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Indian History
Topics of the Unit
A. Ancient History of India
Sources of Ancient Indian History Periods of History Chalcolithic Age Indus (Harappan) Civilization Vedic
Civilization Religious Movement in Sixth Century BC The Rise of Magadha Foreign Invasions in India The Gupta
Empire Vakataka Dynasty Vardhana Dynasty History of South India Early-Medieval Period The Bordering States
B. Medieval India
Invasion of Arabs Sultanate Period (1206 AD - 1526 AD) Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD) Tughluq Dynasty
(1320-1412 AD.) Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD) Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD) Delhi Sultanate - Governance
System Vijayanagara Empire Bahmani Kingdom The Independent Provincial States Bhakti Movement The
Mughal Empire Mughal Government System Advancement of Marathas
C. History of Modern India
The Decline and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire The Arrival of European Trade Companies Expansion of
British Power in Bengal Maratha Empire and Anglo-Maratha Clash under Peshwas The Revolt of 1857 Religious and
Social Reform Movements Indian National Freedom Movements Important Organizations and Institutions Related to
Indian National Movements Development of Education during British India History of Indian Newspapers Important
Facts related to the Indian Freedom Struggle History from 1947 to 1964 Consolidation of Princely States Other Major
Historical Facts
D. World History
Renaissance American Revolution or Freedom Struggle French Revolution Unification of Italy Unification
of Germany Russian Revolution Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution World War I Nationalism and in
Germany, Nazism Rise of Fascism in Italy Japanese Imperialism World War II Turkiye Miscellaneous Facts

Indian History Sources for Study of Ancient Indian History

History is the study of past events. The word history comes
from the ancient Greek word ‘historia’, meaning 'inquiry',
'knowledge acquired by investigation. Herodotus first used the Literary Sources Archaeological
Sources
word history in his book ‘Historica’. Herodotus is, therefore,
considered as the ‘Father of History’. (RAS/RTS, 1994)
Scriptures Non-Religious Literature Records, Coins,
The History can be divided into three periods : Memorials, Sculpture,
A. Ancient, B. Medieval, C. Modern Paintings, etc.
Historical texts,
biography etc.
A Ancient History of India
Brahmanic Scriptures Non-Brahmanic/
1. Sources of Ancient Indian History Brahmantra Scriptures

There are two primary sources of the history of Ancient India: Vedas, Puranas, Aranyakas,
Upanishads, Mahabharata, Jain, Buddhist, etc
i. Literary sources ( Indian and Foreign Literature) Smriti Literature Religious texts

ii. Archaeological sources (i) Brahmanic Literature

Literary sources can further be divided into two parts: Brahmanic literature plays very significant role in the
i. Scriptures knowledge of Ancient Indian History.
ii. Non-religious or Secular literature Veda (or Vedas)
Scriptures again can be divided into two parts: The oldest scriptures are the Vedas. The Vedas highlight
i. Brahmanic the religious, social, cultural, economic and political life
ii. Non-Brahmanic /Brahmantra during the Aryan period.
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Maharshi Krishna Dvaipayana Veda Vyasa is said to be The Upanishads contain some of the oldest discussions
the compiler of Vedas. about key philosophical terms such as Atman (the self),
The 'Sam No Varunah' an invocation to lord Varun written Brahman (ultimate reality), Karma and Yoga etc.
in the Vedas, was adopted by the Indian Air force. The largest and the shortest Upanishad are Brihadaranyaka
(VDO, 2023) and Mandukya Upanishad respectively.
The number of Vedas is four. The earliest mention of the Vedanga is in Mundaka
Vedas are also known as 'Shruti'. The reason behind is that Upanished. Shankara Charya wrote Bhashya for 10
Vedas have been passed on from one generation to another Upanishads.
through verbal transmission. Vedanga
Rig Veda, Sama Veda and Yajur Veda are called Vedatrayi. There are six Vedangas : Shiksha (Phonetics), Kalpa
(UPPCS, 2010) (Ritual), Vyakarana (Grammar), Nirukta (Etymology),
The Gayatri Mantra is given in the third mandala of the Rig Jyotisha (Astronomy) and Chandas (Meter).
Veda, which is dedicated to the Godess Savitri. Sutra
(UPPCS, 2013) Sutra literature was introduced to keep Vedic literature
India was named 'Bharat' often the Bharat Dynasty. The intact.
first mention of this dynasty is in Rigveda. (SSS, 2023)
The Sutras are derived from a Vedanga called ‘Kalpa’.
Yajur Veda is written both in prose and poetry. Kalpa is classified into three parts-
The Yajur Veda is broadly grouped into two parts Shukla 1. Shrauta Sutra – Related to sacrificial rituals
Yajur Veda and Krishna Yajur Veda. 2. Grihya Sutra- Dealing with domestic rituals
The Maximum hymns of Sama Veda are taken from the
3. Dharma Sutra- Dealing with religious, social and
Rig Veda. (UPPCS, 1997)
political duties.
Brahmanic Text
Smritis developed from the Dharma Sutra itself.
The Brahmanic texts have been composed in simple prose.
The main smritis are – Manu Smriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti,
Brahma means ‘Yagya’, therefore, the texts that have their
Parashara Smriti, Narada Smriti, Brihaspati Smriti, etc.
themes as Yagya are called Brahmins.
Manu Smriti is considered to be the most ancient and
There are different Brahmin texts for each Veda.
authentic.
Aranyaka
The commentators of Manu Smriti were : Medhatithi,
There are three parts of Brahmana, as (1) Brahmana, (2)
Govindraja, Bharuchi and Kulluk Bhatta.
Aranyaka and (3) Upnishad.
The commentators of Yajnavalkya were: Vishwaroopa,
In Mahabharata, Aranyakas are called essence of Vedas.
Vijnaneshwara and Apararka.
Aranyaka is the last part of the Brahmin scriptures, in which
The most important Sanskrit Vyakaran Sutra of Panini is
philosophical and mystical subjects are described.
‘Astadhyayi’. (Jharkhand PCS 2011)
They are called ‘Aranyaka’ because they were read in the
forest. Purana
The main theme of Aranyakas is not only Yajna, but also The word Purana is found in the Atharva Veda.
the discussion of the spiritual facts presents within Yajna, The number of Puranas is 18. (UPPCS, 2009)

Yoga etc. The author of Puranas was Maharishi Lomharsha or his

A total of 7 Aranyakas are available. son Ugrashrava.
Upanishads There is a description of the rule of kings of Kalyuga in the
The name ‘Upanishad’ is a combination of the terms ‘Upa’ Puranas.
(meaning 'near') and ‘Nishad’ (meaning 'sit'). Matsya Purana is the most ancient and authentic.
The secret knowledge that is acquired by sitting near the Major Puranas and related Dynasties
teacher is called ‘Upanishad’. Puranas Dynasties
Being the last part of Vedic literature, they are also called
Vishnu Purana Mauryan Dynasty
‘Vedanta’.
Matsya Purana Andhra Satavahana and Shunga Dynasty
In the Upanishads, we obtain knowledge about the oldest
philosophical ideas. Vayu Purana Gupta Dynasty
The National Motto of India, ‘Satyameva Jayate’ is Epic
brought from Mundaka Upanishad. (IAS, 2014, UPPCS, 2004) Two epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, are
The number of Upanishads is 108. important scriptures along with Vedas.
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The Ramayana was composed by Maharshi Valmiki. Herodotus’s book 'Histories' mentions the relationship
The largest and the smallest Kand of Ramayana are - Bala between India and Persia in fifth century BC.
Kanda and Kishkindha Kanda respectively. There are total Details provided by Alexander's contemporaries Nearchus,
7 Kandas in Ramayana, initially there were 6000 verses, Onesicritus and Aristobulus are more authentic and reliable.
which later increased to 24000. (UPPCS, 2015)
The Mahabharata was composed by Maharshi Ved Vyas. Three ambassadors Megasthenes, Deimachus and
The Mahabharata consists of one lakh Shlokas that's why Dionysios are note worthy writers after Alexander.
it is called ‘Satasahastri Samhita’. (UPBEO, 2019) Megasthenes, the ambassador of Seleucus Nicator, came
Epics provide information about the social, religious and to the court of Chandragupta Maurya. (UPPCS, 2017)
political condition of ancient India during that period. Megasthenes, in his book ‘Indica’, has described the
ii. Brahmantra Literature contemporary Mauryan society and culture.
Buddhist Literature (UK UDA/UDA 2007)
The most ancient Buddhist literature is ‘Tripitaka’. Deimachus was the ambassador of the Syrian Monarch
The three pitakas are: Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Antiochus, who came to Bindusara’s court.(UP Lower, 2007)
Abhidhamma Pitaka. (UP Lower 2003, 2004)
Dionysius was the ambassador of the Egyptian king
Sutta Pitaka is also called the ‘Encyclopedia of Buddhism’. Ptolemy Philadelphus who came to Mauryan Court.
Jatakas contain previous births of the Buddha. Ptolemy wrote a book called ‘Geography’ in the second
The ancient Buddhist texts are in the Pali language.
century BC.
The Deep Vamsa and the Maha Vamsa provide information
Pliny wrote a book called 'Naturalis Historia' (Natural
about Mauryan history.
History) in the first century BC.
Mahavastu and Lalitavistara, written in Sanskrit, give the
Natural history provides information about Indian animals,
life story of Mahatma Buddha.
trees, minerals, etc.
Jain Literature
Pliny the Elder called India as the country of "the sink of
Jain Literature is called ‘Agama’.
the world's gold."
Bhagwati Sutra portrays Mahavira’s life.
Cosmas Indicopleustes wrote Christian Topography.
Kalpasutra provides the early history of Jainism. Kalpasutra
There is no information about the author of the book
was composed by Bhadrabahu.
‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’. (64th BPSC 2018)
Jain texts were composed in Prakrit language.
The author is said to have visited the Indian Ocean in the
The most important Jain scripture is Hemchandra’s
first century BC and gave information about the Indian
‘Parishishtaparvan’.
ports and merchandise of that period.
The final compilation of Jain texts took place in Vallabhi
city, Gujarat in the sixth century. B. Chinese Author
Non-religious Literature/Secular Literature Fa-Hien came to India in the fifth century AD during the
Historical and semi-historical texts, foreign descriptions and reign of Chandragupta II. In his works, he has described
biographies belong to secular or non-religious literature, the socio-economic and religious conditions of that period.
containing the history of ancient India. (63th BPSC, 2017)

Kautilya’s Arthashastra has an important place in historical Hiuen-Tsang came to India during the reign of Harsha in
works. the seventh century AD. (BPSC, 2015)

Arthashastra is considered to be India’s first Political He stayed in India for 16 years and studied at Nalanda
Text. University for 6 years. (UPPCS, 1995)

Arthashastra is an important source of Mauryan history. The accounts of Hiuen Tsang’s visit to India are known as
Mudrarakshasa by Vishakhadatta, Kathasaritsagara by ‘Si-Yu-Ki’. (UPPCS, 2016)
Somadeva and Brihatkathamanjari by Kshemendra are also Hiuen Tsang is called ‘Prince of Pilgrims’ or ‘Prince of
significant sources of Indian history. Passengers’.
The history of 11 th century Kashmir is known by I-tsing came to India in the second half of the seventh
‘Rajatarangini’ written by Kalhana. (MPPCS, 2012) century AD.
Details of Foreign Travellers He has given a description of Vikramshila and Nalanda
A. Greek and Roman Authors universities, the costumes of Indians wore besides telling
Theseus was a physician from Iran. what they ate and drank.
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Ma-Tuan-Lin has highlighted the history of the eastern Pradesh) provides evidence of the development of the
campaigns of Harsha and Chau-Ju-Kua has highlighted Bhagvat religion.
the history of the Chola Dynasty. A copper plate found at Sohgaura is said to belong to pre-
The Chinese traveller Sung Yun came to India in 518 AD. Mauryan period and mentions famine relief efforts.
(Jharkhand PCS 2016) Mandsaur inscriptions refer to the categories of silk
C. Arab Author weavers.
Al-Beruni came to India with Mahmud of Ghazni in the Persepolis and Behistun inscriptions reveal that the Iranian
11th century. (Jharkhand PCS 2011) emperor Darius had captured the valley of the Indus River.
He wrote a book titled ‘Tehqiq ma li-al-Hind’ or ‘Kitab-al- James Prinsep firstly decoded the inscriptions of Ashoka,
Hind’ which gives a detailed description of the Rajputa's written in Brahmi script in 1837 AD. (CGPSC, 2003)
Period society, religion, customs, etc. The study of inscriptions is called ‘Epigraphy’.
Al-Beruni was well-versed in Astronomy, Mathematics, The first epigraphic evidence of Sati practice has been found
Science, Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit. from Eran Pillar Inscription of Bhanugupta, Madhya
Arab traveller Sulaiman, who visited India in the 9th century Pradesh. (UPPCS, 2010)
AD, described the economic, political and social conditions Important Inscriptions
of the Pal and Pratihara rulers' period.
Inscriptions/Citations Rulers
Al-Masudi, who came to India from Baghdad, has given
Hathigumpha Inscription King of Kharavela
information about the history of the period of Rashtrakuta
Junagarh (Girnar) Inscription Rudradaman
and Pratihara rulers.
Nashik Prashasti Inscription Gautami Balashri
D. Other Foreign Authors
Prayag Prashasti Samudragupta
The travelogue of Ibn Battuta, written in Arabic, is ‘Rihla’.
Mandsaur Stone Inscription Malwa Ruler, Yashodharman
It is an important source of information about the social
and cultural life of the Indian subcontinent during the 14th Aihole Inscription Pulakeshin II

century. Gwalior Inscription Pratihara King Bhoja

Taranath was a Tibetan writer. He authored a book titled Bhitari or Junagarh Pillar Skandagupta
'Kangyur' and 'Tengyur'. Inscription

Marco Polo came to India during the rule of the Pandya Deopara Prashasti Inscription Bengal King Vijayasena
Dynasty at the end of the 13th century AD. B. Coins
Archaeological Sources of History The study of coins is called ‘Numismatics’.
Archaeological sources are the most authentic for the study In ancient times, coins were made of copper, silver, gold
of ancient India. and lead.
It mainly consists of inscriptions, coins, monuments, The oldest coins of India are ‘Marked’ coins which belong
buildings, sculptures and paintings. to Seventh to Sixth century BC.
A. Inscriptions These are known as ‘Punched Marked’ coins in Indian
The earliest inscriptions were found at Boghazkoi in Central language due to their stamping.
Asia Minor related to 1400 BC. Satavahana and Gupta rulers issued most coins, in Lead
Vedic deities Indra, Mitra, Varuna and Nastya (Ashwin) and Gold respectively.
are mentioned in the Boghazkoi inscriptions. The Indo-Greeks were the first to issue Gold coins in India.
(UPPCS, 2016, 1996) C. Sculptures, Memorials, Buildings and Paintings
The oldest inscriptions in India belong to Ashoka, related In the sculptures of Bharhut, Bodh Gaya and Amravati,
to 3rd Century BC. there is a lively tableau depicting the life of the people of
Ashoka’s name is mentioned in inscriptions related to that time.
Maski, Gurjara, Nittur and Udegolam. The of palaces and temples building style reveals the level
The scripts of Ashoka’s inscriptions are mainly Brahmi, of development of architecture of the time.
Kharoshthi, Greek and Aramaic scripts. The spread of Indian culture is highlighted by temples and
(UPPCS, 2015, IAS 1997) stupas built in South-East and Central Asian countries.
An article, written by Indo-Greek ambassador, Heliodorus Beautiful expressions of human imagination are found in
on Garuda Pillar found at Besnagar (Vidisha, Madhya the paintings of Ajanta and Ellora.
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2. Periods of History
Hub C. Historic Period
Literary, archaeological and accounts of foreign writer's
Division of History descriptions are the main sources of information about this
To understand the vast material of ancient Indian History, period.
historians have divided into three parts -
(A) Pre-historic (B) Proto-historic (C) Historic
3. Chalcolithic Age
A. Pre-historic The period in which humans used tools made of stone and
There are no written records available for this period of copper is called the ‘Copper-Stone Age’ or ‘Chalcolithic
history. The history of this period is only known only by the Age’. (RAS 2021; 44th BPSC, 2000)
archaeological sources. Copper metal was first used in this period for making tools.
Historians have divided this early period of human The main regions where the traces of copper-stone age are
civilization into three periods- obtained in India are located in south-eastern Rajasthan
(i) Paleolithic Period (ii) Mesolithic Period (Ahar and Gilund), west Madhya Pradesh (Malwa, Kayatha
(iii) Neolithic Period and Eran), Western Maharashtra and South-Eastern India.
The cave paintings of Bhimbetka belong to the Palaeolithic The best pottery of this period is obtained in Malwa.
period. (MPPCS, 2004) Daimabad was known as the largest settlement of Jorwe
The wheel was used in the Neolithic period. culture.
Agriculture originated from the Neolithic period. The Old name of Ahar is ‘Tambavati’ which means ‘Place
(UPPCS, 2005) of Copper’.
The earliest evidence of paddy cultivation in India has been In Maharashtra, the deceased were buried beneath the floor
obtained from the village of Lahuradeva in around 7000 of the house resting the body in pits.
B.C. (UP Lower, 2008, 2004; UPPCS 2010, 2007; CGPSC 2017; The influence of pre- Harappan, Harappan and post-
BPSC 2018; UP RO/ARO 2021) Harappan culture is found on Kayatha’s Pottery.
The earliest plant to be domesticated was Barley. All Copper Stone age communities used black and red
(UPPCS, 1997) pottery on the wheels.
The Fire was first used by humans in the Neolithic period. The largest copper reserves have been found at Gungeria
Notably, humans discovered the fire in palaeolithic period. in Madhya Pradesh.
The earliest Neolithic Settlement was found in Mehrgarh Chalcolithic Civilization Navdatoti was excavated under
in Balochistan province (in Pakistan). the direction of H.D. Sankalia. (UP Lower 2009)
The earliest evidence of agriculture was found in
Mehrgarh. Note : The copper, bronze and iron metals were used by
Animal Husbandry began in the Middle Mesolithic Age. humans in this period.
(UPPCS, 2006) Indus (Harappan) Civilization
Evidence of animal husbandry was obtained from
Indus civilization is a proto-historical civilization.
Adamgarh (Narmadapuram, Madhya Pradesh) and Bagore
(MPPCS, 1990; UPPCS, 1996)
(Bhilwara, Rajasthan), India. (UPPCS, 2018)
The period of the Indus civilization is existed between 2300
Bone and horn-made equipment related to the Mesolithic
and 1700 BC based on radiocarbon dating.
age were found at Mahadaha (Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh).
The Red Pottery painted in black is the characteristic of the
Dog skeleton alongside a human skeleton was excavated
Harappan Civilization. (40th BPSC, 1995)
at Burzahom (Jammu and Kashmir). (UP Lower, 2008)
Pit-houses were used in Burzahom. (UPPCS, 2011) Note : The easternmost site of the Indus civilization
B. Proto-historic Period is Alamgirpur (district Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) on the
The art of writing developed during this period, but it has banks of the Hindon river, Sutkagendor (Baluchistan)
not so far been possible to decipher the script of this period.
(Westernmost site) situated on the banks of the Dashak
Both literary and archaeological sources are available to
(Dasht), Manda (Northermost site) (Jammu- Kashmir)
know the history of this period.
near Akhnoor on the banks of the Chenab, and Daimabad
The Harappan Civilization and Vedic Civilization is
existed in this period. (District Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) (Southern most
The Krishna-Lohit Pottery Culture belongs to this period. site) is situated on the banks of the Godavari.

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The Indus civilization was an urban civilization.
Note : In 1921, on the instructions of the Director-
(UPPCS, 2004, 1996, 1994; UPPCS, GIC, 2010)
General of Archaeological Survey of India, Sir John
The extension of Indus civilization is triangular.
Marshall, Daya Ram Sahni excavated the Harappan
The major cities that flourished during the Indus civilization
mound on the left bank of Ravi in the then Sahiwal
were Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira,
district of Punjab (Pakistan).
Kalibangan.
(CGPSC, 2003; RAS/RTS 1997; BPSC, 2015)
th
Note : In July, 2021 Dholavira was named the 40 In 1922, Rakhaldas Banerjee unearthed the mounds of
Indian site on UNESCO's World Heritage list.
Mohenjodaro located on the right bank of the Indus River
After India's independence, the maximum number of sites in Larkana (Sindh province). (CGPSC, 2023; MPPCS, 2012)
of Harappan civilization were excavated in Gujarat. Mohenjodaro literally means “mound of the dead”.
Gold, Copper, Silver and Bronze metals were known to Cotton textiles were first produced in India during
Indus Valley Civilization but not Iron. (IAS, 1994)
Harappan civilization. (UPPCS, 2009)
Depictions of cow are not found on the seals and terracotta There is evidence of cotton production in the Indus Valley.
artifacts of the Harappan Civilization while depictions of
Seals in the shape of a humped bull were excavated from
Bull, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Tiger, Deer, and Sheep are
Mohenjodaro. (MPPCS, 2012; UPPSC GIC, 2010)
found in them. (IAS, 2001; BPSC, 2023; CGPSC, 2011)
The one-horned unicorn is the most common motif on Indus
Godiwada is found during the excavation of Lothal.
seals behind the humped bull.
A replica of plough was found at Banawali, Haryana.
The sculpture of a bronze dancing girl was excavated in
(62th BPSC, 2016)
Mohenjodaro. Its size is 10.5 × 5 × 2.5 cm.
Evidence of the great bath of the Indus civilization was
obtained at Mohenjodaro. (UPGIC 2010, 2007; UPPCS, 1992) The torso of a priest was excavated at Mohenjodaro.
Evidence of ploughed field was found at Kalibangan in A large granary was excavated at Mohenjodaro. It is
Rajasthan. (UPPCS, 1991, 2005; BPSC, 2020) probably the largest building belonging to Indus Valley
The Indus civilization was a Bronze Age civilization and Civilization.
its people were unknown to iron. Evidence of the use of decorative bricks was found at
Rakhigarhi is situated on the banks of Ghaggar in Hisar, Kalibangan.
Haryana. (UPPCS 2008, 2009, 2011) Evidence of the use of baked bricks was also found at
Evidence of paddy husk was found at Rangpur (Gujarat). Chanhudaro.
Evidence of pre-Harappan, Harappan and post- Fire altars were found at Lothal and Kalibangan.
Harappan civilization have been found at Rangpur. A great bath was excavated at Mohenjodaro, at the centre
(UPPCS, 2010) of which a bath with a length of 11.88 m. width of 7.01 m
The people of the Indus valley worshipped Pashupati and depth of 2.43 m. was found.
Shiva too. The proof of this is a seal found at Mohenjodaro Bead-making factories were found at Lothal and
which shows a yogi in a meditation posture. Chanhudaro.
(UK PCS, 2006; UK PSC 2006, RAS, 1993, 1997) The script of the Indus Valley civilization was known to
A tiger and an elephant on the left, and a rhinoceros and be Pictographic.
a buffalo on the right to the meditating Yogi are depicted. The people of the Indus civilization adopted the grid
The yogi, with three faces in three directions, has an pattern for city planning.
ornament, in the shape of a trident, worn over his head. The doors and windows of the houses opened towards the
Sir John Marshall called the yogi to ‘Rudra Shiva’.
streets rather than on the main road.
Harappan roads were almost straight and cutting each other
Lothal was the only city where doors of houses opened
at a right angle.
towards the main road.
Harappan Site, Lothal was discovered by S.R. Rao.
The main crops of the Indus Civilization were wheat and
(UPPCS, 1995, 1999)
Lothal was first excavated in 1957 by S.R. Rao. (UK PSC, 2010) barley.
Lothal city is called Mini-Harappa or Mini-Mohenjodaro. Evidence of rice husks found at Rangpur and Lothal
(UPPCS, 1995) prove that paddy cultivation was prevalent.
Rakhigarhi (Hisar District, Haryana), is the largest The unit of weight was probably in Multiples of 16. The
Harappan site in the Indian Subcontinent. people of the Indus valley civilization used bullock carts or
(Jharkhand PCS, 1996; UPPCS, 2004) buffalo carts with two and four wheels for transportation.
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HubTowns Situated on the Banks of Harappan
On Mesopotamia inscriptions, the word ‘Meluhha’ is
inscribed refers to the Indus Civilization.
The rule of Harappan Culture was probably in the hands
Rivers
of the merchant class. Towns Rivers Towns Rivers
Harappa Ravi Mohenjodaro Indus
Note : Piggot has called Harappa and Mohenjodaro, the
(JPSC, 2016)
twin capitals of a vast empire.
Ropar Sutlej Kalibangan Ghaggar
The people of Indus civilization worshipped the mother
Lothal (UPPCS Bhogava Sutkagendor Dasht
Goddess as the ‘Goddess of Fertility’. (UPPCS, 2012)
2012)
Evidence of mother Goddess worship, snake worship, tree
Sokhta Koh Shadi Kaur Alamgirpur Hindon
worship and water worship are also found during the Indus
Valley civilization. (SSC MTS, 2014) Rangpur Bhadar Kot-Diji Indus
Swastika symbol was prevalent in Harappan civilization Kunal Saraswati Chanhudaro Indus
indicating that the Indus people worshipped Sun. Banawali Saraswati Manda Chenab
(SSC MTS, 2015)
Bhagwanpura Saraswati Daimabad Pravara
The remains of any temple have not been found in any city
of the civilization. (CPO SI 2011) Amri Indus Rakhigarhi Ghaggar
Worship of Mother Goddess was most prevalent.
The Humped Bull was sacred and worshipped during this Major Minerals and Its Source Regions
civilization. (CPF, 2017) Metals Source Region
It is estimated that the Indus Valley civilization was
Copper Khetri (Rajasthan), Balochistan, Oman
Matriarchal, based on the presence of a large number of
female idols. (CPF, 2017) Lapis Lazuli Badakhshan (Afghanistan)
Indus people used cotton and woollen clothes. Tin Iran, Afghanistan
The principal means of entertainment in the Indus Valley
Silver Jawar and Ajmer Mines of Rajasthan,
civilization were hunting, animal and bird battles, Afghanistan and Iran
playing chaupada or chausar and dice.
Kalibangan was the only Harappan site, surrounded by a Lead Afghanistan, Iran , Azmer (Rajasthan)
rampart with bastons and salients. Bitumen Himalaya
The last rites took both forms-burial as well as burning. Gomed Stone Gujarat (India)
The burial of a dead body in Harappa and burning in
Mohenjodaro were in practice. Major Sites of Indus Valley Civilization,
Evidence of the couple's burial in the same grave was found Excavators and Present Condition
at Lothal and Kalibangan. (UPPCS, 2016)
Excavators/ Present
Extreme weather events in the form of floods and droughts Sites Year
Explorer Condition
were known to have been the cause of the destruction of
1. Harappa Dayaram Sahni 1921- Sahiwal District,
the Indus valley civilization.
and Madho Sarup 1926-27 Pakistan
The Reason for the Decline of the Indus Vats
Civilization and Related Scholars 2. Mohenjodaro Rakhaldas 1922 Larkana District,
Banerjee Sindh Province,
Reason Scholars
Pakistan
Climate Change Aurel Stein, A.N. Ghosh
3. Chanhudaro N.G Majumdar 1931 Sindh Province,
Geological Change M.R. Sahni (Pakistan)
Natural Disaster K.U.R. Kennedy 4. Kalibangan B.B.Lal and B.K 1961-69 Hanumangarh,
Flood Mackey and Marshall Thapar Rajasthan

Aryan Invasion Gordon Childe and Wheeler 5. Kot-Diji Fazal Ahmed 1957-58 Khairpur,
Sindh Province
Ecological Imbalance Fairservis (Pakistan)

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6. Rangpur S.R.Rao
Hub 1934-35 Surendranagar, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda were composed
Gujarat in the later Vedic Period.
7. Ropar Yagya Dutt 1953-55 Roopnagar, Punjab The Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samaveda are called
Sharma ‘Vedatrayi’. (UPPCS,GIC 2010)
8. Lothal S.R.Rao 1954-55 Ahmedabad, The first description of the word ‘Varna’ is found in
Gujarat Rigveda. (CGPSC, 2014; UK PSC, 2012)
(UPPCS, 2009) In Rigveda, the word 'Varna' is used for the 'colour' but
9. Alamgirpur Yagya Dutt 1958 Meerut, U.P sometimes also for 'choosing a business'.
Sharma Initially, three varnas are mentioned as Brahmin, Kshatriya
10. Sutkagendor Aurel Stein, 1927-1962 Makran Sea coast and Vaishya.
George Dales in Pakistan The word ‘Shudra’ is first mentioned in Purusha Sukta of
11. Banawali Ravindra Singh 1974-77 Fatehabad, the Tenth Mandala of the Rigveda.
Bisht Haryana Here, the origin of the four varnas is said to be from the
12. Dholavira J.P.Joshi Ravindra 1967-68 Kutch, Gujarat various organs of a ‘Virata Purusha’.
Singh Bisht 1990-91 (UPPCS, 2010) Rigveda is composed in the praise of God, Yajurveda for
(UP RO/ARO, 2017, 2018) sacrificial prayer and Samaveda for chanting songs (music).
There are a total of 10 mandalas in the Rigveda.
4. Vedic Civilization There are a total of 1028 hymns and 10552 verses in the
The Vedic Civilization came into existence after the Indus Rigveda. (UPPCS, 2016)
Civilization. The first and tenth Mandalas are the latest.
The Vedic Period is divided into two parts Vishvamitra is the author of the third mandala of Rigveda.
i. Rigvedic Period or Early Vedic Period - 1500- B C t o The famous Gayatri Mantra is found in the third mandala
1000 BC. of Rigveda. (CGPSC 2011; BPSC 1994; UK PSC, 2006UPPCS 2013)
ii. Post-Vedic Period - 1000 BC to - 600 BC. Several contents of the Rigveda are found in 'Avesta'.
(i) Rigvedic or Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC) Avesta is the oldest text in the Iranian language.
(UP Lower 2004)
The Vedic civilization was brought to India by Aryans.
In Rigveda, a maximum of 250 hymns are dedicated to
Aryans inhabited a region between Afghanistan to the
Indra and 200 hymns to Agni. (UPPCS, 2002)
Ganges valley.
The ninth mandala of the Rigveda is dedicated to ‘Soma’.
'Arya' is a Sanskrit word that literally means ‘superior’ or
(42th BPSC 1997)
‘noble’. (IAS, 1999, UPPCS, 1999, 1998)
Laws related to ‘Yagya’ are mentioned in the Yajurveda.
The Vedic culture was rural culture.
(RAS/RTS 1999)
The language of the Aryans was Sanskrit.
The Yajurveda has two parts - Shukla (bright) Yajurveda
The major source of Vedic civilization is ‘Vedas’. This
and Krishna (dark) Yajurveda. (UPPCS, 2018)
civilization derived its, name ‘Vedic Age’ from the Vedas.
Shukla Yajurveda is also known as Vajasaneyi Samhita.
The number of Vedas are four - Rigveda, Yajurveda, (UPPCS 2018)
Samaveda and Atharvaveda. Shukla Yajurveda is only in poetry and Krishna Yajurveda
Vedas, Upavedas and Their Priests is both in poetry and prose.
The last part of the Yajurveda is the ‘Isha Upanishad’,
Vedas Upavedas Priests
which is concerned with spiritual thought rather than Yajna
Rigveda Ayurveda Hota (UP RO/ rituals.
ARO 2013)
The Samaveda contains 1875 verses, of which all the rest
Yajurveda Dhanurveda Adhvaryu except 99 are mentioned in Rigveda. (UPPCS 1997)

Samaveda Gandharvaveda Udgata Indian music has its origin from Samaveda.
There are 3 main parts of Samaveda - 1. Kauthuma, 2.
Atharvaveda Arthashastra Brahma
Ranayaniya and 3. Jaiminiya. (UPPCS, 1994)
The four Vedas are collectively called ‘Samhita’. Atharvaveda has a total of 20 chapters, 730 hymns and
The most important and oldest Veda is the Rigveda. 5,987 mantras.
(UK UDA, 2007; UPPCS 1995, UK PSC 2010; MPPCS, 1999) In Atharvaveda, there is evidence of practices of tantra-
The Rigveda was composed during the Rigvedic Period. mantra and mesmerism.
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The administrative units of the Aryans were divided into The dialogue between Nachiketa and Yama is mentioned
several constituents. These were Kula or family, Grama in Kathopanishad. (UPPCS 1999, 2006)
and Jana. Some Kshatriya kings are mentioned in the Upanishads.
The head of the village was called ‘Gramani’, Vis was King Janaka of Videha, Pravahanjabali, King of Panchala,
headed by ‘Vispati’ and people’s ruler was called Rajan. Ashwapati, king of Kekaya Ajatashatru and King of Kashi
The Purohit (priest) and the Senani (fighters) were the are prominent. (UPPCS, 1999)
principal authorities during the Rigvedic period. The correct sequence of Vedic Literature is Vedic Literature,
The number of Ratnis (officials) was 12 - Senani, Purohita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads in that order.
Yuvraj, Madhyamasi, Suta, Gramini, Kshatri, Sangrihitri, Indus river is mentioned most often in Rigveda.
Bhagadugha, Akshavapa, Palagala and Govinkartana. (UPPCS 2014)
Ratni was to be present on the occasion of coronation. Saraswati was the most sacred river of the Rigvedic Aryans.
Vrajapati was an officer in charge of the pasture land. (IAS 1996)
Vidatha formed the oldest assembly of Aryans. Saraswati was called Matetama, Devitama and Naditama.
In the Atharvaveda, the Sabhas and the Samitis have been (UPPCS 2008)
called the two daughters of Prajapati. (UPPCS 2009) The Kubha (Kabul), Krumu (Kurram), Gomti (Gomal)
The Sabha was the 'Body of the Elders' and the Elites. and Suvastu (Swat) rivers mentioned in the Rigveda flowed
(RAS, 1994) into Afghanistan. (UPPCS, 1999; UP GIC, 2010)
The committee was the central political institution (House The Ashrams (stages of life) (Brahmacharya, Grihastha,
of Representatives of the general public). The committee Vanaprastha and Sanyasa) came into vogue in the post-
used to appoint, depose and control the King. Vedic period. (IAS, 1994, 2011; UPPCS, 2010)
The head of the Samiti was known as 'Ishana'. Only three ashrams are mentioned in Chandogya
In the Rigvedic period, women used to participate in the Upanishad, while in Jabalopanishad, for the very first
Sabha and the Samiti. time four Ashrams are mentioned.
The Dasharajana war (The battle of 10 Kings) is described The ‘Varuna’ deity was considered as the head of the ‘Rita’
in the 7th Mandala of Rigveda. This war was fought between (moral order) in the Vedic Civilization. (CGPSC 2013)
Puru King Sudas and the ten kings on the banks of the Being the head of moral order, Varuna was also called
Parushni (Ravi). (UPPCS, 2008, 2011; 42th BPSC, 1997) ‘Ritasyagopa’.
The upanishads are philosophical texts. Brihaspati was considered a priest of Vedic Gods.
(UPPCS, 2002, 1998, 2004, 2002, 2003) (UPPCS, 2013)
The Upanishads are also called ‘Vedanta’. In Vedic Literature, many women are mentioned who
(IAS, 1997; UPPCS, 1999, 2002) composed Vedic mantras such as Apala, Ghosha, Vishwara,
For the first time, Salvation is mentioned in Upanishads. Lopamudra, etc. (IAS 1995)
(UPPCS 2003) Lopamudra was the wife of sage Agastya.
Terms used in Rigvedic Age and Their Meanings The Aryan society was patriarchal. (UPPCS, 1992)

S.No. Terms Meaning The smallest unit of the society was the family or clan,
headed by the father, known as ‘Kulap’. (CPO SI, 2007)
1. Aghanya Cow (UPPCS, 2008)
Women had freedom to participate in the yajna with their
2. Duhitri Milker of cow or a Daughter
husbands.
3. Urvara Fertile Land Child marriage and the Purdah system were not prevalent.
4. Langal Plough A widow could remarry her deceased husband’s younger
5. Vrik Bull brother (Dewar) or some other near relative. This was called
6. Yava Barley ‘Niyoga System’.
7. Godhuma Wheat The women who remained unmarried for a lifetime were
8. Suvarna Gold called ‘Amaju’.
Aryan's favourite beverage was Somaras.
9. Karesh Manure
The Aryans mainly used three types of clothes - Vass
10. Bekanaat Group receiving interest by lending
(wearing over lower portion), Adhivaas (wearing over
money
upper portion) and Neevee (wearing as inner).
11. Tandul Grain
The primary means of entertainment of the Aryans were -
12. Vrihi Rice chariot racing, horse racing, music and gambling.
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Animal husbandry and agriculture were the main The goddess of the forest was called ‘Aranyani’.
occupations of the Aryans. (UPPCS 1993)
Rigvedic Rivers
Aryan’s favourite animal was horse. (UPPCS, 1998)
The most loved deity of the Aryans was Indra. Old Name Modern Name
(UPPCS 2008) Krumu Kurram
The people of the Rig Vedic Period were not known to iron. Kubha Kabul
(IAS, 1997)
Vitista Jhelum
There is a discussion of Shyam Ayas or Krishna Ayas, a
metal used in the later Vedic Period. Askini Chenab (UPPCS GIC, 2010)

