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Personality Theories Detailed Answers

The document outlines key concepts in personality theories, focusing on Freud's oral and anal stages of development, Jung's personal and collective unconscious, object relations theory, Cattell's traits, and Maslow's self-actualization. It details how fixations during Freud's stages can lead to specific personality traits, differentiates between personal and collective unconscious with examples, and describes the impact of early relationships on personality. Additionally, it highlights Cattell's identification of 16 personality traits and the characteristics of self-actualizing individuals according to Maslow.

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35 views3 pages

Personality Theories Detailed Answers

The document outlines key concepts in personality theories, focusing on Freud's oral and anal stages of development, Jung's personal and collective unconscious, object relations theory, Cattell's traits, and Maslow's self-actualization. It details how fixations during Freud's stages can lead to specific personality traits, differentiates between personal and collective unconscious with examples, and describes the impact of early relationships on personality. Additionally, it highlights Cattell's identification of 16 personality traits and the characteristics of self-actualizing individuals according to Maslow.

Uploaded by

ummerabab046
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Detailed Answers on Personality Theories ---- Umme Rabab

1. Fixations in Freud's Oral and Anal Stages & Their Respective Personality
Characteristics

Oral Stage (Birth – 18 Months):


- This is the first psychosexual stage in Freud’s theory. During this period, the mouth is
the primary erogenous zone.
- Infants derive pleasure from sucking, biting, and breastfeeding.
- Fixation occurs if the infant is overindulged or frustrated.

Types of Oral Fixation:


1. Oral Receptive Personality: Develops from overindulgence during feeding. Traits
include being passive, dependent, trusting, and seeking oral stimulation (e.g., smoking,
overeating).
2. Oral Aggressive Personality: Develops from frustration. Traits include being hostile,
sarcastic, argumentative, and verbally aggressive.

Anal Stage (18 Months – 3 Years):


- Focuses on control and elimination through the anus (toilet training is central).
- Fixation results from harsh or lenient toilet training.

Types of Anal Fixation:


1. Anal Retentive Personality: Caused by strict training. Traits include orderliness,
stubbornness, stinginess, and perfectionism.
2. Anal Expulsive Personality: Caused by lenient training. Traits include messiness,
generosity, rebelliousness, and emotional expression.

2. Difference Between Jung’s Personal and Collective Unconscious (with Examples)

Personal Unconscious:
- Similar to Freud’s unconscious, it includes forgotten memories and repressed
experiences.
- Unique to each individual.
- Example: A repressed childhood trauma influencing adult behavior.

Collective Unconscious:
- Shared by all humans and inherited biologically.
- Contains archetypes—universal symbols like the Mother, Hero, Shadow.
- Example: Common myths or fears like the fear of the dark or the image of a nurturing
mother.

3. Object Relations Theory (Brief but Detailed Explanation)

- Focuses on early relationships with caregivers and how they form internal
representations of self and others.
- "Objects" refer to people or parts of people (e.g., nurturing mother).
- Developed by Klein, Winnicott, Mahler, and others.

Key Ideas:
- Early interactions shape attachment and view of relationships.
- Healthy parenting fosters healthy internal objects.
- Example: Inconsistent caregiving may lead to fear of intimacy in adult life.

4. Cattell’s Basic Characteristics of Traits

- Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 personality traits.

Characteristics:
- Traits are stable and measurable.
- Surface Traits: Observable behaviors (e.g., talkativeness).
- Source Traits: Underlying structures (e.g., extroversion).
- Traits lie on a continuum.

Examples: Warmth, Emotional Stability, Dominance, Sensitivity, Abstractedness.

5. Major Characteristics of Self-Actualizing Persons (Maslow)

Self-Actualization is the realization of one’s potential and the highest need in Maslow’s
hierarchy.

Characteristics:
1. Realistic perception of self and world.
2. Acceptance of self and others.
3. Spontaneity and simplicity.
4. Problem-centered rather than self-centered.
5. Autonomy and independence.
6. Deep appreciation of life.
7. Frequent peak experiences.
8. Deep interpersonal relationships.
9. Creativity in thought and behavior.
10. Resistance to blind conformity.

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