@ ELIZABETHAN ase [Link] CSE —— ANDY HARMSWORTH a study in depth —_——— Escaneado con CamScanner1509-47) Venry VIII married ‘of Aragon, at Span fh princess, in 1509, e ‘years of his reign Heni De nce, Scotland and Spa The war ete and were expensive. aetiets29 Henry had a dauebter, Mary, but he Yada son. He wanted to divorce Catherine and wry Anne Boleyn, a young noblewoman. The pm retused 10 grant a divoree. Henry's adviser, riaas Cromvvell, suggested that Brigland should Jive the Roman Catholic Church. In 1835-54 Henry teave Iiead of the Church of England, He married Rane Boleyn and in September 1555 the princess Btizabeth, was born. In 1556 Anne was peeused of being unfaithful to Henry, and executed fienry married four more times. His ont Edward, Was born in 1557. Between 1536 and 1540 Henry shut all the monasteries and seized their wealth, In 1556 a inajor rebellion, the Pilgrimage of Grace, broke out inthe north of England. Henry sent an army to defeat the rebels and over 200 were executed. Her ry VEU ( pnt VE hei @ the Bdward VI (1547-53) Edward was only nine years old in 1547. Nobles appointed by his father Tuled the country for him. They wanted to make England and Scotland more friendly by marrying Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots but Mary was sent lo France. She married a French prince. ‘The Chureh of England was made more Protestant. Decorations were removed from churches and a new prayer book, written in English, was introduced. In 1540, Catholics in Devon and Cornwall rebelled. 2500 ofthem were killed. Poverty grew. Harvests were bad and prices rose, Thousands of spinners and weavers lost their jobs. Many farm workers lost their jobs too, when Mary 1 (1555-58) Mary was half-Spanish and a strong Roman Catholic, She was very popular at first, butthen she announced plans to marry Philip of Spain, who was also a strong Catholic. Many people thought that this would lead to Spain controlling the country, In 1554.a rebellion broke out. Mary defeated iLexeeuting 90 of the rebels. She also imprisoned Princess Elizabeth in the Tower of London becaus® she was afraid:that Eli Mary married Philip and restored the Roman Palle religion. She burnt to death over 500 Tetstants who refused to change their beliefs. rer’ Were seen as manrvas, The Roman Catholic ino" and Spanish influence became very ‘Popular. Discontent grew. There were two HOW TO BE A SUCCESSFUL RULER IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY! beth was plotting against her sold most of the monastery lands to pay for new defences in the soath- east, and for wars aga Prance and Scotland. Protestant ideas spread to England during Henry’s reign. Henry hated these new ideas and punished many Protestants. In 1540 he executed Thomas Cromwell for supporting them. Henry also punished Catholics who remained loyal to the Pope, including his former friend and adviser, Sir Thomas More, who was executed in 1535. ny wealthy people beeame better off during *s reign but other people were hit by rising and unemployment. Poverty grew and the mber of beggars increased. When Henry died in 1547 he was short of money, landowners began keeping sheep instead of growing crops. This ‘caused a rebellion in Norfolk in 1549, It was crushed and 5000 rebels were killed Edward died shortly before his sixteenth birthday. The government was short of money. terrible harvests. Prices rose sharply and thousands died of starvation or disease. Mary joined Spai unsuccessfial war agi France, In 1558 France captured Calais, a town on the French coast that England had ruled for hundreds of years. This was seen as a national disaster ‘Wher Mary died in 1558 she was very unpopular. She had no child to succeed her and she Jeft debts of £250,000. in an 2 Escaneado con CamScannerblems your study of J WILL BEGIN your st on the county’ was lke in ii wah he faced when roblems s noww whal p beable to w ‘ork out, later on, with them. eer IS m TASK how success! cere you to prepare information on these two pages to prepare headings: What is going well in the country What problems the country is facing How the count Government Most people believed that monarchs were ‘chosen by God to rule the country Kings or ‘queens governed withthe help ofa small ‘group of advisers. Occasionally, they called ‘meetings of Parliament to help them make {as or approve emergency taxes. They also appointed Justices ofthe Peace to help them limpose law and order throughout the county, a ‘The monarch was expected to pay all the ‘ormal costs of governing the county. The ‘money came from customs duties, ines from the lancourts and rents from land owned the monarch, Monarchs were usually shor of ‘money but Mary had increased the Crown's Income, The war mith France, however, had been expensive and there were debts of £250,000. Mary had strengthened the navy to protect ‘the coast, but there was sill not enough ‘money to pay fora full-time army, The economy Most people worked inthe countyid as labourers, growing the an pat oe andouers had started to keep shee on forthe aise of roving crops Fever workers ware eeicy {or this and many labourers were losing ther one gouty’ est nprtant indus was making woolen Pre a en sg See te basa cel. hey sven atte ote Fane ae and many eee ound a he ag ese vas ween Ar Seva hanes inte 15505, welts the hast in 18 SOURCE 1 What England was ike in 1556 22 me when she becan a 1 She became Queen, you will fal she was in dealing s problems should be dealt with. — did Elizabeth I face in 1 5589 Elizabeth I’s reign by looking at Queen. Ifyou advisers in November 1558. She has asked izabeth's a You are one of