The Barter system was prevalent in the transaction. Parushni Ravi

The person giving loans on interest was called Vecnat Shutudri Sutlej
(usurer).
Vipasa Beas
People of the ‘Pani’ (heefCe) class were engaged in
commerce. (MPPCS 2019) Sadaneera Gandak
Agni was worshipped as an intermediary between humans Drishadwati Ghaggar
and deity. Gomti Gomal
The Rigveda mentions the Ganges once and the Yamuna
Suvastu Swat
three times.
In Mundakopanishad, the yajna has been compared to a
Rigvedic Deities
broken boat.
The famous 'Satyameva Jayate' is derived from Deity About
Mundakopanishad. (UPPCS Pre, 2004, Mains 2004, 1991; Indra War-lord and God of Rain (UPPCS, 2011)
IAS, 2004; MPPCS 1992, 1994; UPPSC RI 2014)
Agni The God of Fire, Mediator between God and
In Vedic Period, gold ornament or coin was called ‘Nishka’. humans
Shatapatha Brahmana is the Brahmana Scripture of
Yajurveda. Varuna The God of Personified Water, Creator of the
Heavens, Earth and Sun, God of the sea, the
Vedic Period Samhitas Controller of the World, the Patron of the
Vedas Brahmanas Aranyakas Upanishads Gods, the Ruler of the season, the Symbol of
1. Rigveda Aitareya, Aitareya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki Truth, the Changer of Seasons, the Doer of
Kaushitaki Kaushitaki day and night.
2. Samaveda Tanday, Jaiminaya Chandogya (most
Dyaus/Dyu The God of Sky
Jaiminaya Chhandogy- ancient), Jaiminaya
aranyak Soma The God of Plants
3. Yajurveda Taittiriya, Taittiriya, Birhadaranyaka, Usha The Goddess of Dawn
Shatapatha Shatapatha Kathopanishad
Ashwin The twin god of war and healers of diseases
(biggest)
4. Atharvaveda Gopath — Mundakopanishad, Pushan The God of cattles
(youngest) Mandukyupanishad Vishnu World’s Mentor, the preserver and protector
(smallest)
of the people.
Purushamedha is mentioned in the Shatapatha Brahmana.
Maruta The God of Storm
(UPPCS, 2008)
The word ‘Gotra’ was first mentioned in Rigveda. Rudra Amoral an Archer God whose arrows brought
(UPPCS, 2005) diseases
The word ‘Yava’ mentioned in Rigveda is established by Shatapatha Brahmana is related to Shukla Yajurveda.
‘Barley’. (UPPCS, 2008) Brahmanas gave a detailed explanation of Vedic rituals and
The original script of the Rigveda was Brahmi. instructions and deal with the science of sacrifice.
(UPPCS 2008) The latter portions of the Brahmanas were called the
Aitareya and Kaushitaki are the two Brahmin texts of the Aranyakas while the final parts of the Aranyakas and
Rigveda. philosophic books named Upanishad.
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The Aranyakas deal with Soul, Birth, Death and life beyond it. who were descendants from a common male ancestor or
The institution of Gotra appeared in the later Vedic age. patriline.
A teacher who taught the Veda and a part of it for The place of Indra and Agni was taken by 'Prajapati', the
remuneration was called Upadhyaya. (UK UDA/LDA, 2007) creator of the universe.
The Aitareya Brahmana is a Vedic text that explains the Pushana, who became the protector of animals or now the
Origin of Kingship. God of Shudras.
The Wife was called the 'Ardhangini of the husband' in The Upanishads explicitly condemn yajna and rituals and
Shatapatha Brahamana. accept the sole authority of Brahma.
The Story of the debate between Maharishi Yagyavalakya Six Vedangas were composed to make the understanding
and Gargi is described in the Brihadaranya Upanishad. of Vedas :
The 16 Samskaras are mentioned in Grihya Sutra. Sl. No. Vedangas Parts of Vedas
(MPPCS, 2015)
1. Shiksha Nose (UPPCS, 1997)
ii. Later-Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
2. Kalpa Arms
The history of the later-Vedic period covers periods of
3. Nirukta Ears
Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda and Brahmana texts,
Aranyaka and Upanishads. 4. Vyakarana Mouth
Rajsuya Yajna was performed during the coronation of the 5. Jyotisha Eyes
king. 6. Chandas Foot
In this period, 'Varna' came to be based on birth rather than
occupation. Directions and Their Kings
The people of this period used iron weapons. King Later Vedic Word Emperor
The expansion of this civilization extended up to the Ganges East Prachi Samrat
and Yamuna Doab. West Pratichya Svarat
Agriculture was the chief means of survival for the later
North Udichya Virat
Vedic people.
Central Rajya Raja
In the Shatapatha Brahmana, all the four activities of
South Bhojya Bhoja
agriculture - ploughing, sowing, harvesting and rigging
are mentioned. The state namely Kasi, Kosala, Videha, Magadha and Anga
A plough drawn by 24 oxen is mentioned in Kathak were developed during post Vedic period. (UPPCS, 2007)
Samhita. Kuru and Panchala were regarded as the best representatives
Painted Greyware Pottery is the speciality of this period. of the Vedic Culture.
Due to the improvement in agriculture and various crafts In the post Vedic period, the position of the king was
during this period, the people of the later-Vedic period now hereditary.
took to settled agriculture and residence. In the Aitareya Brahmana, "the daughter is said to be the
In this era, the plough was called Sira and the furrow was root of all miseries".
'Sita'. Women are equated with gambling and alcohol in the
In the later-Vedic period, the unit of currency was Nishka Maitrayani Samhita.
and Satanama. (UPPCS, 2007, 2005; IAS, 1993) The first mention of Child Marriage is in Chhandogya
Sabha and Samiti continued to exist, but 'Vidhata' was Upanishad.
completely disappeared.
5. Religious Movement in Sixth Century BC
The entry of women in Sabha was prohibited.
The later-Vedic society was divided into four Varnas - A. Buddhism
Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism.
The status of women was declined in the later-Vedic period. He was born in Lumbini Vana (Rumindei) in Kapilavastu
In the Shatapatha Brahmana, the names of many females in 563 BCE. (MPPCS 2004, 1992; UPPCS, 2002)
of this period like Gargi, Maitreyi, etc. are mentioned. His childhood name was Siddhartha. (CGPSC, 2014)
The Gotra system Originated in this period. His father's name was Shudhodana and his mother's name
Its literal meaning is cow-pen or the place to keep your was Mayadevi or Mahamaya (the daughter of Kollia
cows, but with time, it came to be referred as people Republic).
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HubSymbols of Buddhism related to Buddha's Life
Shuddhodana was the head of the Sakya clan.
(UPPCS, 2008)
Buddha's mother died a few days after his birth. Events Symbols
Therefore, he was brought up by his aunt Prajapati Birth Elephant
Gautami. Birth Lotus and Bull
He was married at a young age to Shakya Clan's daughter
Yashodhara (other names - Gopa, Bimba). Great Departure Horse (BPSC, 1996)

The son of Gautama Buddha was Rahula. Enlightenment Bodhi Tree (UPPCS, 2002)
Distressed by worldly sorrows, Siddhartha left his Nirvana Footprints (UPPCS, 2005)
house forever at the age of 29. This act is known as
Mahaparinirvana Stupas
Mahabhinishkramana.
(BPSC, 2005; UPPCS 2011, 2009, 2005; UPPCS, 2014) According to one version, after the death, the remains of
After renunciation, Siddhartha studied Sankhya philosophy Buddha's body were dispersed over eight places and eight
by Alara Kalama in Vaishali. He got his education from stupas were built over them.
Uddaka Ramaputta of Rajgir. (UP GIC, 2010)
Note : The balcony like structure representing the abode
Later, he moved to Uruvela.
of the deities over the semicircular mound of the stupa is
He attained enlightenment (Nirvana) under a peepal tree
called 'Harmika'. (VDO, 2023)
on the banks of the Niranjana on the full moon day of
Vaishakh at the age of 35 after a hard penance of 6 years Detailed knowledge about Buddhism is learnt from
without consuming food and water in Uruvela. Tripitaka (Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma
(BPSC 2001; CGPSC 2011; MPPCS, 1997; IAS, 2015; UPPCS, 2012) Pitaka).
After attaining enlightenment, Siddhartha was known as Buddhism is basically atheistic. It does not believe in the
'Buddha' and the place where he attained enlightenment existence of the soul.
became famous as 'Bodh Gaya'. (67th BPSc, 2022) Buddhists were divided into two groups.
This first sermon he preached was called 'Dhammachakra (a) Bhikkhus - For the propagation of Buddhism, one who
Pravartana' in Buddhist texts. (UP Lower, 2013) embraced Mahabhinishkramana was called Bhikshuka.
Mahatma Buddha preached his first sermon at Sarnath (b) Upasaka - Those who adopted Buddhism while living
(Rishipatnam) in Pali, the language of the ordinary people. a household life were called Upasaka.
(BPSC, 2011, 2005; UPPCS 2004, 1999, 2014, 1993; Entering Buddhist order was called 'Upasampada'.
Jharkhand and PCS, 2013) Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha are 'Triratnas' in Buddhism.
He preached most of his sermons at Shravasti, the capital (UP RO/ARO 2017)
of Kosala. (UPPCS, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2015)
After the fourth Buddhist council, Buddhism was divided
His prominent followers were the rulers - Bimbisara,
into two schools of thought-Hinayana and Mahayana.
Prasenjit and Udayan.
The most sacred festival of Buddhism is Vaishakh Purnima,
It was only the request of his stepbrother and assistant
known as 'Buddha Purnima'.
Ananda, Buddha agreed to allow female followers into
It has importance as Buddha was born on the day of
Sangha.
Vaishakh-Purnima, the attainment of knowledge and
Devdatta was cousin and brother-in-law of Gautama
of Mahaparinirvana.
Buddha and was the brother of Ananda.
Kosala King Prasenjita adopted Buddhism along with his Buddha preached four noble truths related to worldly
family. sorrows which are as follows.
Notably, Prasenjita donated a Vihara to Buddha namely (1) truth of suffering, (2) truth of the cause of suffering, (3)
'Poorvaram'. truth of the end of suffering and (4) path that leads to the
Buddha died from an illness, it was tainted pork that led to end of suffering. (UPPCS, 2006)

his demise. Pratitya-Samutpada is a fundamental concept of Buddhism.

Mahatma Buddha spent his last rainy season in Vaishali. It describes the causes of suffering.
(UPPCS, 2015) Buddha spoke about the eightfold paths (Astangika-marga)
He died at the age of 80 at 'Kushinara' in Kushinagar for liberation from worldly sorrows, which are as follows:
district in 483 BCE. Buddha's departure from this world is (1) Right Views (2) Right Resolve
called 'Mahaparinirvana'. (UPPCS, 2011) (3) Right Speech (4) Right Conduct
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(5) Right Livelihood Hub
(6) Right Effort The Vajrayana as worshipped woman as a source of power.
(7) Right Mindfulness (8) Right Concentration Buddha attained his final birth as Shakya Muni after a series
The source of the eightfold path is 'Taittiriya Upanishad'. of reincarnations as Bodhisattvas, but Maitreya, the future
The ultimate goal of Buddhism is Nirvana which means Bodhisattvas are yet to incarnate.
'blowing out a lamp or fire', that is, to be free from the Most of the Buddha sculptures were built in Gandhara style,
cycle of life and death. but the first Buddha statue was probably constructed in the
Mahatma Buddha emphasized the following ten-fold Mathura art form.
path to attain Nirvana - (1) Truth, (2) Ahimsa, (3) Asteya Vasumitra was the first follower of Hinayana, later he
(nonstealing), (4) Aparigraha (non-covetousness any kind followed Mahayana.
of property), (5) Celibacy, (6) not eating untimely, (7) Not Evidence of Panchsheel sermon given by Buddha is
sleeping on a comfortable bed, (8) Renouncing fragrant described in Chandogya Upanishad.
substances, (9) Renouncing Kamini and Kanchan and (10) Buddhaghosha's work 'Visuddhimagga' explains Buddhist
Staying away from dancing, music, etc. principles. It is also known as the 'Path of Purification'.
(CGPSC, 2021)
It is mandatory for the householders to follow the first
five paths while it is mandatory for the monks to follow 'Milindpanha' Contains the dialogues between the
the 10 paths. Buddhist monk 'Nagasena and king of Milinda Menander'.
(UK PSC 2012)
Buddhist Councils There are 16 Mahajanapadas mentioned in the Bhagavati
Councils Time Place Presidents Rulers Sutra of Jainism and the Buddhist scripture Anguttara
First 483 BC Rajgriha Mahakassapa Ajatashatru Nikaya. (UPPCS, 2004)

Second 383 BC Vaishali Sabakami Kalashoka The Rise of Mahajanapadas

Third 247 BC Pataliputra Mogaliputta- Ashoka
Sl. Maha-
Tissa Capitals Current Status (Mainly)
No. janapadas
st
Fourth 1 Century Kundalvana Vasumitra, Kanishka
1. Anga Champa Bhagalpur, Munger (Bihar)
AD (Kashmir) Vice-President
Ashwaghosh 2. Avanti Ujjain/Mahismati Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)
(BPSC, 2002, 2020, 2014, 2018, 2023; IAS 2001; RAS 2010; 3. Shurasena Mathura Brajmandal Area (Uttar
UPPCS, 2000, 1990, 2091) Pradesh)
Mahatma Buddha preached the middle path (Madhyama 4. Kashi Varanasi Near Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
Pratipada). 5. Koshala Shravasti / Saket Ayodhya Mandal (Uttar
Buddhism is atheistic, similar to Jainism. (UPPCS, 1992) Pradesh)
Buddhism does not accept the existence of the soul but 6. Kuru Indraprastha Present Delhi, Meerut and
believes in rebirth. (UPPCS, 2002; CGPSC, 2017) some parts of Haryana
The Jataka stories narrate the previous births of Lord 7. Kamboja Hataka / Rajapur Some areas of Jammu and
Buddha. (RAS, 2012; UPPCS, 1996, 2001) Kashmir and Hazara district
Initially, the entry of women was prohibited in the Sangha, of Pakistan
but at the request of 'Ananda', women were allowed for 8. Ashmaka Potali / Potana Narmada and Godavari river
admission. area (only districts in south
The first woman to enter the Sangha was Prajapati India)
Gautami, the maternal aunt of Mahatma Buddha. 9. Chedi Shaktimati Bundelkhand (UP) and (MP)
Amrapali, the city courtesan of Vaishali, was also a disciple
10. Panchal Ahichhatra, Bareilly, Badaun, Farrukhabad
of Mahatma Buddha. Kampilya (UP)
Later, Mahayana was also divided into two schools of
11. Vajji Vaishali Hazipur (Bihar)
thought - Nihilism (Madhyamika) and Vijnanavada
(Yogachara). 12. Vatsa Kaushambi Prayagraj (Allahabad) and
Kaushambi
Nagarjuna was the propounder of Nihilism. (UPPCS 1998)
A branch of the Buddhist sect developed in the seventh 13. Magadha Girivraj/Rajgriha/ Patna, Gaya (Bihar), Nalanda
century called 'Vajrayana'. Patliputra etc.

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14. Matsya Viratnagar
Hub Areas near Jaipur, Alwar and Mahavir's father Siddhartha was a kshatriya king from
Bharatpur (Rajasthan) Jnathrika Clan and mother Trishala was the sister of the
15. Malla Pawa and Kushinagar Devaria, Lichchavi king Chetaka.
Kushinagar Gorakhpur, Siddharthanagar Mahavira Swami's childhood name was 'Vardhamana'. The
(Kushavati) and Nepal Area (Uttar wife of Mahavira was named Yashoda and his daughter's
Pradesh) name was Anonja or Priyadarsana. (CGPSC, 2022)
16. Gandhara Taxila (Pakistan) After the death of his parents at the age of 30, Mahavira
Rawalpindi and led an ascetic life after seeking permission from his elder
Peshawar brother Nandivardhana.
After 12 years of rigorous penance, Mahavira attained
Kamboja
Shurasena enlightenment under a Sal tree on the banks of the
Gandhara Rijupalika near Jambhikagrama.
Panchal
(UP RO/ARO, 2017; UPPCS, 2004)

Kosala After attaining enlightenment, Mahavira was called Jina

Vajji
Kuru
Mall (conqueror), Arhant (blessed one) and Nirgrantha (free
from bondage).
Mahavir Swami preached his sermons in Prakrit (Ardha
Matsya
- Magadhi) language.
Chedi
Jamali, the son-in-law of Mahavira became his first
Avanti Kashi Anga
Magadha follower. (BPSC, 2005)
Vatsa
Six Philosophical Schools and Their Promoters
Ashmaka Philosophy Promoter
Samkhya Kapila (UPPCS, 2010)

Yoga Patanjali (UPPCS, 2007)

Nyaya Gautama (UPPCS, 2005)

Vaishesika Konada or Uluka

Purva- Mimamsa Jaimini (UK UDA/UDA 2007)

B. Jainism Uttara-Mimamsa Badarayana

The first Tirthankara and founder of Jainism was Chandana, the daughter of Champa Naresh Dadhivahana
Rishabhdeva. (CGPSC, 2013; UPPCS, 2010) became Mahavira's first disciple.
rd
The 23 Tirthankara of Jainism was Parshwanath. Mahavira had 11 prominent disciples, who were called
Parshwanath was the son of Ikshvaku Dynasty King Ganadhars. Of these, 9 died during Mahavir's lifetime.
Asvasena of Kashi. (UPPCS, 2016) Only Sudharman and Indrabhuti survived after Mahavira.
He renunciated at the age of 30. He attained enlightenment Mahavira died (Nirvana) in 527 BC in Pavapuri, Bihar, at
after 83 days of penance. the age of 72. (BPSC, 2017, 2001)
The teachings given by him are (1) Satya, (2) Ahimsa, Around 300 BC, due to a severe famine, lasting 12 years,
(3) Asteya (non-stealing), (4) Aparigraha (non- in Magadha, Bhadrabahu moved to Karnataka with his
possession property). disciples. (IAS, 1993)
Followers of Parshwanath were called Nirgrantha. Some followers stayed at Magadha along with Sthulabhadra.
Nirgrantha was divided into four ganas (sanghas), each On his return, Bhadrabahu differed with the Jaina of
gana under one ganadhar. Magadha, as a result of which Jainism was divided into
Mahavira's parents were followers of Parshwanath. two sects named Shvetambaras and Digambaras.
Mahavira Swami was the 24th and the last Tirthankara of The disciples of Bhadrabahu are called Digambaras
Jainism. (CGPSC 2022; UPPCS 1993; IAS, 1993) (living naked) and the disciples of Sthulabhadras are
He was born at Kundagram (Vaishali) in 599 BC. called Shvetambara (wearing white clothes).
(BPSC, 2005, 1997, 2004, 2017, 2011) Sudharman became the president of the Sangha.
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Triratnas of Jainism are-Hub 16. Shantinath Deer
1. Samyak Darshana (right faith)
17. Kuntunath He-Goat
2. Samyak Gyana (right knowledge)
18. Arnath Fish
3. Samyak Charitra (right conduct) (CGPSC, 2017; BPSC, 2022)
Mahavira added the fifth Mahavrata 'Brahmacharya' to 19. Mallinath Waterpot
the four Mahavratas. 20. Muniswasth Tortoise
In Jainism, following five Anusvratas is mandatory for the 21. Naminath Blue Lotus
householders to attain Triratnas. (UPSC 1995) 22. Neminath Conch
Jainism believes in the existence of soul.
23. Parshwanath Snake (UPPCS, 2021)
Jainism is atheistic.
24. Mahavira Swami Lion (RAS, 2021)
Jainism believes in rebirth and karmavada.
(UP RO/ARO, 2016)
Doctrine of Janism was 'Saptabhanginaya'. (CGPSC, 2018)
The place of Nirvana of the 23rd Tirthankara, Parswanath
Other Names of Saptabhanginaya were "Syadvada and
is located at Sammed Shikhar (Parasnath Hill) mountain.
Anekantvada". (Jharkhand PCS, 2011; IAS, 2009 2011;
(UPPCS, 2002)
RAS, 2021, UK PSC, 2005)
Prabhasgiri is a Jain pilgrimage site located in Kaushambi,
King's who were ardent followers of Jainism were Udayan, Uttar Pradesh.
Chandragupta Maurya, Kalinga King Kharavela, Prabhasgiri is the site related to the 6th Jain Tirthankara
Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha and Chandela rulers. Padmaprabhu.
A monolithic statue of Bahubali referred to as 'Kaivalya' means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly
'Gommateshvara' was built by a minister and a commander translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom.
Chamundaraya of Ganga dynasty king in the 10th century (UPSC, 1995)
AD. (UP Lower, 2009, UPSC, 1994)
Ahimsa is fundamental to Jainism. (UPPCS, 1993)
Jain temples were built at Khajuraho by the Chandela rulers. Fourteen Purva Text is the oldest sacred Jain Text.
Mathura was a famous centre of Jainism in the post- (41th BPSC 1995)
Mauryan era. Compilation of 12 Angas was completed at the first Jain
Biographies of Jain Tirthankaras are mentioned in Council.
Kalpasutra composed by Bhadrabahu.
Jain's Councils
24 Jain Tirthankaras, Their Symbols and Council Year
Nirvana Sites President Ruler Work
Place
Sl. No. Name of Tirthankaras Symbols First 310 BC Sthulabhadra Chandragupta Shvetambara Jain
1. Rishabhdeva Bull (UPPCS, 2017) Pataliputra Maurya Compilation of
(UK PSC, 2021) Literature
2. Ajitnath Elephant
Second 512 Devaradhi — Determination and
3. Sambharnath Horse AD, Vallabhi Kshamasramana editing of extinct
4. Abhinandanath Monkey Jain texts

5. Sumatinath Curlew Ashoka's grandson Samprati is said to have also promoted

6. Padmaprabhu Red Lotus Jainism.
Mount Abu in Rajasthan is known for the Dilwara temple
7. Suparswanath Swastika
which is dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras.
8. Chandraji Prabhu Moon These were built in pure white marbles and adorned with
9. Pushpadanta Crocodile exquisite sculptures.
10. Sheetalanath Kalpa Vriksha There are two major temple complexes.
11. Shreyanasnath Rhinoceros One was built around 1030 AD by Vimala Shah.
12. Vaspujya Buffalo The later temple, dedicated to the Tirthankara Neminatha,
was founded around 1230 AD by Tejapala.
13. Vimalnath Boar
Acharanga Sutra, Sutrakritanga and Vrihathakatha sutra
14. Anantnath Falcon
are part of early Jain literature.
15. Dharmanath Vajra Jain Literature is called Agama (doctrine).
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Mahamastakabhisheka, an important ritual of Jainism, is Shaivism was very popular in south India during the time
held at Sravanabelagola in Karnataka every 12 years. of Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, Pallava and Chola Kings.
(UPSC, 2009) The first combined idols of Shiva and Parvati were built
Major Jain Texts during the Gupta Period.
Bhadrabahu wrote the Kalpa Sutra. (BPSC, 1995) During the Pahlava period, the Nayanar saints contributed
Parishistaparvan was written by Hemachandra. significantly to the development of Shaivism. 63 Nayanars
Adi Purana was written by Jinasena. (UPPCS, 2006) were prominent among the saints - Appar, Sambandar and
This treatise is written in Sanskrit language. Sundaramurthy. (UP UDA/LDA 2006)
(UPPCS 2002; IAS, 1996) The famous 'Kailasha Temple' at Ellora was built by the
C Shaivism Rashtrakuta kings.
Religion-related to Lord Shiva is called Shaivism. The famous Rajarajeshwar Shaiva temple at Tanjore,
The worshippers of Lord Shiva are called 'Shaiva'. also known as the Brihadeshwara Temple, was built by
Shiva is called 'Rudra' in Rigveda. the Chola ruler Raja Raja I.
The first explicit mention of Linga worship is described Shiva Linga was established at Karamdanda and Khoh
in Matsya Purana. during the reign of Kumaragupta I.
From Ramayana, it is known that Shiva was a revered deity
During the Gupta Period, temples of Shiva and Nachna
in Sri Lanka apart from North and South India.
Kuthaar were built in Bhumra.
In the Taittiriya Aranyaka, Parvati's name is mentioned as
The figures of Shiva and Nandi are inscribed on the coins
Rudra's wife.
of Kushana rulers.
Number of Shaiva sect in Vamana Purana is four - Pashupat,
Kapalik, Kalamukh and Shaiva. Major Sects and Founders of Shaivism
The oldest sect of Shaivism is Pashupata sect. Sects Founder
The Pashupata sect was founded by Lakulisha.
Pashupat Lakulisha
Lakulisha is also considered as an incarnation of Lord
Shiva. Lingayat Basava
The followers of the Pashupata sect are called Pancha- Nath Matsyendranath
rathiks.
Shiva is said Pashupati, Bhawa, Bhupati etc. in Atharva
The Pashupata Sutra is the main theoretical text of this
Veda.
school of thought.
The Virashaiva or Lingayata movement was developed by
The second major sect of Shaivism is known as Kapalika.
Basavanna a minister of the Chalukya King Bijala Raya of
Its worshipper Bhairava is worshipped as an incarnation of
Kalyana.
Shiva.
Lingayata sect is influenced by Islam.
The Malatimadhav drama of Bhavabhuti shows that the
Lingatyatas don't believe in Rebirth and they ceremonially
place called Srisail was the main centre of Kapalikas.
bury their dead.
The followers of the Kalamukh sect are called
Mahavratadhars in Shiva Purana. D. Vaishnavism
People of the Kalamukh sect used to eat food, drink water The Vaishnava sect developed from the Bhagavata.
and alcohol in the male-cranium itself and rubbed ashes According to tradition, its founder was descendants of
over their bodies. Vrishni (Satvat) Vanshi Krishna. (RAS/RTS 1993)

Lingayat sect was prevalent in South India. They were also Krishna is first mentioned in Chandogya Upanishad.
known as Jangams. The people of this sect worshipped the Here, he is described as Devaki's son and a disciple of Ghor
Shiva Linga. (UPPCS 2007) Angiras. (RAS/RTS 1999)
The promoter of the Lingayat sect was Allama Prabhu He is also known as Vasudeva Krishna, being the son of
and his disciple Basava. Vasudeva.
Lingayat sect was also called Veerashaiva Sect. Followers of Krishna called him 'Bhagavata' (Sacred). For
In the 10th century, Matsyendranatha founded the Nath this reason, the religion he promoted became 'Bhagavata'.
Sect. In the Mahabharata period, Vasudeva Krishna was
The extensive propagation of the Nath sect took place compared to Vishnu and the Bhagavata religion became
during Guru Gorakhnath. Vaishnavism.
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The first stone monument related to the Bhagavata is the Brahma Dvaita Anandtirtha (Madhava)
Garuda pillar at Vidisha (Besanagar) which was built by
Rudra Shuddhadvaita Vallabhacharya/
Heliodorus, the Greek ambassador. (UPPCS, 2008)
Vishnuswami
The Greek ambassador Megasthenes referred to the
people of Shursena (Mathura) as worshipers of 'Heracles', Sanak Dvaitadvaita Nimbarka
indicating Vasudeva Krishna.
On the coins of Apollodorus, the first sign of the Bhagavata
Major Sects and Their Founders
religion is found. Sects Founders
Kushan rulers like Huvishka and Vasudeva were Vaishnava Varkari Namdev
followers. Dharkari Ramdas
The Gupta kings were Vaishnava followers and they made
Srivaishnava Ramanuja
it a state religion. Vaishnavism was at its climax during the
Gupta rulers. Parmarth Ramdas
Most Gupta rulers assumed the title of 'Param Bhagwat'. The Ramavat Ramananda
of Vishnu Garuda vehicle was the emblem of the Guptas. Ajivaka Makkhali Gosala
Amar Singh, the lexicographer of this era, has mentioned Ucchedavada Ajita Kesakambali
39 names of Vishnu in his book Amarkosh, describing him
Materalism Pakudha Kaccayana
as a son of Vasudeva.
The Sangam period's Literature shows that in the first Atomist Puran Kashyap
century of Christ, it was an important religion in the Tamil Materialism-Cynicism Sanjay Vethaliputta
region. Angkor Wat temple of Combodia was built by Suryavarman
The Eastern Chalukya ruler of Vengi was also a Vaishnava II.
follower and his emblem was similar to that of the Guptas Puri temple was constructed by a famous King of Ganga
'Garuda'. Dynasty Ananta Varman Chodaganga Deva.
Rashtrakuta ruler Dantidurga had built the famous Buddha is said to be Vishnu Avatar in Dashavatar Charita
Dashavatara Temple at Ellora. by Kshemendra and Matsya Purana.
The propagation of Vaishnavism in the Tamil region was
carried out by the Alvar saints. 6. The Rise of Magadha
The number of Alwar saints was 12. Magadha, situated between Patna and Gaya districts of
Among the prominent Alwar saints were Tirumangai, modern Bihar, was a kingdom of Ancient India.
Periyar, Alwar, Andal, Nammalwar, etc. The first dynasty to rule Magadha was the Haryanka
The early Alwar saints were - Poyagai, Pudam and Beyara
dynasty. (UP Lower 2002; BPSC, 2020; UK Lower, 2010)
who were residents of Kanchi, Mallai and Mayilapuram,
The founder of this dynasty was Bimbisara, who made
respectively.
Girivraja (Rajagriha) his capital.
The only female saint among the Alvars was Andal.
Bimbisara sent his royal physician Jivaka, for the treatment
Dashavatra of Vishnu as per Matsya Purana are- (1)
of Avanti Naresh Chanda Pradyota. (67th BPSC 2022)
Matsya (fish), (2) Kurma (Tortoise), (3) Varana (Boar),
Ajatshatru (Kunik) succeeded his father Bimbisara.
(4) Narsimha (Man-Lion), (5) Vamana (dwarf priest), (6)
The last ruler of the Haryanka dynasty was Nagadasaka.
Parasurama, (7) Rama, (8) Krishna, (9) Buddha, (10) Kalkin
Nagadasaka was overthrown by his official Shishunaga
(Kali).
who established the Shishunaga Dynasty.
Varaha's incarnation of Vishnu was most famous during
Shishunaga annexed Avanti in Magadha Kingdom.
Gupta Period. (UP UDA/LDA, 2010)
(UP Lower, 2008)
In Vaishnavism, the highest importance for attaining God
The last king of the Shishunaga dynasty was Nandivardhana
has been given to Bhakti.
or Mahanandin.
Some Other Sects, Beliefs and Their Founders The founder of the Nanda dynasty was Mahapadmananda.
Sects Beliefs Founders (UK PSC, 2016)
The last ruler of the Nanda dynasty was Dhanananda.
Dashanami Advaita Adi Shankaracharya
Dhanananda was a contemporary of Alexander.
Vaishnava Visishtadvaita Ramanuja (44th BPSC 2000)
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Chandragupta Maurya established the 'Mauryan Bindusara was a disciple of Guru Pingalavatsa.
Dynasty' after defeating Dhanananda. (BPSC, 2000) Ashoka
The Mauryan Empire After Bindusara, his son Ashoka ascended the throne of
Mauryan Empire was founded by Chandra Gupta Maurya. Magadha. (IAS Pre., 1998)
Mauryans are called as 'Shudras' in Puranas. Ashoka was coronated in 269 BC. (UPPCS 1993, 1995)
Chandragupta Maurya is said to be Kashatriya in Buddhist Before coronation, Ashoka was the viceroy of Avanti
Literatures like Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa. (Ujjaini) and Takshila.
Mudrarakshasa described Chandragupta Maurya as Vrishala Subhadrangi, was Ashoka's mother.
(Je=<eue), son of the Shudra. (46th BPSC, 2003) In the Puranas, Ashoka is called Ashoka Vardhana.
Mudrarakshasa is written by Vishakhadatta. His name 'Ashoka' is mentioned in the inscriptions of
Chanakya (Kautilya/Vishnugupta) helped Chandragupta Maski, Gujri, Nettur and Udagolam.
to defeat Dhananand and occupy the throne. He became (IAS, 1997, UPPCS, 2015)
Chandragupta's Prime Minister. (UPPCS, 2002, 2006) On records, Ashoka is addressed with the titles of
The book written by Chanakya is known as 'Arthashastra'. 'Devanampiyya' and 'Devanampiyadasi'.
It is based on polity. (UPPCS, 2012, 2015; BPSC, 2017) (IAS 1995, MPPCS, 2015)
In Kautilya's Saptanga Siddhanta, 'Amatya' denotes In the eighth year of his coronation (261 BC) Ashoka
minister and officer. (BPSC 2001; IAS 2022) attacked Kalinga.
Chandragupta became the king in 321 BCE. Ashoka was initiated into Buddhism by Upagupta..
In 305 BC, he defeated Seleucus Nicator (the ruler of Ashoka had built four caves in the Barabara hills, named
Babylon), who later married his daughter Cornelia (Helena) Lomas Rishi, Sudama, Karan Chaupar and Visva Zopri.
to Chandragupta, giving him four provinces Aria (Herat), Ashoka's inscriptions have been found in all caves except
Arachosia (Kandhar), Paropanisade (Kabul) and Gedrosia Lomas Rishi cave.
(Balochistan) as dowry. The Nagarjuni Caves were donated to the Ajivaka sect by
The battle between Chandragupta and Seleucus is described the Mauryas.
by the historian Appian.
'Megasthenes', the ambassador of Seleucus came to the Missionaries sent by Ashoka to other Countries
court of Chandragupta. (RAS/RTS 1997) Name of Missionaries Country
Megasthenes wrote a book named 'Indica'. (MPPCS, 2015) Sona and Uttara Suvarnabhumi (Burma)
Chandragupta was the disciple of a Jaina Monk Bhadrabahu. Mahendra and Sanghmatra Sri Lanka
Chandragupta Maurya died in Shravanabelagola,
Mahyantika Kashmir and Gandhar
Karnataka in 298 BCE.
Maharakkhita Yona (Greece)
Note : Justin calls Chandragupta Maurya's army a 'gang
Ashoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra
of robbers'.
to Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism. (CGPSC, 2013)
Bindusara Ashoka's inscriptions are written in Brahmi, Kharoshti,
Bindusara succeeded his father Chandragupta in 298 B.C. Greek and Aramaic scripts.
Bindusara's (follower of Ajivaka) mother was Durdhara. Ashoka's inscriptions are divided into three parts - rock
Bindusara is also known as Amitraghata (enemy destroyer) edicts, pillars edicts and cave edicts.
and Singhasen. James Princep deciphered 'Rock Edicts of Ashoka' in 1837.
According to historian Strabo, King Antiochus of Syria (UPPCS, 2008, 2009; CGPSC, 2003; IAS, 2016; Jharkhand PCS 2021)
sent his ambassador, Deimachus, to Bindusara's court. It was about 1750 AD that an Ashokan inscription was first
(UP Lower, 2015) discovered when Padre Tieffenthaler saw fragments of the
According to Pliny, the Egyptian king Ptolemy (II) Delhi-Mirath Pillar at Delhi.
Philadelphus also sent an ambassador, Dionysius, to
Inscriptions Theme
Ashoka's Court.
Bindusara sent Ashoka first and then Susim to suppress the The first inscription The condemnation of animal sacrifice
rebellion at Taxila. First separate inscription All human beings are my children
According to Athenaeus, Bindusara requested Antiochus - I, Second Inscription Provides care for man and animals,
the ruler of Syria to send him sweet wines, dried figs and describes Chola, Pandyas, Satyapura and
a sophist. Keralputra kingdoms of South India

