MINOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the requirements of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

1. Basavraj Magadum 02FE21BCH005

2. Smruti Kaginkar 02FE21BCH025
3. Prarthana khangoankar 02FE21BCH020
4. Mohammad Zain Khan 02FE21BCH014

Under the Guidance: Dr. Sateesh N. Hosamane

Co- Guidance Prof. Santosh Nandi
Department of Chemical Engineering

KLE Technological University

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 Production of nano-particles

Dr M S Sheshgiri Campus, Belagavi – 590008 2023-2024

KLE Technological University

Dr M S Sheshgiri Campus, Belagavi - 590008
/
Department of Chemical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the “Minor Project Report” is submitted by Mr./Ms. Smruti
kaginkar(02FE21BCH025), Basavaraj Magadum (02FE21BCH005), Zain Khan
(02FE21BCH014), Prarthana khangoankar (02FE21BCH020), students of KLE
Technological University, Dr M S Sheshgiri Campus, Belagavi, in partial fulfillment
of requirements of Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering of the KLE
Technological University, Dr M S Sheshgiri Campus, Belagavi, during the year 2023-
24. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have
been incorporated in the report.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dr. Sateesh Hosamane Santosh Nandi

Guide Co. Guide
------------------------- ---------------------------------
Dr. Sateesh Hosamane Dr. S. F. Patil
HOD Principal
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ff

EXTERNAL VIVA

Names of the Examiners Signature with Date

1._______________________________ ______________________
2._______________________________ ______________________

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 Production of nano-particles

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to my project guide [Link]
Hosamane and Prof .Santosh Nandi of Chemical Engineering, KLE Technological
University (Belagavi Campus) for the valuable guidance and creative suggestions offered
during the course of this MINI PROJECT.
We sincerely thank Dr.,Sateesh Hosamane Professor and Head, Department of Chemical
Engineering, KLE Technological University (Belagavi Campus) for being constant
source of encouragement and providing facilities for the MINI PROJECT. We take this
opportunity to thank our beloved Principal, Dr. S. F. Patil of KLE Technological
University (Belagavi Campus) for providing healthy academic environment in the
college, which helped us in concentrating on our task.
We also extend our sincere thanks to all teaching and non-teaching faculty members and
supporting staff of department for their support and encouragement. Last but not least:
we are grateful to our beloved parents, family and friends for their direct and indirect
constant moral support throughout the course of this MINI PROJECT.

1. Smruti Kaginkar 02FE21BCH025

2. Basavaraj Magadum 02FE21BCH005
3. Mohammad Zain Khan 02FE21BCH014
[Link] khangoankar 02FE21BCH020

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Serial no. Description Page no.

1. INTRODUCTION 6

2. LITRATURE SURVEY 8

3. METHODOLOGY 11

4. MICROWAVE 17
ASSISTED TECHNIQUE

5. ADSORPTION 18

6. RESULTS 21

7. CONCLUSION 33

8. REFERENCE 34

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Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of nanoparticles prepared using the
hydrothermal method for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution
using adsorption process. The effects of contact time, nanoparticles dose and initial MB
concentration on the removal of MB were studied using the central composite design
(CCD) method. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) modeling techniques were applied to model the process and their performance and
predictive capabilities of the response (removal efficiency) was also examined. The
adsorption process was optimized using the RSM and the optimum conditions were
determined. The process was also modelled using the adsorption isotherm and kinetic
models. The ANN and RSM model showed adequate prediction of the response, with
absolute average deviation (AAD) of 0.001 and 0.320 and root mean squared error
(RMSE) of 0.119 and 0.993, respectively. The RSM model was found to be more
acceptable since it has the lowest RMSE and AAD compared to the ANN model.
Optimum MB removal of 71.17% was obtained at pH of 2.03, contact time of 15.16 min,
Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles dose of 1.91 g/L, and MB concentration of 100.65 mg/L.
Maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 103.09 mg/g was obtained. The experimental data
of MB adsorption on Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles followed the Freundlich isotherm and
pseudo-second-order kinetic models than the other models. It could be concluded that the
prepared Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles can be used efficiently for the removal of MB and
also, the process can be optimized to maximize the removal of MB.