Elizabet pen lO ae information pack about the country i ite wo pages a report under these three Use the What was the country like in 1558? ie Janay? ‘IRELAND Le 4 1 Cultural develo pMents ha Sei Ergju 8S atime of changing ideas. The sewassance and way of ite aon, PeOble were becoming interested inthe eas development oe Atcent Greeks and Romans: The ea take began toques Sv oat, music andarchecture Pose science, The ent and became interested in learing aed Now be mass-preg on of te printing press meant that books could Schools and vane aoe. This helped to spread new ideas Now beter eet a cOeBES re ened. Waly people were Peosle were ao becuse coming interested in other parts ofthe word Ponte earth and cary ath ce ce eats the reached indie P24 made lang voyages of expat They bad brought ban CSEO¥EEd the new wonca ofthe Amie, an ‘ht back reat wealth to ther court lon, Escaneado con CamScanner: WHAT PROBLEMS DID ELIZABETH | FACE IN 1550? peitee , = Society fo Kwortul countries im Europe ‘Thion milion people ved in England and Wales “pes and Spain. Both were Roman Thay lived in a icearcncaL society which most _ en Fetes England was Weak ‘opla believed was ordered by God. They were 90 them os og Cte In Know tar place in socey, obey philip of Spain had been married to ‘people above them, and help to control and ry, now De hhoped to marry F Jook after those helow them. in each level of england became Protestant ERD ch woman were nah be terior | abl yee might organise Catholic A omen and were expect to obey thom. | apa eatickt saa ween “Poverty and unemployment were } es engand had been enemies Nobles and {rowing amangst the tower classes at ate e5they were at War. tat lan the bottom ofthe social nr archy. ‘controlled Scotland, although = 0 tamil | crgeas were spreading there, Ti bunt sesey i oveen of cows, wes married {0 {lesser landowners) y, Ourepeir tothe French throne, and ‘About 10.000 families fas ance n 1858 Mary declared _ sli Ejzabeth, was te rightful Pa eld Many Catotes in y | (tet eed ar ND Yeomen farmers who owned thir own tnd) fare and Tenan armers (no tnt land troma landowner Root 100,00 fam Religion in i858 Enand vas a county divided by religion, Ithad been a | oan Cthoic country for neary a thousand years, uni Henry —— Vs eign. Since then the Church had changed the times in twenty "yas. Cato and Protestants had very different ideas about what | sat of Churh the county should have Catoles betieved that: Protestants believed that: the Pope was head of the the monarch should be in Cuich throughout the world _charge ofthe country’s Church ‘Gurth services and the Bible church services and t shoul be in Latin should bein English Churches shouldbe highly there should be lite decor ecoted in churches There was a third group of more extreme Protestants, called ‘eras. They wanted much pialner churches and simple services. ‘Many of them had fled abroad during Mary Tudor's reign. Now they ere retuing Mary Tudor had made the country Roman Catholic again but most Fel n England were Protestants. They wanted changes to the \, AGL Many peooe though that religous dllerences were #269 Reactions to the new Queen tnt towards chil wa. ‘When Elizabeth became Queen she was very popular. Crowds cheered her inthe streets. he was young, single and of completely English blood, She seemed to offer the country a {resh stat Sore ambitious nobles hoped to marry her. ‘tthe same time, many people were wortied about having another woman ruling the county. Afterall they sid, everyone ‘knew that women were much weaker rulers than men Escaneado con CamScanner70 WIN HER PEOPLE'S SUPPORT? ow om LIZABETH TAY wr able to see her in real life. For Portraits ing at pictures of Most of ths people were never able o see her them, the only wa OF eee Nan nobles wanted to display Hera eo eoneen i cir country houses. Portraits of her were intings of the Qu n us { sky sent abroad olen a is 1 re Tat she actual ked like. As she grew ol J a nce 0 7 set mgee and more-She caught smallpox in 1562. It left large Scars on her face. By the 1590s her teeth had turned black, she w wrinkled and had to wear a wig because she had lost her hair. Elizabeth did not like having her portrait painted and rarely sat for arlists, But she realised how important portraits were. They were a poweril form of orsaxns. Elizabeth used them to create an image ‘which she wanted her people to believe. Artists had to get the government's permission before they were allowed to paint pictures of the Queen. They had to use approved faces, jewels and fabrics in their paintings. Eventually, Elizabeth's portraits made her look more like a goddess than a human being. Jy SOURCES A nesaton nein 1580s. It was made of cheap met that poorer people could afford to buy Success and wisdom Elizabeth wanted to show that she was ruling the country wisely and ‘Successfully. She was often shown as Astraea, a goddess who brought eternal springtime after troubled times. Sometimes she was shown with spring flowers, or a serpent (a symbol of wisdom), holaing a rainbow or bringing in sunshine aftr a storm. The ‘Armada Portrait (Source 8) was painted immediatly after Spain kad tried to invade the country. it deliberately shows Elizabeth controling the victory, Legitimacy and purity oman Catholics believed that Elzabeth was illegitimate and had no right to be Queen, Tudor roses, he orp and sceptre, the sword of justice and the crown were included inher portraits to show that she asthe rightful Queen, To show her purity, Elaabeth’s face and clothes were usualy white. She was often shown wearing peas, hile roses and hte fur. n one porta Elzabeth is