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Third Inscription
Hub Provinces
Yuktas along with Rajukas shall go to all
Capitals
areas of kingdom every five years Prachi Pataliputra
Fourth Inscription Dhammaghosa over Berighosa
Kalinga Tosali
Fifth Inscription Appointment of Dhammamahamatras
Avanti Ujjain
(in the 14th year of the coronation)
Udichya (Uttarapatha) Taxila
Sixth Inscription King's desire to be informed about
conditions of people regularly. Talks Dakshinapatha Suvarnagiri
about welfare measures The administrators of the provinces were called ‘Kumara’
Seventh Inscription Requests, tolerance towards all religions or ‘Aryaputra’.
Eighth Inscription Ashoka's first Dhamma Yatra to The provinces were divided into Vishayas (Districts), each
Bodhgaya and Bodhi Tree headed by the Vishayapati.
Ninth Inscription Condemns popular ceremonies and The smallest unit of administration was ‘Gram’, headed
rituals by ‘Gramika’.
Tenth Inscription Preaching of Dhamma According to Megasthenes, the city was divided into 6
Eleventh Inscription Explanation of Dhamma Policy committees to administer conveniently. Each committee
Twelfth Inscription Tolerance among all religions and sects consisted of 5 members. Provinces were known as 'Chakra'.
Thirteenth Inscription Ashoka's victory over kings. Victory of Administrative Committees and Their Works
Ashoka's Dhamma and Greek Kings Committees Works
(UP Lower, 2008; UPPCS, 2016)
First Inspection of Industry and Craft Work
The total number of pillar edicts of Ashoka are 7. These
are written only in the Brahmi script. Second Care of Foreigners
These are found at 6 different places - Prayag, Delhi - Third Keeping records of Births and Deaths
Topra and Delhi - Meerut highways, Rampurva, Lauriya Fourth Supervision of Trade and Commerce
Nandangarh and Lauriya Areraj. Fifth Manufacture and Sale of Goods
Renowned historian D.R. Bhandarkar wrote the history of
Sixth Levying of Sales Tax
the Ashoka period only based on records.
The Kaushambi inscription is called the ‘Queen’s Sales Tax was charged at the rate of 4 per cent of the value
Inscription’. of domestic goods and 1/10 of the value of imported goods.
Rummindei pillar edict is the shortest. There was a provision of death penalty for tax evasion.
(UPCS 2013)
During Dhamma Yatra, Ashoka mentioned the reduction
Agronomoi was the revenue officer who measured the land
in the rate of land revenue in Lumbini in the Rummindei
and levied and collected tax. (UPPCS, 2020)
pillar inscription.
In Arthashastra, secret agents were named Guddha
The Shar-i-Kuna (Kandahar) inscription was found in
Purushas.
the Greek and Aramaic script. (CGPSC, 2011)
Stationary detectives were called ‘Samasthan’ and moving
During Ashoka's reign, the number of provinces in the
detectives were called ‘Sanchari’.
Maurya Empire was 5 or there were five political centrers.
Courts were of two types - 1. Dharmasthiya (civil court),
The provinces were called ‘Chakras’.
2. Kantakashodhan (criminal court).
The strongest evidence of Ashoka being a Buddhist is the (Chhattisgarh PCS, 2014)
Bhabru Minor Edict (Bairat). Government land was called ‘Sita’. (UPPCS, 2013)
In Maski’s minor inscription related to the coronation, The fertile land without rain was called ‘Adevamatrika’.
Ashoka calls himself ‘Buddha Shakya’. The principal officer arranging the State land was Sita-
The Maski inscription is currently located in the state of Adhyaksha. (RTS/RAS 2010)
Karnataka. Sthanika and Gopa, two officials, collected taxes in the
Sohgaura (copper inscription) and Mahasthan inscriptions provinces.
mention the distribution of foodgrains by the State at the Rajuka, Yukta, Pradeshika, Dhamma Mahamatra,
time of famine. (IAS 1998) Stryadhyaksha and Brajbhumik were principal
The Mauryan pillar capital was found at Sarnath, known administrative officials of the Mauryan Empire.
as the Singha capital (Lion Capital). (UPPCS, 1996)
59
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The central administration was divided into several There were many cities in the Maurya Empire, of which the
departments to facilitate governance. There departments city of Brahmagiri was located at the Southern most Point.
were called ‘Teerths’ (departments). The last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty was Brihadratha.
The Arthashastra mentions 18 departments and 28 (BPSC, 2008)
presidents. Brihadratha was killed by his commander Pushyamitra
Megasthenes divided Indian society into 7 categories - Sunga in 184 BC who founded the Sunga dynasty.
Soldiers, Magistrates, Philosophers, Herdsmen, Farmers, Sunga Dynasty
Artisans and Councillors. (46th BPSC, 2003) Pushyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga Dynasty.
The capital of the rulers of the Sunga dynasty was
Departments and Their Heads Mentioned in
Pataliputra.
Arthashastra
Pushyamitra Sunga performed two Ashwamedha Yajnas
Departments Heads and was conducted by the priest, Patanjali.
1. Purohita Chief Priest Pushyamitra got Bharhut Stupa renovated.
2. Yuvraj Crown Prince After the death of Pushyamitra, his son Agnimitra became
3. Senapati Commander-in-Chief the ruler of the Sunga dynasty.
The ninth ruler of the Sunga dynasty was Bhagabhadra
4. Samaharta Revenue Collector(UP Lower, 2008)
(Bhagavata).
5. Sannidhata Treasury Head In the 14th year of his rule, Heliodorus, the ambassador of
6. Lakshanadhyaksha Coin minting the Yavana ruler Antialcidas of Taxila, installed a Garuda
7. Akaradhyaksha Mining Officer pillar in the honour of Vasudeva in Vidisha.
Kanva Dynasty
8. Pradeshika Chief Justice of Criminal Court
The last ruler of the Sunga Dynasty was Devabhuti, who
9. Panyadhyaksha Officer of Commerce Department was assassinated by Vasudeva in 75 BC who established
10. Sitaadhyaksha Supervisor of Agriculture the Kanva dynasty.
11. Vyabharika Chief Justice of Civil Court Rulers after Vasudeva were Bhumimitra, Narayana,
12. Karmantika Head of Industries and Commerce Susharman.
Satavahana Dynasty
13. Dandapala Head of Police
Simuka killed Susharman, the last ruler of the Kanva
14. Vivitadhyaksha Head of Pastures dynasty, around 60 BC and founded the Satavahana
15. Antapala Guard of Borders dynasty. (UPPCS, 2008)

16. Sunadhyaksha Slaughterhouse Officer The capital of the Satavahanas was Pratishthana
(Maharashtra). (UP Lower, 2008)
17. Ganikadhyaksha Head of Prostitutes
Among the important rulers of this dynasty were
According to Kautilya's Arthashastra, the officer Simuka, Krishna, Satakarni I, Gautamiputra Satakarni,
commanding the cavalry in the Maurya administration Vasishthiputra Pulumavi and Yajna Sri Satakarni.
was known as Ashwadhyaksha. Gautamiputra Satakarni was called the lord of the
Megasthenes refers to the Six committees of five members west, had performed two Ashwamedha yajnas and one
each to look after the administration of Army. Rajasuya yajna.
These committees are given below - Satavahana rulers introduced currencies in silver, copper,
Committees Relation lead and potion metals.
(i) First Committee Navy Satavahana rulers were the first who introduced lead
(ii) Second Committee Transport and Supply coins.
Satavahana dynasty started the practice of donation of land
(iii) Third Committee Infantry
to Brahmins.
(iv) Fourth Committee Cavalry
The Satvahans had Prakrit as their language written in
(v) Fifth Committee War Chariots
Brahmi script.
(vi) Sixth Committee War Elephants The Satavahanas built the Karle, Chaitya, Ajanta and Ellora
The department was divided into 6 committees of 5 caves.
members each. This unit of 30 members looked after the The Amravati art style developed under the patronage of
administrative work. the Satavahanas. (SSC MTS, 2023)
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Satavahana rulers were called the ‘Lord of Dakshinapatha’. ‘Maheshwar’. On his coins, the figure of Shiva, Nandi and
The author of Gathasaptashati was ‘Hala’ and Brihat- Trishul were inscribed. (UPPCS, 2009)
katha's author was Gunadhya who belonged to the Kanishka was the most powerful ruler of this dynasty.
Satavahana period. The capital of Kanishka was Purushpura (Peshawar) which
was later shifted to Mathura.
7. Foreign Invasions in India Kanishka ascended the throne in 78 AD and this date is
Indo-Greek, Shakas, Pahlavas and Kushanas invaded India known as the beginning of the Saka Samvat.
at different times. (UP RO/ARO 2013)

India was invaded first by Indo-Greek ruler Demetrius (Dara The Kushana ruler, adopted the title of 'Devputra' which
I) in 183 BC. He made Sakala his capital. means 'Son of God'. (SSC MTS, 2023)

The most famous of the Indo-Greek rulers was Menander. The fourth Buddhist council was organized during his reign.
The capital of Menander's kingdom was Sakala (Sialkot). They followed the Mahayana sect of Buddhism.
Sakala was a major centre of education during this period. Charak was a physician in the court of Kanishka.
Menander was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena ‘Charaka Samhita’ is the most important work by Charak.
(Nagarjuna). Mahavibhasa Shastra is called an encyclopedia of
Milindpanho (Questions of Menander) describes questions Buddhism. Its creator was Vasumitra.
raised by Menander and Nagasena in detail. Ashvaghosha was a poet in the court of Kanishka. His
works were Mahayana, Shraddhotpada- shastra,
The Indo-Greek rulers issued scriptured and gold coins
Buddhacharita, Sundrananda, Sariputra Prakrana and
in India for the first time.
Sutralankara. (UPPCS, 2008)
Hellenistic art belongs to the period of Indo-Greek rule.
Acharya Nagarjuna, Parshva, Vasumitra, etc. also adorn
Gandhara art represents its best example.
the court of Kanishka.
A. Sakas
Nagarjuna was the propounder of Middle-way / nihilism.
Sakas came to India after the Greeks.
He wrote ‘Prajnaparamita Sutra’.
They originally came from Central Asia.
The Gandhara and Mathura styles of sculpture were
They were divided into five branches.
developed during the reign of Kanishka. (38th BPSC, 1992)
A ruler of Ujjain defeated the Sakas and assumed the title
The last ruler of the Kushana dynasty was Vasudeva.
of ‘Vikramaditya’ and started Vikram Samvat in 57 BC.
The Kushana rulers issued pure gold coins (112.75 grains
(UPPCS 1992)
in 123 grains).
Rudradaman was the most powerful Saka ruler in India.
The Kushana rulers had introduced the copper coins.
Rudradaman replaced Prakrit with Sanskrit as the language
The titles of Kushana rulers were ‘Maharaj Rajadhiraj
for records first implementing it at Junagarh and Girnar.
Devaputra’ and ‘Kaiser’.
The Sakas ran the Satrapa system of administration.
B. The Indo-Parthian or Pahlavas 8. The Gupta Empire
The Saka's rule was followed by a new invader, the Sri Gupta was the founder of the Gupta dynasty.
Indo-Parthians or Pahlavas who established their reign After Srigupta, Ghatotkach became the king of this dynasty.
in northwest India and formed Pahalva dynasty with Pataliputra was the capital of the Gupta Empire.
Gondophernes being its most powerful ruler between 20 Chandragupta-I ruled this dynasty from 319 AD to 335
AD and 41 AD. AD. (CGPSC, 2023)
During the reign of Gondophernes, Christian missionary, He first assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja and married
St. Thomas came to India to preach Christianity. Kumaradevi, a princess of the Lichchavi dynasty. (UPPCS, 2009)
Maues was the first Parthian ruler in India, while the real He started the ‘Gupta Samvat’ in 319 AD. (MPPCS, 1991)
force behind his power was Mithridates I . Samudragupta, famously known as Napoleon of India,
C. Kushana Dynasty followed Chandragupta I. (BPSC, 2015; UP Lower, 2009)
The Kushanas came to India after the Pahlavas (Parthians). He defeated 9 kings in the north and 12 kings in the south.
The Kushanas were a clan of the Yuezhi race of China. The coins of Samudragupta had the coins titles inscribed
The Kushanas dynasty was founded by Kujula Kadphises. which read as 'Apratirath', 'Vyaghraprakramank',
Among the Kushana rulers, Vema Kadphises first 'Parakrananka'. Samudragupta also assumed the title of
issued gold coins. Vema Kadphises assumed the title of 'Kaviraj'.
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The Sandhivigrahika (Foreign Minister) and Rajakavi The Gupta Empire was divided into several provinces. The
Harishena of Samudragupta authored ‘Prayag Prasasti’. province was known by different names. Desh, Avni or
Samudragupta offered protection to the great Buddhist Bhukti.
monk Vasubandhu. (UPPCS 2004, 2006, 2009) The ruler of Bhukti was called ‘Uprika’.
Samudragupta’s successor Chandragupta II occupied the The rulers of the frontier regions were called ‘Gopta’.
throne in 375 AD. (CGPSC, 2017, 2015, 2004) Bhukti was further divided into Vishyas whose head were
Samudragupta was the first Gupta King who assumed the Vishyapatis.
title "Param Bhagawata". (UPPCS, 2009) Dandpashika was the head of the police department.
'Gram' was the smallest unit of administration.
Samudra Gupta's Contemporary Kings of
Small units of village groups were called ‘Pethaka’.
South India
Generally, the rate of revenue was 1/6 during the Gupta
Kings Their Kingdoms period. (42nd BPSC, 1997)
Dhananjaya Kusthalpura Araghatta or Rahat (Ghati Yantra) was used for irrigation.
Nilaraja Avamukta Ujjain was a major trading centre during this period.
The Gupta kings issued the most gold coins, called
Ugrasena Palaka
‘Dinaras’. (UP RO/ARO 2017)
Vishnugopa Kanchi
The first mention of the Kayastha class is found in
The Chinese traveller Fa-Hein came to India during his Yajnavalkya Smriti.
reign. (BPSC, 2017) Kayasthas, as a caste, were first mentioned in Oshanam
After defeating the Sakas, he assumed the title of ‘Sakari’ Smriti.
and issued silver coins. Gupta rulers were followers of Vaishnavism.
Chandragupta II also assumed the title of ‘Param The royal emblem used by the Gupta rulers was 'Garuda'
Bhagawata’. (UPPCS, 2008, 2014) on whom Lord Vishnu rode.
Kumaragupta I succeeded Chandragupta II. He ruled from The Dashavatara temple of Deogarh was built during the
415 AD to 455 AD. Gupta period when actually the art of temple construction
Nalanda University was established by Kumaragupta I. began.
The region of Chandragupta IInd's son and successor, The present form of the Puranas was composed during
Kumargupta Ist, was a period of peace and relative Gupta period.
inactivity. During their reign, Yajnavalkya, Narada, Katyayana and
Skandagupta succeeded Kumaragupta I. He reigned from Brihaspati Smriti were composed.
455 AD and 467 AD. Cave numbers 16, 17 and 19 at Ajanta belong to the
During the reign of Skandagupta, the Hunnas invaded India. Gupta period.
(UPPCS 2006) This cave depicts various scenes (Birth, Mahabhinishkramana,
Bhitari pillar inscription of the Gupta ruler Skandagupta Mahaparinirvana, etc.) from the life of Mahatma Buddha.
describing a battle with the Pushyamitras. The caves of Ajanta belong to the Mahayana sect of
He renovated the Sudarshan lake at Girnar. Buddhism. (UK PCS 2006)

Construction and Renovation of the The great poet Kalidasa and famous Ayurveda physician
Dhanvantari resided at the court of Chandragupta II.
Sudarshan Lake
Aryabhata was a renowned mathematician. He wrote the
Rulers Officers texts ‘Aryabhatiya’ and ‘Surya Siddhanta’.
Chandragupta Maurya Pushyagupta (UK, UDA/LDA, 2007)
Ashoka Tushashk Notably, he flourished in Kusumapura - near Pataliputra
Rudradaman Suvishakh which was then the Capital of the Gupta Dynasty.
The Gupta period is called the ‘Golden Period of Indian
Skandagupta Chakrapalit
History’. (UPPCS, 2004)
Vishnugupta was the last ruler of the Gupta dynasty.
For administrative purposes, the Gupta empire was divided Note : Aryabhata first proclaimed that the Earth revolves
into several provinces. around the Sun. (64th BPSC 2018)

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Temples of Gupta Period
Hub Harshvardhana succeeded the throne after Rajyavardhan’s
death in 606 AD.
Temples Places He was also known by another name Siladitya.
Vishnu Temple Tigawa (Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) The accession of Harsha to the throne in 606 AD is
Shiva Temple Bhumra (Nagod, Madhya Pradesh) considered the beginning of Harsha Samvat. He ruled until
647 AD.
Parvati Temple Nachna Kuthaar (Madhya Pradesh) He assumed the title of Param Maheshwara, Parama-
Dashavatara Temple Deogarh (Lalitpur, Uttar Pradesh) bhattaraka.
Shiva Temple Khoh (Nagod, Madhya Pradesh) He shifted his capital from Thaneshwar to Kannauj.
(UPPCS, 1992)
Bhitargaon Temple Bhitargaon (Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh)
Harsh was a worshiper of Surya, Shiva and Buddhism.
L a x m a n T e m p l e Sirpur (Mahasamund, Chhattisgarh) He secured the remains of Mahatma Buddha's teeth from
(Built of bricks) the ruler of Kashmir forcibly.
Banabhatta, the author of ‘Harshacharita’, was at the court
9. Vakataka Dynasty of Harshavardhana. (BPSC, 2005)
Vakataka Dynasty was founded around 250 AD by Nagananda, Priyadarsika and Ratnavali are works by
Vindhyashakti. Harshavardhana. (RAS/RTS, 1999)

Pravarasena-I was the only Emperor of the Vakataka He fought against Pulakeshin-II on the banks of Narmada
dynasty who has assumed the title of 'Samrat'. in a quest to expand his empire to the south.
Emperor Harshavardhana organized Mahamoksha
He performed four Ashwamedha yajnas.
Parishad at Prayag every five years.
The kingdom of Vakataka was divided after the death
Harshvardhana sent an envoy to China in 641 AD.
of Pravarasena-I. His son Rudrasena ruled his capital
Harsha organized two huge religious assemblies at Kannauj
at Nandivardhana (Pravarpura), while Sarvasena made
and Prayag in 643 AD. (UP UDA/LDA, 2001)
Vatsagulma his capital. The Chinese Envoy arrived at the court of Harshavardhana
Rudrasena-II married Prabhavati Gupta, the daughter of in 643 AD.
Chandragupta-II. Hiuen Tsang visited Nalanda University first in 637 AD
Pravarsena-II composed ‘Setubandh’in Prakrit. and again in 642 AD. His main purpose was to collect
10. Vardhana Dynasty Buddhist texts. (BPSC, 2015, UPPCS, 1995)
He attended the sixth Mahamoksha Parishad.
After the fall of Gupta dynasty, Pushyabhuti or Pushgabhuti He wrote a treatise on his journey, known as ‘Si-Yu-Ki’.
laid the foundation of the Vardhana dynasty at Thaneshwar. Hui - Lee has written a biography of ‘Hieun Tsang'.
(67th BPSC, 2022) Harsha’s empire was divided into provinces, called ‘Bhukti’.
Prabhakaravardhana is believed to be the real founder The ruler of Bhukti was called Uparika, Rajasthaniya or
of the dynasty. Rashtriya.
He had two sons, Rajyavardhana, Harshvardhana and a Bhukti was divided into Vishayas, headed by ‘Vishyapati’.
daughter, Rajyashri. The Vishaya was divided into Pathakas (modern tehsils).
Rajyashri married King Grahavarman of the Maukhari The smallest unit of administration was ‘Grama’, whose
dynasty. head was called ‘Gramakshapatrik’.
Huns attacked during the reign of Prabhakarvardhana. Dynasties Place Chief rulers
Prabhakarvardhan’s elder son Rajyavardhana went on a Parvarti Gupta Magadha Mahasena Gupta
campaign against the Huns. Prabhakarvardhana died during Pushyabhuti or Thaneshwar Pushyabhuti, Prabhakarvard-
this period. Vardhana Dynasty hana, Rajyavardhana, Harsha-
After Prabhakarvardhana, Rajyavardhana occupied the vardhana
throne. Maitraka Dynasty Vallabhi Bhattraka, Dharasena IV
Devagupta, the ruler of Malwa, captured Rajyashri after Maukhari Dynasty Kannauj Harivarman, Ishanvarman,
killing her husband Grahavarman. Sharvavarman
Rajyavardhana killed Devagupta, but after a few days, Gauda or Chandra Bengal Shashanka
Gauda ruler Shashanka, a friend of Devagupta, cheated Dynasty
and killed Rajyavardhana. Dhruvasena II belongs to the Maitraka dynasty.
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11. History of South India
Hub The Chera ruler Senguttuvan introduced the practice of the
‘Pattini Cult’.
Sangam Age The Chera dynasty of South India was known for its
'Sangam' means Council / Seminar / Conference of Tamil maritime trade, the port of Muziris and cultural exchange
Poets, Scholars and Teachers etc. The literature on subjects with different civilizations.
discussed during these assemblies was called Sangam Chola Dynasty
Literature.
Karikala was the prominent among the Chola rulers
A total of three councils were held.
mentioned in Sangam literature.
The three Sangams were organized under the patronage of
He was called the 'Man with charred leg'.
the Pandya rulers.
Later, Vijayalaya (846AD–871AD) founded the Chola
The first and the third confluences were held at Madurai,
dynasty on the remains of the Pahlava dynasty.
the capital of the Pandyas, while the second was held at
(RAS/RTS, 2016)
Kapadapuram (Alavai).
The capital of this dynasty was Tanjore. (UP Lower, 2009)
Agastya Rishi was the president of the first Sangam.
Vijayalaya assumed the title of ‘Narkesari’ after taking
The first Sangam was patronized by 89 Pandya Kings.
over Tanjore (Thanjavur).
The second Sangam was held at Alavai or Kapadapuram.
Aditya-I established an independent kingdom of the Cholas.
Earlier its president was Agastya Rishi, who was later
He assumed the title of ‘Kodandarama’.
succeeded by Tolakapiyyar.
Paratanka-I, Rajaraja-I, Rajendra-I, Rajendra-II and
The second Sangam was patronized by 59 Pandya rulers.
Kulothunga were the greatest rulers of the Chola dynasty.
The only scripture composed at this Sangam was
Rajaraja-I created a new province ‘Mummudi-chola-
‘Tolkappiyam’.
mandalam after taking over the northern part of Sri Lanka
It was considered to be the oldest grammar book in the
and Polonnaruwa was made its capital.
Tamil language. (UPPCS, 1997)
(UPPCS, 2014, IAS, 2001)
Sangams in South India The rulers chola dynasty invaded Malaya to free its trade
First Second Third with China. (SSC CHSL, 2023)
Sangam Sangam Sangam Rajaraja-I built the Brihadisvara or Rajarajeshwara
Centre Madurai Kapadapuram Northern Madurai Temple (Shiva Temple) at Tanjore. (UPPCS, 2008)
(UPPCS 2006)
Rajendra-I defeated the ruler of Bengal, Mahipala and
President Agastya Agastya (later Nakkirar
assumed the title of ‘Gangaikondachola’.
Tolkappiyar)
The 'Chola dynasty' reached its peak during the reign of
Number of
549 49 49 Rajendra Chola I, who was known for his naval expeditions
Members
Text Available Tolkappiyam Ettutougai (8 Songs), and extensive trade with south-east Asia.
Pattu Pattu (10 Songs) To commemorate the Bengal conquest, he established the
Paripadal, etc. new capital at Gangaikondacholapuram and built a pond
Third Sangam was held in North Madurai. named Cholagangam near it. (UPPCS, 2008, 2016)
The President of the third Sangam was Nakkirar. Rajendra-III was the last ruler of this dynasty.
The third Sangam had the patronage of 49 Pandya kings. The higher officials of the Chola administration were called
5 epics mentioned in the Sangam period are Silappadikaram, ‘Peruntaram’ and the lower officials Siruntaram.
Manimekalai, Jivaka Chintamani, Valayapati and The entire Chola empire was divided into following
Kundalakesi. provinces-
Dynasties of South India Provinces / Mandalam
Chera Dynasty ↓
The Sangam literature outlines the history of the three major Vallanadus
kingdoms. These kingdoms belonged to Chera, Chola and ↓
Pandya dynasties. District / Nadus
The Chera kingdom was located in present Kerala. ↓
The first Chera ruler during Sangam period was Kurram / Group of Villages
Udiyangeral. (UK PCS, 2021) ↓
The emblem of the Cheras was the bow. Gram Sabha
64
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“Ur ‘was the assembly of the common people. The last great ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty was
The Sabha or Mahasabha was basically the Agrahara Krishna-III.
(assembly of Brahmin settlements) assembly of villages. Sri Ponna, the author of “Shanti Purana” and the leading
Its members were called Perumakkal. poet of Kannada language was in the court of Krishna III.
The assembly of merchants was called ‘Nagaram’. In the Mid-eighth Century, Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta Chief,
The tax-free land donated to Brahmins was called overthrew the Chalukya overlord in a ritual literally called
‘Chaturvedi Mangalam’ and the land donated in general Haryana Garbha.
was called ‘Brahmadeya’. The temples in Ellora and Elephanta Caves were built
The most commonly mentioned tax in the inscriptions of during the reign of the Rashtrakutas. (MPPCS, 2021)
the Chola dynasty that ruled Tamil Nadu is the 'Vetti', which Ellora has 34 rock-cut caves. Among them, the first twelve,
was collected in the form of forced labour rather than cash.
are Buddhist caves the next numbering 17 are Hindus caves,
Gold coins were called Kasu.
and the last five are caves belonging to Jainism.
Kamban composed the ‘Tamil Ramayana’.
The Jain Temple at Pattadakal was built by the Rashtrakuta
(UP UDA/LDA 2010)
dynasty. (SSC MTS, 2023)
Kamban, Kuttana and Pulgalendi were the ‘Triratnas’
Rashtrakutas allowed Muslim traders to settle in their
of Tamil literature.
kingdom and propagate Islam.
Nataraja’s statue is said to be a cultural essence of Chola
art. (UPPCS, 2006)
Chalukya Dynasty (Kalyani)
The important port in the Chola period was Kaveripattinam. After the fall of Rashtrakutas, Tailapa-II established the
The worshippers of Vishnu were called Alvars and those Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani (973-997 AD).
of Shiva are Nayanars. Tailapa-II made Manyakheta his capital.
The Pandya Dynasty Someshwara-I shifted the capital to Kalyani
The earliest known Pandya ruler was Palyagasalai The most powerful ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani
Mudukudumi. was Vikramaditya-VI.
Nedunjeliyan was also the famous ruler of this dynasty. He The Virupaksha Temple of Hampi is of Vijaynagara
was a follower of Brahmana religion. architectural style. It represents the developed stage of
The official symbol of the Pandyas was a fish. Dravidian architecture. (VDO, 2023)
The first capital of the Pandyas was Korkai which was Bilhana the author of Vikramankadevacharita and
later shifted to Madurai. Vigyaneshwara author of Mitakshara Samhita, resided
Rashtrakuta Dynasty in the court of Vikramaditya-IV.
King Dantidurga defeated the Chalukya ruler Kirtivarman He established the Chalukya Vikram Samvat at the time of
and established the Rashtrakuta dynasty to rule over the his coronation.
former Chalukya kingdom. (IAS, 2006) The last ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani was
He made Manyakheta his capital (present - Malkhed, near Someshwar-IV, son of Tailapa-III.
Kalaburagi). Varaha was the royal symbol of Chalukyas.
The Kailash Mandir (Guha Temple) of Ellora was built by
Aihole was called the ‘City of Temples’.
Krishna I. (UK PCS, 2021)
The Bhakti Saint Basavanna of South India was initially
Dhruva Dharavarsha was the first ruler of the Rashtrakuta
a Jain and was a minister in the Court of a Chalukya King
dynasty who took part in the tripartite conflict to bring
in the 12th Century.
Kannauj under his authority.
Chalukya Dynasty (Vatapi)
Amoghavarsha, an adherent to Jain religion, composed
Pulakeshin-I established the Chalukya Dynasty of Vatapi
‘Kavirajamarga’ in the Kannada language.
Amoghavarsha provided shelter to Jinasena, the author by making Badami or Vatapi (near Bijapur) its capital.
(UPPCS, 1991)
of Adi Purana and Mahaviracharya, the author of
Ganitasarasangraha. The most powerful ruler of this dynasty was Pulakeshin-II.
The Rashtrakuta dynasty reached its peak under the rule of (UPPCS, 1991)