Synthesis and characterization of Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles. Modelling and optimization

of Methylene Blue removal onto Ho-CaWO4 using Response Surface Methodology
(RSM) and Artificial neural network (ANN). Evaluation of the isotherm and kinetic
parameters of the adsorption [Link] review paper also includes the affective
adsorption factors of dye such as solution pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage,
and temperature. The applicability of various adsorption kinetic models and isotherm
models for dye removal by wide range of adsorbents is also reported here. Conclusions
have been drawn from the literature reviewed and few suggestions for future research are
proposed. To synthesize nano-particles for color dye removal Adsorption. Wastewater
may contain a wide range of chemicals originating from various sources. These can
include heavy metals (e.g. Lead, mercury), toxic organic compounds (e.g. Pesticides,
solvents), pharmaceuticals, cleaning agents and industrial chemicals.

FT-IR, XRD, TEM, DLS and UV–Vis were used as spectral characterization for the
prepared nanocomposites. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has a variety of characteristics, including
optical, electrical, mechanical, thermal, and structural. Nanoparticles (NPs) play a big part
in many different industries. The current research focuses on producing ZnO Nps for
photocatalytic dye degradation activities. Ag2O-doped ZnO was produced together with
three other different types of ZnO NPs. Nps as well as pure ZnO nanocrystals, were
recovered using chemical and biological methods. The SEM study supported the chemical
evolution of the ZnO nanorod-like structure, which exhibits enhanced photocatalytic
activity. It was predicted that chemically produced ZnO Nps would have 34 nm, the
typical particle size. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify Ag2O/ZnO
nanoparticles in their hexagonal configuration.

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Chapter 1

Introduction
In recent years, the rise in industrial activities has led to increased pollution levels,
particularly through the discharge of synthetic dyes into water bodies. Methylene blue, a
common dye used in various industries such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, and paper, poses
significant environmental and health risks due to its toxicity and resistance to
biodegradation. Effective and efficient methods for removing methylene blue from
wastewater are, therefore, critically [Link] have emerged as promising
materials for environmental remediation due to their unique physicochemical properties,
such as high surface area, enhanced reactivity, and tunable surface functionalities. Among
various nanoparticles, those made from zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver nitrate (AgNO₃) have
attracted considerable attention. ZnO nanoparticles are known for their photocatalytic
activity, stability, and low cost, while silver (Ag) nanoparticles exhibit strong
antimicrobial properties and enhance the overall adsorption capacity due to their high
surface area and catalytic potential..The integration of ZnO and Ag nanoparticles
leverages the synergistic effects of both materials, resulting in a composite with superior
properties for dye removal applications. This composite can be synthesized through
various methods, with the microwave-assisted technique standing out for its efficiency
and simplicity. Microwave synthesis offers rapid heating, uniform particle distribution,
and the ability to produce nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology.

These attributes are crucial for optimizing the performance of the nanoparticles in
adsorptive removal [Link] use of microwave-assisted synthesis for ZnO and Ag
nanoparticles involves the reduction of silver nitrate and the formation of zinc oxide
under microwave irradiation, which facilitates the formation of well-dispersed and highly
active nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can then be employed in the adsorption process
for methylene blue dye removal. The adsorption mechanism primarily involves the
interaction between the dye molecules and the active sites on the nanoparticles' surface,
driven by physical adsorption, chemical bonding, or a combination of [Link] have
demonstrated that ZnO-Ag nanoparticles exhibit excellent adsorption capacities for
methylene blue, attributed to their high surface area, porosity, and the presence of active
sites provided by both ZnO and Ag components. Additionally, the photocatalytic
properties of ZnO, enhanced by the presence of Ag, allow for the degradation of
methylene blue under light irradiation, further improving the removal efficiency.

In conclusion, the development of ZnO-Ag nanoparticles synthesized via microwave-

assisted techniques offers a promising solution for the effective removal of methylene
blue from wastewater. This approach not only provides a high-efficiency adsorption
process but also integrates photocatalytic degradation, making it a comprehensive and
sustainable method for dye remediation in polluted water systems. Further research and
optimization of this technique can pave the way for large-scale applications and
significant environmental benefits.

