1.

CHECK Your Understanding

1. State the domain and range of each relation.
a) b)
Year of Birth Life Expectancy (years) !5 9
1900 47.3 !1 15
1920 54.1 0 17
3 23
1940 62.9
1960 69.7
c) 5 (24, 7), (0, 5), (0, 3), (3, 0), (5, 21)6
1980 73.7
2000 77.0

2. State the domain and range of each relation.

a) y d) y
8 8
4 4
x x
!8 !4 0 4 8 !8 !4 0 4 8
!4 !4
!8 !8

b) y e) y
8 8
4 4
x x
!8 !4 0 4 8 !8 !4 0 4 8
!4 !4
!8 !8

c) y f) y
8 8
4 4
x x
!8 !4 0 4 8 !8 !4 0 4 8
!4 !4
!8 !8

3. Identify which of the relations in questions 1 and 2 are functions.

4. Determine the domain and range of the function f (x) 5 2(x 2 1) 2 2 3 by

sketching its graph.

NEL Introduction to Functions 35

 PRACTISING
5. The graph shows how 2007 prices for mailing letters in Canada vary with mass.

Canadian Domestic Letter Prices

y
2.50

2.00

1.50
Price ($)

1.00

0.50

x
0.00
100 200 300 400 500
Mass (g)

a) Explain why this relation is a function. Why is it important for this

to be so?
b) State the domain and range of the function.
6. The route for a marathon is 15 km long. Participants may walk, jog, run, or
cycle. Copy and complete the table to show times for completing the
marathon at different speeds.

Speed (km/h) 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20
Time (h) 15.0 7.5

Graph the relation in the table and explain how you know that it is a
function. State the domain and range of the function.
7. A relation is defined by x 2 1 y 2 5 36.
K a) Graph the relation.
b) State the domain and range of the relation.
c) Is the relation a function? Explain.
8. Write a function to describe coffee dripping into a 10-cup carafe at a rate of
1 mL/s. State the domain and range of the function (1 cup 5 250 mL).

36 Chapter 1 NEL
 1.4
9. Determine the domain and range of each function.
2
a) f (x) 5 23x 1 8 d) p(x) 5 (x 2 2) 2 2 5
3
5
b) g(x) 5 20.5(x 1 3) 2 1 4 e) q(x) 5 11 2 x
2
c) h(x) 5 !x 2 1 f ) r(x) 5 !5 2 x
10. A ball is thrown upward from the roof of a 25 m building. The ball reaches a
A height of 45 m above the ground after 2 s and hits the ground 5 s after being
thrown.
a) Sketch a graph that shows the height of the ball as a function of time.
b) State the domain and range of the function.
c) Determine an equation for the function.
11. Write the domain and range of each function in set notation.
a) f (x) 5 4x 1 1 c) f (x) 5 3(x 1 1) 2 2 4
b) f (x) 5 !x 2 2 d) f (x) 5 22x 2 2 5
12. Use a graphing calculator to graph each function and determine the domain
and range.
1
a) f (x) 5 !3 2 x 1 2 c) h(x) 5
x2
b) g(x) 5 x 2 2 3x d) p(x) 5 !x 2 2 5
13. A farmer has 450 m of fencing to enclose a rectangular area and divide it into
T two sections as shown.
a) Write an equation to express the total area enclosed as a function of the
width.
b) Determine the domain and range of this area function.
c) Determine the dimensions that give the maximum area.
14. Determine the range of each function if the domain is 523, 21, 0, 2.5, 66.
a) f (x) 5 4 2 3x b) f (x) 5 2x 2 2 3x 1 1
15. Explain the terms “domain” and “range” as they apply to relations and
C functions. Describe, with examples, how the domain and range are
determined from a table of values, a graph, and an equation.

Extending
16. a) Sketch the graph of a function whose domain is 5x [ R6 and range is
5 y [ R | y # 2)6.
b) Sketch the graph of a relation that is not a function and whose domain is
5x [ R | x $ 246 and range is 5 y [ R6.
17. You can draw a square inside another square by placing each vertex of the
x
inner square on one side of the outer square. The large square in the diagram
has side length 10 units.
a) Determine the area of the inscribed square as a function of x.
b) Determine the domain and range of this area function.
c) Determine the perimeter of the inscribed square as a function of x.
d) Determine the domain and range of this perimeter function.

NEL Introduction to Functions 37

18. Answers may vary; for example: f (x) is defined as equal to an e) domain 5 {x [ R | x # 6}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 22}
expression involving x, for each x-value in the functions domain; f ) domain 5 {x [ R | x $ 210},
the graph of f (x) is the set of all points (x, f (x)) for which x is range 5 { y [ R | y 5 26, 22 # y , 2, y . 4}
in the domain. Student examples will vary. 3. 1. (a), (b); 2. (b), (c), (e), (f)
2 1 2 1 4. domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 23}
19. a) f (x) 5 x 1 10 b) 73 , 126 , 153 , 180
3 3 3 3 5. a) Even at masses when the price changes, a single price (the lower
20. a) 8, 27, 64, 125, 216 b) cube of x or x3 one) is assigned. It would not make sense to assign two or more
prices to the same mass.
Lesson 1.3, p. 28 b) domain 5 {x [ R | 0 , x # 500},
range 5 {0.52, 0.93, 1.20, 1.86, 2.55}
1. y 6. v
g(x) = x1
4 16
2 f(x) = x 12
x
8
!4 !2 0 2 4
t = 15
v
!2 4
t
!4 0 5 10 15 20