Amoghavarsha I, who was known for his military conquests Aihole inscription shows that Pulakeshin-II defeated
and patronage of art and literature. Harshavardhana on the bank of Narmada. (UPPCS, 2016)
Almasudi, an Arab, came to India during the reign of Indra- Pulakeshin-II defeated hundreds of kings and assumed the
III. title 'Parameshvara'.
65
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Pahlava ruler Narasimhavarman-I defeated Pulakeshin-II Hiuen Tsang visited Kachi, the capital of Pallavas, durig
and assumed the title of ‘Vatapikonda’. the reig of arasimhavarma I.
Aihole inscription is related to Pulakeshin-II. Narasimhavarman-II built the Kailashnatha temple at
The languages of Aihole inscriptions are Sanskrit and Kanchi.
Brahmi. These were written by Ravi Kirti. Goperam or Temple entrance is characteristic of South Idia
Deccan was invaded during the reign of Vikramaditya-II. temple architecture.
Vikramaditya’s first wife Lokamahadevi built the The author of 'Dasakumaracharita' was Dandin who lived
Virupaksha Shiva Temple and the Trilokeshwar Temple at the court of Narsimhavarman-II. (UP Lower, 2008)
was built by the second wife Trilokadevi at Pattadakal. Aparajitavarman (879–897 AD) was the last ruler of the
Kirtivarman-II, the last ruler of this dynasty, was defeated Pahlava dynasty.
by his feudal lord Dantidurga, who established the Yadava Dynasty
Rashtrakuta dynasty. During the weak reign of the Chalukya King Someshwara-
Chalukya Dynasty (Vengi) IV, his Yadava Feudal lord Bhillam (1187-1191 AD) was
The founder of the Chalukya dynasty of Vengi was the first ambitious person to establish his independence,
Vishnuvardhana. and form the Yadava dynasty.
He made Vengi (Andhra Pradesh) its capital.
The capital of the Yadava dynasty was Devagiri.
Vijayaditya-II was the most powerful ruler of this dynasty.
Simhana was the most powerful king of this dynasty.
Pahlava Dynasty
The last king of this dynasty was Ramachandra, who
Simhavishnu (575-600 AD) established the Pallava
surrendered to Alauddin’s general Malik Kafur.
dynasty by making Kanchi its capital.
Hoysala Dynasty
Simhavishnu was a follower of Vaishnava cult.
The feudatory Vishnuvardhana of Chalukya declared
The author of Kiratarjuniya and Sanskrit poet Bharavi
independence and established the Hoysala dynasty.
was in the court of Simhavishnu.
The capital of the Hoysala dynasty was located at
The principal rulers of the Pahlava dynasty were
Dwarasamudra (modern Halebidu). (UP RO/ARO 2014)
Mahendravarman-I (600-630 AD), Narasimha varman-1
Chennakeshava temple at Belur was built by Vishnu-
(630-668 AD), Mahendravarman-II (668-670 AD),
vardhana.
Parameshwaravarman-1 (670 -700 AD), Narasimhavarman-
The Hoysaleshwara Temple was built with black polished
II (700-720 AD), Parameshwaravarman-II (720-731 AD)
Nandivarman-II (731-795 AD). stone by the Hoysala kig Vishnu Vardhan i 1116 AD to
Mahendra varman-I composed ‘Mattavilas Prahasana’. commemorate the victory over the Cholas.
(UP UDA/LDA 2010)
The last ruler of the Hoysala dynasty, Ballala-III, accepted
Narasimhavarman-I assumed the title of Vatapikonda. the suzerainty of Allauddin Khalji after defeat by paying
Nandivarman-II built the Mukteshwar and Vaikuntha him an annual tax.
Perumala temples at Kanchi. Kadamba Dynasty
The ruler of the Pahlava dynasty at the time of the Arab Mayurasharma, a feud of the Pallava dynasty declared
invasion was Narasimhavarman-II. his independence and established the Kadamba dynasty.
Narasimhavarman-I built the mandapa and monolithic The capital of the Kadamba rulers was Banavasi
temples by cutting the mountains, which were called (Vyjayanti). (UPPCS, 2005)
chariot temples. (UPPCS, 2015) Mayurasharma is said to have performed the rituals of the
All the temples of this style exist in Mamallapuram 18 Ashwamedha Yajnas.
(Mahabalipuram). This style of temple building is also Western Ganga Dynasty
called Mamallapuram style of architecture. Western Ganga dynasty was contemporary to Kadamba
Among eight chariot temples in this style, Draupadi Ratha, and Pahlava dynasties.
Dharmaraj Ratha, Valyank Utterath, Arjun Ratha, Wakul- The first ruler of this dynasty is mentioned in the records
Sahdev Rath, Ganesh Ratha, Pidari Ratha and Bhim Ratha. as Konkanivarma.
Among them, (Dharmaraja Yudhishthira’s chariot is the Western Ganga dynasty was founded by Konkanivarma.
largest and Draupadi’s the smallest. (UPPCS, 2011) Earlier, the capital of the Ganga dynasty was Kuvalal
These chariot temples are also known as Saptpagoda (Kolar), later Talakadu became the new capital of this
(seven pagodas). dynasty.
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The principal ruler of this dynasty was Sripurusha. Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the
The famous black pagoda temple at konark is of Kalinga Second Battle of Tarain (1192 AD).
architecture. Paramara Dynasty of Malwa
The Chola ruler Rajaraja-I ended the Ganga dynasty and Paramara dynasty was founded in the tenth century AD by
merged it with his empire in 1004 AD. Upendra or Krishnaraja.
Dhara was the capital of the Paramara dynasty.
Note : Ganga dynasty was divided into two parts. The
Siyaka II established an independent Paramara dynasty.
western Gangas ruled in Mysore state (Ganga vadi) and
Bhoja was the most important ruler of the Paramara
the eastern Ganges ruled in Odisha.
dynasty.
12. Early-Medieval Period He built the Saraswati temple at the capital Dhara.
He composed texts like Sarasvati-Kanthabharana,
Gurjara- Pratihara Dynasty Shringara-Prakasha, Prakrit Vyakarana, Kurma-Sataka,
The founder of Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty was Nagabhata-I. Yukti-Kalptaru and Samarangana Sutradhara.
(UPPCS, 2003) Yuktikalpataru and Samarangana Sutradhara contain
Vatsraja is said to be the real founder of Gurjara - Pratihara their subject matter as Vastushastra.
empire. Bhojtal, a lake situated in Bhopal, was built by Bhoja.
Mihira Bhoja-I was the most powerful ruler of this The Tribhuvan Narayan temple at Chittor was built by
dynasty. (UP GIC, 2010) Bhoja. (MPPCS, 2019)
Mihira Bhoja-I assumed titles of Adivaraha and Prabhas. Chandela Dynasty
(UPRO/ARO, 2017) The ancient name of Bundelkhand was Jejakabhukti.
Famous scholar Rajashekhara resided at the court of (UPPCS, 2008)
Mahendrapala-I. (RAS/RTS 2013) Chandela dynasty was founded by Nannuka in 831 AD.
Rajashekhara composed famous texts such as King Dhanga shifted the capital of the Chandelas from
Karpuramanjari, Kavyamimamsa, Viddhasalabhanjika, Kalinjar to Khajuraho.
Balaramayana, Bhuvankosha and Harvilas. Vidyadhara was the most powerful of the Chandela rulers.
Gahadavala Dynasty Vidyadhara was the only Indian king who successfully
The Gahadavala dynasty was founded by Chandradeva. resisted the ambitions of Mahmud Ghaznavi.(MPPCS, 2021)
Govindchandra was the most capable and powerful ruler The temples of Khajuraho were built by the Chandela
of this dynasty. rulers. (MPPCS, 1993)
Govindchandra’s minister Lakshmidhar wrote a treatise ‘Kandariya Mahadev Temple’ is the most famous among
called ‘Krtyakalpataru’. the temples of Khajuraho. (UPPCS 1991)
Muhammad Ghori defeated Jaichand in the Battle of Among other temples at Khajuraho are Jagadambika
Chandawar (1194 AD). temple, Chitragupta temple, Vishwanath temple and
Chahamana Dynasty Parshwanath temple.
The founder of Chahamana Dynasty was Vasudeva. Kalachuri-Chedi Dynasty of Tripuri
Ajayaraja-I established the city of Ajmer and made it his Kokalla I was the founder of the Kalachuri dynasty.
capital. The capital of the Kalachuri- Chedi dynasty was Tripuri.
Vigraharaja-IV was the most powerful ruler of the The famous ‘Chausath Yogini temple’ of Bhedaghat (Jabalpur)
Chauhan dynasty. was constructed during the rule of Yuvarajadeva I.
The play named Harikeli Nataka was composed by Among the Rajput kings, Gangeyadeva introduced gold
Vigraharaja-IV. coins.
Somdeva wrote the book titled 'Lalitvigraharaj'. The Karnameru Shiva temple at Banaras was built by
Prithviraj Chauhan is also known as Prithviraj-III’. Kalachuri ruler Karna (Lakshmikarna).
(UPPCS, 2010) Chalukya or Solanki Dynasty of Gujarat
The famous poet Chand Bardai resided at the court of the Mularaja-I founded the Chalukya dynasty of Gujarat.
king of Prithviraj Chauhan. The capital of this dynasty was Anhilwara.
The epic called ‘Prithviraj Raso’ was composed by Chand Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked Somnath Temple during
Bardai. (43rd BPSC, 1999) the reign of Bhima-I.
Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Muhammad Ghori in the Vimal Shah, Minister of Bhima-I built the famous Jain
First Battle of Tarain (1191 AD). temple at Dilwara on Mount Abu.
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Jayachandra Suri composed Kumarapala Charita. Sandhyakar Nandi composed a historical book, a
Bhima II was defeated by Muhammad Ghori in 1178 AD. collection of poems, titled ‘Ramcharitram’.
The rulers of the Chalukya dynasty of Gujarat were There was a tripartite conflict between the Gurjara
followers of Jainism and worked for the promotion of the pratiharas in North India, the palas in eastern India and the
religion. Rashtrakutas in South India.
The style of sculpture prevalent in Bengal during the period
13. The Bordering States
between the hinth and eleventh centuries is called the Pala
State of Kashmir Style.
The history of the Hindu state of Kashmir is known from Sena Dynasty
the Rajatarangini, written by Kalhana. The first important ruler of the Sena dynasty was Vijaya
Kashmir was ruled by Karkota, Utpala and Lohara Sena.
dynasties. Ballala Sena wrote the texts titled ‘Dan Sagar’ and
In the seventh century AD, one Durlabhvardana founded ‘Adbhut Sagar’.
the Karkota dynasty in Kashmir. Jayadeva, the author of Gita Govinda, Dhoyin, the author of
Durlabhvardan's son and successor, Durlabhaka, founded Pavanduta, and Halayudha the author of Brahmanasarvas,
a city called Pratappur. resided at the court of Lakshmanasena. (UPPCS, 1999)
Lalitaditya Muktapida was the most powerful among the The capital of the Sena dynasty was Nadiya.
rulers of the Karkota dynasty. Varman Dynasty of Kamarupa
The famous Martand temple of Surya in Kashmir was Pushyavarman founded the Varman dynasty of Kamarupa.
built by Lalitaditya Muktapida. The capital of Varman dynasty was Pragjyotishpura.
Avantivarman (855-883 or 884 AD) was the first ruler of Bhaskaravarman was a contemporary to Harsha.
the Utpala dynasty.
He founded a city called Avantipur. B Medieval India
He built canals for irrigation in Avantipur.
Queen Didda of the Utpala dynasty was an extremely 1. Invasion of Arabs
ambitious ruler.
The first successful invasion on India by Arabs was led by
She was a princess of the Lohara dynasty. She married
‘Muhammad Bin Qasim’.
Ksemagupta, the ruler of the Utpala dynasty.
He invaded Sindh in 712 AD. (UPPCS, 1991)
The founder of the Lohara dynasty was Sangramraja.
Then the Hindu king Dahir was ruling Sindh.
Kalhana was a court poet of Harsha, the ruler of Lohara
Dahir was defeated in this battle.
dynasty.
After the victory over Sindh, Muhammad Bin Qasim was
Pala Dynasty of Bengal
the first who imposed religious tax jizya.
The founder of Pala dynasty in Bengal was Gopala (750-
Important information about the Arab invasion is gained
770 AD). (UPPCS, 2015)
from Futul-al-Baladan and Chachnama texts.
Gopala built viharas in Nalanda.
The main objective of this invasion by the Arabs primarily
Dharmapala established Vikramshila and Somapuri was to loot wealth and propagate Islam.
viharas. (UPPCS, 1999, 2005)
The most important impact of the Arab invasion was on
Famous Buddhist writer Haribhadra resided at Indian culture.
Dharmapala’s court. Arabs were inspired by Indian's knowledge of medicine,
The poet Soddhala of Gujrat calls Dharmapala an philosophy, science, mathematics and administration.
Uttarapathasvamin ('Lord of the North') for his suzerainty Mahmud Ghaznavi (998 - 1030 AD)
over North India. A person named Alaptagin established an independent
At the request of Balaputradeva, king Shailendra of Java Ottoman empire in Ghazni in 962 AD. (UP Lower, 2015)
Devapala donated five villages to build a Buddhist vihara Alaptagin’s slave and son-in-law, Subuktagin took over
at Nalanda. the throne in 977 AD.
The rulers of the Pala dynasty were followers of Buddhism. After the death of Subuktagin, his son Mahmud Ghaznavi
The Siddheshwar Mahadev Temple in Bengal reflects the became the ruler at the age of 27 in 998 AD.
architecture of the Pala dynasty.
Vikramashila Vihara was demolished by the Muslim Note : Subuktagin was given the title of (Al-Hajeb-al-
invader Bakhtiyar Khalji. Ajal) Most Noble Commander.
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The Khalifa of Baghdad conferred the titles of ‘Yamin-ud- Muhammad Ghori went back to Ghazni entrusted the
Daula' (the right hand of the empire) and 'Amin-ul-Millat' conquered Indian territories in the charge of his slave
(Guardian of the Faith) to Mahmud Ghaznavi. commander Qutbuddin.
Mahmud invaded India 17 times, but there is no credible
2. Sultanate Period (1206 AD - 1526 AD)
evidence of all these attacks.
After Ghori’s death, Qutbuddin Aybak laid the foundation
Mahmud started invading India in 999 AD.
of the Ghulam or Mamluk dynasty in 1206 AD.
Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked the Hindu Shahi army of
(UPPCS, 1990)
Jayapala in 1001 AD, in which Jaypala was defeated.
His capital was Lahore. (UPPCS, 1990)
The main motive behind Mahmud Ghaznavi’s invasion on
Qutbuddin Aybak was also known as the founder of the
India was his greed for money.
Turkish State of India. He did not assume the title of Sultan
Mahmud Ghaznavi was known in India as “robber and idol
while seated on the throne.
breaker”.
Aybak did not harangue his name nor did he issue coins in
Major expeditions of Mahmud Ghaznavi were directed at
his name. Later, Ghori’s successor Mahmud accepted him
Thaneshwar in 1014 AD, Mathura in 1018 AD and Somnath
as Sultan.
in 1026 AD.
Qutbuddin Aybak was called ‘Lakh Bakhsh’ (one who
His most fierce attack was on Somnath Temple in Gujarat,
gives in lakhs) and ‘Kurankhwan’. (J PCS, 2003)
during the reign of Bhima I.
Nalanda university building was demolished by Bakhtiyar
The last invasion of Mahmud Ghaznavi was on Jats in 1027
Khalji, commander of Muhammad Gori. (BPSC, 2016)
AD.
Aybak built mosques called ‘Quwwat-al-Islam' and ‘Adhai
Mahmud Ghaznavi died in 1030 AD.
Din ka Jhopra’ in Ajmer. (BPSC, 2015 JPCS, 2021)
Scholars like Alberuni, Firdausi, Utbi and Baihaki resided
at the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. Note : Quwwat-al-Islam Mosque was built on the
Alberuni was also known as ‘Abu Rahyan’. He was born remains of 27 Hindu and Jain temples destroyed by
at Khwarizmi (present Khiva) in 973 AD. Muslim invaders. 'Adhai Din ka Jhopra' was built on a
Alberuni came to India at the time of Mahmud Ghaznavi’s site where earlier a Sanskrit school and a temple, built
invasion. His book ‘Kitab - ul Hind’ is an important source by a Chauhan ruler Vigraharaja or Bisaldev, stood.
to know the history of that time. (UK PCS, 2010, RAS/RTS 2010) Qutbuddin Aybak laid the foundation of Qutb Minar, later
Muhammad Ghori (1175 AD - 1206 AD) which was completed by Iltutmish. (67th BPSC, 2022)
Muhammad Ghori was the ruler of the Ghor province under He died in 1210 when he fell from his horse while playing
Ghazni. He belonged to the Ghurid dynasty. Chaugan (a game similar to modern Polo). He was buried
The first invasion of Muhammad Ghori occurred in 1175. in Lahore. (IAS, 2003)
He was born in Multan. The Muslim rulers of the Karmathi Qutbuddin Aybak was succeeded by Aram Shah who ruled
caste were then ruling Multan. for only a brief period of eight months.
In 1178, Ghori invaded Gujarat, but Bhim II defeated Ghori Iltutmish (1211-36 AD)
near Mount Abu under the able leadership of his worthy Iltutmish sat on the throne of the Sultanate in 1211 after
and courageous mother Maa Naikidevi. (UPPCS, 1990) killing Aram Shah.
Punjab, then ruled by the Ghazni dynasty, now passed to Qutubuddin’s slave and son-in-law Iltutmish Ilbari was
Ghori. a Turk.
Iltutmish was the governor of Badaun at the time of
Muhammad Ghori’s Major Battles
Qutubuddin Aybak's death.
Battles Years Opposition Results Iltutmish is considered the de facto founder of the Delhi
Tarain Battle I 1191 AD Prithviraj Victory of Prithvi- Sultanate.
Chauhan raj Chauhan He established Delhi as the capital of the Sultanate.
Tarain Battle II 1192 AD Prithviraj Ghori’s Victory (UPPCS, 2012)
Chauhan Muhammad Ghori freed him from slavery on account of his
Chandawar Battle 1194 AD Jaichand Ghori’s Victory exceptional abilities displayed during Khokhar Rebellion
(UPPCS, 2008)
in 1206.
On one side of the coins of Muhammad Ghori's reign the The Khalifa of Baghdad conferred the title of ‘Sultan-e-
figure of Kalma was inscribed while on the other side, the Azam’ on Iltutmish and gave statutory approval to his rule
figure of Lakshmi was inscribed. (UK PCS, 2006) in 1229.
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Iltutmish defeated Yildiz in the third battle of Tarain Nasiruddin conferred the title of ‘Ulugh Khan’ and ‘Naib
(1215–16 AD) at Kalinjar in 1221, at Ranthambore in 1226 -e- Mumlikat’ on Balban.
and in 1227 conquered Mandore. On the death of Nasiruddin Mahmud, Balban declared
He kept a troop of his loyal slaves called ‘Turkan - e - Sultan himself and succeeded in 1266.
Chahalgani’ or ‘Chalisa’. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1286 AD)
He issued two important coins, silver ‘Tanka’ (175 grains) Balban's (1266-1287) name was Ghiyasuddin Balban. He
and copper ‘Jital’ during the Sultanate period and also was also a slave to Iltutmish and a member of Chalisa.
started the practice of inscribing the names on coins. (Chattisgarh PCS, 2004)
During the reign of Iltutmish, Mongol leader Genghis Balban destroyed Turkan-i-Chahalgani.
Khan reached the northwestern border of India chasing Balban ascended the throne of Delhi in 1266 by the name
Mangbarni, the ruler of Khwarizm. (UPPCS, 1993) of Ghiyasuddin Balban. He succeeded in protecting Delhi
Iltutmish is credited with the introduction of the ‘Iqta from the Mongols.
System’ in India. (UPPCS 2010) He adopted a policy of ‘blood and iron’ for the prestige
The Iqtadari system of the Delhi Sultanate had an influence of the Sultan. (UPPCS, 2009)
on the Bahmani and Vijayanagara empires. He thought the king to be the representative of God on
Iltutmish's tomb was built in 1236 AD. earth, 'Naib-i-Khudai'.
He died in 1236. He believed that Sultan is Zil-i-Allah or Zil-i-Ilahi
After the death of Iltutmish, the Turkish nobles installed 'meaning' 'reflection of God'. (IAS, 1997)
his son Ruknuddin Firuz Shah. He established a military department called ‘Diwan-i-Arz’
Ruknuddin was overthrown by the masses and Raziyya to counter the Mongols.
was declared Sultan. He introduced the practice of ‘Sijda’ and ‘Paibos’ which
Raziyya Sultan (1236–40 AD) were originally picked from Iranian traditions.
Raziyya was the first Muslim woman ruler of medieval He started the practice of celebrating the Iranian (Persian)
India. (UPPCS, 2004) festival of ‘Navroz’ every year in his court. (IAS, 1993)
After discarding the purdah system by Raziyya, she wore Tughril Beg rebelled against Sultan Balban of Delhi and
the same clothes, a coat (Kuba) and hat (Kulah), as the men declared himself the independent ruler of Bengal in around
and conducted the task of governance effectively. 1279 AD.
According to Minhaj-i-Siraj (author of Tabaqat-e-Nasiri), Famous poets Amir Khusrau and Amir Hasan started their
Raziyya ruled for 3 years 6 months 6 days. literary careers during Prince Muhammad.
She removed Nizamul Mulk Junaidi from the post of Wazir
Note : Amir Khusro was called ‘Parrot of India’ or
and granted the rank of ‘Amir-i-Akhur' to Habsi Sardar
‘Tuti-e-Hind and Amir Hasan-e-Dehalavi, 'Saadi of
Malik Yakut to break Turkish domination.
India'. (UPPCS, 2013)
Tabarhind (Bhatinda) rebelled against Raziyya on
instigation by Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia. Raziyya married After the death of Balban, his grandson Kayqubad succeeded
Altunia and tried to suppress the rebellion of the Turkish him. Thereafter, Kayumars became the ruler for a short
chieftains, but she failed. time.
Raziyya was murdered in 1240 in Kaithal by bandits while Ariz-i-Mamalik (Jalal-ud-din) captured the throne by killing
returning from the forest. Kayumars.
After the death of Raziyya, Bahram Shah sat on the throne Thus, the ‘Slave dynasty’ came to an end in Delhi.
in 1240, but he was also killed in 1242.
3. Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD)
Allauddin Masud Shah became the Sultan of Delhi (1242–
1246 AD) after the assassination of Bahram Shah. After the fall of the Slave dynasty in 1290, Jalaluddin Firuz
Alauddin Masud Shah was overthrown by a conspiracy Khalji founded the Khalji dynasty.
hatched by Balban and Nasiruddin Mahmud was declared Sultan Kayqubad assumed the title of ‘Shaista Khan’ and
the Sultan in 1246 AD. ‘Ariz-i-Mumalik’ i.e. the post of Army Chief.
Nasiruddin Mahmud was a ruler of humble origin. Jalaluddin Khalji made ‘Kilokhari’, near Delhi, his capital.
Minhaj-i-Siraj dedicated his book ‘Tabaqat-i-Nasiri’ to Jalaluddin adopted the ideal of liberal autocratism.
him. He formed a new department, Diwan-i-Waqt to look after
Balban married his daughter to Sultan Nasiruddin in 1249. the income and expenditure matters.
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His rule saw Delhi's notable saint Sidi Maula crushed by He also introduced the ‘Public Distribution System’.
an elephant. In India, Amir Khusro of the Sultanate period popularized
He was assassinated by his nephew and son-in-law, Qawwali, a genre of music whose name is derived from
Alauddin Khalji at Manikpur, in 1296. the Arabic word 'Qual'.
Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 AD) The incident of Jauhar was first mentioned in Persian by
Alauddin Khalji (Aligurshap) became the ruler after Amir Khusro.
Jalaluddin’s assassination. Alauddin Khalji was the first The two new taxes levied by Alauddin Khalji were 1. Ghari
Sultan of Delhi who brought religion under state control. (House) Tax - which was levied on houses and huts. 2.
The Sultan of Delhi Alauddin Khilji was appointed master Charai (Grazing) Tax - which was imposed on milch
of ceremonies before becoming Sultan. animals. (UPPCS, 2011)
He had his name inscribed on coins as 'Second Alexander'
Major Taxes during Sultanate Period
(Sikandar-e-Sani)’. (UP Lower, 2008)
He was the first ruler of Delhi Sultanate who allotted posts Tax Type of Taxes
on merit. Jizya Tax received from non-Muslims
The ruler of Devagiri was Ramachandra Deva at the time Zakat Religious Tax charged from Muslims
of Alauddin’s invasion.
Khums Loot money from war
The first sultan of the Delhi Sultanate to launch a military
Kharaj Tax to be collected from non-Muslim farmers
campaign in South India was Alauddin Khilji. (SSC, 2023)
Alauddin conferred the title of Raya Rayan to Ramachandra This led to the appointment of an official named ‘Parwana
Deva. - Navis’ who issued a permit for goods.
Malik Kafur was a slave commander of Alauddin Khilji During this time, there were two types of markets - 1.Mandi
who led his army in the battle against Ramachandra of (food market), 2.Sarai-e-Adal (Manufactured goods,
Devagiri. garments, herbs, etc.).
He captured Malik Kafur during his Gujarat conquest. To control the market, Alauddin created a new post called
Malik Kafur was also called ‘Hazar Dinari’. Diwan-e-Riyasat (the controller of the entire market
(UK PCS, 2021) system), Shehna-e-Mandi (market superintendent).
The Chief Officer of the Intelligence Department Alauddin Khalji died in 1316.
was ‘Barid-e-Mumalik’. There were many ‘baraids’ During the reign of Alauddin Khilji, the textile/cloth market
(Sandeshvahak or Harkara) under him. was known as Sarai-i-Adl.
Alauddin established a new department ‘Diwan-e- Mubarak Khalji, the son of Alauddin Khalji, succeeded
Mustakhraj’ to eliminate corruption and clear arrears of him on the throne of Delhi in 1316.
revenues. He also used to come to the court wearing women’s clothes
Alauddin built the Siri Fort, Thousand Pillar Palace and on occasions.
Alai Darwaza. Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah Khalji declared himself a Khalifa
He kept a large and permanent army at the centre, who was and held the titles like ‘Al Imam’,‘Ul Imam’, ‘Khilafat Ullah’,
paid in cash. etc. (UP RO/ARO, 2016)
Khalji introduced the practice of 'Dagh' (branding of horses) Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah Khalji was succeeded by
and 'Huliya' (descriptive roles of soldiers). Nasiruddin Khusrau Shah (Khusrav Khan), the last ruler
He was the first Sultan who paid attention to measurement of the Khalji dynasty.
(Paimaish) of the cultivable land, known as Zabita.
Alauddin Khalji took 50% of the produce as agrarian tax
4. Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1412 AD.)
(Kharaj). (Jharkhand PCS, 2013) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq or Ghazi Malik was the first ruler of
He increased the Sultan’s share of the plundered money the Tughluq dynasty. (UPPCS, 1999)
(Khums) to 4/5 from 1/5. He ruled from 1320-1325.
Ibn Battuta authored Rihla, Isami wrote Futuh-us- He restored the old rights of Khutas and Muqaddans.
Salatin and Amir Khusrau completed his work Khazain He constructed a new city called Tughluqabad.
- ul- Futuh during Kahaji's reign. Relations between Sultan Ghiyasuddin and Nizamuddin
Amir Khusrau was the court poet to Alauddin Khalji. Auliya became bitter. Aulia had said that ‘Dilli hanuz dur
(UPPCS, 1995) ast’ (Delhi is yet far away).
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He built canals for irrigation. He was probably the first He was the first sultan of Delhi who imposed Haque-i-Sharb
ruler to have built canals. (UPPCS, 2017) i.e. Irrigation tax. (UPPCS, 2010)
He was the first Sultan of Delhi who assumed the title of He shifted two Ashoka's pillars from Topara and Meerut
‘Ghazi’. to Delhi. (UPPCS, 1996)
Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351 AD) He made military services hereditary.
Juna Khan or Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351 He was known for collecting slaves. At a period of time,
AD) became Sultan after the death of Ghiyasuddin. the number of slaves reached one lakh eighty thousand.
During his time, the Tughluq empire was divided into 23 He formed a separate department ‘Diwan-i-Bandagan’ for
administrative provinces. looking after these slaves.
He replaced silver coins with copper token coins. Dar-ul-Shifa, established by Firuz Shah Tughluq was a
A department called ‘Diwan - i - Amir - Kohi’ which charity hospital. (UPPCS, 2013)
looked after agriculture, was established by Muhammad Firuz Shah Tughluq wrote his autobiography ‘Futuhat-e-
bin Tughluq. (UPPCS, 2004) Firuzshahi’. (UPPCS, 2008)
Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller, came to Delhi in 1333 He patronised Ziauddin Barani and Shams-i -Siraj Afif.
during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq. He issued coins called ‘Adha’ and ‘Bikh’ made of copper
(UPPCS, 1994, 2011) and bronze.
Muhammad bin Tughluq appointed Qazi, the chief of Delhi. Firuz Shah Tughluq destroyed the Jwalamukhi Temple
He served for eight years on this post. and got some of the 1300 texts from his library translated
Muhammad Tughlaq appointed Aziz Khummar, a wine into Persian by the scholar Azizuddin Khalid titled ‘Dalil-
distiller, to a high administrative post. i-Firuz Shahi’.
Ibn Battuta has written his travelogue in Arabic in a book Firuz Shah Tughlaq died in 1388 AD.
titled ‘Kitab-ul-Rihla’. Nasiruddin Mahmud (1394–1412 AD) was the last ruler of
Muhammad bin Tughluq was a learned ruler who was the Tughluq dynasty. (IAS, 2004)
interested in Arabic, Persian languages besides astronomy, During his reign, Khwaja Jahan established an independent
medical science, dialectics and philosophy. kingdom called Jaunpur.
He patronised many learned saints like Jain Dharmacharya Timur invaded India in 1398 during the reign of Nasiruddin
Jina Prabhusuri. Mahmud. (MPPCS, 2005)
Muhammad bin Tughluq often participated in the festivals He was proved to be such a weak ruler that his empire was
of Hindus, particularly Holi. (UPPCS, 2004)
said to have come to be restricted from Palam to Delhi only.
Major reforms by Muhammad bin Tughluq were Doab tax
increase, Change of capital (Delhi to Devgiri), Token Note : Tughluq dynasty came to an end after Nasiruddin
currency and campaigns of Khurasan and Karachi. Mahmud’s death in 1412. Daulat Khan Lodi became
During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq, Harihara and Sultan with the consent of the chieftains in 1413 AD.,
Bukka brothers established an independent Vijayanagar but Khizr Khan invaded Delhi, defeated Daulat Khan
Kingdom in the south in 1336. and imprisoned him in the fort of Hisar establishing a
Muhammad bin Tughluq died in 1351 AD. new dynasty ‘Sayyid dynasty’ and ascend the throne of
Badauni writes on the demise of Sultan 'The King was freed Delhi in 1414.
from his people and they from their King'.
5. Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD)
(MPPCS, 1997, IAS 1999)
After the death of Muhammad Tughluq, his cousin ‘Firuz The founder of the Sayyid Dynasty, Khizr Khan, supported
Shah Tughluq’ became (1351-1388) the Sultan in 1351. to the Mongol invader Timur.
Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351-1388 AD) Khizr Khan was appointed as the Governor of Northwestern
Firuz Shah Tughluq constructed new towns called Hisar, frontier province by Timur (Lahore, Multan and Deepalpur).
Fatehabad, Firuzepur, Firozabad and Jaunpur (in the Khizr Khan did not assume the title of Sultan. He retained
Memory of Jauna Khan) and dug many canals. the title of Rayat-e-Ala.
(UP UDA/LDA 2006) After Khizr Khan, Mubarak Shah (1421-1434) ascended
He continuously levied Jizya for irrigation pruposes. He the throne. He patronised ‘Yahya bin Sirhindi’, the author
levied Jizya on Brahmins. (UPPCS, 2011) of ‘Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi’.
The credit for establishing the ‘Public Works Department’ Alauddin Alam Shah (1443–1451) was the last ruler of this
goes to Firuz Shah Tughluq. (UPPCS, 2000) dynasty.
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6. Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)
Hub Wazir - The Prime Minister of the State was called ‘Wazir’.
His office was known as Diwan-e-Wizarat (Revenue
Bahlul Lodi (1451-1489) founded the Lodi Dynasty in 1451.
Department).
He brought Jaunpur under the control of the Delhi Sultanate.
He belonged to 'Shahu Khel' clan of the Afghans. Delhi Sultanate-Main Administrative
He was succeeded by Sikandar Lodi. Departments and Their Founders
He was the best ruler of the Lodi dynasty produced. Concerned
Name Founder
He started ‘Gaz-i-Sikandari’, a scale used for measurement. Departments
A treatise on 'Ayurveda' was translated into Persian Diwan - i - Arz Military Department Balban
(RAS/RTS, 2018)
and ordered by Sikandar Lodi, known as ‘Farhang-i-
Diwan - i - Riyasat Market Control Alauddin Khalji
Sikandari’.
Diwan - i - Waqf Expenditure Jalaluddin Khalji
A music work named "Lahjat-i-Sikandar Shahi" was
Department
developed during his reign.
Diwan - i - Mustakhraj Finance Department Alauddin Khalji
Sikandar Lodi was very fond of shehnai.
Diwan - i - Kohi Department of Muhammad bin
He wrote poems under the nickname ‘Gulrukhi’.
(UPPCS, 2015)
Agriculture Tughluq
(UPPCS, 2017)
Note : Sikandar Lodi constructed a new city, Agra Dewan - i - Bandagan Care of Slaves Firuz Shah Tughluq
in 1504 to secure his authority over the rulers of Dar - ul - Shifa Charity Hospital Firuz Shah Tughluq
neighbouring Rajasthan. (UPPCS, 1993) Diwan - i - Ishtiaq Pension Department Firuz Shah Tughluq
He prohibited the removal of the Tajiya and the practice by Diwan - i - Insha State Correspondence
Muslim women of going to the tomb of the Pirs and Saints. Department
Sikandar Lodi reimposed the Jizya tax on Hindus. In addition to Wazir, there were many other officers in
Sultan Sikandar abolished Zakat (property tax) imposed on these departments. Among them, Mushrif-e-Mumalik
grains. (UP UDA/LDA, 2010) (Accountant-General) and Mustaufi-e-Mumalik (Auditor-
Moth Mosque was built during the reign of Sikandar Lodi. General) were important. Both of them were given the
This mosque is a beautiful example of Lodi architectural charge of income and expenditure respectively.
style. Sultanate Period's Chief Departments
The double-domed feature of the Indo-Islamic architecture
Deewan-i-Insha - Department of Correspondence
was introduced by the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
Deewan-i-Risalat - Department of Foreign Affairs
After the death of Sikandar Lodi, his eldest son Ibrahim
Qazi-ul-Kazat - Justice Department
Lodi ascended the throne.
Sadr-us-Sudur - Department to look after religious
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Rana Sanga in the Battle of
matters and endowments.
Khatoli in 1518. (RAS/RTS, 2012)
The head of the state was also the ex-officio of ‘Qazi’ and
In April, 1526, Babur fought in the field of Panipat, where
‘Sadr-us-Sudur’.
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated. The Delhi Sultanate also came
Dar-ul-Shifa is one part of the old city of Hyderabad,
to an end with the fall of the Lodis.
India. This was founded by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah
7. Delhi Sultanate - Governance System in 1591 AD.
Assuming the title of ‘Sultan’ title was started by the Diwan-i-Barid - Intelligence Department Barid-i-
Turkish rulers. Mumalik was the principal officer in the Intelligence
The first ruler to hold this title was Mahmud Ghaznavi. Department. (J PCS, 2003)
Most of the Delhi Sultanate rulers ruled as the Nayab of Diwan - i - Riyasat - Alauddin Khalji had set up this
the Caliph. department for control of the market.
Alauddin challenged the supremacy of the Caliph, while Diwan-i-Amir Kohi was founded by Muhammad
Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji declared the Caliph himself. Tughluq to the development agriculture.
The head of the central governance was the Sultan. Diwan -i- Mustakhraj - This department was founded
In the Sultanate period, the Council of Ministers was called by Alauddin Khalji to recover revenue dues.
‘Majlis-e-Khalwat’. Wakil- i -Dar - It looked after the personal services
Majlis-e-Khalwat used to meet at ‘Majlis-e-Khas’. of the royal palace and the Sultan.
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Amir-i-Hazib was the office in charge of the royal 3. Muqti - It was a mixed system of rent fixation. It was based
court. on Batai revenue system.
Amir-i-Shikar - used to arrange hunting for Sultan. Ghiyasuddin was the first ruler to promote a canal system
Amir-i-Akhur - This office commanding the horses. for irrigation. (UPPCS, 2017)
Amir-i-Majlis - An officer in charge of Royal feasts Sondhar or Taccavi (loan) was started by Muhammad
and festivals. Tughluq.
Sar-i-Jandar - Chief of the royal bodyguards. The land under the government's control was called Khalsa
Shahna-i-Pil - Superintendent of Royal Elephants. Land.
Diwan-i-Istihqak - belonged to the pension Alauddin requisitioned the donated land and converted then
department. into Khalsa land.
Diwan-i-Kaharat - Department of Charity. Types of Sultanate Revenue (Tax)-
Diwan -i- Bandagan - Department of Slave. Jizya - Protection tax to be charged from non-Muslims.
Diwan -i-Istihqak, Diwan -i- Khairat and Diwan - Zakat - Religious tax (40th part of property) to be
i - Bandhgan were founded by Firuz Shah Tughluq. charged from Muslims.
(RAS/RTS, 1999) Kharaj - Land tax to be charged from non-Muslims.
Wakil-i-Dar - Providing royal requirements of and Usra- Land tax to be charged from Muslims.
head of factories. Military System of Sultanate
The four sources of Muslim Law were-
1 Sarkhel = Head of ten cavalries
(1) Quran - The major source of Muslim Law.
(2) Hadith - It is a body containing the statements and actions 1 Sipahasalar = Head of ten Sarkhels (100 cavalries)
of the Prophet. If the problem is not resolved by the laws 1 Amir = Chiefs of 10 Sipahasalar (1000 cavalries)
of the Quran, then it was resorted to. 1 Malik = 10 Amirs (10,000 cavalries)
(3) Ijma -The universal and infallible agreement of either the 1 Khan = 10 Maliks ( Chief of 1,00,000 cavalries)
Muslim community as a whole or the Muslim scholars in
1 Sultan = Chief of Khans (supreme commander)
particular.
(4) Qiyas- Laws are explained on the basis of logic or analysis. The army of the Sultan in Delhi was called 'Ishm-e-Kaib'
Qazi-ul-Quzat was the supreme authority of justice after or 'Kaib-e-Sultani'.
the Sultan. The Sultanate military system was based on the ‘decimal
The cases during the Sultanate period were decided with system’ same as the Mongols used.
the help of Qazis and Muftis. The posts of Qazi and Mufti Alauddin provided soldiers with cash salaries.
were hereditary. Firuz Shah Tughluq had hereditary soldiers.
A department called Amir-e-Dah used to assist Qazi in The Sultanate Army mainly consisted of three divisions- the
court. cavalry, artillery and infantry.
The Delhi Sultanate was divided into several provinces The breeding of silkworms became popular during
called ‘Iqta’. Sultanate rule.
The Iqta was in charge of a Muqti or Iqtedar. A group of traders was called ‘Tujjar-i-Khas’.
Iqta was further divided into Shiqs (Janapadas), headed by Deval (Gujarat) was considered a prosperous city during
Shiqdars. the medieval period. It also served as an international port.
Mustakhraj were divided into parganas. Lahore and Bayana were famous for indigo plantation.
Amil used to be the chief officer of the pargana. Delhi Sultanate Buildings Constructors
The smallest unit of administration was the village. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Adhai Qutbuddin Aybak
In Sultanate period, mainly three types of land revenues Din ka Jhopra, Qutb Minar
existed.
Nasiruddin Mahmud Tomb or Iltutmish
1. Batai - The share of the state was decided in the actual yield. Sultanagarhi
This system existed with different names - Kismat-i-Galla,
Alai Darwaza, Jamat Khana Alauddin Khalji
Galla Bakshi or Hasil, etc.
Mosque (42nd BPSC, 1997)
2. Masshat - The yield was decided by the measurement of
Tughluqabad Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
land.
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Sultanate Period and Major Rulers
Hub Tarikh - e - Firuz Shahi Ziauddin Barani
(MPPCS, 2019)
Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)
Rihla Ibn Battuta
Qutbuddin Aybak 1206-1210 AD Kitab - Ul - Yamini Utbi
Aram Shah 1210-1211 AD Khazin - ul - Futuh, Tughluqnama Amir Khusro (UPPCS, 2021)
Sultan Iltutmish 1211-1236 AD Sri Krishna Vijaya Maladhar Basu
Ruknuddin Firuz Shah 1236 - 1236 AD Tarikh-I-Mubarakshahi Yahya Bin Abdullah Sarhindi
Sultan Raziyya 1236-1240 AD Fawaid-Ul-Fawad Amir Hassan Sizzi
(UPPCS, 2021)
Muizuddin Bahram Shah 1240-1242 AD
Haqaiq-e-Hindi Abdul Wahid Bilgirami
Allauddin Masud Shah 1242-1246 AD
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1246-1266 A.D. 8. Vijayanagara Empire
Ghiyasuddin Balban 1266-1286 AD The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in which 1336 was
Kaikubad 1286-1290 AD contemporary to the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.
Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD) Although historians use the term Vijayanagara Empire and
contemporaries of this temple described it as Karnataka
Jalaluddin Firuz Shah Khalji 1290-1296 AD
Empire.
Alauddin Khalji 1296-1316 AD Two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, founded the
Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji 1316-1320 AD Vijayanagara empire. (UK PCS 2004, JPCS, 2021)
Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1412 AD) The saint Vidyaranya was the inspiration to Harihara and
Bukka behind the empire.
Ghiyasuddin Tughluq 1320-1325 AD
Harihara and Bukka were earlier feudatories of the Kakatiya
Muhammad bin Tughluq 1325-1351 AD
ruler Pratap Rudradeva and later rose to become ministers
Firuz Shah Tughluq 1351-1388 AD in Kampiliya state.
Ghiyasuddin Tughluq II 1388-1389 AD The capital of Vijayanagara was Hampi, situated on the
Abu Bakr Shah 1389-1390 AD banks of the Tungabhadra.
Harihara-I ruled from 1336 to 1356 and his brother Bukka-I
Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah 1390–1394 AD
helped him in the administration. Bukka-I ruled from 1356
Alauddin Sikandar Shah 1394-1394 AD
to 1377.
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1394-1412 AD Bukka-I assumed the title of ‘Vedamarga Prathisthapaka’.
Sayyid Dynasty 1414-1451 AD Harihara-II was a worshiper of Shiva’s Virupaksha.
Khizr Khan 1414-1421AD Harihara-II was the first ruler in his dynasty who assumed
the title of Maharajadhiraja.
Mubarak Shah 1421-1434 AD
Devaraya-I ruled from 1406 to 1422. He suffered the
Muhammad Shah 1434-1445 AD invasion of Firuz Shah Bahman.
Alauddin Alamshah 1445-1451 AD Devaraya-I built a dam on the Tungabhadra river and got
Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD) canals (water bridge or water system) up to his capital
Bahlul Lodi 1451-1489 AD Hampi.
During the reign of Devaraya-I, Italian traveller Nicolo
Sikandar Lodi 1489-1517 AD
Conti travelled to Vijayanagara. (MPPCS, 2016)
Ibrahim Lodi 1517-1526 AD Famous poet Srinatha, author of Harivalas was at the court
of Devaraya I.
Major Books and Its Authors during
Devaraya-II became ruler in 1422.
Sultanate Period Devaraya-II recruited Muslim soldiers in his army.
Books Authors The word Gajabetegara (hunter of elephants) was used
Kitab-ul-Hind or Tahqiq-e-Hind Al Beruni for him on the inscriptions of Devaraya-II.
Shahnama Firdausi (MPPCS, 2015) During the reign of Devaraya-II, Persian (Iranian)
Tabaqat - e – Nasiri Minhaj - i – Siraj ambassador, Abdur Razzaq visited Vijayanagara.
(42nd BPSC, 1997) (UP UDA/LDA, 2010)
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Mallikarjuna became the ruler in 1446. He is also called In the Talikota Battle, Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmednagar and
‘Praudh Devaraya’. Bidar formed a joint front against Vijayanagar, led by Ali
Virupaksha II ascended the throne in 1465. He was the Adil Shah.
last ruler of the Sangam dynasty. He ruled until 1485 AD. In the battle of Talikota, Vijaynagara was led by Rama
A powerful feudal lord Narasimha Saluva took over the Raya.
throne in 1485 AD. After the Talikota Battle, Sadashiva started to rule by
Saluva Narasimha appointed Narasa Nayaka as the guardian making Penukonda the capital with the help of Tirumala.
of his minor son. Rama Raya's brother Tirumala founded the Aravidu dynasty
Vira Narasimha, son of Narsa Nayak, killed Saluva king in 1570, overthrowing the last ruler of the Tuluva dynasty,
Immadi Narasimha in 1505. Sadashiva Raya.
Viranarasimha founded the Tuluva dynasty, the third The last ruler of the Aravidu dynasty was Sri Ranga- III.
dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. For administrative convenience of the Vijayanagara
After the death of Viranarasimha in 1509, his younger Empire, the province was divided into ‘Mandal’, Mandal
brother Krishnadeva Raya ascended the throne. in ‘Kottam’ or ‘Balnadu’ (District), Kottam into ‘Nadu
Krishnadeva Raya was the ruler of the Tuluva dynasty. (Pargana or Tehsil), Nadu into ‘Melagram’ (cluster of
His court was decorated with eight great Telugu scholars villages) and The Melagram into ‘Ur’ (Gram).
and poets called ‘Ashtadiggajas’. (UP UDA/LDA 2010) The smallest unit of administration was Ur or Gram.
Peddana was ranked as the foremost of the Ashtadiggajas.
Foreign Travellers who visited Vijayanagara
Tenali Rama was at the court of Krishnadeva Raya.
The reign of Krishnadeva Raya was also known as the Nicolo Conti Italy Devaraya-I
‘Golden Age of Telugu Literature’. (UP UDA/LDA 2006) Abdur Razzaq Persia Devaraya-II
Krishnadeva Raya also assumed the titles of ‘Andhra Domingo Paes Portugal Krishnadeva Raya
Bhoja’, ‘Abhinav Bhoja’, ‘Andhra Pitamah’ and Barbosa Portugal Krishnadeva Raya
‘Yavanarajya Sthapanacharya’. (JPCS, 2013)
Fernao Nuniz Portugal Achyuta Deva Raya
Krishnadeva Raya was an excellent poet and writer.
His major work is 'Amuktamalyad' which is one of the Assemblies of Brahmadeya villages (villages given as
five epics in the Telugu language. grants to Brahmins) were called ‘Chaturvediamangalam’.
Krishnadeva Raya founded a city named 'Nagalpur' in the The assembly of Non- Brahmadeya villages was called
name of his mother. (UPPCs, 2016) ‘Ur’.
During the reign of Krishnadeva Raya, the Portuguese The Vijayanagara rulers introduced the system of
Traveller, Domingo Paes travelled to the Vijayanagara governance in local territories through the Iyengar system.
Empire. In Iyengar system, each village was organized as an
In his autobiography, Babur described Krishnadeva Raya independent unit, where twelve officers were appointed to
as the most powerful contemporary ruler of India. administer.
Krishnadeva Raya built Hazara Rama Temple and Vitthal The group of these twelve governing officers was called
Swamy Temple. (MPPCS, 2014) ‘Iyengar’. In return for their service, the king gave them
He died in 1529. land free of rent.
Achyuta Devaraya (1529–1542 AD) made Ramarai Jamata The rank of Iyengar was hereditary. Documents relating to
of Krishna Devaraya, a partner in the regime to avert civil the purchase and sale of land with the Iyengars were called
war. During his reign, the Portuguese traveller Fernao ‘Karnik’.
Nuniz travelled to Vijayanagara. Social and community taxes were imposed.
Sadashiva Raya became the ruler of the Vijayanagara ‘Marriage tax’ was imposed on both the bride and
Empire in 1543. bridegroom.
In the reign of Sadashiva Raya, the real power lay in the Lands that were given to soldiers and civilian officers in
hands of Aravidu dynasty chief, Rama Raya. return for their special services were called ‘Amaram’.
Rama Raya started recruiting a large number of Muslims The Amaram recipients were called ‘Amaranayakas’.
in Vijayanagara’s Army. At the time of gallantry in battle, the martyrs who showed
The battle of Talikota (Rakkasagi-Tangodi or Banni Hatti) heroism were donated land called ‘Rakta Kodge’.
took place on 23 January, 1565 AD, where Vijayanagara Tax exempted land offered for special services in the village
was defeated. (UPPCS, 1993) was called ‘Umbali’.
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‘Kuttagi’ land was the land of Brahmins, temples or big In 1485, Virupaksha II was killed by one of his sons. But
landowners who themselves did not engage in agricultural the killer offered the throne to his younger brother Praudha
work and had others to do it for themselves on a sharing Devaraya. But soon Narasimha Saluva de-throned him in
basis. 1485 AD and usurp the throne and laid the foundation of
Farmers engaged in farming works were called 'Kudi'. the Saluva dynasty, the second dynasty of Vijayanagara.
Agricultural labourers engaged in land, were also subjected Saluva Dynasty (1485 - 1505 AD)
to sale.
Narasimha Saluva 1485 - 1490 AD
The most famous gold coin of Vijayanagara was ‘Varaha’
Immadi Narasimha 1490 - 1505 AD
which was mentioned by foreign travellers. It was known
In 1490, Narsimha Saluva appointed Narasa Nayaka as the
as Hun, Pardaus or Pagoda.
‘Pagoda’ was the principal currency of the Vijayanagara guardian of both his minor sons before his death in 1485.
and ‘Hun’ of Bahmani states. Narasa Nayaka placed the elder son Immadi Narasimha on
Small gold coins were called ‘Pratap’ and ‘Phanam’. the throne, but retained the real power himself.
Small coins of silver were called 'Taar'. In 1500, Narsa Nayaka died. His son Veer Narasimha killed
Among the middle classes, there was a group called Chetti. Immadi Narasimha and founded Tuluva dynasty in 1505
Chetti was excellent in clerical and business work. The himself and occupied the throne.
people doing business equivalent to the Chetti and the
Tuluva Dynasty (1505-1570 AD)
artisan class were called 'Veerpanchal'.
Slavery existed in Vijayanagara. Veer Narasimha Tuluva 1505 - 1509 AD
The origin of Carnatic music belongs to the Vijayanagara Krishnadeva Raya 1509-1529 AD
dynasty.
Achyuta Raya 1529-1542 AD
The buying and selling of human beings was called
‘Besabaga’. Sadashiva Raya 1543-1570 AD
Nicolo Conti wrote- “There are a large number of slaves Aravidu dynasty
in the Vijayanagara Empire.” Tirumala → Ranga II → Venkata II → Ranga III
Purdah System was prevalent in society.
The game of chess and dice was prevailing. Amuktamalyada, a Telugu epic Poem, was composed by
People who migrated from North to South India were called Raja Krishnadeva Rai.
‘Badwa’.
9. Bahmani Kingdom
The practice of Sati was common in Vijayanagara which
was described by Barbosa. The rebellion of the Amiran-i-Sadah (administrator of 100
There was a military commander named Amra in villages) of the Deccan resulted in the establishment of
Vijayanagara Empire. the Bahmani kingdom in the last days of Muhammad bin
Talar was known as the chowkidar of the village. Tughluq’s reign.
The military department was called ‘Kandacara’. In 1347, assuming the title of ‘Alauddin Hasan Bahman
Sadashiva Raya abolished the tax on rivers in the 16th Shah’, a chieftain Zafar Khan (Hassan Gangu, 1347-1358),
century. occupied the throne and laid the foundation of the Bahmani
Major Rulers of Vijayanagara Empire kingdom. (UK PCS, 2002)
Ruler Year He made Gulbarga the capital of his kingdom and gave it
Harihara-I 1336-1356 AD the new name ‘Ahsanabad’. (Chattisgarh PCS, 2014)

Bukka 1356-1377 AD He exempted Hindus from Jizya tax.