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1.1 Objectives
• To synthesize ZnO/AgO nanoparticles .
• To comprehensively characterize the synthesized composite using various
analytical techniques such as XRD, SEM, FTIR and others. This helps in
understanding the structure, morphology and composition of the material.
• To carry comparative study for removal of methylene blue dye by
adsorption and microwave assisted adsorption method.
• To plot the Langmuir adsorption Isotherm.
• To carry out the optimization using central composite design .
• To estimate model equation using multilinear regression technique .

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Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Microwave Assisted preparation of chitosan/ZnO nanocomposites and
its application in dye removal
Author – Mohamed [Link], Moataz A. Elsawy, Mohamed S.A Darwish , Labiba
[Link], Abdaleem H.

Mohamed [Link], [Link]., in his paper titled “Microwave Assisted preparation of

chitosan/ZnO nanocomposites and its application in dye removal”. He demonstrated that
the optimal conditions for Methylene blue dye removal CS/ZnO nanoparticles and CS
were 20 mg/L as dye concentration and 60 mg/L of material concentration at pH 9 for 60
min. At these conditions, the modification of CS by ZnO nanoparticles enhanced the MB
dye removal from 81% to 96.7%. Different concentrations of the nanoparticles varying
from 20 mg/L to 80 mg/L have been used. This resulted in 47% to 57% of dye removal.
The increases in nanocomposites from 20 to 60 mg/L increased the dye removal from
65% to 76%. Chitosan/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite (CS/ZnO Nanocomposite) could be
prepared by different physical and chemical methods for various applications. The
microwave heating technique was used to chemically prepare CS/ZnO nanocomposite
due to the shorter time needed for reactions relative to conventional heating. Series of
CS/ZnO nanocomposites were prepared on a function of time (4, 7, 10, 12, 15 min) and
microwave power (90,360,600, 800 W) to determine the optimum conditions of the
preparation technique. Results revealed that 800 W power and 10 min time were the
optimum condition for the preparation process. FT-IR, XRD, TEM, DLS and UV–Vis
were used as spectral characterization for the prepared nanocomposites. The results have
confirmed that nanocomposite was prepared via the complexation reaction between
surface zinc cations of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosan (CS) functional groups.
TGA analysis showed the enhancement in the thermal properties of nanocomposite
compared to neat CS. Further, the efficiency of the prepared nanocomposite for
methylene blue dye removal was investigated and compared with neat CS. Dye
concentration, materials concentration, pH and contact time were investigated to evaluate
the optimum condition for dye removal. It was found that the optimum conditions for MB
dye removal by CS/ZnO nanocomposite and CS were 20 mg/L as dye concentration and
60 mg/L of material concentration at pH 9 for 60 min. At these conditions, the
modification of CS by ZnO nanoparticles enhanced the MB dye removal from 81% to
96.7%. The aim of this work is to use microwave heating technique to chemically prepare
CS/ZnO nanocomposite on function of time and microwave power to investigate the
optimum reaction condition. The obtained materials were characterized by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray
diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet–visible
spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The efficiency to remove methylene blue dye from water was
tested and compared with the activity of neat chitosan. The parameters affecting the dye
removal process specifically, dye concentration, material concentration, pH and contact
time were also investigated.

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Microwave synthesis of silica nanoparticles and its application for methylene blue
adsorption
Author - Enrique C Peres, Jenifer C Slaviero, Anaelise M Cunha, Ahmad Hosseini–
Bandegharaei, Guilherme L Dotto