Both graphs lie in quadrants 1 and 3; graph of g (x) is in two curved Graph passes vertical line test; domain 5 {v [ R | v . 0},
parts, and does not intersect axes. Vertical asymptote of g (x): x 5 0; range 5 {t [ R | t . 0}
horizontal asymptote of g (x): g (x) 5 0. 7. a) y
2. y 8
f (x) = x2 x2 + y2 = 36
6 4
4 x
!8 !4 0 4 8
2 g(x) = |x| !4
x
!4 !2 0 2 4 !8
!2

b) domain 5 {x [ R | 26 # x # 6},
Both graphs lie in quadrants 1 and 2; graph of f (x) curves, but graph range 5 { y [ R | 26 # y # 6}
of g (x) is formed by two straight half-lines. c) No; fails vertical line test
3. 8. V(t) 5 t; domain 5 {t [ R | 0 # t # 2500},
y
f (x) = x2 4 range 5 {V [ R | 0 # V # 2500}
9. a) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R}
2 b) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R | y # 4}
g(x) = x c) domain 5 {x [ R | x $ 1}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 0}
!4 !2 0 2 4 x d) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 25}
!2 e) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R}
!4 f ) domain 5 {x [ R | x # 5}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 0}
h(x) = x 10. a)
50 h h = !5t 2 + 20t + 25
Graph of g (x) is reflection of graph of f (x) in graph of h(x).
40
30
Lesson 1.4, pp. 35–37
20
1. a) domain 5 {1900, 1920, 1940, 1960, 1980, 2000},
range 5 {47.3, 54.1, 62.9, 69.7, 73.7, 77.0} 10
b) domain 5 {25, 21, 0, 3}, range 5 {9, 15, 17, 23} t
0 1 2 3 4 5
c) domain 5 {24, 0, 3, 5}, range 5 {21, 0, 3, 5, 7}
2. a) domain 5 {0, 62, 64, 66, 68, 610},
range 5 {28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 22, 0, 4, 8} b) domain 5 {t [ R | 0 # t # 5}, range 5 {h [ R | 0 # h # 45}
b) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R} c) h 5 25t 2 1 20t 1 25
c) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 28} 11. a) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R}
d) domain 5 {x [ R | 26 # x # 6}, b) domain 5 {x [ R | x $ 2}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 0}
range 5 { y [ R | 26 # y # 6} c) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 24}
d) domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R | y # 25}

620 Answers NEL

12. a) 17. a) A 5 x 2 1 (10 2 x) 2 or 2x 2 2 20x 1 100
b) domain 5 {x [ R | 0 # x # 10},
range 5 {A [ R | 50 # A # 100}
c) P 5 4!x 2 1 (10 2 x) 2 or !2x 2 2 20x 1 100
d) domain 5 {x [ R | 0 # x # 10},
range 5 {P [ R | 50"2 # P # 400}

domain 5 {x [ R | x # 3}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 2} Mid-Chapter Review, p. 40

b)
1. a) Not a function
b) Function; each x-value goes to a single y-value
c) Function; passes vertical line test
d) Not a function
e) Function; each x-value determines a single y-value
f ) Function; each x-value determines a single y-value
2. x 2 1 y 5 4:

domain 5 {x [ R}, range 5 { y [ R | y $ 22.25} x y y

4
c)
23 25 2
x
22 0
!3 !2 !1 0 1 2 3
21 3 !2 x2 + y = 4

0 4 !4
!6
1 3
domain 5 {x [ R | x 2 0}, range 5 { y [ R | y . 0} 2 0
d)
3 25

x 2 1 y 2 5 4:

x y y
2 x2 + y2 = 4
22 0
1
domain 5 { x [ R | x # 2!5, x $ !5 }, 0 62 x
range 5 { y [ R | y $ 0}
2 0 !2 !1 0 1 2
450 2 3w !1
13. a) A 5 a bw
2 !2

Answers
b) domain 5 {w [ R | 0 , w , 150},
range 5 {A [ R | 0 , A # 8437.5}
c) l 5 112.5 m, w 5 75 m 3. a) y
14. a) {214, 23.5, 4, 7, 13} b) {1, 6, 28, 55} 10
x
15. The domain is the set of x-values for a relation or function; the range is
the set of y-values corresponding to these x-values. Domain and range are !4 !2 0 2 4
determined by values in x-column and y-column; x-coordinates and !10
y-coordinates of graph; x-values for which relation or function is defined, !20
and all possible corresponding y-values. Students’ examples will vary.
!30
16. a) Answers may vary; for example: b) Answers may vary; for example:
y y f (x) = !2(x + 1)2 + 3
4
y= !x2 +2 2 y = +- x + 4 b) 25
2 c) y-coordinate of the point on the graph with x-coordinate 2 3
x 1
x d) i) 2 6 ii) 250 iii) 2 2(3 2 x)2 1 3
!2 !1 0 1 2 4. a) f (x) 5 (20 2 5x)x b) 15, 225, 2105 c) 20
!2 !4 !2 0 2 4
!1
!4
!2
!6

NEL Answers 621