Alauddin Hasan Bahman was succeeded by his son
Harihara-II 1377-1404 AD
Muhammad Shah-I who ruled from 1358 to 1375.
Virupaksha-I 1404-1405 AD
He divided the empire into four provinces or tarafs of
Bukka-II 1405-1406 AD
Gulbarga, Daulatabad, Berar and Bidar.
Devaraya-I 1406-1422 AD
Each province was under a ruler.
Devaraya-II 1422–1446 AD The province of Gulbarga was the most important. Bijapur
Mallikarjuna 1447–1465 AD was annexed with it.
Virupaksha 1465-1485 AD He subdued the Hindu rulers of south India and started a
Praudha Devaraya 1485-1485 AD new practice of granting posts and jagirs to his supporters.
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Tajud-din Firuz Shah became the ruler of the Bahmani 3. Imadshahi Berar Fatahullah Imad 1490 AD
sultanate in 1397 AD. He encouraged Asian foreigners or Shah
Afaqis to stay back and integrate them into the society of
4. Qutbshahi Golconda Quli Qutb Shah 1512 AD
his Sultanate.
As a result, the rich class in Bahmani Sultanate was divided 5. Baridshahi Bidar Amir Ali Barid 1523 AD
into two groups called Afaqi and Deccan. The Bahmani kingdom ruled for around 180 years and had
This division led to the gradual decline of the kingdom and 18 rulers.
subsequently, it was disintegrated. The Bahmani kingdom was divided into four provinces
Firuz Shah Bahmani built an observatory at Daulatabad. (Tarafs) and their governors (Tarafdars) assumed special
Shihabuddin Ahmad I ascended the throne in 1422 AD. titles.
He first shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar.
This new capital of the Bahmani kingdom was named Provinces and Titles of Their Governors
Muhammadabad. Sl.No. Provinces Titles
His reign was noted for being fair, just and pious. 1. Daulatabad Masnad-i-Ali
He was also called Ahmad Shah Wali or Saint Ahmad. 2. Berar Majlis-i-Ali
Alauddin Ahmad II assumed the title of Sultan in 1436 AD. 3. Bidar Azam-i-Humayun
During the time of Alauddin Ahmad, an Iranian (Afaqi)
4. Gulbarga Malik Naib
resident, Mahmud Gawan, flourished.
Mahmud Gawan assumed the title of ‘Malik-ut- Tujjar’. 10. The Independent Provincial States
After Alauddin’s death, his eldest son Humayun became
the ruler. Kashmir
Humayun was a ruthless ruler. His nickname was ‘Zalim’ Suhadeva founded the Hindu kingdom in Kashmir in 1301
for this trait. AD.
Humayun was also called Nero of Deccan. Shah Mir fraudulently captured Kashmir and established
After Humayun, Muhammad III ascended the throne. the Shah Mir dynasty in 1339 AD.
Russian traveller Nikitin travelled to the Bahmani Shah Mir ruled under the assumed name of Shamsuddin
kingdom during Muhammad-III rule. Shah.
Mahmud Gawan was the Governor of Bijapur during Shamsuddin Shah (Shah Mir) was the first Muslim ruler of
Muhammad-III ruel. Kashmir.
Mahmud Gawan established a Madrasa in Bidar. Shamsuddin Shah made Indrakot his capital.
Mahmud Gawan’s letters, written under the name of Riyaz'l He transferred his capital from Indrakot to Alauddinpur
Insha were collected. (Srinagar).
Muhammad III hanged Mahmud Gawan (in 1481 AD.) on Sultan Sikandar was called a ‘Butshikan’ for breaking
the charge of treason. Hindu temples and idols.
During the reign of Shihabuddin Mahmud Shah (1482- After Sikander’s death, his son Ali Shah ascended the
1518 AD.), the provincial governors started declaring throne.
independence. Ali Shah was captured by Khokhars while struggling with
The Bahmani Empire was disintegrated by the end of the his brother and died at Chatura.
fifteenth century. Ali Shah’s brother Shahi Khan ascended the throne under
The last Sultan of this dynasty was Kaleemullah Shah. the assumed name of ‘Zain-ul Abidin’ in 1420 AD.
After his death in 1527 AD, the Bahmani empire came to an Zain-ul-Abidin was the master of many languages.
end and five independent states were formed on its ashes.
Zain-ul-Abidin got ‘Mahabharata’ and ‘Rajatarangini’
Major Dynasties and Its Founders of the translated into Persian.
Independent States Zain-ul-Abidin was a tolerant ruler, and was called ‘Akbar
Sl. Year of of Kashmir’. (RAS/RTS 1993)
Dynasty State Founder Zain-ul-Abidin stopped the collection of Jizya tax in
No. Establishment
Kashmir. (UK UDA/LDA 2006)
1. Adilshahi Bijapur Yusuf Adilshah 1490 AD
The Mughal emperor Akbar annexed Kashmir to the
2. Nizamshahi Ahmadnagar Malik Ahmad 1490 AD Mughal Empire in 1586.
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Jaunpur Hub Mughal Emperor Akbar annexed Bengal to the Mughal
Firuz Shah Tughluq founded the city of Jaunpur in empire.
memory of his brother ‘Jauna Khan’ or Juna Khan Malwa
(Muhammad bin Tughluq). (UPPCS, 2003) Alauddin Khalji took Malwa under his control in 1305 AD.
Sultan Mahmud, the son of Firuz Tughluq, conferred the Firuz Tughluq appointed Dilawar Khan as the Subedar
title of Malik-us-Sharqi (Lord of the East) on his Wazir of Malwa in 1390 AD.
Khwaja-e-Jahaan (Malik Sarwar). Dilawar Khan (Husain Khan Ghori) declared his
Taking advantage of the weakness of the later-Delhi independence and became its ruler in 1401 AD.
Sultanate, Malik Sarwar declared independence and laid After Dilawar, his son Alp Khan became the ruler of Malwa
the foundation of the Sharqi dynasty in Jaunpur. and assumed the title of Hoshang Shah.
Malik Sarwar never assumed the title of Sultan. Hoshang Shah shifted his capital from Dhar to Mandu.
After Malik Sarwar, Mubarak Shah, Ibrahim Sharqi, Hoshang Shah’s son Ghazni Khan renamed Mandu
Mahmud Shah Sharqi, Muhammad Shah Sharqi and Husain Shadiabad.
Shah Sharqi were followed. Mahmud Khalji laid the foundation of Khalji dynasty in
Under Sharqi's rule, Jaunpur developed immensely in the Malwa in 1436 AD.
field of literature and architecture, especially during the He was the most powerful Sultan of this dynasty.
period of Ibrahim Shah. By 1531, the Khalji Sultans had started ruling Malwa.
Due to the advancements in literature and architecture, Subsequently, Sher Shah conquered Malwa and appointed
Jaunpur was called ‘Shiraz of India’. (UPPCS, 2005) Sujaat Khan as governor.
Atala Masjid was built by Ibrahim Shah in 1408. His son Baz Bahadur became the ruler after his father Sujaat
The Atala Mosque was built after demolishing the temple Khan's death. Roopmati was his wife. Their love story and
of Atala Devi, built by King Vijaychand of Kannauj. their love for music have become part of folklore.
Hussain Shah Sharqi was the last ruler of this dynasty. Hoshang Shah built the Fort of Mandu.
Hussain He built the Jama Masjid in Jaunpur. Ghiyasuddin Khalji built Hindola Palace at Mandu.
Jhanjhari Masjid was built by Ibrahim Sharqi in 1430 AD Gujarat
and Lal Darwaza Masjid was built by the wife of Mahmud Alauddin Khalji, defeated king Karan (Rai Karan), the ruler
Shah in 1455 AD. of Gujarat and brought it under his control in 1298 AD.
Jaunpur was annexed by Bahlul Lodi in 1484. In 1391AD., Sultan Nasir-Ud-din Muhammad Shah
Bengal III appointed Zafar Khan, the son of Wajih-ul-Mulk as
In the first decade of the 13th century, ‘Muhammad bin governor of Gujarat and conferred him the title of Mujaffar
Bakhtiar Khalji’ annexed Bengal to the Delhi Sultanate. Khan.
Ghiyasuddin Tughluq divided Bengal into three parts After Zafar Khan, Ahmad Shah (1411–1441 AD.),
Lakhnauti (North Bengal), Sonargaon (East Bengal) and Mahmud Shah Begada (1458–1511 AD.) and Bahadur
Satgaon (South Bengal). Shah (1526–1537 AD.) ruled Gujarat.
Haji Ilyas reunited Bengal and ruled under the assumed Ahmad Shah settled a city called Ahmedabad on the banks
name of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah in 1342 AD. of Sabarmati near Asawal.
Sikandar Shah (1358-1390 AD.) built the ‘Adina Masjid’ Ahmad Shah made Ahmedabad his capital by shifting it
(in 1364-74 AD.) in Pandua. from Patan.
Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah ruled Bengal from 1390-1409 AD. Mahmud Begada was the famous ruler of Gujarat.
Ghiyasuddin was entertained at his court by the Persian He laid out Mustafabad, a city near Girnar and
poet ‘Hafiz’ and many other scholars. Muhammadabad in Champaner.
The Chinese emperor requested Sultan Ghiyasuddin to Akbar annexed Gujarat to the Mughal empire in 1573.
send Buddhist monks in 1409 AD. Mewar (Modern Udaipur)
Alauddin Husain Shah (1493-1518 AD.) shifted the capital Alauddin annexed Mewar to Delhi Sultanate by defeating
from Pandua to Gaur. Ratan Singh, the ruler of the Gehlot dynasty of Mewar in
Mahaprabhu Chaitanya was a contemporary of Alauddin. 1303 AD.
Alauddin Husain started a movement called Satyapir. Hammir Deva of ‘Sisodia dynasty’ (branch of the Gehlot
Nusrat Shah was the ruler of Bengal during Babur’s dynasty) conquered Chittor and made the whole of Mewar
invasion. independent.
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Rana Kumbha built a Vijay Stambha (victory tower) at The Bhakti Movement was started by the Vaishnava Alvara
Chittor in 1448 AD. (UPPCS 2008, 2010, 2011) saints and Shaiva Nayanara saints of south India.
The Kirti Stambh was dedicated to Adinath, the first 'Chaitanya Mahaprabhu', Vidyapati Thakur and Chandidas
Tirthankara of Jainism. This seven-storied pillar was built were the exponents of Bhakti in Bengal with their great
by Jain traders in the 12th century. devotion to Lord Krishna.
The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Rana Sanga Important Saints of the Bhakti Movement
and Babur in 1527 AD, in which Babur defeated the Rajput Ramanujacharya:
king, Rana Sanga. The propagator of the Bhakti movement was Vaishnava
The Battle of Haldighati took place on 18th of June, 1576 Acharya Ramanuja. He advocated the philosophy of
AD. between Rana Pratap and Akbar. Vishishtadvaita. (UPPCS, 2021)
The capital of Mewar was Chittorgarh. According to Vishishtadvaita philosophy, brahmana is
During the reign of Jahangir, Mewar accepted the suzerainty eternal but he also included an element of plurality.
of the Mughal Empire. Acharya Ramanuja was born at Sriperumbudur in Madras
Khandesh (South India) (Chennai) in 1017 AD.
During the decline of Tughluq dynasty, Malik Ahmad His father was Asuri Kesava and his mother’s name was
Khan Raza, the Subedar of Firuz Shah Tughluq, created Kanthimathi.
Khandesh in the territory falling between Narmada and
He died in 1137 AD.
Tapti rivers.
Ramanuja emphasized the worship of a virtuous God.
The capital of Khandesh was Burhanpur.
According to him, the path of salvation lies in karma,
Khandesh was annexed to the Mughal empire by Akbar in
knowledge and devotion.
1601.
Vallabhacharya:
Odisha
Vallabhacharya was the son of Sri Lakshmana Bhatta, a
Before the Mughal rulers captured Odisha, multiple regional
Telang Brahmin of Somayazi clan.
dynasties ruled it.
He propounded the philosophy of Shuddha Advaitvad.
Anantavarman Chodaganga (ruler of the east Ganga
Ramananda:
dynasty) established a powerful kingdom in Odisha.
Ramananda was the first promoter of the Bhakti Movement
Anantavarman ruled from 1076 for about 70 years.
in North India.
He built the Jagannath temple in Puri.
He was born at Prayag (Allahabad)in 1299 A.D. and studied
Other dynasties that ruled Odisha were - Eastern Ganga,
at Prayag and Varanasi. (UPPCS, 2010)
and Suryavanshi Gajapati.
Ramananda first preached his sermon in Hindi. (IAS, 2002)
11. Bhakti Movement He said that devotion is the only means of salvation.
He worshipped Rama and Sita as ideals for society.
The great philosopher Sankaracharya was born in Kerala
Padmavati and Surasari (Women), Kabir (Weaver),
in the 8th century. His father’s name was Sivaguru and
Raidas (Cobbler), Sena (Barber) and Pipa (Rajput) were
mother’s name was Aryamba. (UPPCS, 1999)
amongst twelve prominent disciples of Ramananda.
Sankaracharya propounded the philosophy of Advaitavada
(UP Power, 2002)
to counter the influence of Buddhism in the 8th century.
The Bhakti movement was reborn in the fifteenth- sixteenth
(Chhattisgarh PCS, 2014)
century. It was led by Kabir, Nanak, Tulsidas, Surdas and
The following four views were articulated by Vaishnava
Mirabai.
Acharyas in opposition to the Advaita philosophy of
Kabir :
Sankaracharya.
Kabir was a saint associated with Nirguna Bhakti, who,
Founder Philosophy Sect despite being a saint, continued to live a family life.
Ramanujacharya Vishishtadvaita Shri Sect He considered Rama, Rahim, Hazrat, Allah as different
(UPPCS, 1991) forms of the same God.
Madhwaacharya Dvaitvada Brahma Sect He did not believe in the Vedas and the Quran.
‘Bijak’ is a compilation of sermons of Saint Kabir.
Vallabhacharya Suddha Advaitvad Pushtimarga
(MPPCS, 2020)
(UP UDA/LDA, 2002) Sampradaya
'Amarmool' is a compilation of dialogues of Kabir Das and
Nimbarkacharya Dvaita-Dvaitvad Sanaka Sect his disciple Dharmadas. (UPPCS, 2008)

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Kabir Das was a contemporary to Sultan Sikandar Lodi. Tulsidas :
Malukdasa : Tulsidas was born in 1532 AD. in a village, Rajapur, in the
Saint Malukdasa was born in Lala Sunderdas Khatri's Banda district of Uttar Pradesh.
house in 1574 at Kada (present Kaushambi district). The famous saint-poet, Goswami Tulsidas, was a
Guru Nanak : contemporary of Akbar and Jahangir. (UPPCS, 2004)
Guru Nanak was born in 1469, at Talwandi (Nankana Sahib He wrote many texts, among which ‘Ramcharitmanas
in Pakistan) in Punjab of undivided India. (UPPCS, 2007) and Vinayapatrika’ are famous. (UK UDA/LDA, 2007)
His father’s name was Mehta Kalu Chandra Khatri, and Abul Fazl has mentioned him in his work, ‘Ain-i-Akbari’.
mother’s name was Tripta. Namdev :
Guru Nanak (1469–1539 AD) founded Sikhism. Namdev was instrumental in popularizing the Bhakti
He believed in 'Monotheism' and emphasized the worship movement in Maharashtra.
of Nirguna Brahma. His teacher was Visoba Khechara.
He started a shared community kitchen called Guru Ka He belonged to the Varkari sect. (UPPCS, 2002, 04)
Langar. Among the saints of the Bhakti Movement, Namdev was
He was influenced by the Sufi saint Baba Farid. highly influenced by Islam. (UP UPA/LDA, 2010)
He strongly advocated Hindu-Muslim unity and condemned His compositions are famous as ‘Abhyanga’. Some of his
the fanatics of both religions and stressed on truth. verses are compiled in Guru Granth Sahib.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu : Ravidas :
Chaitanyadeva, a sixteenth century bhakti saint from West Ravidas belonged to Kutbandhla chamar caste and
Bengal, preached selfless devotion to Krishna bhakti. resided at Kashi.
He was the originator of Bhakti movement in Bengal. He was one of the twelve disciples of Ramanand.
He was born in a Brahmin family in Nadia (Bengal), in His father’s name was Raghu, and his mother’s name
1485. was Ghurbiniya. They used to make a living by repairing
After his retirement, he moved from Bengal to Puri shoes.
(Odisha). His childhood nickname was Vishwambhar He founded the Raidasi sect.
Mishra. Dadu Dayal
He opposed caste system rituals, untouchability. He was born at Ahmedabad in 1544 and belonged to the
He established ‘Gaudiya Vaishnavism’ and also Tanner caste.
popularized the ‘Sankirtan System’. Dadu’s childhood nickname was Mahabali.
Surdas : After coming to Sambhar, he founded the Brahma sect,
Surdas was a poet of the Krishna Bhakti cult. later called Dadu Panth.
He was a contemporary of Akbar. He was a Nirguna worshipper. He also opposed
The life story of Krishna is presented in his famous work discrimination based on caste.
‘Sur Sagar’. He met Akbar in Amer in 1586.
His compositions, compiled in Sursagara, Surasaravali and He started a movement called ‘Nipakh’.
Sahitya Lahari. Anubhav Vani and Kambli are his works.
Mirabai : Sufi Movement
Mirabai was the only daughter of Ratan Singh Rathore Islamic mysticism is called ‘Sufism’ or ‘Sufi religion’.
of Merta. The word 'Sufi' originates from the Arabic word 'Safa',
She married Bhoj Raj, the elder son of Rana Sanga in 1516 meaning 'Purity'.
AD. (RAS/RTS, 1997) ‘Abul Fazl’ mentions fourteen Silsilahas in 'Ain-i-Akbari'.
She was born in a village called Kurki of Merta in 1498. Chishti, Suhrawardi, Qadri, Shattari and Naqshbandi
She was a Hindu spiritual poetess whose hymns were were the most important among the fourteen orders
dedicated to Lord Krishna, and were popular in north India. (Silsilhas) or mystic organizations.
Ravidas was her mentor. A Murid, literally means "one who seeks", is a novice
Mirabai composed four texts, and these were Narsi ka committed to spiritual enlightenment by suluk (traversing
Mayra, Geet Govind Teeka, Raga Govind and Raag Sorath a path) under a spiritual guide, who may assume the title
Ke Pad. (Chattisgarh PCS, 2014) Murshid, Pir or Shaykh.
She was a contemporary of Hindi poetess, Tulsidas and The monasteries where the Sufis inhabited were called
often communicated with him through letters. ‘Khanqahs’.
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The Sufis’ religious associations were divided into Ba Dara Shukoh, the son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, was
-Shara (proponents of Islamic doctrine) and in Be-Shara a follower of the Qadri order.
(not associated with Islamic doctrines). 4. Naqshbandi Order
1. Chishti order Naqshbandi order was founded by Khwaja Bahauddin
According to Sayyid Muhammad Hafiz, Chishti was the Naqshbandi.
first Sufi order had come to India. A prominent saint of this order ‘Khwaja Baqi Billah’ came
Abu Ishaq Shami and Abu Ahmed Abdal founded the Chisti to Delhi from Kabul.
order. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, a disciple of Khwaja Baqi Billah,
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti laid the foundation of Chisti became a famous saint of the Naqshbandi order.
order in India. (UPPCS, 2002) Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi was a contemporary of Mughal
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti came to India with Ghori’s emperor Akbar.
army. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi opposed Akbar’s liberal policies.
He was followed by Khwaja Bakhtiar Kaki, Sultan Note : Naqshbandi opposed the music. (UPPCS, 2003, 13)
Qutbuddin Aybak and Sultan Iltutmish.
5. Shattari Order
Sheikh Fariduddin - Ganj-i-Shakar was a Sufi saint of
In 15th century, Sheikh Abdullah Shattari established
Chishti Silsilah who was famous as ''Baba Farid''.
Shattari order in India.
Some of the compositions and ideas of ‘Baba Farid’ were
Shattari order was centred at Bengal, Jaunpur and Malwa.
compiled in Adi Granth of the religious text of Sikhism.
Shah Mohammad Ghaus, the saint of the Shattari order,
He was the son-in-law of Balban. (UPPCS, 1994)
believed Lord Krishna in the form of Auliya.
Nizamuddin Auliya’s acclaimed disciples were Sheikh
Salim Chishti, Amir Khusrau and Hassan Dehlavi. Note : Pranayama and Yoga practices were accepted by
(UPPCS, 2006) almost all Sufi sects, except Naqshbandi.
Baba Farid had two prominent disciples, Nizamuddin
Auliya (1238-1325 AD) and Nasiruddin Chirag-e-Dehlavi, Major Sufi Orders and Their Founders
the famous saints of the Chishti sect. Sects Founders
Some of the famous disciples of Nizamuddin include Sheikh
Chishti Abu Ishaq Shami Chisti
Nasiruddin Chirag Dehlavi, Amir Khusro and Shaikh Salim
Chisti. Suhrawardi Abu-al-Najib Suhrawardi
Nizamuddin Auliya was followed by Sheikh Nasiruddin Qadri Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani
and Sheikh Salim Chishti, the famous Chishti saints.
Shattari Sheikh Abdullah Shattari
Sheikh Salim Chishti lived at Fatehpur Sikri.
(RAS/RTS, 1999) Firdausi Badruddin
Amir Hassan-e-Dehlavi was called the ‘Saadi of India’ Naqshbandi Bahauddin Naqshband
because of his high quality ghazals. (UPPCS, 2013)
Sufi Saints and Their Titles
2. Suhrawardi Order
1. Khwaja Qutbuddin Qutb-ul-Aqtab
Abu-al-Najib Suhrawardi established this order.
Bakhtiar Kaki
This sect was propagated in India by Jalaluddin Tabrezi,
Bahauddin Zakariya and Hamiduddin Nagori. 2. Sheikh Hamiduddin Nagori Sultan Tariken
(61th BPSC, 2018) 3. Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya Mehboob-e-Ilahi, Sultan ul-
Saharuddin Arik, Sayyid Jalaluddin, Khursh Jalaluddin Auliya (UPPCS, 2014)
Tabrezi, etc. were the prominent saints of the Suhrawardi 4. Sheikh Sirajuddin Usmani Aina-e-Hind
sect.
5. Nasiruddin Chirag Dehlavi Chirag-e-Delhi
3. Qadri Order (UPRS/ARO 2017)
The founder of the Qadri sect was Sheikh ‘Muhiuddin
6. Sheikh Salim Chishti Sheikh-ul-Hind
Qadir Jilani’ of Baghdad. (UP Lower, 2004, 08)
In India, this order was established by ‘Sayyid Muhammad
7. Abdul Qadir Jilani Peeran-e-peer, Mehboob-e-
Gilani’ and 'Shah Niyamat Ullah'.
Subhani
The most famous saint of the Qadri Order was ‘Sheikh
Mir Muhammad’ or ‘Miyan Mir’. 8. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi Mujaddid-e-Alfsani
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12. The Mughal Empire
Hub He was given the title of Kalandar due to his generosity.
He died on 26th December 1530, at Agra.
Babur established the Mughal Empire in India in 1526.
His body was first buried at Arambagh in Agra.
The Mughal rulers did not accept the authority of the
Later, he was buried in Kabul, a place that he chose in his
Caliphate and considered themselves independent kings.
former will.
Babur (1526-1530 AD)
He was a follower of the famous Naqshbandi Sufi saint
Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur was born on 14 th
Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar.
February, 1483, in the small state of Ferghana.
He was succeeded by Humayun.
(Chattisgarh PCS, 2003)
He was the fifth descendant of Timur from the paternal Humayun (1530-1540, 1555-1556 AD)
side and the fourteenth descendant of Chengiz Khan After Babur’s death, the eldest son Nasiruddin Muhammad
from the maternal side. Humayun ascended the throne at the age of twenty-three.
His father’s name was Umar Sheikh Mirza and his Humayun was born in Kabul in 1508.
mother’s name was Qutlugh Nigar Khanum. His mother Maham Begum belonged to the Shia sect.
Babur ascended the throne of Fergana in June 1494, at the He gave Kabul and Qandahar to his brother Kamran,
age of eleven. Sanbhal to Mirza Askari Alwar and Mewat to Mirza
He annexed Kabul in 1504 and assumed the title of Hindal out of his empire.
‘Padshah’ in 1507. (UPPCS, 2015) He gave the kingdom of Badakhshan to his cousin
He invaded five times to establish an empire in India. Suleiman Mirza.
He defeated the Yusufzai clan in his first campaign in 1519 His contemporary Afghan leader was Sher Khan, known
and went back after taking possession of Bajaur and Bhira. as Sher Shah Suri.
In the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 Babur first used He established a new city called Dinpanah.
the Tughlama battle tactic and the ‘Usmani’ tactic to
strengthen the artillery. (UPPCS, 1996) Major Battles of Humayun
Battle Year Between Conqueror
Major Battles of Babur
Battle of Chausa 26 June, Sher Khan and Sher Khan
Battle Date Between Conqueror 1539 Humayun
First Battle of 21 April,1526 Ibrahim Lodi Babur Battle of Bilgram 17 May, Sher Khan and Sher Khan
Panipat and Babur 1540 Humayun (UPBEO, 2019)

Battle of 16 March,1527 Rana Sanga Babur After winning the Battle of Chausa, Sher Khan assumed
Khanwa and Babur (UPPCS, 2004) the title of 'Sher Shah'.
Battle of 29 January,1528 Medni Rai Babur In the Bilgram Battle, Sher Khan defeated Humayun and
Chanderi and Babur annexed Agra and Delhi.
Battle of 6 May, 1529 Afghan and Babur
After his defeat in the Bilgram battle, Humayun migrated
Ghaghra Babur to Sindh and later to Iran, where he continued to live in
exile for 15 years (1540–1555).
After the Battle of Khanwa, Babur abolished the tax on
Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, the daughter of
Muslims 'Tangha'.
the spiritual Guru of Persia Mir Ali Akbar Jami on 29th
He assumed the title of ‘Ghazi’ after his victory in the battle
August, 1541, while in exile.
of Khanwa.
Akbar was born to Hamida Banu Begum.
At the time of the Khanwa battle, Babur declared jihad
On 22nd June, 1555, Humayun defeated Sikandar Shah
(crusade to protect Islam). (UPPCS, 2009)
He mentioned two Hindu kingdoms along with five Suri in the Battle of Sirhind and annexed Delhi.
Muslim ones in his autobiography Babur Nama, one is Humayun Nama was written by his sister Gulbadan
Vijayanagara and the other is Mewar. (UPPCS, 1995) Begum. (UPPCS, 2002)

He wrote his autobiography Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Babur Nama Humayun believed in astrology. Thus, he made it a point
in Persian) in the Turkish language. (BPSC, 2015) to wear clothes of seven colours in a week with colour
His autobiography was translated into Persian by Abdul changing each day of the week.
Rahim Khane Khanan. Payanda Khan also assisted in On 27th January, 1556, Humayun died after falling from
this work. the stairs of the library at Dinpanah Palace.
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In the words of historian Lane-Poole, he "tumbled out of Islam Shah erected five forts there to protect the north-
life as he had tumbled through it". west border. These forts were built at Shergarh, Islamgarh,
The first garden tomb of the Indian Subcontinent is Rashidgarh, Firuzgarh and Mankot. These were jointly
Humayun's Tomb. called the ‘Forts of Mankot’.
Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545 AD) Akbar (1556-1605 AD)
Sher Shah was born in 1472 at a place called Bajwara Akbar was born on 15th October, 1542, of Humayun’s wife
(Hoshiarpur) of an Afghan wife of Hasan Sur. Hamida Banu Begum at Amarkot.
His childhood nickname was Farid. He belonged to the His childhood nickname was Jalal.
Sur Dynasty. He was in Punjab when Humanyun died.
His father was Hassan Khan, a landlord of Sasaram. He was crowned at the age of 13 on 14th February, 1556, at
Bahar Khan Lohani, the then ruler of southern Bihar, was Kalanaur on the throne of bricks by his patron Bairam
pleased with his bravery and conferred on him the title of Khan. (Chattisgarh PCS, 2015)
‘Sher Shah’. Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ascended the throne
Sher Shah established Sur Dynasty and the second Afghan assuming the title of Ghazi.
Empire in North India in 1540. His teacher Abdul Latif was an Iranian scholar.
He ascended the throne of Delhi after defeating Humayun Bairam Khan remained a patron of Akbar from 1556 to
in the Battle of Bilgram in 1540. 1560.
He built ‘Rohtasgarh Fort’. Bairam Khan was killed by an Afghan in Gujarat during
He defeated Maldeo in 1543-44 and annexed Ajmer, a pilgrimage to Mecca.
Jodhpur and Marwar. In a bid to expand the empire, Akbar made his first attack
The battle at Kalinjar in 1545 is considered his last in 1561 against Baz Bahadur, the ruler of Malwa.
campaign. (UP RO/ARO, 2016) The Mughal army conquered Ahmadnagar in 1600 despite
He died in a gunpowder explosion on 13th May, 1545. facing strong opposition from Chand Bibi.
Kalinjar was ruled by Kirat Singh at the time of this Abdul Rahim had conferred the title of Khan-i- Khanan.
campaign.
Sher Shah’s tomb was built on the high mound in the middle Important Works by Akbar
of the lake in ‘Sasaram’ in Bihar. Work Year (AD)
(UPPCS, 2002, MPPCS, 2016) Abolition of Slave Practice 1562
He studied in Jaunpur which was an important centre of
Abolition of Purdah System 1562
higher education at that time. (RAS/RTS, 2013)
He is considered to be the precursor of Akbar as emperor Abolition of Pilgrimage Tax 1563
(BPSC, 2011)
and administrator.
He built the mosque named Rohtasgarh Fort, Qila-i- Abolition of Jizya Tax 1564
Kuhna (Delhi). (UPPCS, 2016) Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri 1571
He built the buildings of Purana Qila in Delhi.
Change of capital from Agra to Fatehpur 1571
He used 30.36-inch Gaj-e-Sikandari and Flax stem for
Sikri
land measurement.
He introduced Kabuliyat and Patta System.(UPPCS, 2008) Establishment of Ibadatkhana (House of 1575
He introduced silver and copper coins. (UPPCS, 1991)
Worship) (MPPCS, 1981)

