READING PASSAGE
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The Geography of Antarctica
The continent of Antarctica makes up most of the Antarctic region. The
Antarctic is a cold, remote area in the Southern Hemisphere encompassed by the
Antarctic Convergence, an uneven line of latitude where cold, northward-flowing
Antarctic waters meet the warmer waters of the world's oceans. The whole
Antarctic region covers approximately 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere.
Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent in terms of total area, larger than both
Oceania and Europe. It is unique in that it does not have a native population.
There are no countries in Antarctica, although seven nations claim different parts
of it: New Zealand, Australia, France, Norway, the United Kingdom, Chile, and
Argentina.
The Antarctic Ice Sheet dominates the region. It is the single piece of ice on
Earth covering the greatest area. This ice sheet even extends beyond the
continent when snow and ice are at their most extreme. The ice surface
dramatically expands from about 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million square
miles) at the end of summer to about 19 million square kilometers (7.3 million
square miles) by winter. Ice sheet growth mainly occurs at the coastal ice shelves,
primarily the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ronne Ice Shelf. Ice shelves are floating sheets
of ice that are connected to the continent. Glacial ice moves from the continent's
interior to these lower-elevation ice shelves at rates of 10 to 1,000 meters (33-
32,808 feet) per year.
Antarctica has numerous mountain summits, including the Transantarctic
Mountains, which divide the continent into eastern and western regions. A few of
these summits reach altitudes of more than 4,500 meters (14,764 feet). The
elevation of the Antarctic Ice Sheet itself is about 2,000 meters (6,562 feet) and
reaches 4,000 meters (13,123 feet) above sea level near the center of the
continent.
Without any ice, the continent would emerge as two distinct areas: a giant
peninsula and archipelago of mountainous islands, known as Lesser Antarctica,
and a single large landmass about the size of Australia, known as Greater
Antarctica. These regions have different geologies; Greater Antarctica, or East
Antarctica, is composed of older, igneous rocks whereas Lesser Antarctica, or
West Antarctica, is made up of younger, volcanic rock. Lesser Antarctica, in fact, is
part of the "Ring of Fire," a tectonically active area around the Pacific Ocean.
Tectonic activity is the interaction of plates on Earth's crust, often resulting in
earthquakes and volcanoes. Mount Erebus, located on Antarctica's Ross Island, is
the southernmost active volcano on Earth.
Antarctica has an extremely cold, dry climate. Winter temperatures along
Antarctica's coast generally range from -10° Celsius to -30° Celsius (14° Fahrenheit
to -22° Fahrenheit). During the summer, coastal areas hover around 0°C (32°F) but
can reach temperatures as high as 9°C (48°F). In the mountainous, interior
regions, temperatures are much colder, dropping below -60°C (-76°F) in winter
and -20°C (-4°F) in summer. In 1983, Russia's Vostok Research Station measured
the coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth: -89.2°C (-128.6°F). An even
lower temperature was measured using satellite data taken in 2010: -93.2°C (-
135.8°F).
Precipitation in the Antarctic is hard to measure. It always falls as snow.
Antarctica's interior is believed to receive only 50 to 100 millimeters (2-4 inches)
of water (in the form of snow) every year. The Antarctic desert is one of the driest
deserts in the world. The oceans surrounding Antarctica provide an important
physical component of the Antarctic region. The waters surrounding Antarctica
are relatively deep, reaching 4,000 to 5,000 meters (13,123 to 16,404 feet) in
depth.
The Antarctic region has an important role in global climate processes. It is
an integral part of the Earth's heat balance. This balance, also called the energy
balance, is the relationship between the amount of solar heat absorbed by Earth's
atmosphere and the amount deflected back into space. Antarctica has a larger
role than most continents in maintaining Earth's heat balance and ice is more
reflective than land or water surfaces. As a result, the massive Antarctic Ice Sheet
reflects a large amount of solar radiation away from Earth's surface. As global ice
cover (ice sheets and glaciers) decreases, the reflectivity of Earth's surface also
diminishes. This allows more incoming solar radiation to be absorbed by the
Earth's surface, causing an unequal heat balance linked to global warming, the
current period of climate change.
Interestingly, NASA scientists have found that climate change has caused
more ice to form in some parts of Antarctica. They say this is happening because
of new climate patterns caused by this change, which in turn create a strong wind
pattern called the 'polar vortex.' These kinds of polar winds lower temperatures in
the Antarctic and have been building in strength in recent decades—as much as
15 percent since 1980. This effect is not seen throughout the Antarctic, however,
and some parts are experiencing ice melt.
QUESTIONS 14-26
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Questions 14-17
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
cold
14. Antarctica's location far from other continents means that it is very
countries
15. Antarctica is alone among the continents in having no
piece of
16. The Antarctic ice sheet holds the record as the largest ice sheet on
Earth.
Ice shelves
17. are blocks of ice connected to the Antarctic ice sheet.
Questions 18-21
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
T
18. Some of Antarctica's mountains are popular with climbers.
F
19. The temperature in Antarctica never rises above 0°C.
20. Antarctica constitutes around one-fifth of the southern half of the
NG
world.
T
21. Rain in Antarctica is rare but falls occasionally.
Questions 22-26
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
Antarctica and the Changing Climate
Antarctica plays an important role in regulating the Earth's climate through the
E C
process of . is diverted away from the Earth by the huge
B
Antarctic ice sheet. As the size and of the ice sheet have
A
decreased, has caused melting in some parts of the continent. However,
other areas of Antarctica have experienced falling temperatures in recent years, due
D
to , climate patterns leading to reduced temperatures.
A. reflectivity
B. ice melt
C. solar radiation
D. polar vortex winds
E. heat balance
F. water surfaces
G. global warming