shown with an ermine on her arm. it as believed thatthe ermine would rather die than get its tur cy What did Elizabeth want her portraits to show? Strength and power Elizabeth wanted her paintings to show thal she was strong and power ‘Symbols of strength, such as pillars, were used. In one painting she is shown standing ona map of England. In another, her hand ison top of a lobe (see Source 8), Wealth ‘twas important to disguise the Queen's franc dates. She was ae yn wearing magoiticent dresses vihich were Studded with expensive pears and jewel, SOURCE 7 How Elizabeth used her portraits to create an image 30 Escaneado con CamScannerD id Elizabeth control cen PROGRESSES aud LIZABETIT OXATION, PROGT SS portraits all helped to show ner as wish 9 nd euceesshal ruler But they were nol enauad Rye good puiblcity caild not cisguise failures the end. Elizabeth's success would depend an how Well she governed the country, She needed to wit the support of her wealthy and pewerrtl jandow ners, but she could choose any a few oF them as her closest advisers. This was a dilficull balancing aet for any monarch, but especially for a young woman at that time. The Court Elizabeth lived at Whitehall Palace in London. Her advisers, government officials, ladies-in-waiting and servants lived with her. This large community of people was known as the Court The Queen was the most important member of the Court. Daily life revolved around her. Iler meetings, cers and meals, as well as important banquets and dances, were all turned into glamorous ceremonies. They were designed to impress anyone who saw them Most of the Court travelled with the Queen when she stayed at her other palaces or went on a progress, It was rather like a large family. There ‘were loyal and friendly relationships as well as, rivalries and arguments - and 1 love affairs. OURCE 1 Queen Elizabeth at Cou it. on her wa Siri braves. Ths modern drawing is based onan unt wr Sgegun writen by a German traveller who visited the Court In a4 ral government? ‘Phe Court was the centre of politieg trtizabethan England. Wealthy and angpiig tn Went there to be noticed by the Queen an Py favour, Irshe gave them a important joh hq. government il would give them power, ing snd a valuable income. Some people wen 42 just lo mect one of the Queen’s ministers pn could appoint people t0 less important posit the government and introduce them to the gy ‘The power to appoint people to important joy, called rarnoNsce; Elizabeth used her poser gp patronage like a magnet to altract the loyaty support of her mos! important subjects, ind power, bay y ns OURCE 2 Lord Herbert of herburydescrtes hi Sia to Court in 1600 Mist G6 It was the manner of those times for all me ncel down before the great Queen Elizabeth fa, likewise upon my knees when she passed us by the Chapel at Whitehall. As soon as she saw me she stopped and demanded ‘Who is this?” * Boerybody there present looked upon me, but ny ‘man knew me, until Sir James Croft told who was, and that Thad married Sir William Herter of St Julian’s daughter. 99 \ ve vee Grants rewards, honours and oficial fobs to Grant rewards, honours and ofa jobs to Help the queen to control Source 5 How the system of patronage worked 1. Explains a how the system of patronage worked b) how Elizabeth used it to keep her most important, powerful subjects loyal to her y Escaneado con CamScannerse control of Parliament? D id Elizabeth lo: es TyEK TO OUR epecia correspondent It Westminster tec. Te EW ed. Then Her blaeoty stand. She begins her epeech, Tijecte. the Lorts ard Comimions in this seo whereupon we have summoned better educated than ever before. They know hat evision journalist might Henry VIII had used Parliament to help him), brea, This is how a modern tele have reported Elizabeth [ opening one of her i ee acorany is still held every away from the Roman Catholic Church ang other important laws. MPS were becoming mas bout the Church or the a : ay Parliaments. A s hardly changed since the sixteenth year. It ha: Sentury. The importance of Parliament, however, has changed a lot. willing to complain country was being governed. Some historians h ans have Taare tanh century; Parliament was much claimed that Elizabeth lost contro! of Partame, Jess powerful than it is today. It ould only meet They say that this eventually led to the Civ Mal be amonarch This did not happen very between Chaeles I and Parliament in the 1640, ve are going to investigate this claim, . often. By Elizabeth’s reign, however, MPs were Wiliam Cecil, Sir Francis ord Treasurer ~ Walsingham, Secretary of State Bishops _—— Nobles — Judges Clerks The Speaker OURCE 1 A seventeenth-century drawing of Elizabeth meeting ‘one of her Parliaments 38 Escaneado con CamScannerWhy did Elizabeth call Parliament? rlizabeth did not have to call Partiament at all, he rid eluse it whenever she liked. She called Panfiament only when it was needed. Wtmet thirteen times during her 45-year reigns an average of just three Weeks each year, elizabeth called Parliament for three main reasons: to help pass ACTS OF PARLAAENT = laws whieh, were approved by both Houses of Parliament and the monarch lo approve taxes, which could on Parliament agreed to them i to provide her with support and advice = ity yery usefitl for monarchs to know the opinions of MPs and win their support, be collected if Flizabeth only expected her MPs to talk about certain issues. They were not supposed to discuss her personal alfairs, religion or foreign policy. These vate ‘matters of She used a va Parliament, as She also made sure that several of her Privy Councillors sat in the House of