He re-established Pataliputra as Patna in 1541. Proclamation of Mazhar 1579

He defeated the ruler of Bengal, Nusrat Shah, and assumed Din-i-Ilahi was established 1582
the title of ‘Hazrat-i- Ala’. (44th BPSC, 2000)
Beginning of Ilahi Era 1583
He was impressed by the valour of the Rajputs in the war
of Marwar, said that "for a handful of Bajra, I nearly lost On 5th November, 1556, the second battle of Panipat took
the Kingdom of Hindustan". The ruler there at that time place between Akbar and Hemu.
was Maldeo. (UPPCS, 2007) Raja Birbal died in an attack by the Yusufzais.
Sher Shah was succeeded by his son Islam Shah. Akbar built the Buland Darwaza at the capital at Fatehpur
(MPPCS, 2018) Sikri in commemoration of Gujarat victory.(UPPCS, 1993)
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Kandahar province first came under the Mughal rule in Famous musician Tansen lived in Akbar’s court.
1595 during Akbar’s reign. Akbar conferred the title of ‘Kanthabharan Vani Vilas’
Akbar’s Rajput policy was based on repression and on Tansen.
settlement. His original name was Ramtanu Pandey. (UPPCS, 2011)
Akbar won Khandesh, a southern kingdom, in 1601. The main works of Tansen are Miyan Ki Todi, Miyan Ki
Malik Ambar, who opposed the Mughals in the Deccan, Malhar, Darbari Kanhara and Miyan Ka Sarang, etc.
was an efficient administrator of the Ahmednagar State. Tansen, one of the Nauratnas of Akbar's court, was expertise
The first rebellion during Akbar’s reign occurred in 1564 in playing the Rudra Veena or Rabab.
when Uzbeks rose in revolt. Swami Haridas was a great musician during Akbar’s reign.
In the Battle of Haldighati (1576), the commander of He lived in Vrindavan and sang devotional songs of Lord
Akbar was Man Singh. (UP PCS, 2010) Krishna.
Akbar conferred the title of ‘Amir-ul-Umra’ on Bhagwan The famous painters of Akbar’s court were Abdus Samad,
Das, the son of Raja Bharmal of Amer. Daswanth and Basawan. (RAS/RTS, 1992)
During the conquest of Gujarat, Akbar first time saw the Baz Bahadur, Baba Ramdas and Baiju Bawra were
sea and met the Portuguese. prominent composers during Akbar’s reign.
Akbar was the principal patron of the Din-i-Ilahi religion
The main feature of Akbar’s system of governance was the
which he started in 1582. (Chattisgarh PCS, 2011)
Mansabdari System.
Abul Fazl was the chief priest of the Din-i-Ilahi religion.
The Mansabdari System was borrowed from Central Asia
He also composed Akbar Nama.
(Mongolia), and its inspiration came from the Caliph ‘Abba
Note : Smith said- 'Din-i-Ilahi is a memorial to Akbar’s Said’.
stupidity, not his intelligence'. Adham Khan, the son of Maham Anga was killed by Akbar
Faizi, the elder brother of Abul Fazl, held the position of in 1562. (UPPCS, 2010)
poet laureate at the court of Akbar. Adham Khan had killed Akbar's lawyer Ataga Khan.
Birbal was the first and last Hindu to accept Din-i-Ilahi The state of Mewar did not accept Akbar’s Suzerainty.
religion. (UP Lower, 2004)
His childhood nickname was Mahesh Das. After the death of Rana Pratap, his son Rana Amar Singh
Akbar conferred the titles of ‘Jagadguru’ on Jain Acharya concluded a treaty with Jahangir in 1615.
Hari Vijaya Suri and ‘Yug Pradhan’ on Jin Chandra Suri. In 1580, a religious teacher of Jaunpur, Mulla Yazdi issued
(UPPCS, 2002) a fatwa for all Muslims to rise in revolt against Akbar.
Akbar conferred the titles of ‘Raja’ and ‘Kavi Rai’ on (UPPCS, 2011)
Birbal. The style of the Panchmahal building at Fatehpur Sikri
‘Rahim’ or Abdul Rahim was a famous Hindi poet at built by Akbar is similar to a Buddhist Vihara.
Akbar’s court. Birbal, Abul Fazl, Tansen, Todar Mal, Faizi, Man Singh,
Sheikh Mubarak drafted the document titled ‘Mazhar’. Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, Mulla do Piaza, and
Sheikh Mubarak was the father of Abul Fazl and Faizi. Fakir Azizuddin were the nine jewels at Akbar’s Court.
Diwan Todar Mal of Akbar gained fame in the field of land Abul Fazl was killed by a Sardar named Vir Singh
revenue collection. (UPPCS, 1992) Bundela in 1602 while returning to Agra from the south
He implemented the Dahsala system for land revenue. under Jahangir’s instructions. (JPCS, 2013)
Todar Mal was known as Mushrif-i-Diwan. (VDO, 2023) Akbar set up a translation department headed by Faizi.
In 24th year of his rule, Akbar introduced a new tax system As wished by Akbar, Abdul Qadir Badauni translated the
called ‘Ain-i-Dahsala’ or ‘Zabt System’. (BPSC, 1994) Ramayana written in Sanskrit into Persian.
Under this system, revenue was charged one-third of (UPPCS, 2013, 15)
the average by taking the standard of the last ten years Faizi translated Leelavati, and Abul Fazl translated Kalia
production of different crops and their prevailing prices at Daman into Persian.
the same time. Akbar’s reign is called the ‘golden period of Hindi
Coins with figures of Rama and Sita and Ram Siya written Literature’.
in Devnagari script were issued during Akbar's reign. Akbar conferred the title of ‘Kavipriya’ on Birbal and
(UPPCS, 2011) ‘Mahapatra’ on Narahari.
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Akbar conferred the title of ‘Zari Kalam’ on Muhammad Do - Aspa and Shi-Aspa were introduced during the reign
Hussain and ‘Sirin Kalam’ on Abdus Samad. of Jahangir. (16th BPSC, 2004)
(UPPCS, 1995) First, this post was given to Mahavat Khan, the commander
Akbar’s contemporary was the famous Sufi Saint Sheikh of Jahangir.
Salim Chishti. The Treaty of Chittorgarh was signed between Rana Amar
Akbar was a contemporary of Queen Elizabeth-I of Singh and the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1615.
England. (UPPCS 2002)
(UPPCS, 2008)
At the time of the establishment of the East India Company
in December 1600, the Queen of England was Elizabeth. Sikh Gurus
Ralph Fitch was the first English merchant to reach Guru Period Achievements
Fatehpur Sikri and Agra. (UPCS, 2003)
Nanak 1469-1539 Founder of Sikhism
The official language of the Mughals was Persian.
(UPPCS, 2012) Angad 1539-1552 Father of Gurmukhi script
(UPPCS, 2017)
Akbar used to play an instrument called Nakkara (Nagara).
Akbar died on 16th October, 1605, after suffering from Amar Das 1552-1574 Construction of 22 preaching
dysentery. centres
Akbar was buried at Sikandra near Agra. Ram Das 1574-1581 Founder of Amritsar City
Jahangir (1605-1627 A.D.) (UPPCS, 1996)
Jahangir (Salim), the son of Mughal emperor Akbar, Arjan Dev 1581–1606 Built the Golden Temple
was born on 30th August 1569, at Sheikh Salim Chishti’s Hargobind Singh 1606–1644 Erected the Akal Takht
hut located at Fatehpur Sikri of Mariam-uz-Zamani, the
Har Rai 1644–1661 Participated in the war of
daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amer (Jaipur).
succession
Mariam-uz-Zamani’s real name was Harkha Bai.
Jahangir was named Salim after the Sufi saint Salim Chishti. Har Krishan 1661-1664 Died at a young age
Salim’s main teacher was Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan. Tegh Bahadur 1664-1675 Hanged by Aurangzeb
He was crowned at Agra Fort on 12th October, 1605. (Chhattisgarh PCS, 2004)

After the coronation, he assumed the title of ‘Nuruddin Gobind Singh 1675-1708 Establishment of Khalsa Panth
(MPPCS, 2014)
Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi’.
The twelve declarations of Jahangir were called Tuzk-e- Jahangir had five sons- 1.Khusrau, 2.Parviz, 3. Khurram,
Jahangiri. 4.Shaharyar and 5.Jahandar. (MPPCS, 2015)
Jahangir’s eldest son Khusrau revolted against his father Khurram (Shah Jahan) revolted, but the revolt was
in 1606. Khurram killed Khusrau in 1622. suppressed by Mahabat Khan in 1623.
Arjun Dev, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs, was executed for Mughal painting reached its climax during the reign of
the crime of assisting Khusrau.
Jahangir. (IAS 1996)
Amar Singh, the Sisodiya Rajpur ruler of Mewar, accepted
Jahangir’s reign is considered the golden period of
the Service of the Mughal's during the reign of Jahangir.
painting.
Jahangir married Mehrunnisa (Nur Jahan) in 1611 and
conferred the title of ‘Nur Mahal’on her. Ustad Mansoor and Abul Hasan were the best painters
Mehrunnisa was the former wife of Ali Quli Beg. during the reign of Jahangir.
Jahangir conferred the title of ‘Sher Afghan’ on Ali Quli Emperor Jahangir conferred the title of ‘Nadir-ul-Asr’ on
Begh for killing a lion. Ustad Mansur and ‘Nadir-ud-Jama’ on Abul Hasan.
After the death of Sher Afghan, Mehrunnisa was employed (UPPCS, 2013, 04)
in the service of Salima Begum, Akbar’s widow. Ustad Mansur was a famous painter of birds' pictures,
Lado Begum, the daughter of Mehrunnisa from Sher while Abul Hasan had mastered in painting of human
Afghan, was married to Shaharyar, the son of Jahangir. pictures. (UPPCS, 1998)
Jahangir appointed Nur Jahan’s father Ghiyas Begh as Jahangir wrote his autobiography ‘Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri’ in
diwan and conferred the title of ‘Itimad ud-Daulah’ on Persian. (UPPCS, 2001)
him.
Mutamid Khan wrote the biography of Jahangir, known as
Jahangir banned the use of tobacco in his empire.
(UPPCS, 2005)
Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri.
Nur Jahan built the tomb of his father “Itmad-ud-Daulah”
Note : Nur Jahan formed a group called ‘Junta Group’. between 1622 and 1628. (BPSC, 2008)
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Note : Notably, it is the first building finished in white
After Jahangir’s death, his son, Shah Jahan ascended the
throne in 1628.
marble.
In 1632, Shah Jahan waged a campaign against the
The tomb of Itmad-ud-Daulah was the first work in Pietra
Portuguese at Hooghly, where the Portuguese were
Dura style (inlay) of construction.
defeated.
Mughal Rulers and Their Nick Names Mumtaz Mahal died in June, 1631 due to labour pain.
Ruler Nickname After the death of Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan built the
Aurangzeb Zinda Pir Taj Mahal in her memory.
Ustad Ahmad Lahori was the chief architect to built the
Jahandar Shah Lustful stupid
Taj Mahal.
Farrukhsiyar Disgusting coward
Rafi-ud-Darjat Puppet ruler Note : Humayun’s Tomb is considered to be the
Muhammad Shah Rangila precursor of the Taj Mahal.
Bahadur Shah-I Shahi-i-Bekhabar Shah Jahan’s reign is called as the ‘golden period of Mughal
Bahadur Shah-II Zafar rule for its architectural beauty.
Shah Jahan built Moti Masjid at Agra Fort.
Jahangir’s scripture is engraved on Ashoka’s Kaushambi
Pillar. Note : The construction of the Red Fort was completed
William Hawkins came to the Mughal emperor Jahangir's under the supervision of ‘Hamid Ahmad’.
court.
Jahangir offered the mansab of 400 to Hawkins. Major Books During Mughal Period
He conferred the title of ‘English Khan’ on Hawkins and Book Name Author Language
married him to a woman from Armenia. (UPPCS, 2015)
Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Babur Nama) Babur Turkish
He was buried in a garden at Shahdara (Lahore).
Tarikh-e-Rashidi Mirza Haider Dughlat Persian
(UK Lower, 2010)
His tomb was built by Nur Jahan. Humayun Nama Gulbadan Begum Persian
Sir Thomas Roe was the first ambassador of the British Tarikh - i - Salatin - i - Afghaniyah Ahmad Yadgar Persian
Emperor, who came to the court of Jahangir. (UPPCS, 2008) Habib - Us - Siyar & Khondmir Sayyid Khundmir Persian
Major Architecture Qanun-i-Humayuni
Architecture Builder Year (A.D) Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi Abdas Khan Persian
Agra Fort Akbar 1565-73 Tohfa-i-Akbar Shahi Sarwani
Fatehpur Sikri Akbar 1571-85 Akbar Nama Abul Fazl Persian
Taj Mahal Shah Jahan 1631-48
Tobaqat-i-Akbari (UPPCS, 2016) Nizamuddin Ahmad Persian
Jama Masjid (Delhi) Shah Jahan 1644-56
Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh Abdul Qadir Badauni Persian
Red Fort Shah Jahan 1639-48
Iqbalnama-i- Jahangiri Mutamad Khan Persian
Bibi Ka Maqbara Azam Shah 1651-61
Tazkirat-ul-Waqiat Jauhar Aftabchi Persian
(Aurangzeb's son)
Waqiat-e-Mushtaqi Rizaqulla Mushtaqi Persian
Shah Jahan (1628–1658) AD
Shah Jahan was born in Lahore on January 1592 to Mughal emperor Shahjahan built Sheesh Mahal in Agra.
Jahangir’s wife Jagat Gosain Manavati (Rajput). Shah Jahan first invaded Ahmadnagar in south India and
Jagat Gosai was the daughter of Mota Raja Udai Singh, conquered and annexed it to the Mughal Empire in 1636.
the ruler of Jodhpur. Shah Jahan was presented the Kohinoor diamond by
The childhood name of Shah Jahan was Khurram. Muhammad Sayyid (Mir Jumla). (UPPCS, 2015)
In 1612, Khurram married Arjumand Banu Begum, the Mir Jumla was the Prime Minister of Sultan Abdullah Qutb
daughter of Asaf Khan. Shah of Golconda.
‘Arjumand Banu Begum’ was later known as ‘Mumtaz Shah Jahan shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi in 1638.
Mahal’. (JPCS, 2003) (UPPCS, 2008)
Shah Jahan conferred the title of Wazir on Asaf Khan He laid the foundation stone of Shahjahanabad on the
and Khan-i-Khanan on Mahabat Khan. right bank of Yamuna.
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During the reign of Shah Jahan, Dara Shukoh translated the 4. Mumtaz Mahal Dear wife of Shah Jahan. She was also a
Upanishads into Persian titled Sirr-e-Akbar.(UPPCS, 2000) prominent expert in cosmetics and jewellery.
He appointed an Iranian who composed poems in Persian 5. Jahanara Jahanara was the eldest daughter of Shah
style, Kalim as a ‘royal poet’. (UPPCS, 2015)
Jahan, a woman of very high religious and
He abolished the court custom ‘Sijda’ started by Balban. moral ideology. She remained with Shah
(UPPCS, 2010)
Jahan during his captivity.
He had four sons - Dara, Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad.
6. Zebunnisa The daughter of Aurangzeb, she established
In September 1657, Shah Jahan fell seriously ill. Rumours
a library called “Betul-ul-Uloom” in Delhi.
of his death resulted in a war of succession among his sons.
7. Asmat Begum Invented the method of making perfumes.
Shah Jahan conferred the title of “Shah Buland Iqbal” on
Dara Shukoh. (UP RO/ARO, 2014)
Aurangzeb (1658–1707) AD
In April 1658, the Battle of Dharmat was fought between Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb was born on 3 rd
the imperial army and Aurangzeb, where the royal army November, 1618, of Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of Shah Jahan,
was defeated. (IAS, 2003) near Ujjain, at a place called ‘Dohad’.
In May 1658, the battle of Samugarh between Dara Aurangzeb was first coronated on 21st July, 1658, and the
Shukoh and Aurangzeb where Dara was took place in which second at Delhi on 5th June, 1659. (UPPCS, 2002)

defeated. He was called Zinda Pir. (UP RO/ARO, 2017)

The last battle of succession was fought between Dara and Treaty of Purandar was signed on 11th June, 1665,
Aurangzeb in the Valley of Deorai in March, 1659. between Jai Singh and Shivaji.
Dara was defeated in the Battle of Deorai and while On the assurance of Mirza Raja Jai Singh, on 12th May,
wandering in the wilderness, he reached Malik Jeevan 1666, Shivaji along with his son Shambhaji appeared at
Khan, the zamindar of Dadar. the court of Aurangzeb where he was fraudulently arrested
Malik Jeevan fraudulently handed Dara over to Aurangzeb. and kept in Jaipur Bhavan.
Aurangzeb killed Dara after insulting him. Shivaji escaped from Aurangzeb’s arrest through a
stratagem.
Note : ‘A.L. Srivastava has called the reign of Shah
Guru Teg Bahadur was the ninth of ten Gurus of the
Jahan the ‘golden period’ of the Mughal empire.
(41th BPSC, 1996)
Sikh religion. He was publicly beheaded by the orders of
Aurangzeb in 1675 for refusing to convert in to Islam.
Shah Jahan died on 22nd January, 1666.
(Chattisgarh PCS, 2005)
He was buried at the Taj Mahal near the tomb of his wife.
Aurangzeb abolished major Abwabas (local taxes), such
Dara Shukoh
as ‘Rahadari’ (inland transport duty) and Paandari
Dara Shukoh was born in 1615 of Shah Jahan’s beloved
(mercantile taxes) for the redressal of the economic
wife Mumtaz Mahal.
sufferings of the subjects.
For Dara's tolerance and generosity, Lane-Poole has called
He re-imposed Jizya tax in April 1679. (UP PCS, 2002)
him 'Little Akbar'.
He was a staunch conservative Sunni Muslim.
Daras Shukoh translated Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita,
In 17th century, Bibi Ka Maqbara was built in Aurangabad
Yoga Vashishth and Ramayana into Persian.
(Maharashtra) by Aurangzeb's son Azam Shah. This
Majm-ul-Bahrain is the original creation of Dara Shukoh.
(Chhattisgarh PCS, 2018) Maqbara was commissioned by Aurangzeb and built by
Azam Shah.
Prominent Women During Mughal Period
Sl. Note : Bibi Ka Maqbara is also known as the ‘Second
Woman Work
No. Taj Mahal’. (UPPCS, 2013)
1. Gulbadan Composed Humayun Nama. She was a fiery Aurangzeb annexed Bijapur to the Mughal Empire in 1686.
Begum scholar of Arabic and Persian. (UPPCS, 1992)
2. Maham Anga Till 1560-62 AD, she ran the petticoat Golconda was annexed to the Mughal Empire in 1687 by
government Established ‘Madrasa-i- Aurangzeb.
Begum’ in Delhi. (UPPCS, 2012) The Brahmins named Madanna and Akana were related to
3. Nur Jahan Jahagir's wife, led ‘Junta Group’ which Abul Hasan, the ruler of Golconda.
brought about an elegant transformation in During the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal army had the
many cosmetics and jewellery. maximum number of Hindu commanders. (UPPCS, 2000)
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Aurangzeb stopped the practice of lighting diyas on After issuing the certificate called ‘Sarkhat’, the soldiers
Thursday (Jumerat) night on pirs and other graves. were paid salaries.
His goal was to make India country Dar-ul-Islam in place In Mughal administrative parlance the word ‘Mal’ was
of Dar-ul-Harb. related to land revenue. (UP Lower, 2009)
He prohibited Hindu festivals and celebrations.
During the reign of Aurangzeb, there was a rebellion led
Some Mughal Officials
by Jat leaders Gokul and Rajaram. Mustaufi Auditor
This rebellion was suppressed in 1670 where Gokul died. Mushrif Accountant
Taking advantage of Aurangzeb’s engagements in southern Mir-e-Barr Forest Superintendent
campaigns, a rebellion against started led by Rajarama, in
Mir-i-Bahar Chief of the Naval Staff
which the Jats looted Akbar’s tomb at Sikandra.
The foundation of Bharatpur dynasty was laid by Wakia Navis News Reporter
Churaman, a Jat leader and nephew of Rajaram, during Sawaneh Nigar Biographer
the reign of Aurangzeb. Khufia Navis Secret Writer
Aurangzeb appointed Raja Bishan Singh Kachwaha of
Harkarah Verbal Reporter
Amer to eliminate the Jats.
Bishan Singh defeated Churaman and annexed his kingdom. In the Mughal administration, Muhtasib was the Chief of
Aurangzeb was skilled at playing Veena. (UPPCS, 2010) the Inspection Department of Public Conduct.
He banned writing the history of that time in his court. (47th BPSC, 2005)
Music was banned by Aurangzeb. Akbar expelled the prostitutes from the city and settled
During the reign of Aurangzeb, most books of classical them in a new place and named it ‘Shaitanpuri’.
music were written in Persian. The Mansabdari system was a special administrative
He banned Kalma inscriptions on coins, celebrating Navroz system, introduced by Akbar. (UPPCS, 1992)
festival, cultivating hemp, Jharokha darshan, song-music, The Mughal military system was based on the decimal
etc. system.
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb attempted to demolish the The word Mansab means 'category' or 'Rank'.
Kailash temple in Ellora. There were 33 categories under the Mansabdari System.
His physician was ‘François Bernier’, a French traveller. Akbar introduced the dual system of Zat and Sawar in the
He died on 3rd of March, 1707 at Ahmadnagar. 40th year of his rule.
He was buried near the tomb of Sufi saint Zain-ud-din Land revenue was the major source of income of the State
Shirazi, four miles away from Daulatabad. during the medieval period.
13. Mughal Government System An order given by a prince was called ‘Nishaan’.
The royal order was called ‘Farman’.
The basis of Mughal kingship was ‘Shariat’ (combined ‘Al-tamgha Jagir’ was started in the time of Jahangir.
name of Quran and Hadis).
The Mughal regime was highly centralized. Medieval Currencies
The word ‘Wizarat’ was used for the Council of Ministers. Currency Dynasty Metal
The Mughal Prime Minister was called ‘Wakil’. Muhar Akbar Gold Coin
The Diwan, Mir Bakhshi, Mir Saman and Sadr-us- Sudur
Shamsab Akbar Gold Coin (Largest)
were assistants to the Wakil.
Akbar increased the powers of the Diwan to limit powers Ilahi Akbar Gold Coin
of Wakil. Rupaya Sher Shah Silver Coin
Akbar established a new post ‘Diwan-i-Wazarat-i- Kul’ Dam Akbar Copper Coin
in the 8th year of his reign. (UPPCS, 2008)
During the reign of Aurangzeb, Asad Khan served as Diwan Jital Iltutmish Copper Coin
for 31 years.
Nisar Jahangir Copper Coin
Mir Bakhshi was the head of the military department in
the Mughal period. (IAS, 1997) The Judicial Department was headed by Qazi-ul-Quzat.
Mir Bakhshi was in charge of military payments and The principal officer of the Royal Home Department was
accounts. also known as ‘Mir Saman’ or ‘Khan-i- Saman’.
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‘Tanab’ was a bamboo rod with iron rings used for land In Pargana, Amil, Qanungo and Amin were the principal
measurement. officers for land revenue collection.
Takavi was an agricultural loan given by the government Akbar employed an officer named Karori in all areas
to farmers. of northern India except Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat to
Khut was the title of revenue collector of the village. implement his Dahsala system in 1573.
Zaribana was a fee paid to the employees measuring the Akbar introduced ‘Jharoka Darshan’ and ‘Tuladan’.
land from Jarib. Aurangzeb stopped Jharoka Darshan and Tuladan.
Madad-i-Mash was a grant of land or pension provided to
Women in Mughal Period
saints and scholars. (46th BPSC, 2003)
Akbar’s foster mother Maham Anga ran the Purdah
During Akbar’s rule, the land was divided into four
government from 1560-62 AD and established the ‘Khair-
categories on the basis of the yield - Polaj, Parati, Chachar
ul-Manzil Madrasa’ in Delhi.
and Banjar.
Nur Jahan was the wife of Jahangir who led the 'Junta
Akbar started using Ilahi Gaj (41 Angul or 33 inches) in
group'.
place of Sikandari Gaj (30.36 inches) in the 31st year of
Nur Jahan’s mother, Asmat Begum invented the art of
rule (1686-87) for land measurement.
extracting perfumes from rose flowers.
During the Mughal Period, the major system of land revenue
determination was Batai or Ghalla Bakhshi. (BPSC, 2008) Peshwa Battles and Its Consequences
The offerings made by the rich to the emperor on various Battle Year Between Conqueror
occasions in the Mughal period was called Nazarana or Kheda 1707 Tarabai and Shahu Shahu
‘offering’.
Varna 1731 Shambhaji and Shahu
The foundation of Jagirdari system was laid during the Shahu
reign of Akbar.
Sangola 1750 Peshwa and Peshwa
Jagirs used to have hereditary officers called ‘Chaudhuri’ Chhatrapati
and ‘Qanungo’ related to the Land Revenue Administration. Third Battle of 1761 Abdali and Balaji Abdali
Jahangir appointed a Hindu named ‘Srikanth’ as the Panipat Bajirao
‘Judge’ to decide the cases of Hindus. I- Anglo- 1775-1782 British and The British
In the Kankut System, cultivation was measured by steps Maratha Battle Maratha (Treaty of
or rope, and then revenue was estimated by estimating the Salbai)
yield per bigha. Maratha II- 1803-1805 British and The British
Anglo-Maratha Maratha
Mughal Emperors and Their Provinces Battle
Name of III-Anglo- 1817-1818 British and The British
Number of Subahs Newly joined Subah Maratha Battle Maratha
Emperor
Akbar 12 Provinces (12+3=15) 3 (Barar, Khandesh and Real Names and Titles of Mughal Rulers
Described in Ain-i- Ahmadnagar)
Ruler Real Name Titles
Akbari
Babur Babur Padshah, Mirza, Ghazi
Jahangir 15 Provinces (Kangra
Humayun Humayun Nasirunddin Muhammad
Jeetak merged with
Akbar Jalal Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar
Lahore) Badshah Ghazi
Shah Jahan 18 Provinces 3 (Kashmir, Thatta and Jahangir Saleem Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir
Odisha) Badshah Ghazi
Aurangzeb 20 Provinces 2 (Bijapur- 1686 and Shah Jahan Khurram Abul Muzaffar Shahabuddin,
Muhammad Sahib, Qiran-i-Sani
Golconda- 1687)
Aurangzeb Aurangzeb Abul Muzaffar, Muhi-ud-Din
Mughal Revenue Officers Muhammad, Aurangzeb Bahadur,
The main unit of land revenue was the village which Alamgir, Badshah Ghazi
consisted of two officers belonging to Malguzari (Revenue) Bahadur Shah-I Mohammad Shah Alam-I, Shahi-i-Bekhabar
- Muqaddam and Patwari. Muazzam

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Jahandar Shah Muizuddin
Hub Lustful Stupid There was a council of ministers named Ashta Pradhan
during the Maratha rule. (UPPCS, 2013)
Farrukhsiyar Farrukh-siyar Abominable Coward
Alamgir-II Aziz-ud-din Alamgir-II
Ashta Pradhan
Peshwa Minister of King
Shah Alam-II Ali Gauhar Shah Alam-II
Amatya Revenue and Finance Minister
Shah Jahan-II Rafi-ud-dawlah Shah Jahan-II
Waqia-Navis King’s day-to-day operations and the daily
Muhammad Muhammad Rangeela proceedings of the court
Shah Shah
Sachiv Head of Royal Correspondence
Mughal Emperors and Their Mausoleums Samant or Dabir Foreign Minister (MPPCS, 2014)

Mughal Emperor Tomb Senapati or Sar- Military recruitment, organization,

i-Naubat logistics, etc.
Babur Kabul
Pandit Rao Head of religious affairs
Humayun Delhi
Nyayadhish Chief Justice
Akbar Agra (Sikandra)
Shivaji died in 1680.
Jahangir Lahore (Shahdara)
Successors of Shivaji
Shah Jahan Agra
1. Shambha ji Shambha ji was the eldest son of Shivaji
Aurangzeb Aurangabad (Daulatabad) who ruled between 1680 and 1689.
2. Rajaram Maratha freedom struggle against the
14. Advancement of Marathas Mughals continued under the leadership
of Rajaram. Shivaji’s younger son Rajaram
Shivaji is said to have been the founder of the Maratha
ruled as the representative of Shahu, the son
Empire. of Shambhaji.
He was born on 19th February 1630 in the fort of Shivneri.
3. Tarabai After the death of Rajaram, his widow
His father’s name was Shahji Bhonsle and mother’s name Tarabai's four-year-old son Shivaji-II
was Jija Bai. ascended the throne and the struggle
Samarth Ramdas was the teacher of Shivaji. continued.
Shivaji captured the forts of 'Kalyan' and 'Javali' in Konkan 4. Shahuji Maratha power expanded during the reign
in 1656. of Shahuji.
The Sultan of Bijapur sent his commander Afzal Khan to After Shivaji's death, Power in the Maratha state effectively
subjugate Shivaji in 1659. (UPPCS, 1999) passed into the hands of the Peshwas. Peshwa Chitpavan
Aurangzeb appointed Shaista Khan, as the Governor of was from a Brahmin Family who served Shivagi's
Deccan to subdue Shivaji. Successors.
Shivaji entered into a treaty with Raja Jai Singh on 11th During the Maratha period, Saranjami System was related
June, 1665. This treaty became famous as the ‘Treaty of to land revenue administration. (BPSC, 1994)
Purandar’. Shivaji’s land revenue system was influenced by the one
Aurangzeb imprisoned Shivaji in 1666 at Jaipur Bhavan in adopted by Malik Ambar.
Agra, from where he managed to escape. (MPPCS, 2005) The income of the land was determined by ‘Kadi’ and
Shivaji was coronated in 1674 and assumed the title of ‘Zarib’.
‘Chhatrapati’ which made Raigad his capital.(UPPCS, 1996) ‘Chauth’ and ‘Sardeshmukhi’ were the second- largest
Pandit Vishweshwar alias ‘Ganga Bhatta’ of Banaras source of state's income apart from land tax.
declared him a Kshatriya and crowned him. Peshwas
Shivaji entered Poona stealthily in the night and suddenly Balaji Vishwanath (1713- Balaji Vishwanath is famous
attacked Shaista Khan in 1663. Shaista Khan panicked and 1720 ) as the second founder of the
ran away. Maratha Empire.
He invaded Surat in 1664. Peshwa Bajirao-I (1720- Bajirao proved to be the best
He attacked Surat again in 1670. 1740 ) Maratha general. Maratha
He used to give salary in cash to the officers by abolishing dominated the entire Malwa
the practice of granting jagir. region and Gujarat in 1733.
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Balaji Bajirao (1740-1761)
Hub
During the period of During the reign of Muhammad Shah, the Persian ruler
Balaji Bajirao, the Chauth Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1739. (UPPCS, 2004)
and Sardeshmukhi were The Battle of Karnal took place on 24th February 1739,
recovered from the south. when the Mughal army was defeated.
Madhav Rao-I (1761-1772) — Nadir Shah is known as the Napoleon of Iran.
Narayan Rao (1772-1773 ) — He returned to Iran with Takht-i-Tavous and Kohinoor
Raghunath Rao (1773-1774) — diamonds that adored the court of Shah Jahan.
Madhav Ravnarayan (1774- — Muhammad Shah was the last Mughal ruler who enthroned
1796) the Takht-i-Tavous.
Bajirao-II (1796-1818) — Rafi-ud-Daulah assumed the title of Shah Jahan II.
In the reign of Muhammad Shah in 1748, Ahmad Shah
The post of Peshwa was abolished in 1818.
Abdali attacked India but returned after being defeated in
Peshwa Bajirao-II was exiled to Bithur in Kanpur on an
the battle of Manupur.
annual pension of eight lakh rupees.
Ahmad Shah Abdali is known as Durr-i - Durrani (the pearl
Modi script was used in Maratha inscriptions. of the era).
During the battle of Plassy, Alamgir II was ruling the
C History of Modern India Mughal empire.
The third battle of Panipat and the Battle of Buxar were
1. The Decline and Disintegration of the fought during the reign of Shah Alam II (Ali Gauhar).
Mughal Empire The third battle of Panipat was fought between Ahmad
Shah Abdali and the Marathas, in which the Marathas
Aurangzeb’s death was followed by a war of succession
were defeated.
among his three sons - Muazzam, Azam and Kam Bakhsh. During the reign of Shah Alam II, the British took over
His elder son, Muhammad Muazzam (Shah Alam) was Delhi in 1803.
victorious in the war of succession. Shah Alam-II granted Clive the Diwani (civil administration)
Muhammad Muazzam assumed the title of Bahadur of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. (UP UDA/LDA, 2006)
Shah-I after occupying the throne in Delhi. Slave Qadir Khan killed Shah Alam-II in 1806.
Bahadur Shah I freed Shivaji’s son Shahu from prison. Akbar-II conferred the title of Raja on Ram Mohan Roy.
He was also known as ‘Shahi-i- Bekhabar’. The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah-II got the nickname
He abolished jizya tax levied by Aurangzeb. Zafar.
After the death of Bahadur Shah I, Jahandar Shah Bahadur Shah Zafar was imprisoned by the British for
became the emperor with the help of Zulfiqar Khan. taking part in the revolt of 1857 and exiled to Rangoon.
Jahandar Shah is also known as ‘lustful stupid’. He died there in 1862.
He had allowed a prostitute named Lal Kunwari to
The Later Mughal Emperors (in AD)
interfere in his administration.
Bahadur Shah-I (Shah-e-Bekhbar) 1707-1712
He conferred the title of ‘Mirza Raja’ on Jai Singh.
He conferred the title of Maharaja on Marwar ruler Ajit Jahandar Shah (Dissolute Fool) 1712-1713
Singh. Farrukh Siyar (Abominable Coward) 1713-1719
Sayyid brothers Hussain Ali Khan Barha and Abdullah Muhammad Shah (Rangeela) 1719-1748
Khan were known as king-makers. (UP RO/ARO, 2017)
Ahmad Shah 1748-1754
Farrukh Siyar was called a despicable coward among
Alamgir-II (Azizuddin) 1754-1759
Mughal rulers.
Farrukh Siyar executed Banda Bahadur in 1716. Shah Alam-II (Aligauhar) 1759-1806
Muhammad Shah got the nickname Rangeela, because Akbar-II 1806-1837
of leading a very luxurious life. (MPPCS, 2014) Bahadur Shah Zafar 1837-1857
Sayyid brothers witnessed their and end during the reign
of Muhammad Shah. Note : Farrukh Siyar was succeeded by Rafi - ud -
Hussain Ali Khan was assassinated by the Turani soldier Darajat (February, 1719 - June, 1719) and Rafi - Ud -
Haider Quli Khan in 1720. Daulah (June, 1719 - September, 1719).
92
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Independent States (from Mughals)
Hub Gustavus Fort was founded in 1653.
They employed industrial workers on pay for the first time
1. Awadh Saadat Khan (Burhan-ul-Mulk)
in India.
2. Hyderabad Chinkilich Khan or Nizam-ul-Mulk
They eventually suffered a decline in India in 1759 AD.
3. Ruhelkhand Daud Khan and Ali Muhammad Khan
The battle was fought between the British and the Dutch.
Bangesh
C. The English
4. Bengal Murshid Quli Khan Queen Elizabeth I of England granted the charter of
5. Karnataka Saadatullah Khan authority to the East India Company on 31st December,
6. Bharatpur Chudaman and Badan Singh 1600 AD. (IAS Pre, 1993, 1997, 1999)
Captain Hawkins came to the court of Jahangir in 1608 as
2. The Arrival of European Trade Companies an ambassador of the British East India Company.
A. The Portuguese Jahangir permitted the British to establish a permanent factory
Portuguese came to India at the end of the fifteenth century. at Surat in 1613 AD. (UPPCS, 2011, 2018; IAS, 2006, 2010)
They were the first amongst Europeans. Sir Tomas Roe came to the court of Jahangir in 1615 and
Vasco da Gama reached Calicut Port on the west coast obtained some facilities for English trade.
of India on 20th May 1498, discovering a new sea route to The Sultan of Golconda issued a golden decree to the
India from Europe. British in 1632 AD, according to which, by paying 500
(MPPCS, 1995, UPPCS, 1992; Chattisgarh PCS, 2004, 2022)
pagodas annually, the British could trade freely at the Port
The Hindu king Zamorin of Calicut warmly welcomed
of Golconda state. (CPF, 2007, 2011, 2017)
Vasco da Gama, while the Arab merchants settled in Calicut
Englishman Francis Day took Madras on lease from the
adopted an attitude of disloyalty towards him.
King of Chandragiri in 1639 AD. The British built a fortified
(CGPSC, 2022; UP Lower, 2013)
factory in Madras.
Francisco de Almeida was appointed the first Portuguese
Viceroy to India in 1505 AD. (BPSC, 2001, UP Lower, 2013) This fortified factory was named Fort St. George.
King Charles II of England was married the Portuguese
Note : The order of the European companies to arrive in princess Catherine of Braganza in 1662 AD.(CAPF, 2003, 2007)
India were Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. The Portuguese gifted Charles II with Bombay Island as
(UPPCS, 1997)
dowry in 1662 AD.
Francisco de Almeida is known for the ‘Blue Water Charles II gave Bombay to the East India Company in 1668
Policy’. (Uttarakhand PCS, 2016) AD with an annual rent of 10 pounds. (UK PSC, 2010)
Afonso de Albuquerque arrived in India as the Viceroy In 1651, Shah Shuja, the Subahdar of Bengal, granted the
of Portugal in 1509 AD. English permission of trade in Bengal in exchange for
He is considered the de facto founder of Portuguese rule
annual payment.
in India. (UP Lower, 2003)
The foundation of modern Calcutta was laid by Job
He conquered Goa from the Adilshahi Sultan of Bijapur in
Charnock, combining Kalikata, Gobindpur and Sutanati
1510 AD. (IAS, 2003; UPPCS, 2010; UK PSC, 2004)
villages. Later, the foundation of Fort William was laid at
The Portuguese opened their first trading factory at Cochin.
Calcutta. (UP Lower, 2008; UPPCS, 2004)
(UPPCS, 2010)
The Dutch came to India after the Portuguese. The first President of Fort William was Charles Eyre.
The Portuguese started the printing press in India. D. The French
B. The Dutch The first factory of the French was founded at Surat in
They were residents of the Netherlands or Holland. 1668 by Francois Caron.
The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. Francis Martin founded Pondicherry in 1674.
They opened their first trading factory at Masulipattam in European Trade Companies
1605 AD.
English East India Company 1600 (CAPF, 2007)
They established another factory at Pulicat and made it
their headquarter. Dutch East India Company 1602 (CPO SI, 2008)
Dutch established their first factory in Bengal (1627 AD) Danish East India Company 1616
at Pipli. French East India Company 1664
The Dutch fort of Chinsurah near Hooghly is known as
Swedish East India Company 1731
‘Gustavus Fort’.
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Anglo-French Clash (Carnatic Battles) Alivardi Khan, the Subadar of Bihar, became the Nawab of
The First Battle of Karnataka (1746-1748 AD) was Bengal by killing Sarfaraz Khan in the Battle of Giria in 1740.
merely an extension of the succession of Austria. (BPSC, 2000) During his reign, Bengal became so prosperous that it came
The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle in Europe (1748) ended to be known as the ‘Paradise of India’.
the war for succession of Austria, resulting in the end of Alivardi Khan compared the Europeans to bees and said
the first battle of Karnataka. (UPPCS, 1995, 2016, 2017) that ''if they are not pierced, they will give honey and if
French Governor-General Dupleix was defeated in the teased, they will bite and kill''.
Second Battle of Karnataka (1749–54 AD).(CGPSC,2023) Alivardi Khan stopped paying taxes to the Mughals during
his reign.
He was called back to France. He was replaced by Charles-
After Alivardi Khan’s death, his grandson (son in law's
Robert Godeheu who signed the treaty of Pondicherry
son) Siraj-ud-daulah succeeded him.
(1755 AD). (UPPCS, 2016; UPGIC, 2017)
On the night of 20th June 1756, 146 Britishers were locked in
The Third (1758-63 AD) and decisive Battle of Karnataka
a small room by Siraj-uddaulah, leaving only 23 Britishers
took place in Wandiwash. (UPGIC, 2017; UPPCS, 2012)
alive the next day. This incident is known as the 'Black
In the Battle of Wandiwash (1760 AD), the English Army Hole' tragedy. (SSC MTS, 2017)
led by Eyre Coot crushed the French Army led by Count J Z Holwell was the eyewitness of the Black Hole tragedy.
de Lally. (UK PCS, 2016) The Battle of Plassey was fought on 23rd June, 1757,
In1761, the British captured the French territory of between the British commander Robert Clive and the
Pondicherry. Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah.(MPPCS, 2006, 2008, 2007)
The Third Battle of Karnataka ended in the Treaty of Paris The battle of Plassey occured in the Present Indian State
(1763 AD) between the British and the French. (UPPCS, 1990) of West Bengal.
Through the Treaty of Paris, the British returned In the Battle of Plassey, the commander of Siraj-uddaulah’s
Pondicherry and some other territories to the French except army was Mir Jafar. (UPPCS, 2005, 2007, 2014)

Chandranagar. (UPPCS, 1995, 1997, 2001) The treachery of Mir Jafar preceding the Battle of Plassey
resulted in the defeat of Siraj-ud-daulah.
Carnatic Battles A small army led by Mohan Lal and Mir Madan remained
Battle Year (AD) Treaty loyal to the Nawab in the Battle of Plassey. Mir Madan was
First Carnatic Battle 1746-48 Treaty of Aix La Chapelle
killed fighting. (UK PSC, 2010; IAS, Pre, 2005)
(1748) The British appointed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal, in
return for which Mir Jafar gave the land of 24 Parganas to
Second Carnatic Battle 1749-54 Treaty of Pondicherry (1755)
the British.
Third Carnatic Battle 1758-63 Treaty of Paris (1763) The British despised Mir Jafar and installed his son-in-law
Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal in 1760.
3. Expansion of British Power in Bengal Mir Qasim was the second most qualified Nawab of Bengal
after Alivardi Khan. (UPPCS Lower 2003; IAS, 2005)
Bengal was highly fertile and the most prosperous among
Mir Qasim moved his capital from Murshidabad to Munger.
the provinces of India.
On 22nd October 1764, the Battle of Buxar was fought
The British established their first factory in Bengal after between the British on one side and the combined forces of
the permission of Shah Shuja in 1651 AD. (MPPCS, 2008) Mir Qasim, Nawab Shuja-uddaulah of Awadh and the Mughal
Murshid Quli Khan was the independent ruler of Bengal. Emperor Shah Alam II on the other. (UPPCS, 2003, 1990)
He shifted his capital from Dacca to Murshidabad. Under the leadership of Hector Munro, the English army
(UPPCS, 2013) defeated the combined forces of Mir Qasim.(UP UDA, 2002)
He started the monopoly system and provided Takavi (advance After the Battle of Buxar, the East India company's rule
agricultural tax) loans to the farmers. (MPPCS, 2009) was firmly established in India. (UPPCS, 1990, 03)
In 1765 AD the East India company obtained diwani rights
Note : The Izaredari System was called ‘contractual
in Bengal. (SSC MTS, 2023)
practice’.
In Bengal, Diarchy lasted from 1765 and 1772.
After Murshid Quli Khan, his son-in-law Shuja-ud-din (SSC MTS, 2019)
ascended the throne of Bengal. (CAPF, 2013, 2019)
Note : Diarchy was introduced by Lord Clive in 1765,
Sarfaraz Khan became the Nawab of Bengal after Shuja-
ud-din. (CPO SI 2007, 2009, 2013, 2019)
and abolished by Warren Hastings in 1772.
94
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Nawabs of Bengal
Hub Lord Cornwallis commented on the Treaty of
Note :
1. Murshid Quli Khan 1717-1727 Seringapatnam, "We have effectively crippled our
2. Shujauddin 1727-1739
enemy without making our friends too formidable."

