is also an
element in B.
A⊆B
Example:
If A={1,2} and B={1,2,3}, then A⊆B.
•Every set is a subset of itself: A⊆A.
•The empty set is a subset of every set: ∅⊆A.
Key Notations and Symbols:
• Proper Subset (⊂):
Set A is a proper subset of set B if A⊆B and A is not equal to B
(meaning B contains at least one element not in A).
A⊂B
Example:
• If A={1,2} and B={1,2,3}, then A⊂B.
• {1,2}{1,2} (it's a subset, but not a proper subset).
Key Notations and Symbols:
Cardinality (∣A∣ or n(A)):
The number of distinct elements in a set A.

Example:
• If A={a,b,c}, then ∣A∣=3.
•The cardinality of the empty set is 0: ∣∅∣=0.

For infinite sets, cardinality is a more complex concept

involving countable and uncountable infinities.
Common Number Sets
(Standard Notation):
•N: Natural numbers (positive integers) = {1,2,3,...}
(sometimes includes 0: {0,1,2,...} depending on
convention)
•Z: Integers = {...,−2,−1,0,1,2,...}
•Q: Rational numbers (numbers that can be expressed
as a fraction p/q where p,q∈Z,q0)
•R: Real numbers (all rational and irrational numbers)
•C: Complex numbers
Operations on Sets
•Union (∪)
•Intersection (∩)
•Complement (Ac or A′)
•Difference (or Relative Complement) (− or ∖)
Union (∪)
The union of two sets A and B, denoted A∪B, is the set
containing all elements that are in A or in B (or both).

Example:
If A={1,2,3} and B={3,4,5},
then A∪B={1,2,3,4,5}.
Intersection (∩):
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted A∩B, is the
set containing all elements that are common to both A
and B.

Example:
If A={1,2,3} and B={3,4,5}, then A∩B={3}.
If A∩B=∅, the sets are called disjoint.
Complement (A c or A′)
The complement of a set A (denoted Ac or A′) is the set of
all elements in the universal set U that are not in A.
•Ac or A’ = U − A

Example:
If U={1,2,3,4,5} and A={1,2},
then Ac = {3,4,5}.
Difference (or Relative
Complement) (− or ∖)
The difference of set A minus set B, denoted A−B or A∖B, is
the set containing all elements that are in A but not in B.

Example:
If A={1,2,3} and B={3,4,5},
then A−B = {1,2}.
B−A = {4,5}.
Symmetric Difference (  , ⊝ or  )
The symmetric difference of two sets, A and B, denoted as A △ B, A ⊝ B,
or A ⊕ B, is the set of elements that are in either A or B, but not in
both. It's. It essentially combines the elements unique to each set while
excluding their shared elements.
• AB=(A–B)(B–A) A  B = ( A  B ) – ( A  B)

Example:
If A={1,2,3} and B={3,4,5},
then A  B = {1,2, 4, 5}.
 Examples:

Given: Find:
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} a. AB
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, b. AB
B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. c. A’
d. B’
e. A-B
f. B-A
g. AB
Multiple set operations
SET OPERATOR PRIORITY
Parentheses 1
( )
Complement 2
A C / A’
Intersection 3

Union 4

Relative Difference 4
A-B
Venn Diagram
07-14-2025
Venn Diagram?
• a visual tool used to represent the relationships
between different sets of things.
• uses overlapping circles to illustrate the similarities,
differences, and intersections among the sets.
• The concept was popularized by John Venn in the
1880s, and it has since become a standard way to
teach and visualize set theory.
Key Components of a Venn Diagram

• Circles
• Overlapping Regions
• Non-overlapping Regions
• Rectangle (Universal Set)
Key Components of a Venn Diagram
• Circles:
Each circle in a Venn diagram represents a set. The
items or elements within a set are contained within its
corresponding circle.
• Rectangle (Universal Set):
Often, a rectangle is drawn around the circles. This
rectangle represents the universal set, which includes
all the elements being considered in the context of the
diagram. The area inside the rectangle but outside the
circles represents elements that are not in any of the
sets being analyzed.
 Key Components of a Venn Diagram
• Overlapping Regions: For example, if a diagram has two
circles, one for "people who like coffee"
The area where two or more and another for "people who like tea,"
circles overlap represents the the overlapping area would represent
intersection of those sets. The "people who like both coffee and tea.“
elements in this region belong
to all the sets that are
overlapping. AB
A
B

A= people who like coffee

B = people who like tea
 Key Components of a Venn Diagram
• Using the same example, the part of
the coffee circle that doesn't overlap
• Non-overlapping Regions: with the tea circle represents "people
The parts of the circles that who like only coffee.“
do not overlap represent the
elements that are unique to
each set.

A
Set Operations
Set Operations
Set Operations
 Example1:

Using Venn Diagram, define two sets

taken from this group of numbers:
• Set A = the odd numbers in the group
={1,3,5,7,9}
• Set B = the numbers which are 6 or
more in the group
= { 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 }
 Example2:

The whole numbers from 1 to 12 are

included in the given Venn diagram:
a. List set B.
b. List set A.
c. Which set contains all the even numbers?
d. Which set contains only the multiples of 4?
 Example3:

• The whole numbers from 1 to 20 are

included in the given Venn diagram:
a. List set E.
b. List set S.
c. Describe set S.
d. Describe set E.
e. What is the intersection of E and S?
Applications of Venn Diagram

•Mathematics
•Logic and Statistics
•Education
•Business and Marketing
•Computer
•Etc. A
Next?

•Operations in the real number system

 List the elements of each of these
Group Activity#1 sets.
a. (AB) C
1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, b. A(BC)
B = {2, 5, 6, 8} c. A’(AB)
C = {4, 5, 7} d. B’A
U = set of all natural numbers e. A’B’C’
less than 11. f. A ∩ B ∪ C’
g. A ∪ B’ ∩ C
h. A ∪ (B ∩ C)
i. A ∩ (B ∪ C)
j. (A – B) ∪ (A – C) ∪ (B – C)
Group Activity#1
2. Construct a Venn diagram to illustrate the possible intersections and
unions for the following sets relative to the universal set S consisting of
all students at CSU-College of Engineering and Architecture.
• R : a student is a junior
• J : a student is a computer engineering major
• B : a student is a woman
• O : a student is freshman
Group Activity#1
3. Bycomparing appropriate regions of the Venn
diagram, verify that
•(A  B)  (A  B’) = A
•A’  (B’  C) = (A  B’)  (A’  C)