Enrique C Peres, [Link]., in his paper titled “Microwave synthesis of silica nanoparticles
and its application for methylene blue adsorption”. He investigated in this work, the
adsorbent dosage effect was evaluated using 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg L–1 of
nSiO2 and MW–nSiO2. The maximum %RE values were around 80 and 90% for nSiO2
and MW–nSiO2, respectively. Pseudo–first order (PFO), pseudo–second order (PSO)
and pseudo–n order (PNO) models were investigated as reactions models to interpret the
adsorption kinetic curves. All curves can be classified as 'L' curves (Langmuir Type).
Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0 , ΔH0 and ΔS0 ) were estimated for both adsorbents,
The values of standard thermodynamic constant (K) were estimated from the Sips
parameters (Ks and qs). The study of different processes to improve the silica
characteristics is relevant, since the physicochemical characteristics affect directly the
application. An example is the application of silica based materials in adsorption
processes. Adsorption is a very common operation used to treat colored effluents
containing Methylene blue (MB), a typical dye, highly toxic, utilized in textile, paper
and pesticide industries [18]. Nanoparticles of amorphous silica can be used to remove
MB dye from colored wastewaters of textile industries by adsorption. In this sense, the
modification of the preparation route can enhance the adsorption properties of the silica
nanoparticles. It is true that there are a lot of studies regarding the preparation of silica
based materials from different sources. However, the preparation of silica nanoparticles
using microwaves and the consequent impact on its characteristics and adsorption
potential is [Link] main objective of this research was the preparation of silica
nanoparticles from rice husk, using the microwave technology in the leaching step,
aiming the improvement of surface area, pore distribution, purity and Methylene Blue
adsorption capacity (MB). For this purpose, the following specific objectives were
proposed: i) prepare microwave modified nano–silica (MW–nSiO2) and standard nano–
silica (nSiO2); ii) characterize nSiO2 and MW–nSiO2 by X–ray diffraction (XRD),
infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), N2 adsorption isotherms (BET and BJH), gas
picnometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM); iii) evaluate the adsorbent dosage and pH effects on MB adsorption using both
materials;iv)analyze pseudo−second order, pseudo−n−order and HSDM models; v)
evaluate the adsorption equilibrium isotherms using Langmuir, Freundlich.

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Modeling of adsorption of Methylene Blue dye on Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles using

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
techniques
Author- Leili Mohmmadi, Abbas Rahdar, Danial Khadkhodaiy, Rahmin Dehghani,Somayeh
Rahdar,Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe.

Leili Mohmmadi [Link].,in his paper titled “Modeling of adsorption of Methylene Blue
dye on Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques”. He demonstrated that the nanoparticles
efficiently and the use of this nanoparticles with the study of characterization of the
applicability of Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles prepared using the hydrothermal method for
the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution using adsorption process.
The effects of contact time, Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles dose and initial MB concentration
on the removal of MB were studied using the central composite design (CCD) method.
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling
techniques were applied to model the process and their performance and predictive
capabilities of the response (removal efficiency) was also examined. The adsorption
process was optimized using the RSM and the optimum conditions were determined. The
process was also modelled using the adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. The ANN
and RSM model showed adequate prediction of the response, with absolute average
deviation (AAD) of 0.001 and 0.320 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.119 and
0.993, respectively. The RSM model was found to be more acceptable since it has the
lowest RMSE and AAD compared to the ANN model. Optimum MB removal of 71.17%
was obtained at pH of 2.03, contact time of 15.16 min, Ho-CaWO4 nanoparticles dose of
1.91 g/L, and MB concentration of 100.65 mg/L. Maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of
103.09 mg/g was obtained. The experimental data of MB adsorption on Ho-
CaWO4 nanoparticles followed the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic
models than the other models. It could be concluded that the prepared Ho-
CaWO4 nanoparticles can be used efficiently for the removal of MB and also, the
process can be optimized to maximize the removal of [Link] and characterization
of Ho-CaWO4 [Link] and optimization of Methylene Blue removal
onto Ho-CaWO4 using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial neural
network (ANN).Evaluation of the isotherm and kinetic parameters of the adsorption
process.

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Selection of nanoparticles

ZnO/AgO

Selection of method to be
used in the preparation of
nanoparticles

ZnO/AgO
Characterization of prepared
nanoparticles

Selection of dye for

adsorption

Analyzing the different

concentration of adsorption

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3.1 Nano-particles production