Lords or were lected to the Commons. They helped to win support for government measures. Elizabeth appointed the Speaker of the House of Commons. He chose the topies MPs were allowed to discuss and which MPs were allowed to speak about them. Ifthere were difficulties, Elizabeth could always use the royal velo (her power to reject a Jaw), or close Parliament. on page 40, © QOURCE 2 The membership of Parliament during Elizabeth's reign The House of Lords ‘ @ Nearly 100 lords, bishops and judges had the right to sit in the House of Lords. ‘The House of Commons B® About 450 men. They were mostly members of the gentry who owned land but there were also some lawyers, merchants and government edicials. UM They were elected by landowners and wealthy ‘men in the towns. People from the lower classes” And women could not vote. W Several Privy Councittors sat in both Houses of Parliament. i DID ELIZABETH LOSE CONTROL OF PARLIAMENT? ment When Parliament met, MPs had a opportunity to voice their opinion country was being governed, ‘They bi they had three special privileges or right mn how the d that B® freedom of speech - the they wanted to, espe ss anything ly ifthey had complaints B freedom from arrest - no MP coutd be arrested or imprisoned while Parliament was meeting B freedom to discuss their own ideas for new laws. 1, Did sixteenth-cent whole population? [Link] you tell from Source | who were the most important members of Parliament? Who were the least important? 5. Explain how a) Blizabeth b) MPs gained from meetings of Parliament. 4. Was Parliament an important part of the system of government in the sixteenth century? 5. Do you think it was inevitable that Elizabeth would have difficulties with her Parliaments? ry Parliaments represent the @ ACTIVITY Anew Parliament is about to meet. MPs from all over the country are arriving in Westminster. Choose one of Elizabeth’s Parliaments from the table in Source 5, on the next page. a) Imagine you are one of Elizabeth's most important Privy Councillors. She has asked you to write her opening speech to this Parliament. Your speech should explain W the Queen’s reasons for calling this Parliament @ what she wants MPs to do . what she does not want her MPs to talk about. b) Write a conversation between two MPs who have just heard your speech, They are discussing what they plan to do. One MP is very ambitious and does not want to cause any trouble. He hopes that one day Elizabeth will appoint him to the Privy Council. The other MP wants to bring complaints to the Queen’s attention, 39 Escaneado con CamScanner. cur? ‘pes CONTROL LOCAL GOVERNMENT? no easy com. 10cat COVER | srepea go eh {opened eeu 2 Hy taal GOD . Ly Re rnin SS ed mec ana nt = “ot aden eS | & i | 3 "THE count —} é | senna aca wernctagedt i re f J LL srsean 19 — c é = : i a © GOURCE 10 Mes gman nanan ne a es Escaneado con CamScannerHOW WELL DID ELIZABETH DEAL Wity COUNTRY’S RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS? THe FEW WEEKS ago you found out about the Why was religion importany problems Elizabeth faced in 1558, You were asked to decide which was her most serious: problem. Did you think it was religion? Ifyou did, Elizabeth would have agreed with you. Religion seemed tikely to cause a civil war in England, Most people went to a church service every sy, Their baptisms, marriages and funerals were he . the local church, The Church also helped the po ™ schools for children and organised dances ant 5 rag The Church gave people hope, as well as hae : Pi as hel At was the first problem Elizabeth tackled. Disease was a constant danger and relative, iH In this chapter you are going to investigate why atively few jon was a serious problem for Elizabeth and people could expect to live into old age. Many how successful she was in dealing with it, Unlike women died in childbirth. Many babies died. Nay, i e were poor and the threat of. ae poverty and crime, she did not leave her Privy Ronee 1 starvation was y y never far away. The Christian religion taught Councillors to decide what to do = she deal with to live good lives. Then they would ight them religious problems personally. Was she able to solve (uIVe KOU TNS: y 60 to heaven them? Or did they get worse? eee Key BB catroic countries @ Protestant cougtries } Atlantic Ocean oral ow) m are, Calterrang 20 Sea source Amap showing how Europe was divided by religion in 1868 when Elizabeth became Queen "4 Escaneado con CamScannerHOW WELL DID ELI2AvETH DEAL WaTH THE couNTAY's NELIGIOUS PROBLEMS? ———" yas religion a problem ny" a ‘ Henry Vill Edward Vi Mary | wenn j ar ‘o 1560 1558 — qunrce 2 A timeline shrowing the religious changes that took place under the Tudors, before Elizabeth's reign syinabeth came to the throne in 1558 her ch group believed that only the religion they hel were seriously divided by religion, Her sister, followed should he allowed. To make matters ev goat tg made Roman Catholicism the official Worse, Europe was divided by religion, too. The Wp ut most people were Protestants. There most powerful cautries, France and Spain, were mere als growing numbers of Puritans, both Roman Catholic, Ulam a Roman Cathal. olow the true religion. People whe have faise beliefs should be burnt to death, | am a Protestant, Mine is the rue religion. People who Follow false belefs must be punished. yaa Puritan, | Rear \O meway. T must rule a united country. My people must folow one eeigion. I can't allow them To have afferent belief, This wl cause rebellions or cli war. IFa foreign power attacko, my country wl bo Loo dlvded to Aight back, And Mary, Queen of Score, Glam that she io the rightful