3. Sarfaraz Khan 1739-1740 4. Maratha Empire and Anglo-Maratha

4. Alivardi Khan 1740-1756 Clash under Peshwas
5. Siraj-ud-daulah 1756-1757
Peshwas were the propagators of the new Maratha Empire
6. Mir Jafar 1757-1760
in the leadership of Shahu. (IAS, 2000; UP RO, 2016)
7. Mir Qasim 1760-1763 The Maratha leader Shahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath
8. Mir Jafar 1763-1765 as Peshwa in 1713. (UPPCS, 2014, 2023, 2005, 1997)
9. Nizam-ud-daulah 1765-1766 Balaji Vishwanath is considered the second founder of
10. Saif-ud-daulah 1766-1770 the Maratha Empire.
11. Mubarak-ud-daulah 1770-1772 Peshwa was the Prime Minister of Chhatrapati.
The post of Peshwa became hereditary with the first Peshwa.
Anglo-Mysore Relations (Karnataka PCS, 2014)
Balaji Vishwanath died in 1720. (UPPCS, 2004, 2023)
Wadiyar dynasty was established in Mysore in 1399.
Sahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath’s elder son Baji Rao- I
Haider Ali started his career as a horseman.
as Peshwa in 1720. (UPPCS, 2004, 2007)
He became the ruler of Mysore in 1761.(Karnataka PCS, 2008)
Baji Rao -I propagated and popularized the idea of the
He was defeated and died in the Battle of Porto Nova during
Hindu rank of Padshahi.
the Second Anglo-Mysore War. (Jharkhand PCS, 2003)
The Battle of Palkheda was fought between Baji Rao -I
He was victorious in the First Anglo-Mysore War
and Nizam-ul- Mulk in 1728.
(1767–1769). (Karnataka PCS, 2009; UPPCS, 2015)
The First Peshwa who invaded Delhi on 29th March, 1737
After his death, his son Tipu ascended the throne of Mysore.
was Baji Rao I.
Tipu Sultan was born in 1750. (BPSC, 1992, 1996)
Bajirao I died in 1740.
By the Treaty of Mangalore, Tipu Sultan and the British
After his death, his son, Balaji Baji Rao became Peshwa.
exchanged conquered territories.
After the Treaty of Sangola (1750), all rights to the
(UPPCS, 2014, 2017; UK PSC 2016, 2018; IAS 2005, 2003)
Peshwas were secured.
He assumed the title of Padshah in 1787.
Maratha kingdom expanded the most during the reign of
Due to the treaty of Srirangapatnam in 1792 AD, almost
Balaji Bajirao.
half the ara of Mysore state was handed over to the East
Balaji Baji Rao is also known as Nana Saheb.
India Company. (UPPCS, 2009; BPSC, 1997)
During the reign of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao reign, the third
He planted a tree of freedom in his capital Srirangapatnam.
battle of Panipat (14 January, 1761) was fought between
Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobean Club and
the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.
started calling himself Citizen Tipu.
Marathas were defeated in the third Battle of Panipat.
He died in Seringapatam during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore
War in 1799. (CGPSC, 2014, 2016; MPPCS, 2000)
Sadashivrao Bhau led the Marathas in the third Battle of
Panipat.
Anglo - Mysore Wars
Anglo-Maratha War
Governor-
Major War Year General Important War Year (AD) Governor-General
Treaty
First Anglo- (1767-1769AD) — Treaty of Madras First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) Warren Hastings
Mysore War (1769) Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) Wellesley
Second Anglo- (1780-1784 AD) Warren Treaty of Manga- Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) Lord Hastings
Mysore War Hastings lore (1784)
Madhav Rao-I became the Peshwa in 1761.
Third Anglo- (1790-1792 AD) Lord Treaty of Serin-
Madhav Rao-I attempted to restore the lost prestige of the
Mysore War Cornwallis gapatnam (1792)
Marathas.
Fourth Anglo- (1799 AD) Lord —
After the death of Madhav Rao, his younger brother
Mysore War Wellesley
Narayan Rao became the Peshwa.
95
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Hub
Peshwa Narayan Rao (1772-73) was killed by his uncle Guru Ramdas was a contemporary of Akbar and the son-
Raghunath Rao. in-law of Amardas.
Madhav Rao Narayan was appointed Peshwa in place Akbar granted 500 bighas of land to Guru Ramdas. On this
of Raghunath Rao with the active intervention of the land, he settled in Amritsar city. (UK UDA/LDA, 2007)
Britishers.
Note : Guru Nanak was a contemporary of Babur and
Due to the minor age of Peshwa Madhav Rao Narayan, the
Humayun.
Maratha state was looked after by a council of 12 members
named Barbhai Council. Guru Ramdas nominated his son Arjan Dev as his successor
There were two important members in this council- Mahadji and made the post of Guru hereditary.
Scindia and Nana Fadnavis. The fifth Guru of the Sikhs was Arjan Dev (1581–1606).
The First Anglo-Maratha War was fought during the Guru Arjan Dev built Harminder Sahib in the middle of
Amritsar pond.
reign of Madhav Rao Narayan.
Guru Arjan Dev compiled the Adi Granth.
Baji Rao II, son of Raghunath Rao, was the last Peshwa.
(Uttarakhand PCS, 2004)
Baji Rao II was the first Maratha chief to accept the second
Jahangir awarded the death penalty to Guru Arjan Dev in
subsidiary alliance. (41st BPSC, 1996)
assisting Prince Khusrau in 1606. (UP UDA/LDA, 2002)
Under the Treaty of Purandar in 1776, the company
The sixth Guru of the Sikhs was Hargobind (1606–1644).
withdrew its support from Raghunath Rao.
He created a martial spirit among the Sikhs and ordered
The First Anglo-Maratha War ended in 1782 with the
them to carry weapons to protect themselves.
Treaty of Salbai.
Guru Hargobind ordered the fortification of Amritsar city
Note : The Treaty of Salbai was signed on 17th May, and constructed ‘Akal Takht’ here.
1782 with the effort of Mahadji Scindia. The seventh Guru of the Sikhs was Har Rai (1644–61 AD).
The Second Anglo-Maratha War was fought during 1803- The eighth Sikh Guru Harkrishan (1661–64) died of
1805. smallpox.
Bhonsle (Nagpur) challenged the British in the second war. The ninth Sikh Guru was Guru Tegh Bahadur (1664-1675
The Second Anglo-Maratha War was concluded by the AD).
Treaty of Rajpur Ghat between the temporary Governor- Aurangzeb killed Guru Tegh Bahadur for not accepting
General of the Company, George Barlow and Holkar in Islam. (Chattisgarh PCS, 2004)

January 1806. Guru Gobind Singh (1675–1708 AD) was the tenth and
After the third Anglo - Maratha War (1817-1818), the the last Guru of the Sikhs.
hereditary post of Peshwa was abolished. He was born in Patna in 1666 AD. (BPSC, 2015)

Peshwa Baji Rao II was the last Peshwa. His original name was Gobind Rai.
He established Anandpur City and his throne there.
5. Relation between Sikh and British
The autobiography of Guru Gobind Singh is titled Bichittar
Guru Nanak was the founder of Sikhism. Natak.
He was born in 1469 AD at Talwandi in Punjab (now in He founded the Khalsa Panth on Baisakhi Day in 1699
Pakistan). AD. (MPPCS, 2014)
He introduced the Sangat (Dharamshala) and Mangat He asked the followers of Sikhism to add the word Singh
(Langar) System. to their names.
He died at Kartarpur in 1539 AD. He introduced the Pahul System.
Guru Angad (1539–52 AD) was the second Guru of the He told Sikh followers to carry five things - Kesh (Hair),
Sikhs. Kanga (Comb), Kachera, Kirpan and Kara.
His earlier name was Lahna. He gave the present form to Adi Grantha (Guruvani), the
Guru Angad invented the Gurmukhi Script.(UPPCS, 2017) religious text of the Sikhs.
Amardas (1552–74 AD), the third Guru of the Sikhs, Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, the sons of Guru Gobind
established his throne at Goindwal. Singh, were done to death by erecting bricked walls around
Mughal emperor Akbar went to Guru Amardas Goindwal them by Sirhind Mughal Fauzdar Wazir Khan.
and granted some land to his daughter Bibi Bhani. Guru Gobind Singh was assassinated in 1708 AD by a
The fourth Guru of the Sikhs was Ramdas (1574–81 AD). Pathan at Nanded in South India.
96
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Banda Bahadur’s childhood name was Lakshmanadeva In March 1849, Lord Dalhousie annexed the Sikh State to
or Laksman Das. (UPPCS, 2014) the English empire.
Banda Bahadur established the first Sikh kingdom. Maharaja Dilip Singh was given an annual pension of
He introduced coins with the names of Guru Nanak and 50 thousand pounds and was sent to England to pursue
Guru Gobind Singh inscribed on them and made the seal education.
of Sikh State. He took the Kohinoor diamond and gave it to Queen
He was awarded the death penalty during the rule of Farrukh Victoria.
Siyar.
Major Rebellions Against the British Rule
After the death of Banda Bahadur, small Sikh states were
Affected
established in Punjab, known as Misls. Revolt Related Leaders Time
Areas
At that time, 12 misls existed in Punjab.
Sanyasi Bihar, Bengal Kena Sarkar and 1763-1800
Sikh Misls and Its Founding Leaders Rebellion Dirji Narayan
Misls Founder/ Leader Fakir Rebellion Bengal Majmun Shah and 1776-77
Chirag Ali
Ahluwalia Jassa Singh
Chuar Rebellion Bankura Durjan Singh 1798-99
Sukerchakia Charat Singh
(Bengal)
Faizullapuria Nawab Kapoor Singh
Poligar Rebellion Tamil Nadu Veer P. 1799-1801
Phulkian Ala Singh Kattabomman
Kanheya /Dhaniya Jai Singh Bhil Rebellion Western Ghats Triyambak G. 1818-31
Bhangi Hari Singh Ramosi Rebellion Western Ghats Chittur Singh, Umaji 1822-26
Ramgarhia Jassa Singh Ramgarhia Pagalpanthi Bengal Karamshah and Tipu 1825-33
Nakai Heera Singh Rebellion (BPSC, 2013)

Nishanvali Sardar Sangat Singh Ahom Rebellion Assam Gomadhar Kunwar, 1828-33
Roop-Chandra Konar
Shahidi Gurubakhsh Singh
Wahabi Bihar, Uttar Sayyed Ahmad 1820-70
Crore Scindia Baghel Singh Movement Pradesh Barelvi
Dalle Walia Tara Singh Note : The Wahabi agitators wanted to reestablish Islam of
Ranjit Singh Muhammad's time.
Ranjit Singh was born of Maha Singh, the head of the Kol Rebellion Chotanagpur Budhu Bhagat 1831-32
Sukerchakia Misl in November, 1780. (UPPCS, 2004) (Jharkhand)
In 1798, the ruler of Kabul, Jamshanah, conferred the title Khond Rebellion Tamil Nadu to Chakra Bisoi 1837-56
of ‘Raja’ on him for his services. Bengal
Ranjit Singh became the ruler of Lahore in 1799. Khasi Rebellion Meghalaya Tiruth Singh 1833
Treaty of Amritsar was signed between Charles Metcalfe Farizi Movement Bengal Dadu Mir 1818-62
and Ranjit Singh on 25th April, 1809. (UPPCS, 1997) Shariatullah
Ranjit Singh’s kingdom was divided into four states - Santhal Rebellion Bengal and Siddha - Kanhu 1855-56
Peshawar, Kashmir, Multan and Lahore. Bihar
Lahore was the capital of Ranjit Singh’s empire. Munda Rebellion Bihar Birsa Munda 1899-1900
(UPPCS, 1995, 1996; UPSI, 2009; UK PCS, 2006)
Paika Rebellion Odisha Bakhshi Jagabandhu 1817-1825
He received a Kohinoor diamond from Shah Shuja.
Indigo Rebellion Bengal Digambar Vishwas, 1859-60
(41st BPSC, 1996)
Vishnu Vishwas
He died in June, 1839.
Pabna Rebellion Pabna Ishan Chandra Rai & 1873-76
The Foreign Minister of Ranjit Singh was Fakir Azizuddin.
(Bengal) Shambhupal
The First Anglo - Sikh War was fought from 1845 to 1846.
Deccan Rebellion Maharashtra — 1875
The Second Anglo - Sikh War was fought from 1848 to
1849. Mopalah Malabar Ali Musliyar 1920-22
Rebellion (Kerala)
The First Anglo - Sikh War ended with the Treaty of Lahore
(9th March, 1846). Kuka Movement Punjab Bhagat Jawahar Mal 1840-72

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Rampa Rebellion Andhra
Hub Sitaram Raju 1922-1924 On 10th May, 1857 occurred the revolt of the Third Bengal
Pradesh Light Cavalry of Meerut marked the beginning of the Revolt
Tana Bhagat Bihar Jatra Bhagat 1914 of 1857. (UPPCS 1990, 1994)
Movement Charles Canning was the Governor-General of India and
Tebhaga Bengal — 1946 Palmerston was the Prime Minister of England during the
Movement revolt of 1857. (UPPCS 1990, 1991, 2012)
Note : Ram Singh, a disciple of Bhagat Jawahar Mal, fought Deccan rebellion of 1857 took place in Maharashtra.
with the British bravely in 1872, but was imprisoned and sent Madras remained untouched by the revolt of 1857.
to Rangoon. He died in 1885.
Note : Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s novel, Anandamath, is Historians’ Opinions Regarding the Nature of
based on the Sanyasi rebellion. Warren Hastings suppressed
the Revolt of 1857
this rebellion.
Nature Opinion
Military Rebellion Before the Revolt of 1857 This was the first freedom struggle V.D. Savarkar
1806 Vellor Revolt against the order to of India. (MPPCS, 2008)
remove religious symbols This was a national rebellion. Disraeli
1824 Barrackpore Opposition of the order to go to
It was a full-fledged Sepoy Mutiny. Sir John Lawrence and Seale
Burma by sea route.
It was a conspiracy of Hindus and James Outram, W.Taylor
1844,1849,1850,1852 Rebellion for not getting remote
area service allowance. Muslims against the British. (BPSC, 1995)

23rd January, 1857 Dum Dum The cartridges were greased The war between barbarism and T.R. Holmes
(Calcutta) with cow's and pig's. civilization.
26 February, 1857 Berhampur The cartridges were greased This was a war of Fanatic religionists L.E.R. Rees
(Bengal) with cow's and pig's fat. against the Christians.

6. The Revolt of 1857 Important Books and Their Authors

The immediate cause of the revolt of 1857 was the loading
Books Authors
Enfield rifle required tearing open the greased cartridges with
one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges 1. The Indian War of Independence 1857 V.D. Savarkar
(UPPCS, 2004)
were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. (RAS, 1993)
On 29th March, 1857, Mangal Pandey, a soldier of the 2. The Great Rebellion Ashok Mehta
34th Bengal Native Infantry Barrackpore, attacked his 3. The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of R.C. Majumdar
officers, Lieutenant Baugh and Sergeant Major Hewson. 1857
Consequently, he was arrested and hanged on 8th April,
4. Eighteen Fifty-Seven S.N. Sen
1857. (UK PCS, 2002; UPPCs, 2010, 2014, 2016, 1990)

Important Events and Personalities related to the Revolt of 1857

British who suppressed the
Centre of Revolt Led by Date of Revolt Date of Suppression
Revolt
Delhi (UPPCS, 1994) Bahadur Shah Zafar, Bakht Khan 11th May, 1857 Nicholson and Hudson 21st September, 1857
Kanpur Nana Saheb, Tatya Tope 5th June, 1857 Campbell 6th December, 1857
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal 30th May,1857 Campbell March, 1858
(UPPCS, 2015) (UPPCS 1990)
Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai June , 1857 Huge Rose (UPPCS, 1992) 1858
Allahabad Liyaqat Ali (UPPCS, 2015) June,1857 Colonel Neil 1858
Jagdishpur Kunwar Singh June, 1857 William Taylor and Vincent Eyre 1858
(BPSC, 2014)
Bareily Khan Bahadur Khan 1857 Campbell 1858
(UPPCS, 1998)
Faizabad Maulavi Ahmad Ulla 1857 Campbell 1858
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At the time of the mutiny, the Company’s chief commander Keshav Chandra Sen’s liberalism caused the first division in
was George Annison. the Brahmo Samaj as the books of Christians, Islam, Parsi
The commander after the start of the rebellion was Colin and Chinese religion began to be read at the gatherings of
Campbell. the Brahmo Samaj.
The Emperor of India during the mutiny was Bahadur Shah Devendranath Tagore removed Keshav Chandra Sen as
Zafar. a trustee of the Brahmo Samaj and withdrew his title of
The real name of Tatya Tope was Ramchandra Hierophant (Acharya) in 1865.
Pandurang. (UPPCS, 2011)
Keshav Chandra Sen formed a new Brahmo Samaj.
Note : By Changes in the Home Government, the (UPPCS, 2008)
Secretary of State for India was made responsible to the Shivnath Shastri and Anand Mohan Bose founded the
government of British India in the year 1858. Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1878.
He was hanged by the British at Shivpuri on 18th April, Prarthana Samaj
1859. Atmaram Pandurang established ‘Prarthana Samaj’ in
Rani lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, a brave warrior and key figure Mumbai in 1867. (UP UDA/LDA, 2010)

of the Indian Independence rebelion of 1857, is often Mahadev Govind Ranade is called the ‘Pioneer of Cultural
remembered for her courage in leading the resistance Renaissance in Western India'.
against the British. He fought his last battle in Gwalior city. He founded Poona Sarvajanik Sabha in 1870. He was
Rani Lakshmi Bai received martyrdom on 18th June, 1858. also called ‘Socrates of Maharashtra’.
On 31st December 1893, DK Karve formed the Widow
7. Religious and Social Reform Movements Reunification Association.
Brahmo Samaj Balgangadhar Tilak and other peoples established the
Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Rammohun Roy on Deccan Education Society in 1884, and later it was
20th August, 1828. (MPPCS, 1992) transformed into Fergusson College Pune.
Brahmo Samaj is credited with writing literary works for Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar and Mahadev Govind
the abolition of Sati Pratha. (BPSC, 2005, 2007) Ranade did their work related to religious reforms in
It opposed idol worship, pilgrimage, rituals, etc. Maharashtra through Prarthana Samaj.
Raja Rammohan Roy formed the Atmiya Sabha in 1815.
Social Reforms
(BSSC, 2023; BPSC, 1996, 2019)
Governor-
Vedanta College was founded by Rammohan Roy in 1825. Year of Abolition Subject
General
Raja Rammohan Roy is called the Pioneer of the Indian
Renaissance, the originator of the reform movements, the Infant Slaughter Prohibition of Infant
father of modern India and the star of the new morning. (1795, 1804 AD) Slaughter
(RAS, 1996; UPPCS, 1996; UPPCS, 2000) Sati Practice (1829 Lord William Prohibition of Sati
He is considered the ‘Forerunner of Indian Journalism’. AD) Bentinck Tradition
He founded the Hindu College at Calcutta in 1817 with The Slavery System Alan Burrows Prohibition of Slavery
the help of David Heyer. (UP RO, 2013; UP RO/ARO, 2021) (1843 AD)
He authored Tuhfat-ul Muwahhidin and the Precepts of Widow Remarriage Lord Canning Widow Marriage
Jesus books besides publishing Sambad Kaumudi, Mirat- (1856 AD) Permitted
ul-Akbar and Brahmanical Magazine in English.
Native Marriage Act Northbrook Encouragement to
Raja Rammohan Roy is the author of the book Gift
(1872 AD) Intercaste Marriage
to Monotheists, written in Persian, which condemns
Age of Consent Act Lansdowne Marriage age for girls
polytheism. (UPPCS, 2005, 2007, 2013)
(1891 AD) was fixed at 12 years
Mughal emperor Akbar-II conferred the title of Raja on
Rammohan Roy. (BPSC, 1998, 2000; UPPCS, 2012) Sarda Act (1929 AD) Irwin Marriage age for girls was
After Raja Rammohan Roy, Devendranath Tagore took the fixed at 14 years (and for
leadership of the Brahmo Samaj. (BPSC, 2001, 2003) boys it was 18 years)
Devendranath Tagore founded the Tattvabodhini Sabha. Veda Samaj
After Devendranath Tagore, Keshav Chandra Sen led the K. Shri Dharalu Naidu founded the Veda Samaj in Madras
Brahmo Samaj. in 1864 inspired by Keshav Chandra Sen.
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Veda Samaj of Madras was inspired by Brahmo Samaj. Swami Ji established the Vedanta Society in America in
(SSC, 2023) 1894. (CGPSC, 2019; UP Lower, 2015)
Arya Samaj He founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897.
Swami Dayanand Saraswati established Arya Samaj in (UPPCS, 2004)
Bombay in 1875. (UP Lower, 2009) The headquarter of the Ramakrishna Mission was established
He gave the slogan, ‘Back to the Vedas’. (MPPCS, 1997) at Belur in Howrah. (UPPCS 2004, MPPCS, 1996, 1999)
Arya Samaj raised its voice against untouchability, caste Subhash Chandra Bose called Swami Vivekananda the
discrimination, child marriage and advocated widow 'Spiritual Father of the Modern National Movement'.
remarriage and inter-caste marriage. (CAPF, 2015, 2017) Theosophical Society
The ‘Shuddhi Andolan’ was launched by Swami Dayanand Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Alcott established the
Saraswati, which reopened Hinduism and opened the doors Theosophical Society in 1875 in New York.
for the return of people from other religions. (UPPCS, 2010) (BPSC 2005, UP RO, 2016; 53rd to 55th BPSC, 2011)
Arya Samaj founded the Gau Raksha Andolan and the International Office of Theosophical Society was opened
Gau Rakshini Sabha. (SSC MTS, 2019, 2022) in Adyar (Madras) in 1882.
Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the first reformer who Mrs. Annie Besant became a member of the Theosophical
was in favour of Shudra and women reading Vedas, getting Society in 1889 and came to India in 1893.
higher education, wearing Yajnopavit. After the death of Alcott, Annie Besant became the
Mool Shankar was the childhood name of Swami Dayanand
President of this society in 1907.
Saraswati.
For development in the field of education in India, Annie
Major Books by Swami Dayanand Saraswati Besant established the Central Hindu College in Benares
1. Satyarth Prakash (1875), 3. Paakhand Khandan (1866), in 1898 which became the ‘Banaras Hindu University’
(UK PCS, 2006) in 1916 by the efforts of Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya. Both
2. Panch Maha Yajya Vidhi 4. Advaitmat Khandan (1877) Hindu religion and scientific subjects are taught here.
(1874), Other Religious Movements
Radhakant Deb established Dharma Sabha in 1830.
He hoisted the Paakhand Khandani Pataka at the Kumbh
Gopal Hari Deshmukh became famous as Lokhitwadi.
of Haridwar in 1867 to symbolise his denial of fake
(UPPCS, 2015)
religions.
The Paramhansa Mandali Organization was established
In the political arena, Arya Samaj believed that 'the worst
in Poona, Satara and other cities of Maharashtra, which
of a bad country is better than the best of a foreign state'.
worked against Brahminical orthodoxy and attempted to
The word Swaraj was first used by Dayanand.
reform Hinduism.
(RAS/RTS, 1999)
Deva Samaj was founded by Shiv Narayan Agnihotri in
Young Bengal Movement
This movement was started by Henry Vivian Derozio in Lahore in 1887. (CAPF, 2014, 2016; UPPCS, 2002)

1826. Behramji Malabari founded Seva Sadan in Bombay in

Surendranath Banerjee accepted Derozio as "the pioneer 1908. (CPOSI, 2008, 2010, 2017)

of the modern civilization of Bengal. Servants of India Society was founded by Gopal Krishna
Derozio is also called the first national poet of Modern Gokhale in 1905. (BPSC, 1998, 1999; UPPCS, 2016)

India. The Indian National Social Conference was founded by

Ramakrishna Mission and Swami Vivekananda M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao in 1887. This movement
Swami Vivekananda was the disciple of Ramakrishna started as a pledge movement to stop child marriage.
Paramahamsa called Swami of Dakshineswar. Social Service League was established in 1911 by N.M.
Swami Vivekananda’s childhood name was Narendranath. Joshi.
He represented India at the World Religion Conference Hridaynath Kunzru established the Seva Samiti in
held in Chicago, USA, in 1893. Allahabad (now Prayagraj) in 1914.
(MPPCS, 1993, 2013; UPPCs, 2015; UPPCS, 2008; BPSC, 2020) Rahunmai Mazdayasnan Sabha was associated with the
Before joining this conference, Swami Vivekananda Parsi Reform Movement which was started in 1851. Naoroji
changed his name from ‘Narendranath’ to Swami Fardun Ji, Dadabhai Naoroji and SS, Bengali, etc. founded
Vivekananda at the suggestion of Khetri Maharaj. it in Bombay.
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Rahanumai Mazdayasnan published the Rast Goftar ("The D.K. Karve established the first Women’s University in
Truth Teller") magazine. Mumbai in 1916. (UPPCS, 2002, UP GIC, 2010)
Muslim Reform Movement Inter-caste marriage was recognized by the enactment of
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan launched the Aligarh Movement. the Native Marriage Act in 1872. (UPPCS, 2019)
He advocated for the abolition of the Piri Muridi system Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar was a popular leader of the
and published a magazine called Tehzib-ul-Akhlaq reformist organization Prarthana Samaj.
(Civilization and Ethics). Social Reformer Related Governor-General
Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi and Rashid Ahmad
Sati Practice Lord William Bentinck
Gangohi in 1866 established Islamic seminary at Deoband.
Thugee Practice Lord William Bentick (Colonel Sleeman)
The Moplah or Muslim farmers launched a powerfu anti-
landlord movement in the state of Kerala. Slavery Practice Lord Ellenborough
Shibli Nomani was a supporter of Deoband. Sarda Act Lord Irwin
He founded Nadwatul-’Ulum and Darul Uloom.
(BPSC, 1997, 1998; UPPCS, 2014)
8. Indian National Freedom Movements
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya The Indian National Freedom Movement is mainly divided
Movement in 1889. into three phases in chronological order –
In 1864, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded the ‘Scientific 1. First Phase (1885–1905)
Society’ and ‘Aligarh Muslim - Anglo Oriental College’ 2. Second Phase (1905–1919)
in 1875. This college was transformed into Aligarh Muslim 3. Third Phase (1919–1947)
University in 1920. (BPSC, 1996; UP RO/ARO, 2016) Indian National Union, the precursor of the Indian National
Sir Syed Ahmad published a magazine named Tehzeeb- Congress (INC), was formed at the initiative of A.O. Hume
ul-Akhlaq in 1870. in 1885 and it held its first session at Gokuldas Tejpal
Ahmadiyya movement opposed Jihad. Sanskrit Vidyalaya, Bombay on 28th December, 1885.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the incarnation of (BPSC, 1997, 2000, 1999; UPPCS, 2007, 10)
Krishna and Jesus Christ on the Earth after being the At the first Conference, the name of the Indian National
Messiah and the Mahdi. Union was changed into “Indian National Congress” by
At the annual session of the Muslim League, the idea the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji.
of a separate nation for Muslims in India was first time Dadabhai Naoroji, Rahnumai, was one of the founders of
conceived by the poet Muhammad Iqbal in 1930. Majdayasan Sabha or Religious Reform Association.
(UPPCS, 2003) Self rule or Swaraj as the ultimate goal of the Indian
Iqbal used the word ‘Inquilab’ for the first time in his Urdu National Congress - this was announced by Dadabhai
book ‘Bang-i-Dara’. Naoroji at the Calcutta session of the Indian National
Lower Caste Movement Congress (INC).
Lower caste movement first started in Maharashtra. (UPPC 2010; UK PSC 2006; Jharkhand PC 2003; BPSC 1999)

Jyotiba Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 Titles Received by and Given by
in Bombay to fight against the caste system. (UPPCS, 1997)
Title Received by Given by
He wrote a book, ‘Ghulamgiri’. (UPPCS, 2000)
Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore Mahatma Gandhi
In 1924, Babasaheb Ambedkar founded the Bahishkrit
Mahatma Mahatma Gandhi Rabindranath Tagore
Hitakarini Sabha in Bombay and started the publication
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Adolf Hitler
of a magazine Bahishkrit Samaj in Marathi in 1927.
(UPPCS, 1991, 04)
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Women of Bardoli
In 1932, Mahatma Gandhi named the untouchables as Deshratna / Dr. Rajendra Prasad Mahatma Gandhi
Ajatashatru (BPSC, 2000)
‘Harijan’, (Children of God) and also established the
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Mahatma Gandhi
Harijan Sevak Sangh. (UPPCS, 2017)
In South India, EV Ramaswamy Bald Naicker started the Desh Nayak Subhash Chandra Bose Rabindranath Tagore
Self-Respect Movement in 1920. Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda Maharaja Khetri
Other Movements and Reforms Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi Subhash Chandra
Bose (UPPCS, 2009)
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar worked tirelessly for widow
remarriage. Raja Ram Mohun Roy Akbar-II(CPO SI 2004)

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9. Important Organizations and Institutions Servants of Indian
1905 Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Society
Related to Indian National Movements
Agha Khan and
Muslim League 1906
Establishment Salimullah

Institution Year Founder Shri Narayan Malhar

Social Service League 1911
Joshi
William Jones
Asiatic Society 1784 Visva Bharati University* 1921 Rabindranath Tagore
(UPPCS, 2006)

