:

- R Ramanathan
. ?
. ?
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1. H2 is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic
number 1
2. H2 is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly
combustible gas
3. Sun is a giant ball of H2 gas undergoing fusion to helium
4. H2 is the lightest element, about 11 litres of H2 gas weighs only
: ,(
1 gm. at NTP, 1 kg of H2 gas needs approx. 11 m3 of volume : 1.008

5. H2 has high energy content (120 mJ/kg) per unit weight (but :
: . °
low by volume) per kg of H2 gives 33.33 kWh of electrical
))
energy

& .
It does not contain any carbon or other Green House
Gases (GHG) except very small traces of NOx that may
form due to heating air; no CO2 is formed by burning
H2. It is a clean fuel. NOx can also be reduced by
suitable means.
Most abundant element in the universe & is mainly in
the form of water (H2O) and fossil fuels.
H2 combusts quickly and at high temperatures. When
it is combined with oxygen and ignites, it forms water
and releases heat.
H2 can be used for energy production as and when
required, and no instant use is necessary.
The H2 can be stored for long periods without
significant losses.
H2 can also be used as a fuel to power energy-intensive
industrial processes.
 The demand for energy is growing, and the raw
materials for the fossil fuel economy are diminishing.
Oil, coal, and natural gas supplies are not replenished
as it is consumed, so an alternative must be found.
➢ Fossil Fuel (Oil/Gas/Coal) consumption meets 81% of
Energy Demand Worldwide (2022 Data)

➢ Fossil Fuels emit enormous CO2 and GHGs. They damage

the environment and increase Global Warming. Induce Icy
Glaciers to melt etc.

➢ Renewables (Solar/Wind) meets 11 % Demand

➢ Hydro(Dam) Power meets 2% of Energy Demand

➢ Renewables and Hydro Power are the cleanest Sources of

Energy; No CO2 or GHG emission

➢ Nuclear Energy meets 6% of Global Demand

➢ Nuclear Energy is clean from CO2 or GHG, but it produces

lot of radioactive wastes that are toxic and Harmful to
Humans for 1000s of years

➢ To Develop 1 MW of solar power, we need a Land area of 2.3

Acres, which is quite a high area!
➢ The Paris Agreement (2015) is a legally binding international
treaty on climate change adopted by 196 Parties at the UN
Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. Unlike Kyoto
Protocol (1997), Paris Agreement binds the whole World
Nations

➢ Pledges by all the nations were made at Paris: to reduce

Carbon and GHG emissions so that we hold “the increase in the
global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-
industrial levels” (which is from 1850 to 1900 AD) and pursue
efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C”

➢ At COP 21, Global Banks, mainly 450 public banks, declared

more financial investment in Renewable Energy and reduced it
for Fossil Energy Production Worldwide

➢ These strengthen the need for H2 than Fossil fuels

Green Black Gray Blue
H2 H2 H2 H2
Stream
Steam Reforming
Electrolysis Gasification
Reforming with Carbon
Renewable Coal
Energies Natural Gas Capture
Natural Gas
 CCUS - Carbon Capture,
Utilization and/or Storage

Blue Hydrogen or Blue

Ammonia (NH3) as Product
Electrolysis Anaerobic Steam
Digestion to Methane
Gas Reform.
Direct Solar, High Biomass Conversion Coal Gasification
and Low and Waste to and Natural Gas
Temperature Energy Conversion with
electrolysis CCUS

Water Splitting Biomass/ Waste Fossil Resources

 Anode Reaction:
2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-

Cathode Reaction:
4H+ + 4e- → 2H2
 Anode Reaction:
2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-

Cathode Reaction:
4H+ + 4e- → 2H2
HYDROGEN BLUEPRINT

BRISE CHEMICALS, PUNE

DETAILS OF THEIR ALKALINE

ELECTROLYSER PARAMETERS
( )

GASIFICATION
COOLING AND CLEANING
SHIFTING
PURIFICATION
( )

GASIFICATION
COOLING AND CLEANING
SHIFTING
PURIFICATION
( )