Gueen of England, Many Roman Csthoics support her bb meat of my people are Protestants, What can | do? OURCE 5 SoUNcE 5 the religious problems Elizabeth faced Escaneado con CamScannerHOW WELL O10 ELIZABETH DEAL WITH THE COUNTR What did Elizabethans beliey ristian izabeth’s people follawed the ¢ an. But they had different views al God should be worshipped BW the Chureh should be organised | Roman Catholics ‘Main features of ~| The Pope in Rome Cardinals, archbishops and bishops to help the Pope. Only priests appointed by a | bishop could hold church | services. Not allowed to marry. | Wore richly decorated robes | called vestments. in Latin. Only priests were | allowed to read i The Mass, in Latin. During | Mass, a miracle took place. The bread and wine given to people by the priest was turned into the actual body and | blood of Jesus. " Singing hymns, church organs. | Richly decorated altar cloths, wall paintings and statues of the saints. How the Church was governed jelievers in other religions Attitude to ot religions were Herenics. They should be ____| burnt to death. ‘Strengths in England was a Roman Catholic 1558 country. So were Spain, France | and Scotland, Elizabeth's heir, ‘Mary, Queen of Scots, was | Roman Catholic. Weaknesses in 1558 Mary Tudor’s reign had made Roman Catholics very unpopular. They were a minority, and most tive in the north and west of England. So 4 Religious beliefs in Elizabethan England 76 Hows y's RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS? eee EET LOT ete “Oo Sphere were three Pel glows rH p%, Thole jy | aoe yn the table bela. You wil atten yo ate | eter hel to Has ate WOEK THON iy chp . i ) Moderato Protestants (also Purltans (also called | known as Anglicans after 1559) | The king or queen ‘Archbishops and bishops to help | the monarch. Only clergy appointed by a bishop could hold church services. Allowed to marry. Wore vestments, but not too richly decorated. In English, for everyone to read. Holy Communion, in English. Gleray gave poople bread and wine as a way of remembering that Jesus died for them. Singing hymns, church organs. Aitar cloth, no wal paintings. Other religions must not be | allowed. Believers in other religions should be punished. Most people were moderate Protestants. They hated the Roman Catholic religion. Mary Tudor had made England Into a Roman Catholic country again, The most powerful countries in Europe were Roman Catholio. ‘tho hotter tyne of Protestny Nobody. Churchgoors elected committees to Mako the rules Ordinary people as wells church ministers wera allow to preach, Allowed to marry, Wore plain black gowns In English, for everyone to reat Communion in English. The minister gave people bread and wine as a way of remembering that Jesus died for them. ‘No music, Vory plain chapels: whitewashed wali, plain windows, no | statues, plain tables and benches. Other religions must not be allowed. Believers in other religions must be punished. Puritan ideas were becoming popular in London and the south-east. Some MPs were Puritans. There were few Puritans it England and Europe. Escaneat \do con CamScannerlB jzabeth choose in 15 595 hat kind of Church did EB liz : Baraca OU HAVE SEBN why religion was stich 1 serivas and urgent problom for Elizabeth. Now you going to investigate how she dealt with it You be trying to find answers to these questions: what kind of Church did Elizabeth choose? WE how did she make her decision? how did her people react? First of all, however, you need to know more about Elizabeth herself. What were her religious betiels? They were important. In the sixteenth century, the religion of the country and the religion of its ruler had to be the same. What did Elizabeth believe? Religion was very important to Elizabeth. She prayed in her private chapel every morning. She had been brought up as a Protestant and refused to become a Roman Catholic during Mary Tudor's reign. Elizabeth disliked the authority of the Pope. But she liked ornaments and decoration in churches. She thought that priests should wear vestments and did not like them to get married, Although Blizabeth had her own religious views, she thought that her most important task was to unite her country. She wanted her people to obey her and not cause any trouble. She did not want to punish anyone just for their religious beliefs. She knew that it would be impossible to satisfy all of her people. She wanted a Church that most of them could accept ~ even if this took time, @ DECISION POINT, 1558 Itis December 1558. Elizabeth has been Queen for ‘one month. Religion is her most urgent and serious problem. You are one of her advisers. There will be an important meeting of the Privy Coun tomorrow. You will be expected to advise the Queen about the sort of Church that there should be. Should it bea Roman Catholic, a moderate Protestant or a Puritan Church? Having all three religions is NOT allowed! Use a larger copy of the table below to plan your speech. Type of Church | Advantages Disadvantages Roman Catholic | | eer: Moderate | Protestant Puritan My advice: 78 eNOS TTR Tio not lke chanae. Making changes means ttakng reks. There can be dangerous consequences. (2, Yur Mapp sometlnies ngp Et dangerous concent tn source 1 Elizabeth discussing religion with Wibian What did Elizabeth decide? flizabeth discussed the situation with her councillors. They made plans for a new Church. Then she decided to call Parliament, It met in February 1559. There were MPs from all the religious groups, but most of them were moderaé Protestants. Elizabeth wanted her MPs to appro her plans quickly but some MPs did not like