Exception Handling

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 Exception
● An exception (or exceptional event) is a
problem that arises during the execution of a
program.
● When an Exception occurs the normal flow
of the program is disrupted and the
program/Application terminates abnormally
● which is not recommended, therefore, these
exceptions are to be handled.

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 Reason
● An exception can occur for many different
reasons. Following are some scenarios
where an exception occurs.
● A user has entered an invalid data.
● A file that needs to be opened cannot be
found.
● the JVM has run out of memory.
● N.B: by user error, others by programmer
error, and others by physical resources
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 Three categories of Exceptions
● Checked exceptions
● checked (notified) by the compiler at
compilation-time, these are also called as
compile time exceptions.

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 Example

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 Unchecked exceptions
● An unchecked exception is an exception
that occurs at the time of execution. These
are also called as Runtime Exceptions.
● These include programming bugs, such as
logic errors or improper use of an API.
Runtime exceptions are ignored at the time
of compilation.

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 Example

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•Errors − These are not exceptions at all, but problems that arise
beyond the control of the user or the programmer.
• Errors are typically ignored in your code because you can rarely do
anything about an error.
•For example, if a stack overflow occurs, an error will arise. They
are also ignored at the time of compilation.

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 Types of Exception in Java

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 built-in exceptions
ArithmeticException
It is thrown when an exceptional condition has occurred in an
arithmetic operation.
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
It is thrown to indicate that an array has been accessed with an illegal
index. The index is either negative or greater than or equal to the size
of the array.
ClassNotFoundException
This Exception is raised when we try to access a class whose
definition is not found
FileNotFoundException
This Exception is raised when a file is not accessible or does not
open.
IOException
It is thrown when an input-output operation failed or interrupted
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NoSuchFieldException
It is thrown when a class does not contain the field (or variable)
specified
NoSuchMethodException
It is thrown when accessing a method which is not found.
NullPointerException
This exception is raised when referring to the members of a null
object. Null represents nothing
NumberFormatException
This exception is raised when a method could not convert a
string into a numeric format.
RuntimeException
This represents any exception which occurs during runtime.
StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
It is thrown by String class methods to indicate that an index is
either negative than the size of the string
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 Motivations
When a program runs with Exception, the program
terminates abnormally. How can you handle the
runtime error so that the program can continue to
run or terminate gracefully? This is the subject we
will introduce in this chapter.

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 Exception Advantages
Now you see the advantages of using exception handling.
It enables a method to throw an exception to its caller.
Without this capability, a method must handle the
exception or terminate the program.

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 Catching Exceptions

● A method catches an exception using a

combination of the try and catch
keywords.
● A try/catch block is placed around the code
that might generate an exception.
● Code within a try/catch block is referred to
as protected code

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 Syntax
try
{
// Protected code
}
catch (ExceptionName e1)
{
// Catch block
}
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● The code which is prone to exceptions is
placed in the try block.
● Every try block should be immediately
followed by a catch block.
● A catch statement involves declaring the
type of exception you are trying to catch.
● If the type of exception that occurred is
listed in a catch block, the exception is
passed to the catch block

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 Multiple Catch Blocks

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 User-Defined Exceptions
● The user should create an exception class as
a subclass of Exception class. Since all the
exceptions are subclasses of Exception
class, the user should also make his class a
subclass of it. This is done as:
class MyException extends Exception
● We can write a default constructor in his
own exception class.
MyException(){}

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● We can also create a parameterized constructor
MyException(String str)
{ super(str); }
● To raise exception of user-defined type, we need
to create an object to his exception class and
throw it using throw clause,
MyException me = new MyException(“Exception
details”);
throw me;

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 The Throw Keywords
● We can define our own set of conditions or
rules and throw an exception explicitly
using throw keyword
● For example, we can throw
ArithmeticException when we divide
number by 5, or any other numbers, what
we need to do is just set the condition and
throw any exception using throw keyword.

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 Handling InputMismatchException

By handling InputMismatchException, your program will

continuously read an input until it is correct.

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 Exception Types

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 Unchecked Exceptions

Unchecked
exception.

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Declaring, Throwing, and
Catching Exceptions

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 Declaring Exceptions
●Throws keyword is used for handling checked
exceptions . By using throws we can declare
multiple exceptions in one go.
●Every method must state the types of checked
exceptions it might throw. This is known as
declaring exceptions.
public void myMethod() throws IOException
public void myMethod() throws IOException,
OtherException

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 Throwing Exceptions
When the program detects an error, the program
can create an instance of an appropriate exception
type and throw it. This is known as throwing an
exception. Here is an example,

throw new TheException();

TheException ex = new TheException();

throw ex;

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 Throwing Exceptions Example
/** Set a new radius */
public void setRadius(double newRadius)
throws IllegalArgumentException {
if (newRadius >= 0)
radius = newRadius;
else
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"Radius cannot be negative");
}

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 Catching Exceptions

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 Catch or Declare Checked Exceptions
Suppose p2 is defined as follows:

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 Catch or Declare Checked Exceptions
Java forces you to deal with checked exceptions. If a method declares a
checked exception (i.e., an exception other than Error or
RuntimeException), you must invoke it in a try-catch block or declare to
throw the exception in the calling method. For example, suppose that
method p1 invokes method p2 and p2 may throw a checked exception (e.g.,
IOException), you have to write the code as shown in (a) or (b).

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 Rethrowing Exceptions
try {
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
perform operations before exits;
throw ex;
}

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 The finally Clause
try {
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Suppose no
exceptions in the
statements
try {
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

The final block is
try { always executed
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Next statement in the
try { method is executed
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

try { Suppose an exception
statement1; of type Exception1 is
statement2; thrown in statement2
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

try { The exception is
statement1; handled.
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

try { The final block is
statement1; always executed.
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

try { The next statement in
statement1; the method is now
statement2; executed.
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

try {
statement1; statement2 throws an
statement2; exception of type
statement3;
}
Exception2.
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
catch(Exception2 ex) {
handling ex;
throw ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

try {
statement1; Handling exception
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
catch(Exception2 ex) {
handling ex;
throw ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

try {
statement1; Execute the final block
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
catch(Exception2 ex) {
handling ex;
throw ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

try {
statement1; Rethrow the exception
statement2; and control is
statement3;
}
transferred to the caller
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
catch(Exception2 ex) {
handling ex;
throw ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

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 The File Class
●The File class is intended to provide an abstraction that
deals with most of the machine-dependent complexities
of files
● path names in a machine-independent fashion.
●The filename is a string.

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Obtaining file properties and manipulating file

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