Mathematics Textbook for 16-Year-Old Students
This textbook covers key mathematical topics for 16-year-old students, focusing on conceptual
understanding, practical applications, and problem-solving skills. Each chapter includes detailed
explanations, worked examples, exercises, and real-world applications.
Table of Contents
1. Algebra
o Linear Equations
o Quadratic Equations
o Simultaneous Equations
o Inequalities
2. Geometry and Trigonometry
o Angles and Shapes
o The Pythagorean Theorem
o Trigonometric Ratios
o Circle Geometry
3. Functions and Graphs
o Linear Functions
o Quadratic Functions
o Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
4. Statistics and Probability
o Data Representation
o Measures of Central Tendency
o Probability Rules and Applications
5. Calculus (Introduction)
o Differentiation
o Integration
6. Problem Solving and Applications
o Real-World Mathematical Problems
o Financial Mathematics
o Optimization Problems
1. Algebra
Linear Equations
A linear equation is an equation that forms a straight line when graphed. It has the general form:
y = mx + c
Example
Solve for x in:
2x + 5 = 15
Solution:
1. Subtract 5 from both sides:
2x = 10
2. Divide both sides by 2:
x=5
Exercises
1. Solve for x:
a) 3x - 4 = 11
b) 5x + 2 = 17
2. If y = 2x + 3, find y when x = 4.
Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation has the general form:
ax² + bx + c = 0
Factoring Method
Solve x² + 5x + 6 = 0:
1. Factorize: (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
2. Solve: x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = -2 or x = -3
Exercises
1. Solve using factoring:
a) x² + 7x + 10 = 0
b) 2x² + 3x - 2 = 0
2. Use the quadratic formula to solve x² - 4x - 5 = 0.
2. Geometry and Trigonometry
The Pythagorean Theorem
In a right-angled triangle:
a² + b² = c²
where c is the hypotenuse.
Example
Find the hypotenuse of a triangle with sides 3 cm and 4 cm.
Solution:
c² = 3² + 4² = 9 + 16 = 25
c = √25 = 5 cm
Exercises
1. Find the hypotenuse of triangles with sides:
a) 5 cm and 12 cm
b) 8 cm and 15 cm
2. Find the missing side:
a) Hypotenuse = 10 cm, one side = 6 cm
Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric ratios in a right-angled triangle:
sin θ = opposite / hypotenuse
cos θ = adjacent / hypotenuse
tan θ = opposite / adjacent
Example
In a triangle, if the opposite side is 4 cm, adjacent side is 3 cm, and hypotenuse is 5 cm:
1. sin θ = 4/5
2. cos θ = 3/5
3. tan θ = 4/3
Exercises
1. Find sin θ, cos θ, and tan θ for a triangle with:
a) Opposite = 5 cm, Adjacent = 12 cm, Hypotenuse = 13 cm
2. A ladder leans against a wall, forming a 60° angle with the ground. The ladder is 10 m
long. How high does the ladder reach on the wall?
3. Functions and Graphs
Linear Functions
A linear function has the form:
y = mx + c, where m is the slope and c is the y-intercept.
Example
Plot y = 2x + 1 for x = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.
Exercises
1. Plot the graph for:
a) y = -x + 3
b) y = 3x - 2
2. Find the slope and y-intercept of:
a) y = 4x - 5
4. Statistics and Probability
Data Representation
Data can be represented using bar graphs, histograms, and pie charts.
Example
A survey shows the number of books read by students in a month:
1 book: 5 students
2 books: 8 students
3 books: 4 students
Draw a bar graph to represent this data.
Exercises
1. Represent the following data using a pie chart:
Favorite Fruits: Apples (30%), Bananas (40%), Oranges (20%), Grapes (10%).
2. Calculate the mean, median, and mode for:
5, 8, 10, 8, 6
Probability
The probability of an event is:
P(Event) = (Number of favorable outcomes) / (Total outcomes)
Example
A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 blue balls. The probability of picking a red ball:
P(Red) = 3/8
Exercises
1. A die is rolled. What is the probability of getting:
a) A 5?
b) An even number?
2. A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting:
a) A King?
b) A red card?
5. Calculus (Introduction)
Differentiation
Differentiation finds the slope of a curve. The derivative of y = x² is:
dy/dx = 2x
Exercises
1. Differentiate:
a) y = 3x²
b) y = 5x³ - 2x
2. Find the slope of the curve y = x² + 3x at x = 2.
This textbook includes practical examples, exercises, and real-world applications to ensure
students develop a deep understanding of mathematics while preparing for advanced topics and
everyday problem-solving.