GASIFICATION
COOLING AND CLEANING
SHIFTING
PURIFICATION
( )

GASIFICATION
COOLING AND CLEANING
SHIFTING
PURIFICATION & CCUS
 )

Steam-Methane Reforming
Reaction
CH4 + H2O (+heat) → CO + 3H2

Water-Gas Shift Reaction

CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (+small
amount of heat)
 )

Steam-Methane Reforming
Reaction
CH4 + H2O (+heat) → CO + 3H2

Water-Gas Shift Reaction

CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (+small
amount of heat)
 ( )
➢ In order to reduce environmental damages, CO2 gas produced during brown/blue H2 production
means should be captured

➢ Either utilized to produce carbon-based products/building materials/ chemicals etc. Or stored safely in
some underground reservoirs so that it doesn’t contact the atmosphere

➢ Storage in underground reservoirs is found geologically in existing u/g reservoirs – in the Bravo dome
field, natural geological processes have trapped CO2 for over 1 million years. Hence storing CO2 in U/G
reservoirs is ok, provided the reservoir selection is identified correctly – its material doesn’t react with
CO2, etc.
U/G reservoirs to store CO2 classified as:
1. Saline formations (aquifers)
2. Depleted oil & gas reservoirs
3. Unconventional (igneous rocks, un-mineable coal/shale seams etc.)
 ( )

SCHEMATIC OF ONSHORE & OFFSHORE CO2 STORAGE RESERVOIR

 ( )

ASSESSMENT & DEVELOPMENT WORKFLOW

 ( )

SCHEMATIC OF OPEN & CLOSED CO2 STORAGE WELLS

 ( )

COMPONENTS OF AN MMV PROGRAMME

➢ H2 can be stored physically as either a gas
or a liquid

➢ Storage of H2 as a gas typically requires

high-pressure tanks (350–700 bar [5,000–
10,000 psi] tank pressure)

➢ Storage of H2 as a liquid requires cryogenic

temperatures because the boiling point of
H2 at one-atmosphere pressure is −252.8°C

➢ H2 can also be stored on the surfaces of

solids (by adsorption) or within solids (by
absorption)
DESIGN OF A SUSTAINABLE COMPOSITE STORAGE TANK FOR COMPRESSED HYDROGEN
LIQUID H2 TANK
➢ FUEL CELLS For Electricity Generation: These are used in vehicles, buildings Etc.

➢ H2 Ice Engines (Internal Combustion Engines): For vehicular transports and in power
generators in industrial applications

➢ H2 Gas Turbines And/or Mix Gas Turbines: H2 gas turbines and mix gas made of H2
with LNG have been developed for heavy industrial applications that cut down
carbon emissions considerably

➢ Space Rocket Launch Applications: Fully use H2 gas systems mostly at cryogenic
state
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
➢ Operate at 1800°F (high-temperature fuel cells).
Electrolyte: Dense ceramic layer conducts oxygen
ions.

➢ FUEL AND CATALYST: Non-platinum catalyst. Uses

internal reformation. Commonly fueled by natural
gas.

➢ EFFICIENCY: Electrical efficiency: 50% - 60%.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP): 70% - 80%
efficiency.