them ‘Two bishops who complained were imprisoned. Mowever, Elizabeth did agree to make some chat ‘o her plans. After four months her MPs agreed” create a new Church of England. They passed"? ets of Parliament. ‘These are known as the Elizabethan Church Settlement. TALKING POINT Elizabeth could have ordered her people to obey het 2", fo tl insleaan! Church. Why do you think she called Pai” Escaneado con CamScannerWHAT KIND OF CHURCH DID ELIZABETH CHOOSE IN 15597 gan" ‘The Elizabethan Church Settlement of 1559 ie get of Supremacy { Jani became a Protestant country again, 5 licabeth became head of the Church of England, i Governor’ pishops would help her govern the new Church, ll judges, government officials, JPs, MPs and clergy had to take an oath accepting Elizabeth's ttle, they refused, they could be imprisoned. If they refused three times, they could be executed. tead of the Pope, Her title was ‘Supreme he tet of Uniformity new Protestant Prayer Book had to be used in every church. OB Ohurch services had to be in English, Bread and wine were to be taken, but the reasons why were lef vague. The Bible was in English. it Omamients and decoration were allowed in churches. i The clergy had to wear vestments and were allowed to marry. ll elerey had to take an oath agreeing to use the new Prayer Book. ff nccis 07s (anyone who refused to go to church) had to pay afine of 1 shilling Gp) a week, This was ‘alarge sum for the poor, but a small amount for rich people. How did the new Church work in practice? Church; only 250 out of 9000 priests (less than Elizabeth did not want the new Church to be too Sper cent) refused and Jost their jobs. ‘The fines for siricl She hoped that most people would gradually ‘ancy were not strictly enforced, In many places accept it. Her new Archbishop of Canterbury, they were not collected at all Matthew Parker, was a moderate Protestant who did By 1568 most p pled the new not really want to punish people who had 10 Serious protests or religious views, He was popular w most people. rebellions. Elizabeth's new Church and her k Most churchmen took the oath of loyalty to the new approach seemed to have worked. ‘TASK low successful was Elizabeth's Church at first? 2. Explain whether you agree or disagree with each of these views about Elizabeth's Chureh 1. Make a larger copy of the table below. ‘Then Settlement. complete to show which features ofthe new a) ‘It was a middle way between Catholic and Chureh the different religious groups would hay Protestant beliels.” liked, and which they would have disliked. by thw tly the kind of Chureh that Elizabeth Biabetn’ . wal vabeth's Church Settlement of 1559 ©) ‘Iwas a strict Church in theory, but not in practice.” What they dished | What they liked | about the Church to please everyone it failed to please Escaneado con CamScanner\ A as Elizabeth’s reign a ‘Golden Age’ of culture J} SAW at the beginning of thi ys you SA 6 Of this chapter 80g sid thal there were other ase cos Ppievements during Elizabeth’s reign besides igh music and DANCE vcd arcing wre very te erat moncne cach Ione cso and ia me porove mn ich A ed todny tas great ie Enghoh mon { aT, (tre greatest artists were In Europe The government hired foreign artists to paint mast of the Queen's portraits. Nicholas Hillard was the best English artist. He became Famous for his ‘superb miniature portraits. MATHEMATICS Pec ‘Some pecple were becoming interested in mathematics. John Dee found ways of drawing maps more accurately and was interested in the ideas of proportion and symmetry. John Napier discovered logarithms, although his work was not published until LITERATURE and DRAMA Thiswas an astonishing Period Some of the greatest poetry literature and drama in ‘our histary comes from Eizateth’s reign. The theatre burst into Ife with the great plays ‘of Christopher Marlowe ard Wiliam Shakespeare. Also, Edmund Spenser wrote a superb Poem, caled The Faerie Queene, to celebrate Elzabeth's reign, ~—— Nae 1 Some experts’ views about the cultural ee cece W activity Give each of the topics in Source J a score, from w {@ dull, mninteresting period) to +5 (a time of ‘lliant achievement). Discuss the reasons for Ir Scores, yo Seen theatre, They have called her reign a ‘Golden Age’ of culture. In this enquiry we will investigate whether or not this is a valid view. HISTORY People were becoming much more interested in history. Wiliarn Camden wrate a history of Elizabeth's reign. Richard Hatluye wrote a book about the voyages of English salore, The work of these writers wae important for two reasons. They studied sources. Instead of ust copying earlier writers: and they tried to explain Why everts happened rather than {pot listing them. ARCHITECTURE hla was the tine of The Great Rebuilding. Wore people ‘hon ever before ul: hemscives new houses, with upstairs rooms, la65 windows, replaces and chimneys. The greatest English archect was Robert Smythson. He designed Hardwick Hall and many ather country houses using ‘the most recent designs from Europe. SCIENCE Important scientific dlccoveries about the planets and ‘the human body were being made In Europe. In England, interest in science was only just beginning Francis Bacon said that experiments were the only way t0 test new theories Wiliams Harvey was educated during Elizabeth's reign. Later, in the 1620, he discovered how the blood circulates around the body. achievements of Elizabeth's reign Now we must ask two more questions. Why were there so many cultural achievements during Elizabeth's reign? Wm Ifso many new things were happening did old, superstitions ideas suddenly die out? Source 2 will help you to answer these questions. 