Preparation Of Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Take equal amount of sodium hydroxide and distilled water (eg:-25+25) and mix them
both for around 5-10 mins.
Preparation of ZnO/AgO
In a beaker take known quantity of 0.1M of Zinc oxide (ZnO)=2.9748gm in 50ml of
[Link] another beaker take known quantity of yttrium o5%,10%,15% accordingly
in 50 ml of distilled water .Mix both of solutions thoroughly using a magnetic stirrer for
60 mins at room [Link] the mixing process add aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution to it dropwise. Check the PH of the solution using pH meter and the
pH should be 9-12. If the pH doesn’t come around 9-11 at some more amount of aq.
Sodium hydroxide [Link] checking the pH ultrasonicate it for 30 [Link]
mixture was then kept at room temperature for 12 hours. Then the mixture was
centrifuged first with distilled water and then with ethanol and was kept at 100℃ for 12
hours. In a beaker take known quantity of Zinc oxide(ZnO) in 50 ml of ethanol. In
another beaker take the separated ZnO/AgO in 50 ml of distilled [Link] the
above for mixing and then filtering. Keep the solution at 100℃ for 12 [Link]
filtering out the solution calcinate the solution at 500℃ for 2 hours and observe the
colour [Link] the same procedure for 10% , 15 %. After drying the compound
grind it with pestle and mortar. After grinding weigh, the compound. After weighing add
1:4 ratio of . to the mixture and to it add 1:10 ratio of distilled water. Mix it using
magnetic separator for 2 hours at 50℃ . After 1 hour add Ammonia solution dropwise.
Check the pH using pH meter the pH should be around 8-9. Again ultrasonicate it for 30
mins and then centrifuge it. Keep the compound for 12 hours in oven.

3.2 Ultra-sonification
Ultrasonication is unique homogenization technique utilized in variety of applications. It
is a process which break large particle into smaller fragment or better uniform sized
particles in the base fluid

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3.3 Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process which separates or concentrates materials suspended in a
liquid medium. The theoretical basis of this technique is the effect of gravity on particles
in suspension. 2 particles of different masses will settle in a tube at different rates in
response to gravity. The centrifugal force is proportional to the rotation rate of the rotor.
The centrifuge consists of a rotor and closed in a refrigerated chamber buy
an electric motor.

3.4 Calcination
Calcination can be described as a process of heating some solid material or a substance in
a controlled environment. Usually, in the process, the temperature is also regulated.
Calcination is done to bring about some change in the substance’s physical or
chemical constitution.

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3.5 FTIR
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies chemical bonds in a molecule
by producing an infrared absorption spectrum. The spectra produce a profile of the
sample, a distinctive molecular fingerprint that can be used to screen and scan samples for
many different components.

3.6 Mechanism of Methylene Blue

Stock solutions of methylene blue were prepared by dissolving the solid powder of
methylene blue in distilled water. The required amount of methylene blue was taken in a
volumetric flask and water was added up to the mark. The stock solution methylene blue
was prepared by dissolving 0.08 g of the dye, in 1000 mL of distilled water. The
volumetric flask containing the solution was kept in the dark in order to mask the dye
solution from being degraded by sunlight.

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3.7 Spectrophotometer
The spectrophotometer is an instrument which measures the amount of light that a
sample absorbs. The spectrophotometer works by passing a light beam through a sample
to measure the light intensity of a sample.

4.1 List of components

Sliver oxide (AgO),

Yttrium oxide (Y2O3),

Zinc oxide (ZnO),

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH),

Methylene blue dye.

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Chapter 4

Photocatalysis
Photocatalytic degradation is an advanced oxidation process, which can be used to
degrade pollutants with high concentration, complexity and low biodegradability.
Photocatalysis is a light-driven catalytic process. In other words, used to describe the rate
change of a chemical reaction in the presence of photocatalysts under light irradiation.
Similar to traditional catalysis, photocatalysis involves the rate increment in chemical
reactions under light irradiation. The photocatalyst absorbs photons from light and uses
that energy to promote reactions that might not occur under normal conditions.
Photocatalysis is a process that involves the acceleration of a chemical reaction through
the absorption of light by a substance known as a photocatalyst.

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Chapter 5

Micro-wave Assisted Adsorption Technique

The Microwave Assisted Technique (MAT) is a process that utilizes microwave

energy to assist in chemical reactions, materials processing, and other
applications. This technique leverages the unique properties of microwave
radiation to provide energy more efficiently and selectively than conventional
heating [Link]-assisted adsorption (MAA) is an advanced
technique used in the treatment of wastewater to enhance the adsorption
[Link] are electromagnetic wave with frequencies typically in the
range of 300 MHz to 750 MHz.