➢ APPLICATIONS: Residential: Auxiliary power for

homes. Commercial: Stationary generators for
larger buildings. Versatile range of usage.
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)
➢Operating temperature: 1200°F and above.
Electrolyte: Ceramic matrix with molten carbonate-
salt mixture.
➢Catalyst and Cost: Non-platinum catalysts due to
high temperature. 'Internal reforming' process
reduces system cost.
➢Fuel Utilization: Natural gas directly used as fuel
source. High temperatures enable internal reforming
to convert natural gas to hydrogen.
➢Efficiency: Electrical efficiency: 50% - 60%. Combined
Heat and Power (CHP): 70% - 80% efficiency.
➢Applications: Stationary applications. Provides
primary and backup power to utilities and
businesses.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
(PEMFC)
➢ Electrolyte: Polymer membrane. Catalyst: Typically
platinum.
➢ Temperature and Fuel: Operate at cooler
temperatures (80°F - 200°F). Pure hydrogen gas as
fuel due to lower operating temperatures and a
precious metal catalyst.
➢ Efficiency and Power Handling: Efficiency: 40% - 60%.
Handle rapid power output changes.
➢ Applications: Vehicles: Cars, forklifts - quick
startup/acceleration.
➢ Stationary: Telecommunications, data centes,
residential markets.
 –
( )
As an example, in USA, CUMMINS has developed a B6.7H
H2-ICE that can run as usual as an ICE with Hydrogen fuel.
Key Features:
- B6.7H H2-ICE operates seamlessly on Hydrogen fuel.
- Functionality of a conventional ICE.
- Suited for trucks within the range of 10 to 26 Ton Gross Weight.

Performance Metrics:
- Impressive rating of 290 hp (216 kW).
- Peak torque of 1200 N.m.
- Employs advanced 700-bar pressure high-capacity hydrogen storage
system.

Hydrogen Storage:
- Incorporates twin FRC composite tanks.
- Total hydrogen storage capacity: 40 Kg.

Driving Range:
- Offers extended range compared to Fuel Cell counterparts.
- Achieves a remarkable 500 km range on a single fill.
CUMMINS B6.7H H2-ICE Engine
Advantages:
- Extended range enhances operational flexibility.
- Supports long-haul and demanding applications.
- Empowers sustainable transportation without compromise.
 –
( )

TRUCK DESIGNED WITH CUMMINS B6.7H H2-ICE Engine

 •TURBOTEC HYTG 550, an innovative hydrogen-fueled gas turbine.
•Specifically designed for marine propulsion and power generation.

Powerful Performance:
•Engine generates 550kW (737hp) of electric power.
•Significantly boosts vessel's propulsion and energy capabilities.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP):

•Offers impressive thermal power in CHP applications.
•Capable of delivering up to 950kW of thermal energy.

Modular Design:
•Engine is designed as a modular unit.
•Can be efficiently housed within a standard 20 ft. shipping container.

TURBOTEC HY TG550 Versatility and Adaptability:

•Suitable for diverse marine applications.
HYDROGEN GAS TURBINE •Provides enhanced propulsion and power solutions for ships.

• = Advantages:
• = % •Utilizes hydrogen as a clean and sustainable fuel source.
•Reduces environmental impact and emissions.
• = . •Empowers maritime industry to embrace green energy alternatives.
• =
Innovation in Shipping:
•TURBOTEC HYTG 550 marks a significant step towards cleaner marine propulsion
and power generation.
•Sets new standards for efficiency and sustainability in maritime operations.
 CHALLENGES WITH H2 TURBINES
➢ H2 has a smaller molecular weight and can
easily leak if turbine seals are not designed
for it

➢ H2 has a much higher adiabatic flame

temperature than conventional fuels like NG
or Kerosene

➢ Combustion of pure hydrogen brings with it

a higher risk of problems like flame
flashback, which can cause catastrophic
damage to the fuel nozzles.

➢ Still, many companies and R & D labs have

TURBINE ROTOR – DESIGNED USING developed successful turbine models to date.
CFD, BLADES MILLED IN TITANIUM
INDIAN HYDROGEN POLICY
& INITIATIVES
India has set its sight on becoming energy independent by
2047 and achieving Net Zero by 2070. To achieve this target,
increasing renewable energy use across all economic spheres
is central to India's Energy Transition.

The National Green Hydrogen Mission was approved by the

Indian Union Cabinet on 4 January 2022, with the following
intended objectives:

(1) Making India a leading producer and supplier of Green

Hydrogen in the world.
(2) Creation of export opportunities for Green Hydrogen and
its derivatives.

National Green Hydrogen Mission announced its aim of

producing five (5) Million Tonnes of green hydrogen annually
in the country by 2023.
HYDROGEN BLUEPRINT
Enabling Policy Framework
To facilitate delivery of RE for Green Hydrogen
production, various policy provisions including waiver of:
• Interstate transmission charges for renewable energy
used for Green Hydrogen production;
• facilitating renewable energy banking and
• time bound grant of Open Access and connectivity.

