Université de Bordeaux Licence internationale Multivariate Calculus
Exercise 1 Prove that kxk := |x| is a norm on R. Explicit the open and closed balls
B(2, 3) and B[2, 3]. Discuss if the following sets are open or closed (or not). Determine
interior, boundary and closure in each case. Determine interior, boundary and closure
in each case.
A = {0} B = {0, 1} C = (0, 1) D = [0, 1]
E = (0, 1] F =Z G = {1/n : n ≥ 1} H = {1/n : n ≥ 1} ∪ {0}
Exercise 2 Equip R2 with the Euclidean norm. Discuss if the following sets are
open or closed (or not).
A = {(0, 0)} B = {0} × [0, 1] C = {0} × (0, 1)
D = (0, 1) × (0, 1) E = [0, 1] × (0, 1) F = {(x, 2x) : x ≥ 0}
G = {(x, 2x) : x > 0} H = {(x, 1/x) : x > 0} J = {(x, 1/x) : x 6= 0} ∪ {(0, 0)}
Exercise 3 Give proofs or counterexamples to the following assertions.
a) Arbitrary unions of open sets are open.
b) If A ⊂ Rd is not open then A must be closed.
c) Arbitrary intersections of closed sets are closed.
d) Arbitrary unions of closed sets are closed.
e) The set {x2 + 3y 4 < 1} is open / closed / bounded ?
f) The set {x2 + 3y 4 ≤ 1} is open / closed / bounded ?
Exercise 4
Which of the following subsets Which of the following subsets of E = C([0, 1])
of R2 are vector spaces? are vector spaces?
a) {(x, y) : x = 0} a) E itself.
b) {(x, y) : x = 0, y = 1} b) The polynomial functions: {f ∈ E : ∃p ∈
c) {(x, y) : x + y = 0} R[X] : ∀x R: f (x) = p(x)}
1
d) {(x, y) : x + y = 1} c) {f ∈ E : 0 f (x) dx = 0}
e) {(x, y) : x · y = 0} d) {f ∈ E : R∀x : f (x) ≥ 0}
1
f) {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 = 1} e) {f ∈ E : 0 f (x)2 dx ≤ 1}.
Exercise 5 Let n ≥ 2 be fixed. For any n × n matrix A = (aij ) define kAk =
Xn
max{|aik | : k = 1..n} Show that this defines indeed a norm. Equip Rn with the
i=1
k.k1 -norm. Show that kAxk1 ≤ kAkkxk1 .
Exercise 6 Show that the closure of an open ball B(x, a) in a normed vector space
is the closed ball B[x, r].
Exercise 7 Let N (x, y) := max (|x − 2y|, |2x − 3y|). Show that N is a norm on R2 .
Let U be the Euclidean unit ball in R2 . Find r > 0 such that BN (0, r) ⊂ U .
Exercise
P 8 Let E be a finite dimensional vector space with basis {b1 , . . . bn }. For
x = j ξj bjP , let kxk∞ := max{|ξ1 |, .., |ξn |}. Prove that this defines a norm on E. Now
let kxk1 := j |ξj |. Prove that this defines a norm on E. Can you find a sequence (xn )
that converges in k.k∞ but not in norm k.k1 ? Or a sequence that converges in k.k1 but
not in norm k.k∞ ?
Exercise 9 Let E = C([0, 1]) and kfRk∞ := max{|f (x)| : x ∈ [0, 1]}. Prove that this
1
defines a norm on E. Now let kf k1 := 0 |f (x)|dx. Prove that this defines a norm on
E. Can you find a sequence (fn ) that converges in k.k∞ but not in norm k.k1 ? Or a
sequence that converges in k.k1 but not in norm k.k∞ ?
R1
Exercise 10 Let E = C([0, 1]). Prove that hf, gi := 0
f (t)g(t) dt defines a scalar
product on E.
Exercise 11 Let hx, yi2 be the euclidean scalar product on Rn . Establish a criterion
on a n × n matrix A to guarantee that [x, y] := hAx, Ayi defines a scalar product on Rn .
Exercise 12 Discuss continuity (or not) of the following functions on R2 .
1
2
(x + xy + y 2 ) sin( x2 +y 2) if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f1 (x, y) =
0 otherwise
( 2 3
x y+2x
x2 +y 2
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f2 (x, y) =
0 otherwise
y sin(x)
x2 +y 2
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f3 (x, y) =
0 otherwise
sin(f (x))−sin(f (y))
if x 6= y
f4 (x, y) = 0
x−y where f is of class C 1
f (x) cos(f (y)) otherwise
(
x2 y 2
x 2 y 2 +(x−y)2 if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f5 (x, y) =
0 otherwise
( 2
sin (x)(ey −1)
x2 +y 2
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f6 (x, y) =
0 otherwise
|xy|α
x2 +y 2
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f7 (x, y) = for α > 0
0 otherwise
( 4 2 3 3
x y +x y
x6 +2y 6
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f8 (x, y) =
0 otherwise
3 4
(
√ x −y if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
2 +y 4 +1−1
f9 (x, y) = x
0 otherwise