APPLICATIONS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

• Removal of Organic Pollutants :MAT is effective in removing dyes,phenols

and other organic compounds from industrial wastewater.

• Heavy metal removal : It is also used to adsorb heavy metals such as lead,
cadmium and chromium from contaminants water.

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Chapter 6

Adsorption

Adsorption is a widely used technique in wastewater treatment that involves the

adhesion of molecules or ions. This process effectively removes contaminants
from wastewater making it cleaner and safer for discharge. Adsorption occurs
due to physical forces (vander Waals forces) or chemical bonds between the
adsorbate molecules and the surface of the adsorbent. Adsorption is the adhesion
of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to
a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of
the adsorbent.

APPLICATIONS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

• Dye Removal: The textile industry often uses adsorption to remove synthetic
dyes from wastewater.

• Heavy Metal Removal: Adsorbents like activated carbon and zeolites are used
to remove heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium, arsenic) from contaminated water.

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6.1 Preparation of Stock Solution and Calibration Plot

Stock solution of methylene blue was prepared by dissolving the solid powder dye of
methylene blue in distilled water with known volume of 250ml. The required amount of
methylene blue was taken in a volumetric flask and water was added up to the mark. The
stock solution methylene blue was prepared by dissolving 0.025 g of the dye, in 250mL
of distilled water. The volumetric flask containing the solution was kept in the dark in
order to mask the dye solution from being degraded by sunlight.

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6.2 Absorption of methylene blue

Readings

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Chapter7

RESULTS

FTIR Results for pure compound (ZnO/AgO) nanoparticle

7.1 50ppm Results

Micro-wave assisted adsorption

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Adsorption

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7.2 100ppm Results

Microwave assisted Adsorption

Adsorption

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7.3 200ppm Results

Microwave Assisted Adsorption

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Adsorption

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7.4 Process optimization

The optimization was carried using central composite design with the help of Minitab
software using following range of operating parameters

Process Parameters Low High

Concentration
Dosage
Contact time
Codes values for the experiments were carried and are done in triplicate to verify
experimental results.

C Ct do Rome

7.5 Model equation using multilinear regression technique

Removal = -26.86 + 0.4353 Concentration + 1.484 Dosage + 0.2603 time

- 0.002244 Concentration*Concentration -
0.00852 Dosage*Dosage - 0.000373 time*time
- 0.001771 Concentration*Dosage - 0.000137 Concentration*time
+ 0.002529 Dosage*time

ANOVA
P-
Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value Value
Model 9 8989.08 998.79 176.43 0
Linear 3 6680.38 2226.79 393.36 0
Concentration 1 453.68 453.68 80.14 0
Dosage 1 151.02 151.02 26.68 0
Time 1 6075.68 6075.68 1073.25 0
Square 3 253.26 84.42 14.91 0.001
Concentration*Concentration 1 36.44 36.44 6.44 0.03
Dosage*Dosage 1 143.02 143.02 25.26 0.001
time*time 1 55.39 55.39 9.78 0.011
2-Way Interaction 3 2083.72 694.57 122.69 0
Concentration*Dosage 1 371.69 371.69 65.66 0
Concentration*time 1 1610.57 1610.57 284.5 0
Dosage*time 1 101.46 101.46 17.92 0.002
Error 10 56.61 5.66
Lack-of-Fit 5 41.18 8.24 2.67 0.153
Pure Error 5 15.43 3.09
Total 19 9045.69

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Model summary
R-
S R-sq sq(adj) R-sq(pred)
2.37929 99.37% 98.81% 96.23%

Coded Coefficents
SE T- P-
Term Effect Coef Coef Value Value VIF
52.77
Constant 8 0.943 55.97 0
-
13.05
Concentration 2 -6.526 0.729 -8.95 0 1.11
Dosage -6.651 -3.325 0.644 -5.16 0 1
42.18 21.09
Time 4 2 0.644 32.76 0 1
Concentration*Concentratio
n 4.013 2.006 0.791 2.54 0.03 1.11
Dosage*Dosage 6.274 3.137 0.624 5.03 0.001 1.01
time*time -3.905 -1.952 0.624 -3.13 0.011 1.01
-
13.63
Concentration*Dosage 3 -6.816 0.841 -8.1 0 1
28.37 14.18
Concentration*time 8 9 0.841 16.87 0 1
Dosage*time 7.122 3.561 0.841 4.23 0.002 1