Infrastructure Development
Development of supply chains in form of pipelines,
tankers, intermediate storage and last leg distribution
networks

The initial outlay for the Mission will be ₹ 19,744 crore,

including an outlay of ₹ 17,490 crore for the SIGHT
programme, ₹ 1,466 crore for pilot projects, ₹ 400 crore
for R&D, and ₹ 388 crore towards other Mission
components.

Govt plans Initial incentives for Electrolyser

Manufacturing & Green Hydrogen Production.
HYDROGEN SUPPLY CHAIN FLOWCHART: FROM PRODUCTION TO UTILIZATION
 • China: As the world's largest
greenhouse gas emitter, is striving to
balance its energy security with
climate change goals, and the
development of hydrogen plays a
crucial role in its energy transition.
• Europe: Having experienced
economic challenges due to its
dependence on Russian crude oil, has
become aware of the need to take
necessary actions to reduce this
dependence.
HYDROGEN DEMAND VISUALIZATION: PATTERNS AND • Saudi Arabia: They aims to achieve
SECTORS the most competitive green
hydrogen production cost on a global
The global demand for hydrogen is projected to scale, while the UAE has made
rise significantly by 2050, with Europe, America, commitments to collaboration and
and China being the largest consumers driving policy promotions in the hydrogen
this increase. sector.
• Adani Green Energy Ltd (AGEL)

• Reliance Industries

• Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL)

• Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC)

• GAIL India Ltd

• Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd (BPCL)

• National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd (NTPC)

• Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T)

• Indian Oil Corporation Ltd

➢ Global manufacturers of Electrolysers like,
• H2O Biofouling Solutions B.V. based in Elst, NETHERLANDS
• Ravian GB Limited based in East Grinstead, UNITED KINGDOM
• H2U Technologies, Inc. based in Chatsworth, CALIFORNIA (USA)
• Comsol Inc. based in Barcelona, SPAIN
• Bluewav Technology Co.,Ltd based in Ajman, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
• Di Noer Technology Co.,Ltd. based in Baoji, CHINA
• Dioxide Materials based in Boca Raton, FLORIDA (USA)
• Verdagy based in Moss Landing, CALIFORNIA (USA)
• Suzhou Fenggang Titanium Products and Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd. based in Suzhou city, CHINA
• Kyros Hydrogen Solutions GmbH based in FOritztal, GERMANY
• Industrie De Nora S.p.A. | De Nora Water Technologies based in Milan, ITALY
• Treadwell Corporation based in Thomaston, CONNECTICUT (USA)
• Baoji Yinggao Metal Materials Co., Ltd. based in Baoji City, CHINA
• Milestone Chlorination Technologies LLC. based in Tianqiao District, Jinan, CHINA
• Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen based in Suzhou City, CHINA
• Gräbener Maschinentechnik GmbH & Co. KG based in Netphen, GERMANY
• McPhy Energy S.A. based in Grenoble, FRANCE
• Jiangsu Yianteng based in Shuyang County, CHINA
HYDROGEN SUPPLY CHAIN-
ELECTROLYSER

INDIAN MANUFACTURERS OF H2
ELECTROLYSERS:
• BRISE CHEMICALS, PUNE – Alkaline
Electrolyser
• GAIL INDIA – By end 2023
• CPCL Manali – By 2025
• OHMIUM Bengaluru – Produces PEM 0.5 GW
Electrolyser for Green H2
• Titanium Tantalum Products Ltd. based in
Chennai, INDIA. ...
• Ti Anode Fabricators Pvt Ltd (Tiaano) based
in Chennai, INDIA. ...
• RT Safeballast Pvt Ltd. ...
• Exotic Metal Tech. ...
• Logicwater India. ...
• Techlink Associated International Engineers.
BLUE HYDROGEN LEADERS
GREEN HYDROGEN LEADERS