109 Escaneado con CamScannerWAS ELIZABETH’S REIGN A ‘GOLDEN AGE" OF CULTURE? Witchoraft Most people be! ‘that witches could use evil magic is or even death. More witches than Catholics were uted during Elizabeth's reign, Illness and disease Noone understood the causes of disease, Many people died unewpectedly at an esrly age especially babies. There were Frequent outbreals c¥ plague Ola herbal remedes, prayers 37d charms were used to cure and prevent illness. The printing press All Eooks were written by hand during the Middle Ages, The pricing press was imented in the fifteenth century. It ecame much cheaper to produce books, and new ideas spread more easly. By Elzabeth's eign there were printing reeses ll ver the county. More people were buying books shan ever before. wrope, many people were interested inthe culture of the cies Greeks and Romans. They began to learn and old ideas, Theee imterests spread to England inthe ‘eceerth century, Protestantism Protestants hated the old traditions of the Catholic Church, | auch 26 plarimages and the belief in miracles, They thought ‘these ideas were just superstition. They wanted as many people a6 possible to read the Bible for themselves, 110 ‘Ss YUNCE 2 Belies and Sotial changes in Elzabethan England itches were accused of causing bad harvests, ‘throughout the sixteenth century. Education For boys from well-off faites, there ve fro " re better opportunites for education than ever befor, Daring Elizabeth's reign mary new grammar schacls 2rd un colleges were opened. ersty Iiteracy Most peple wee too poor to eend the cite to say 1600, on 20 pr cert cfr and ethan gro women could read or write. Alchemy During the Middle Ages, many cholars tried to dscoer way of turning base (or worthless) metals into god Tec alchemists, as they were known, continued thei tra Elizabeth's role Eleabeth was a patron ofthe arte, She loved music and arcing. She sang, and played the lute, the re and the Wrginals (a keyboard instrument), Bizabeth employed the best artists and invited the best actors and musicians to perform for her at Court, Wealth Many people became wealthy through agriculture and trade ‘This gave them more money to epend on entertainment, 1 on education for their cons, Astrology Most people believed that the stars and planets infuse! their ves. Astrologers studied the heavens to predict th? future. Their horoscopes and almanacs were very per Elizabeth asked John Dee, the most famous astrolay: i“ choose a day when the stars and planets were i FOU Positions for her coronation day, Escaneado con CamScannerWw ARING THE MIDDI India and Chi dangerous and unkanow sailors hogan making I Europeans in 1400 Henry the Navigator Bartholomew Diaz, seve Vasco da Gama, 14 | Christopher Columbus Although Columbus was an | tala, he made his voyages for the King of Spain, He thought that he could Feach ina by sailing across the Atlantic. In 1492 he ‘reached islands off the coat of Central America. He called [them the West indies’ Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan Crossed the Pacific Ovea Key EE Pett to — Christopher Columbus, 1492 — Ferdinand Magellan, 1519-22 the voyage, but in 1522 hi They were the first men t LAE Ages nse. Then, between about 1450 and 1550, European catch th he VOVALES a oceans, They hoped to find a sea route to the of the East. They were helped 1430-60 1487-88 97-98 her ‘4 Ocean Magellan, a Portuguese noble, set salon behalf of the king of Spain in 1519. He saHed across the Atlantic and down the coast of South America, then Magellan was killed during ssallors returned to Spain. 10 sail around the wortd, Nn, unppeans knew | little about the rest of the world. Valuable silks: zit overland to F and spices were brought overland 10 a. but sailors did not dare sail into atlantic did Elizabethans go on overseas voyages? such as the comp ss aravels anid ross the Bf the invention of gun iches ME money and encouw Henry was a prince of Portugal. He encouraged sailors to sail south, dawn the western coast of Africa. He died in 1460. PORTUGAL INDIA Cape of Good Hope Bartholomew Diaz Diaz was a Portuguese ea-captain, In 1488 he reached the southern tip of Africa, It was later named the Cape of Good Hope by the king of Portugal Source 1 European voyages of exploration, 1430-1530 4 the invention of new navigational rope from ML the development of fast Hight ships ¢ racks. They : latcen’ sails whieh could be easily tune strong sideways winds of the zement from kings ang their voyages by: wealthy merchants, Prince Henry the Navigator | | Calicut {(\) tia lar Wy pen Mey, - ‘Vasco da Gama Jn 1498, da Gam Portuguese node ‘reached the co! Escaneado con CamScanneruropean sailors Want to reach India? El FF i Golumbus think that he could reach did “ailing across the AUantic Ocean? Y yage was the most important? ve sed to call this period “The Age of » Is discovery’ a good word to describe eral of Buropean sailors in parts of the we {hey had never seen before? sword thes J portugal led the wa pt (350 Spain controlled a large erie in wie “nd South America. Every year ships full of Gent old sailed for Spain from the ‘New siner tM grtugal also gained great wealth by ae trang bases in india ad around the co of Africa. cost of MF beth’s reign many English seamen Durverseas voyaes. In this enquiry you will iapetigate why they went on such dangerous ivges ~ and how successful they were Why were Elizabethan sailors encouraged to go on overseas voyages? ofore 1550 few English people were interested in making long voyages of exploration. Most of the fountry’s trade was with Europe. Then, in the 1550s, the cloth trade with Europe collapsed. Merchants needed to find new markets in which to sell their gunds, More people became interested in voyages overseas. interest gathered pace during Elizabeth's Richard Hakluyt, wrote a book to encourage English sailors to make long voyages. He called it The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation. 