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Surface Plot of Removal vs Dosage, Concentration

Hold Values
time 132.5

80

60
R emoval
40

40
0
20
30
Dosage
20
50
100 10
150
2 00
Concentration

Surface Plot of Removal vs time, Concentration

Hold Values
Dosage 30

100

R emoval 50

0 300
20 0
1 00 time
50 0
100
150
2 00
Concentration

Department of Chemical Engineering, KLE Tech Dr MSS Campus, Belagavi Page 30

 Production of nano-particles

Surface Plot of Removal vs time, Concentration

Hold Values
Dosage 30

100

R emoval 50

0 3
300
20 0
100 time
50 0
100
150
2 00
Concentration

Surface Plot of Removal vs time, Dosage

Hold Values
Concentration 85

120

80
R emoval
40
300
0 200
0
1 00 time
10 0
20
30
4
40
Dosage

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 Production of nano-particles

Langmuir isotherm
exp.
No. Ci Ce 1/ce logce lnce qe(mg/g) 1/qe logqe
1 10 0.127 7.874016 -0.8962 -2.06357 0.846667 1.181102 -0.07229
2 25 0.092 10.86957 -1.03621 -2.38597 1.533333 0.652174 0.185637
3 50 0.152 6.578947 -0.81816 -1.88387 5.066667 0.197368 0.704722
4 75 0.301 3.322259 -0.52143 -1.20065 15.05 0.066445 1.177536
5 100 0.325 3.076923 -0.48812 -1.12393 21.66667 0.046154 1.335792
6 125 0.927 1.078749 -0.03292 -0.0758 77.25 0.012945 1.887898
7 150 0.292 3.424658 -0.53462 -1.231 29.2 0.034247 1.465383
8 175 0.54 1.851852 -0.26761 -0.61619 63 0.015873 1.799341
9 200 0.742 1.347709 -0.1296 -0.29841 98.93333 0.010108 1.995343
10 225 0.827 1.20919 -0.08249 -0.18995 124.05 0.008061 2.093597
11 250 0.668 1.497006 -0.17522 -0.40347 111.3333 0.008982 2.046625
12 275 0.974 1.026694 -0.01144 -0.02634 178.5667 0.0056 2.2518
13 300 0.797 1.254705 -0.09854 -0.2269 159.4 0.006274 2.202488
14 325 0.42 2.380952 -0.37675 -0.8675 91 0.010989 1.959041
15 350 0.461 2.169197 -0.3363 -0.77436 107.5667 0.009297 2.031678
16 375 1.243 0.804505 0.094471 0.217528 310.75 0.003218 2.492411
17 400 1.681 0.594884 0.225568 0.519389 448.2667 0.002231 2.651536
18 1000 2.64 0.378788 0.421604 0.970779 1760 0.000568 3.245513

intercept slope qmax(mg/g) kL RL R2

- -
Adsorbent 0.11902 0.08699 -8.40195 -1.3682 0.01483 0.63354

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 Production of nano-particles

Chapter 8

Conclusion
• In summary ZnO nanoparticles revealed a removal capacity of adsorption process
was pH- and temperature-independent within experimental range..Characterized
FTIR, XRD analytical techniques for understanding the structure , morphology
and composition of the material.

• Successfully carried out the comparative study between microwave assisted

adsorption and Adsorption for methylene dye [Link] Micro-wave
assisted adsorption is more effective due to less time consumption and higher
percentage of adsorption.

• Langmuir isotherm is plotted for adsorption.

• The optimization was carried using central composite design with the help of
Minitab software.

• Model equation using Multilinear regression technique results were obtained by

which we can use the estimated equation and use it for further experimental
analysis.

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 Production of nano-particles

References

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Department of Chemical Engineering, KLE Tech Dr MSS Campus, Belagavi Page 34