5.\Why did interest in making voyages grow in Bngland after 1550? i code EPA WTASK ‘What did Nakluyt think England would gain thom overseas voyag * What did he think people who lived in other _ Bls of the world would gain from them? \ikluyt did not actually go on any overseas [aees. Is Source 2, therefore, of no use to the historian? Sar, i A NE NI LC TCL WHY DID ELIZABETHANS GO ON OVERSEAS VOYAGES? Source Extiacl from Hakluyt's Principal Navigaions, | 66 By these voyages our navy shall be enlarged. The Kings of Spain and Portugal, since the first discovery of the Indies, have greaily enriched themselves and their subjects, but have also trebled the number of their ships, masters and mariners. The greatest strength of this realm for defence and offence is the multitude of ships ready to assist the most stately and royal navy of Her Majesty, which by reason of this voyage shall have both increase and maintenance. Your nation were once planted in North America, whereas we now fish for but two months of the year, we might then fish as long as we please All savages, $0 soon as they begin to taste of civilisation, will take marvellous delight in any garment ~ as a shirt, a gown, a cap, or such like. What a market for our English clothes will follow and great benefit to clothiers, woolmen, spinners, weavers, etc. Iwill prove a general benefit unto our country, that a great number of men which do now live idly. «at home and are a burden, shall hereby be set 10 work, but also children of twelve or fourteen years of age, or older, may be kept from idleness, in making a thousand kinds of things which will be good merchandise, Ind, our idle women shall also be employed. ‘The savages shall have cause to bless the hour when this enterprise twas undertaken, Firstly and chiefly, in respect of the most happy and gladsome tidings of the most glorious Gospel of our Saviour, Jesus Christ, whereby they may be brought from Jalschood to truth. Being brought from brutish ignorance lo civilisation and knowledge, and made to understand how the tenth part of their Tand may be so manured and worked, as it may yield more commodities [crops] as the whole now ‘doth. But that is not all the benefit which they shall receive; they shall be reduced from unseemly ; customs to honest manners, from disordered riotous routs to a well governed COMMONITEALTH. 29 , 15 Escaneado con CamScanneramen? How successful were the voyages of Enalish onsets posse ach Chine 5 Gi eet a en eee SRE en moaon | | Merjemaacamesan, Moats Ma, Bn cientscman eth ntrediona See ein netts re reese De ne ey py ne cM aS ‘estat He esa gra fee eo apes es i trap att rr Me { tects esas of bcos | des oe ow etaeogad horse Frtetenssxanasonge mt ener Sep cee Schone Geran etn as Ent oot Sibiewt at are Anton opie atl soins on Se water aah rss fonts Som ames Fewor poping (rgd aoa et ‘Steen bresoteny ermy = : [ED sort ence Ta rate tendered Sette a) na tte es anata mH “Sevens sue trata eo restate Spt ore ee om oo, 185-87 ‘ate alan 58587 veetey et ‘sien demoans,st5 | 1 | Elman staan ue. : Smee nena Someta fevmatweavtt mennecy eta —— jenny acon moet onentu hee Iota eta |e ee Meant techno at sie ate a testi oiweseny inewsaeiescne | sngatongonencssane: Sa hncateronejerTngecodgu aeemne' | Youare PRIMES Ter Lisol PMR, soe ike taal ie ert Gite anrmdioacaiatee a Caicos a aut 16 “ee —_— Escaneado con CamScannerAs Source 5 on pages {16-117 shows, English sea the world during Elizabeth's reign, Many of thelr res. They were expensive, and many sailors Tost also caused rouble with Spain, whieh eventually led 1 costly war. So, were the voyages worth it? What did they voyages were Tong and eve? men sailed all over Jost their lives. They Wealth Merchants, nobles and the Queen 1wvEsTeD fits from ys, They made large prof apie ergoes ‘of, for example, gold and silver. Overseas trade Elizabethan saliors helped g open up new areas for Engh Colonies There were several attempts to establish English settlements ‘overseas during Elizabeth’ reign, They ll alld. During the seventeenth century, however, many ‘oLoMES were established in North ‘America, Africa and India, These The (grew into the British Empire, which : helped 10 make Britain the richest achievements and most powerful country in the E an word by 1800 of Elizabeth: voyages The navy English sallors improved their skils ‘in sailing and in fighting at sea New, faster ships equipped with ‘Quickfiring cannon were built. They helped to defeat the Spanish ‘Armada in 1588, Detence stronger navy meant stronger Getences. This was very important foranistand county. Source 4 The achievements of Elizabethan voyages 118 trade, Several new trading companies were formed The Muscovy Company, 1555: traded with Russi ip timber and furs. The Eastland Company, i579. traded withthe counts the Baltic region in timber, tar, canvas and rope. The Levant Company, 1591 traded with countries around the eastern Mediterranean in currants and dyes, 1m The East India Company, 1600: traded with India and the Far Eastin silks, spices, cotton and tea These trading companies became very wealthy inthe seventeenth century, Power oe 8 1603 England had become the greatest sea-powerin the | | word This lasted unt the {wentieth century, Escaneado con CamScanner