Atmiya Sabha 1815 Raja Ram Mohun Roy Gadar Party 1913 Lala Hardayal
Young Bengal Henry Louis Vivian Hindu Mahasabha 1915 Madan Mohan Malviya
1826
Movement Derozio Home Rule League 1916 Tilak and Annie Besant
Brahmo Samaj 1828 Raja Ram Mohun Roy Women’s India
1917 Annie Besant
Tatvabodhini Sabha 1839 Devendranath Thakur Association
Atmaram Pandurang, Khilafat Movement 1919 Ali Bandhu
Paramahamsa Mandali 1840 Balakrishna Jayakar, All India Trade Union 1920 N.M. Joshi
Dadoba Pandurang
Motilal Nehru and
Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Swaraj Party 1923
1851 Dadabhai Naoroji Chittaranjan Das
Sabha
Hindustan Republican
Balika Vidyalaya 1851 Jyotiba Phule 1924 Sachindra Nath Sanyal
Association
Mohammadan Literary
1863 Abdul Latif Bahishkrit Hitakarini
Society 1924 B.R. Ambedkar
Sabha
Veda Samaj 1864 K. Sridharalu Naidu
Rashtriya Swayamsevak
1925 Dr. Hedgewar
Scientific Society 1864 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Sangh
East India Association 1866 Dadabhai Naoroji Bhagat Singh, Chhabil
Naujawan Sabha 1926
Das and Yashpal
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 1870 G.V. Joshi, H.S. Sathe
Hindustan Socialist
Prarthana Samaj 1867 Atmaram Pandurang 1928 Bhagat Singh
Republican Association
Satya Shodhak Samaj 1873 Jyotiba Phule
Khudai Khidmatgar 1929 Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Aligarh Mohammadan
1875 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Harijan Sevak Sangh
Anglo-Oriental College 1932 Mahatma Gandhi
(Pune)
Indian League 1875 Shishir Kumar Ghosh
Swatantrata Shramik
1936 B.R. Ambedkar
Swami Dayanand Party
Arya Samaj 1875
Saraswati
Forward Block 1939 Subhash Chandra Bose
Madam Blavatsky and
Theosophical Society 1875 Azad Hind Sarkar 1943 Subhash Chandra Bose
Colonel Olcott
Anand Mohan Bose, Note : In September 2023, Shantiniketan became India's 41st
Indian Association 1876
Surendranath Banerjee world Heritage List.
Indian National
1885 A.O. Hume
Congress 10. Development of Education during
Bombay Presidency
Ferozshah Mehta, British India
1885 Taillang and Badruddin
Association Warren Hasting, the Governor-General established the
Tyabji
Belur Math 1899 Swami Vivekananda
‘Calcutta Madrasa’ in 1780 where Persian and Arabic
languages were taught. (UPPCS, 2006)
Indian Social
Conference
1887 Mahadev Govind Ranade William Jones founded the “Asiatic Society of Bengal”
in 1784. It is now known as Asiatic Society.
Sarda Sadan 1889 Ramabai
(UPPCS, 2006, 2004; CGPSC, 2003; RAS, 1999)
Ramakrishna Mission 1897 Swami Vivekananda The British Resident Jonathan Duncan founded Sanskrit
Vinayak Damodar College to educate Hindu Law and Philosophy in Varanasi
Abhinav Bharat Society 1904
Savarkar in 1791. (UPPCS, 2017, 2019; UK PCS, 2006)
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Hub 11. History of Indian Newspapers
Lord Wellesley founded Fort William College in 1800
to educate the Company’s civil officers.
Lord Macaulay presented the Macaulay Minute in 1835 The Portuguese introduced the printing press in India in
which criticized the Indian language and literature and sixteenth century. (UPPCS, 2004; Jharkhand PCS, 2021)
praised the Anglo language and literature. The clergy of Goa printed the first book in India in 1557.
As a result of the British Education Act of 1835, English (UDA, 2010; UPPCS, 2001)
was made the medium of higher education. James Augustus Hicky published ‘Hicky's Bengal
The theory of downward filtration of education was Gazette’ in 1780 which is said to be the first newspaper
formulated by Alexander Duff. in India. (UPPCS, 2004)
'Charles Wood’s Despatch' (1854) is called the ‘Magna The first newspaper published in English by an Indian
Carta of Indian Education’. was the ‘Bengal Gazette’, published by Gangadhar
(IAS, 2018; MPPCS, 2015; UPPCS, 2004; UP Lower, 2004) Bhattacharya in 1816. (WBPSC, 2007, 2009, 2011)
The Hunter Commission was formed in 1882 which The establishment of a national press in India is attributed to
suggested measures for the expansion of primary education. Raja Rammohan Roy who published Sambad Kaumudi
(UPPCS, 2004) and Mirat-ul-Akhbar. (UPPCS, 2000)
The University Commission was formed in 1902 under the Ishwara Chandra Vidyasagar published Som Prakash
chairmanship of Thomas Raleigh. (BPSC, 2008; SSC MTS, 2009) in Bangla. (IAS, 2007)
Department of Agriculture and Archeology was The action was taken against Som Prakash and Bharat
established during Lord Curzon’s tenure. Mihir under Lytton’s Vernacular (native language) Press
Calcutta University Commission or Sadler Commission Act, passed in 1878.
was formed in 1917. (48th to 52nd BPSC, 2008) The editor of the Hindu Patriot was Kristo Das Pal who
For the first time, at the government level, the cause of was called the ‘Prince of Journalism’.
women’s education was taken up and arrangements were Motilal Ghosh published ‘Amrita Bazar Patrika’ in
made in the ‘Wood's Despatch’, the report of Hunter Bengali from Calcutta in 1868.
Commission and Sadler Commission for promoting To avoid Lytton’s Vernacular Press Act, this (Amrita Bazar)
women's education. (IAS, 2018, 1996, 1999) Patrika changed into an English daily overnight.
On the pattern of the University of London, Wood’s ‘Maratha’ in English and ‘Kesari’ in Marathi were
Despatch suggested the establishment of Universities in published by Bal Gangadhar Tilak from Bombay.
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras Presidencies. (UPPCS, 1990)
For the first time, a provision was made by the company to Udant Martand was the first Hindi language newspaper
spend Rs 1 lakh on education in the Charter Act of 1813. published in India in 1826, from Calcutta by Pt. Jugal
(UPPCS, 2009) Kishore Shukla. (UPPCS, 2016)
Among the supporters of oriental learning were - H.T. Gadar was published from San Francisco (USA), in 1913.
Prinsep and H.H. Wilson. Its publication started in Urdu, English and Punjabi.
The Government of India established the University Gadar was also published though not regularly in Hindi,
Grants Commission (UGC) in 1953 at the suggestions Marathi, Gujarati and Pashto (only one issue).
of Radhakrishnan Commission (1948). Ban imposed against the Press
The first Indian effort toward women’s education was made Lord Wellesley controlled newspapers by enacting the Press
by ‘Brahmo Samaj’. Control Act (censorship) in 1799. (UPPCS, 2001)
The Indian Public Service in India was formed by Lord Hastings abolished the Act in 1818.
Cornwallis. Thus, he is considered the Father of the Indian Governor-General, Adams made it mandatory to obtain
Public Service. a licence for setting up a printing press and a licence for
Under British rule in India, Governor General Lord publications by enacting a licence rule in 1823.
Cornwallis professionalized, bureaucratized and Euro- The Mirat-ul-Akhbar, newspaper of Raja Rammohun Roy
peanized the administration of the East India Company. was banned under the License Rule. (IAS, 2006)
Hartog Committee was constituted in 1929 under Governor-General, William Bentinck’s approach was
the Chairmanship of Philip Hartog to report on the liberal towards Indian Newspapers.
development of education in India. Charles Metcalfe has been called the 'Liberator of Indian
The Central Education Advisory Board was reorganized in Newspapers'.
1935 by the recommendation of this committee. Metcalfe implemented the ‘Liberation of the Indian Press
Sargent Scheme was introduced in 1944. Act’.
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The Registration Act was passed in 1867. Som Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 during Lord
Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh
Lytton's reign, it was called the ‘Silencing Act’.
Commonweal, New India Annie Besant
(IAS, 2005; BPSC 1994; UPPCS, 2007, 2009)
Lord Ripon abolished this Act in 1882. (UPPCS, 2007) Free Hindustan Tarak Nath Das(39th BPSC, 1994)
In 1908, the Newspaper Act was passed. (BPSC, 2023) The Revolutionary Sachindra Nath Sanyal
The Indian Press Act was passed in 1910. Poverty and Un-British Rule in Dadabhai Naoroji
A press committee was appointed under the Chairmanship India, Rasta Goftar (UPPCS, 2016)
of Tej Bahadur Sapru to review newspaper related laws India Divided Dr. Rajendra Prasad
in 1921. Unhappy India Lala Lajpat Rai
Lord Wellesley, Minto, Adam, Canning, Lytton, are known
India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e- Abul Kalam Azad
to have opposed the freedom of the Indian Press. Khatir, Al-Hilal
Lord Hastings, Bentinck, Metcalfe, Macaulay and Ripon
Discovery of India, Glimpses Jawaharlal Nehru
were known as proponents of the freedom of the Indian of World History, Meri Kahani
Press.
Hints for Self Culture Lala Hardayal
Important Newspapers, Magazines and Books Indian Unrest Sir Valentine Chirol
Papers Magazines and Books Authors / Editors India for Indians Chittaranjan Das
Abhyudaya, Leader, Hindustan Madan Mohan Malviya The Indian War of Independence, Veer Savarkar
Indian Mirror Manmohan Ghosh, Keshav 1857
Chandra Sen (UPPCS, 2007) Home and the World, Gitanjali Rabindranath Tagore
Independent Motilal Nehru (UPPCS, 2012) Nil Darpan Dena Bundhu Mitra
Kaal Shivram Mahadev Paranjape Soje Watan, Karmabhoomi, Premchand (UK PCS, 2010)
Comrade, Hamdard Muhammad Ali Shatranj Ke Khiladi
Kesari (Marathi), Maratha Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bang - e - Dara, Taran - e - Hind Muhammad Iqbal
(English), Geeta Rahsya (UPPCS, 1990; UK PSC, 2010;
MPPCS, 2008; IAS, 2005) Bharat Bharti Maithili Sharan Gupt
Karmayogi, Yugantar, Vande Arvind Ghosh (UPPCS, 1996) Bharat Durdasha Bharatendu Harishchandra
Mataram, Life Divine, Savitri History of Indian National B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Bengali, A Nation in Making Surendranath Banerjee Congress
Bhawani Mandir Barindra Kumar Ghosh Satyarth Prakash Dayanand Saraswati
Young India, Harijan, Mahatma Gandhi Indian Struggle Subhash Chandra Bose
Navjeevan, Hind Swaraj, My (UPPCS, 2000)
Experiment with Truth Anandmath, Devi Chaudharani Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Sambad Kaumudi Raja Ram Mohan Roy Bandi Jeevan Sachindra Nath Sanyal

12. Commissions/Committees during the British Period

Commission Year President Governor-General Objective
Strachey Commission 1878 Richard Strachey Lytton Famine Prevention
(Famine Commission)
Hunter Commission 1882 William Hunter Ripon Development of Education
Aitchison Commission 1886 Charles Aitchison Dufferin A scheme for fulfilling the claims of Indians
to higher and more extensive employment in
public service
Opium Commission 1893 Mackworth Young Lansdowne To stop opium consumption
Harshell Commission 1893 Harshell Lansdowne Suggestions related to taksal
Famine Commission 1898 James Lyall Elgin Consideration of the report of the first Famine
Commission
Famine Commission 1900 Anthony McDonnell Curzon Suggestions on the report of the second Famine
Commission
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Irrigation Commission
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1901 Colin Scott-Moncrieff Curzon Financial considerations to improve irrigation
University Commission 1902 Thomas Raleigh Curzon Inquiry into the conditions and prospects of
Universities in India
Fraser Commission 1902 Fraser Curzon Police Reforms
Butler Commission 1927 Harcourt Butler Irwin Indian State's relations with British Crown
(IAS, 2017)
Islington Commission 1912 Islington Hardinge Recommendation for the participation of Indians
in Civil Services
Calcutta University Commis- 1917 Michael Sadler Chelmsford Review the conditions of Calcutta University
sion (Sadler Commission) Commission
Lee Commission 1924 Lord Lee Reading Recommended for setting up of a Public Service
Commission.
Butler Commission 1927 Harcourt Butler Irwin To investigate and clarify the relationship
between the paramount power and the Princes
of Princely States
Simon Commission 1927 John Simon Irwin To review the Act of 1919
Linlithgow Commission 1928 Linlithgow Irwin Suggestions on agricultural problems
Whitley Commission 1928 J.H Whitley Irwin Considerations for the status of workers
Lindsay Commission 1929 Lindsay Irwin For the development of Higher missionary
education
Sapru Commission 1934 Tej Bahadur Sapru Willington Reveiw of Unemployment problem
Sargent Plan 1944 John Sargent Wavell For the division of Education

13. Congress Sessions and related Major Facts

Sessions Year Place President Special Point
1st 1885 Bombay Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee Attended by 72 delegates
(UPPCS, 2004) (UPPS, 2003; BPSC, 2011)
nd
2 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji (BPSC, 2001)
rd
3 1887 Madras Syed Badruddin Tyabji First Muslim President
(UPPCS, 2003)
4th 1888 Allahabad George Yule First English President (UP RO/ARO, 2013)
th
5 1889 Bombay Sir William Wedderburn
th (W.B. PCS, 2007, 2009)
6 1890 Calcutta Feroz Shah Mehta
th
7 1891 Nagpur P. Ananda Charlu

Note : In this conference, Chairman P. Anand Charlu said that the second name of Congress is ‘Nationality’.
8th 1892 Allahabad Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
9th 1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji
10th 1894 Madras Alfred Webb
11th 1895 Poona Surendranath Banerjee
th
12 1896 Calcutta Rahimtullah M. Sayani Sung Vande Mataram for the first time
(BPSC, 2020)
th
13 1897 Amravati C. Sankaran Nair
14th 1898 Madras Ananda Mohan Bose
15th 1899 Lucknow Romesh Chunder Dutt (BPSC, 2002, 2007)

16th 1900 Lahore N G Chandavarkar

17th 1901 Calcutta Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha (CAPF, 2007, 2013; CPO SI, 2018)

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18th 1902
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Ahmedabad Surendranath Banerjee
th (T.N. PCS 2015, 2017, 2019)
19 1903 Madras Lal Mohan Ghosh
th
20 1904 Bombay Sir Henry Cotton
st (UP Lower, 2003, 04)
21 1905 Banaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale
nd
22 1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji The word 'Swaraj' was used for the first time
rd
23 1907 Surat (Suspended) Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh First division of Congress
(Gujarat PCS, 2006, 08, 11)
23rd 1908 Madras Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh Formation of Congress Constitution
(UPPCS, 2007)
th
24 1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malviya
th
25 1910 Allahabad William Wedderburn
th
26 1911 Calcutta Bishan Narayan Dar Jana Gana Mana was sung for the first time
th (BPSC, 2009, 2006)
27 1912 Bankipore R. N. Mudholkar (BPSC, 2011)
28th 1913 Karachi Nawab Syed Mohammed Bahadur
th
29 1914 Madras Bhupendra Nath Bose
th
30 1915 Bombay Satyendra Prasanna Sinha
st
31 1916 Lucknow Ambica Charan Mazumdar, Congress Muslim League Pact
nd
32 1917 Calcutta Annie Besant First Woman President
Special 1918 Bombay Hasan Imam Second division of congress
Session (Maharashtra PCS, 2006, 2009)
rd
33 1918 Delhi Madan Mohan Malviya
th
34 1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru
th
35 1920 Nagpur C. Vijayaraghavachariar Changes in Congress Constitution (UPPCS, 2016)
Special 1920 Calcutta Lala Lajpat Rai (W.B. PCS, 2008, 2007)
Session
36th 1921 Ahmedabad C.R. Das (Acting-President-Hakim Ajmal Khan)
th
37 1922 Gaya Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das
(BPSC, 2015)
th
38 1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohhmad Ali
Special 1923 Delhi Abul Kalam Azad Youngest President
session
39th 1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi (UPPCS, 2011)
40th 1925 Kanpur Mrs. Sarojini Naidu First Indian woman President
41st 1926 Guwahati S. Srinivasa Iyengar Khadi Clothing made compulsory for the
members
42nd 1927 Madras M.A. Ansari Demand for complete Independence
rd (W.B. PCS, 2003, 05)
43 1928 Calcutta Pandit Motilal Nehru
th
44 1929 Lahore Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Demand for Complete Swaraj (UPPCS, 2013)
th
45 1931 Karachi Sardar Vallabbhai Patel Demand for Fundamental Rights (UPPCS, 2005)
46th 1932 Delhi Amrit Ranchardas Seth
47th 1933 Calcutta Mrs. Nellie Sengupta
48th 1934 Bombay Dr. Rajendra Prasad
th
49 1936 Lucknow Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
th
50 1937 Faizpur Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru The First session was held in the village

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51st 1938
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Haripura Subhash Chandra Bose
(UPPCS, 2008)
nd
52 1939 Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose Rajendra Prasad became the President after
Bose’s resignation (UPPCS, 1997, 07)
53rd 1940 Ramgarh Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
54th 1946 Meerut J.B. Kriplani
th
55 1948 Jaipur B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
th
56 1950 Nasik Purushottam Das Tandon

14. Important Facts related to the Shyamji Krishna Verma founded the India Home Rule
Society in London in 1905. (UPPCS, 2002, 04, 07)
Indian Freedom Struggle
The partition of Bengal was announced in July, 1905 by
The credit for raising the revolutionary spirit in Maharashtra Lord Curzon. (UPPCS, 2011)
goes to Tilak’s newspaper ‘Kesari’. The call for Swadeshi Movement was given at the Town
Tilak started the celebration of Ganapati Festival in 1893 Hall in Calcutta on 7th August 1905 to protest against the
and Shivaji Festival in 1895. (UPPCS, 2005) partition of Bengal. (UPPCS, 1994)
Valentine Chirol called Bal Gangadhar Tilak the 'Father The partition of Bengal came into effect on 16th October,
of Indian Unrest'. (UPPCS, 2013) 1905 and this day was observed as a National Mourning
Lord Dufferin called Congress only represents the day. (IAS, 2009)
microscopic minority. (UPPCS, 2012) The idea of the Swadeshi Movement was first published
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee said that Congressmen are in 1905 by Krishna Kumar Mitra in his newspaper
hungry for posts. Sanjeevani. (UPPCS, 2014)
The famous novel Durgeshnandini was written by Bankim Barindranath Ghosh and Bhupendranath Dutt published
Chandra Chatterjee (Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay). a newspaper named Yugantar in 1906.
Curzon said that "The Congress is tottering to its fall Dadabhai Naoroji, while presiding over the Calcutta Session
and one of my great ambitions in India, is to assist it to a of Congress in 1906, demanded Swaraj for the first time.
peaceful demise." (UPPCS, 2002) (UPPCS, 2014)
Dadabhai Naoroji formulated the 'drain of wealth' theory. In Surat Session of Congress in 1907, the party split into
(UK UDA/LDA 2007) Moderates and Extremists. (IAS, 2015)
He (1892) was the first Indian to win the election for the The Swadeshi Movement in Andhra Pradesh was called
British House of Commons representing the Liberal Party. Vandemataram Movement.
(JPCS, 2013) Rabindranath Tagore wrote Amar Sonar Bangla, a
Angry with the adverse effects of the Plague, the Chapekar famous song during the Swadeshi movement which became
Brothers of Pune (Damodar and Balakrishna) killed the the national song of Bangladesh in 1971.
plague officers Rand and Amherst in 1897. Vishva-Bharati University was founded by Rabindranath
Rabindranath Tagore started Shantiniketan Institute in the Tagore.
year 1901. (SSC MTS, 2023) Hemachandra, a revolutionary of the Anushilan Samiti,
The first revolutionary organization Anushilan Samiti was went Russia to learn the art of bomb-making from Russian
established in Bengal in 1902 by Gyanendranath Basu at revolutionaries.
Midnapore and Pramathnath Mitra at Calcutta, Jatindranath A conference was held in Dacca on 30th December, 1906
Banerjee and Barindranath Ghosh. by Salim Ulla Khan, the Nawab of Dhaka, presided over
Another Anushilan Samiti was formed under the leadership by Bakar-ul Mulk. (UPPCS, 2006, 07)
of Satish Chandra Basu at Calcutta in March 1902. All India Muslim League was established at the Dhaka
Pulin Bihari Das formed the Dacca Anushilan Samiti in Conference presided over by Salim Ulla Khan.
1906. The Constitution of the Muslim League was formed in
Aurobindo Ghosh wrote a pamphlet ‘Bhavani Mandir’. Karachi in 1907. (UP Lower, 2008)
Vinayak and Ganesh Damodar Savarkar founded the Under the Constitution of the Muslim League, its first
Abhinav Bharat Samaj in Maharashtra in 1904. session was held in Amritsar in 1908, in which Agha Khan
(UPPCS, 2000, 15) was appointed as the President.
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The Muslim League supported the partition of Bengal. reaching the coast, the Canadian police sieged the Indian
Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempted to ship and prevented passengers from entering the country.
assassinate the magistrate, Kingsford of the Bengal The Shore Committee was formed under Hussain Rahim,
Presidency on 30th April, 1908. Prafulla Chaki committed Balwant Singh and Sohan Lal Pathak to fight for the rights
suicide to escape his arrest while Khudiram Bose was of travellers. After the refusal of the Canada govt., the
hanged. (48th to 52nd BPSC, 2008) British India govt. ordered the ship to be brought directly to
Khudiram Bose was the youngest revolutionary to be Calcutta. When the ship reached Budge-Budge (Calcutta),
hanged. there was a scuffle started between the angry passengers
Bhikaji Rustom Cama (mother of Indian revolution) and the police, in which 18 passengers were killed and the
hoisted the Indian National Flag at Stuttgart, Germany, in rest were put in jail. (IAS, 2005)
1907. (56th to 59nd BPSC, 2015) King Mahendra Pratap, along with his associate Barkatullah,
Madan Lal Dhingra shot and killed William Curzon Wyllie. formed India’s first provisional government in Kabul in
He was later hanged on 1st July, 1909. (63rd BPSC, 2017) 1915. (UPPCS, 2012)
Ajit Singh established an organization called Anjuman-e- In the Lucknow Session of the Congress (1916), there was
Mohisban-e-Watan in Lahore. unity between the two factions of Congress-Moderates and
Viceroy Lord Hardinge organized a grand court in Delhi Extremists.
in 1911 to welcome Emperor George V of England and Bal Gangadhar Tilak founded Home Rule League in
Queen Mary. April, 1916.
In this court, the partition of Bengal was annulled. Bal Gangadhar tilak was associated with the establishment
(UPPCS, 1991, 1993) of Fergusson college.
It was announced to shift the capital from Calcutta to New Annie Besant founded Home Rule League in Madras,
Delhi. During the time of Viceroy Lord Hardinge, Delhi in September, 1916. (UPPCS, 2010)
became the capital of India. (Uttarakhand PCS, 2006) Gandhiji established Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad,
in 1917.
Note : The Delhi Town Planning Committee was set up
Gandhiji went to Champaran on the insistence of Rajkumar
in 1912 to plan, develop and design the major buildings
Shukla of Bihar. (UPPCS, 2016)
like Viceroy's House, the Secretariat buildings etc.
Gandhiji's first ‘Satyagraha’ was organised in Africa
Edwin Lutyens became a member of this committee in in 1906, while in India, it was first observed in 1917 at
March, 1912. Champaran (Bihar). (69th BPSC, 2018)
Viceroy Lord Hardinge was attacked in Delhi on 23rd Mainly at the behest of Rajkumar Shukla, Mahatma Gandhi
December, 1912, by Rash Behari Bose. went to Champaran to understand the problems of the
Basanta Kumar Biswas (Servant of Rash Behari Bose), a farmers.
woman in disguise threw a bomb at Lord Charles Hardinge. Mahatma Gandhi first organized a hunger strike in 1918,
The case related to the attempted murder of Lord Hardinge in support of Ahmedabad Mill workers. (UPPCS, 2010)
is known as Delhi Conspiracy Case. Gandhiji launched ‘no tax’ campaign from Kheda district
Basanta Biswas, Balamukund, Awadh Bihari and of Gujarat in 1918.
Master Amirchand were hanged in the case of throwing Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel and Indulal Yaghik helped
bombs on Hardinge. Rash Behari Bose fled to Japan. Gandhiji by arranging for him to visit villages in kheda
On 1 st November 1913, Sohan Singh Bhakna and and encouraging the farmers to stand strong against the
Lala Hardayal founded the Pacific Coast Hindustan government.
Association, which brought out Ghadar Patrika in The Rowlatt Act was passed on 18th March, 1919. It was
different languages, after which the name of this institution called "No Lawyer, No Appeal, No Arguments".
came to be known as ‘Ghadar Movement’. (IAS, 1998) (UPPCS, 1993)
th
In 1915, the British Government conferred the title of On 6 April, 1919, Gandhiji organized a nationwide strike
Kaiser-e-Hind on Mahatma Gandhi. against the Rowlatt Act.
Significantly, Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915. On 13th April, 1919, General Dyer opened fire on a public
Kamagata Maru was a Japanese ship, hired by Gurdit meeting at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar opposing the arrest
Singh of Punjab in March 1914 with 376 passengers aboard of Dr. Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, killing 1000
sailing towards the Canadian port of Vancouver. Upon innocent people according to Congress and 379 according to
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government reports. The incident is known as the infamous On 3rd February, 1928, the Simon Commission came
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. (UPPCS, 2002) to India (Mumbai). It is also called the White Man
Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council Commission. (UPPCS, 1996)
in protest against this incident. (UPPCS, 2007) Lala Lajpat Rai was injured and later died in a police lathi
As a mark of protest against this gruesome massacre, charge during the protest against the Simon Commission
Gandhiji, Jamnalal Bajaj and Rabindranath Tagore returned on 30th October, 1928, at Lahore. (UPPCS, 2008, 2016)
their titles to the colonial rulers. Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh founded the
(IAS, 2004, UPPCS, 2016, 2022) ‘Hindustan Socialist Republican Association’ at Feroz
A committee was formed under the chairmanship of Lord Shah Kotla, in Delhi, in 1928.
Hunter to investigate the causes of the Jallianwala Bagh Revolutionaries, led by Bhagat Singh shot and killed the
massacre. (IAS, 2001) then Assistant Superintendent of Police, Saunders, at
A probe committee (1919) was set up under the Lahore, on 17th December, 1928.
chairmanship of Madan Mohan Malviya to investigate On 8th April, 1929, in protest against the passing of the
this incident on behalf of Congress. Public Safety Bill, Batukeshwar Dutt and Bhagat Singh
The Khilafat movement was a movement of Indian Muslims threw bombs and pieces of paper on the empty benches of
against the European allies especially against Britain in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi, in which it was
support of the Turkish Khalifa. written that our objective is not to kill anyone, but have to
Khilafat Day was celebrated on 17th October, 1919. make a voice to the ears of the deaf. (UP UDA/LDA, 2013)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant and Bipin Chandra Purna Swaraj was declared its goal in the Lahore Session
Pal did not agree with Gandhiji for launching the Non- of the Congress in 1929. The session was presided over by
Cooperation Movement. Jawaharlal Nehru. (UK PCS, 2021)
Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement on The tricolour flag (Tiranga) was hoisted by Jawaharlal
1st August, 1920 to oppose the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Nehru on the banks of the river Ravi at 12 noon on 31st
Bagh massacre and in support of the Khilafat movement. December, 1929. (UP Lower, 2004)
Unfortunately, Bal Gangadhar Tilak died on the same day. Urdu Poet Mohammad Iqbal spoke in the year 1930 about
(UP Lower, 2008) the need for a 'North-West Indian Muslim State' within the
M.N. Roy founded an overseas Indian communist party in sovereign Indian confederation. (SSA, 2023)
Tashkent in 1920. It was decided to celebrate 26th January, 1930 as the First
Bipin Chandra Pal, Annie Besant and Muhammad Ali Independence Day in the Lahore Session.(66th BPSC, 2020)
Jinnah left the Congress for being dissatisfied with the On 12th March, 1930, about 390 km from Sabarmati
Non-Cooperation Movement. Ashram, Mahatma Gandhi started the march to Dandi
On 4th February, 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur and after reaching there on 6th April 1930 (24 days of
district, agitators set on fire a police station in which 5 journey), Gandhiji broke the Salt Law and started the Civil
British policemen were burnt alive. (UPPCS, 2006, 2008) Disobedience Movement. (UK PCS, 2005, 2006)
The Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended by The Muslims of the North-Western Frontier Province
Gandhiji on 12th February, 1922 on being hurt by the organized a civil disobedience movement under the
Chauri-Chaura incident. (UPPCS, 2006) leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Frontier
In Gaya, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru founded Gandhi).
the Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party in March 1923. The ‘Khudai Khidmatgar’ or 'Lal Kurti' ‘organization
(UP Lower, 1998) was formed under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar
Sachindranath Sanyal established the ‘Hindustan Khan who played an active and vital role in this movement.
Republican Association’ at Kanpur in 1924. (UP Lower, 2009)
(40th BPSC, 1995) American journalist Web Miller was related to the ‘Civil
The Kakori Train Action Day occurred on 9th August, Disobedience Movement’.
1925, in which the government treasury inside the train In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajagopalachari started a salt march
was looted by the revolutionaries. (UP Lower, 2008) from Trichinapalli to Vedaranyam.
Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaq Ullah Khan, Rajendra On 5 th March, 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was
Lahiri, Roshan Singh were involved in the act, therefore concluded. After this, Gandhiji suspended the Civil
hanged whereas Sachindranath Sanyal was sentenced life Disobedience Movement. (67th BPSC, 2021)
imprisonment. (65th BPSC, 2019) Gandhi - Irwin Pact is also known as Delhi Pact.
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The First Round Table Conference was held in London The first conference of All India Kisan Sabha was held
from 12th November, 1930 to 19th January, 1931. This was in 1936 in Lucknow, under the chairmanship of Swami
the first such dialogue in which Indians were given equal Sahajanand. N.G. Ranga was elected as its General
status by British rulers. (UP RO/ARO, 2014) Secretary. (BPSC, 2016)
The Second Round Table Conference took place from 7th In the Tripuri Session of Congress, Subhash Chandra
September, 1931 to 1st December, 1931. Mahatma Gandhi Bose became the President of Congress defeating Pattabhi
participated in this as a Congress representative. Sitaramayya, a candidate proposed by Mahatma Gandhi
(RAS/RTS, 2008) in 1939. (UPPCS, 2004)
On 3rd May, 1939, Subhash Chandra Bose established the
Note : In the Second Round Table Conference, Gandhiji Forward Block.
arrived in England as the sole representative of Congress On 13th March 1940, Udham Singh of Punjab shot and
by a ship called ‘S.S. Rajputana’. (UPPCS, 2000) killed former Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, Dyer in
The Second Round Table Conference failed due to London. (Uttarakhand PCS, 2006)
Communal Representation. (41st BPSC, 1996) Gandhiji started Individual Satyagraha on 17th October,
After the failure of the Second Round Table Conference, 1940 in Pavnar, Maharashtra.
Gandhiji again started the Civil Disobedience Movement Sucheta Kripalani established the women's wing of congress
on 3rd January, 1932. in the year 1940.
The Third Round Table Conference took place from 17th The first, second and third Satyagrahi of the individual
November, 1932 to 24th December, 1932. Satyagraha movement was Vinoba Bhave, J.L. Nehru
The Prime Minister of England was James Ramsay and Brahma Dutt respectively. (IAS, 2009)

MacDonald during all the three Round Table Conferences. Quit India Movement resolution was passed in Congress
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar participated as a representative of Working Committee (CWC) meeting on 14th July 1942 in
the untouchables in all the three Round Table Conferences Wardha. (RAS/RTS, 2010)

in London. (UPPCS, 2011)

On 7th August 1942, the Congress met at the historical
On 16th August 1932, the then British Prime Minister Gwalia Tank Ground in Bombay where the ‘Quit India
proposal’ was accepted on 8th August.
Ramsay MacDonald presented the Communal Award.
(Chhattisgarh PCS, 2015)
Under this, along with Muslims and Sikhs, the Dalit class
The Quit India Movement was started on 9th August, 1942.
was also considered a minority and separated from Hindus.
In the Quit India Movement, Gandhiji gave the slogan of
(UPPCS, 1999)
‘Do or Die’. (IAS, 2009)
In protest against this decision, Gandhiji started a fast unto
All prominent Congress leaders were arrested in the night
death on 20th September, 1932 in Yerwada Jail in Poona.
on 8th August, 1942 under Operation Zero Hour.
(IAS, 2012)
Gandhiji was kept in the Agha Khan Palace in Pune and
On 24th September, 1932, on behalf of Gandhiji, there was
other members of the Congress Executive were kept in the
an agreement between Madan Mohan Malaviya and Fort of Ahmadnagar. (41st BPSC, 1996)
other leaders and Ambedkar which was known as ‘Poona After escaping from the prison of Hazaribagh, Jayaprakash
Pact’. Under this pact, separate electorates of Dalit class Narayan went underground and took the charge of this
were abolished, but the number of seats reserved for Dalit movement. (67th BPSC, 2021)
sections in the provincial legislatures was increased from During this movement, parallel governments were formed
71 to 148. The number of seats reserved for Harijans in the in Ballia, Tamluk and Satara. (UPPCS, 2002)
Central Legislature was increased by 18 per cent. In June 1942, the Indian Independence League was
(47th BPSC, 2005) formed under the leadership of Rash Behari Bose. Rash
The civil Disobedience Movement was finally withdrawn Behari Bose went to Japan to escape the Delhi Conspiracy
by Gandhiji on 7th April, 1934. Case.
All India village Industries Association was started by The idea of the formation of Indian National Army first
Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1934. struck in the mind of Captain Mohan Singh and it was
The soldiers of the Garhwal Rifles refused to shoot at the established on 1 September, 1942 by Rash Behari Bose.
Pathan Satyagrahis of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Mohan Singh was appointed the Commander-in-Chief.
On 23 rd March, 1931, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and (BPSC, 1994)
Rajguru were hanged. (67th BPSC, 2021) On 4th July, 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose was appointed
Congress Socialist Party was established in May, 1934. the supreme commander of the Azad Hind Fauj.
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Azad Hind Government was formed in Singapore on 21st The Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan on
October, 1943 by Subhash Chandra Bose. (42nd BPSC, 1997) 6th June, 1946 and the Congress on 24th June, 1946.
Three Brigades of Azad Hind Fauj were named After the acceptance of Cabinet Mission by the Congress
Subhash Brigade, Gandhi Brigade and Nehru Brigade and the Muslim League, elections were held in July, 1946
and Women's Brigade were named as ‘Lakshmibai to form the Constituent Assembly, in which the Congress
Brigade’. secured 208 seats including 4 Sikh members. The Muslim
On 6th of November, 1943, Japan handed over Andaman League won 73 seats.
and Nicobar to the government of Subhash Chandra Bose, The Muslim League celebrated ‘Direct Action Day’ on
which he named ‘Shaheed Dweep and Swaraj Dweep’ 16th August, 1946. (UPPCS, 2007, 2008)

respectively. On 30th of 1943, Netaji hoisted the Tiranga On 2nd September 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru formed the
Interim Government. (UPPCS, 2006, 2016)
at Port Blair.
Mountbatten Plan of partition of India was published on
Azad Hind Fauj officials P.K. Sehgal, Colonel Gurudyal
3rd June, 1947. (MPPCS, 2014)
Dhillon and Major Shahnawaz Hussain, were trialled at
Mountbatten plan was accepted by the Congress Working
the Red Fort in Delhi on charges of treason. Later, due to
Committee (CWC) on 3rd June, 1947.
public opposition, the Viceroy waived his sentence.
The Muslim League accepted the Mountbatten plan with
(UPPCS, 2019, IAS 2021)
an overwhelming majority on 10th June, 1947.
Tej Bahadur Sapru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhula Bhai The Indian Freedom Bill was introduced in the British
Desai, K.N. Katju etc. pleaded on behalf of Azad Hind Parliament on 4th July 1947, passed by the House of
Fauj. Commons on 15th July 1947 and the House of Lords on
On behalf of the accused (Azad Hind Fauj), Bhula Bhai 16th July 1947. It was signed by the British Emperor on
Desai presided over the group of lawyers. (UP GIC, 2010) 18th July 1947.
On 18th February 1946, the Navy revolted in Mumbai on a According to this Bill, the country will be divided into two
ship named H.M.I.S. Talwar. Dominions, India and Pakistan and will be given complete
On 19th February 1946, the Air Force soldiers went on strike independence and sovereignty.
against the British government demanded equal treatment Pakistan was established on 14th August, 1947 and Indian
for both Indian and British soldiers. The strike soon started Dominion was established on 15th August, 1947.
in Lahore, Delhi and Bombay also. The Emperor of England was George VI during India’s
Under the pressure of Sardar Patel, the Navy stopped the Independence and was the first head of the Commonwealth
rebellion. countries. (JPCS, 2016)
On 24th March, 1946, the Cabinet Mission came to Delhi During India’s Independence, the Prime Minister of Britain
under the leadership of Pethick-Lawrence. Its other was Clement Attlee. Attlee belongs to the Labour Party.
members were - Stafford Cripps (Chairman, Board of (Chattisgarh PCS, 2008)
Trade), and A.V. Alexander (Minister of the Navy). Notably Congress President was J.B. Kriplani, during
(UP GIC, 2010) India’s Independence. (UPPCS, 2015)

15. Important Movements and Events related to the History of Indian Independence
Movements and Events Year Related Subjects / Persons
Banga - Bhang Movement 1905 Against the partition of Bengal
Partition of Congress 1907 Split into Moderates and Extremists
Lucknow Pact December, 1916 Agreement between Congress and the Muslim League
th
Montague Declaration 20 August, 1917 Declaration of Secretary of India, Lord Montague
Rowlatt Act March, 1919 Black Act (No Dalil, No Vakil, No Appeal)
th
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 13 April, 1919 Massacre by General Dyer (Amritsar)
Khilafat Movement 1919 Shaukat Ali, Mohammad Ali
Congress Session at Nagpur December,1920 Proposal of Non-Cooperation Movement has been passed
Non-Cooperation Movement 1st August, 1920 Mahatma Gandhi (Tilak died on the same day)
Chauri-Chaura Incident 4th February, 1922 Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh)
Formation of Swaraj Party January, 1923 Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das
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Appointment of Simon Commission November, 1927 A seven-member commission headed by John Simon
Simon Commission's visit to India 3rd February, 1928 Lala Lajpat Rai suffered severe injuries in a lathi charge during
protests and later died.
Nehru Report August, 1928 Pt. Motilal Nehru, President
Bardoli Satyagraha (IAS, 2003) October, 1928 Agitation under the leadership of Sardar Patel against the hike
in rent of farmers of Gujarat
Central Legislative Assembly Bomb 8th April, 1929 Bombs thrown by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt in the
Case Legislative Assembly
Congress Session at Lahore December, 1929 Passed the resolution on Poorna Swaraj
th
Independence Day 26 January, 1930 Announcement made to celebrate 26 th January as the
Independence Day
Dandi March 12th March-5th April, Mahatma Gandhi violated the ‘Salt Law’ to travel from
1930 Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi
Civil Disobedience Movement 6th April, 1930 Civil Disobedience Movement begins
First Round Table Conference 12th November, 1930 Held in London under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister
to 19th January, 1931 MacDonald
Gandhi- Irwin Pact 5th March, 1931 Announced to postpone the Civil Disobedience Movement
concluded between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Irwin
Second Round Table Conference 7th September, 1931 Gandhiji participated in this conference
to 1st Dec., 1931
Communal Award 16th Aug.,1932 Providing separate representation to Dalits too, by McDonold
th
Poona Pact 24 September, 1932 Agreement between Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar
Third Round Table Conference 17th November, 1932 Congress did not participate in the conference
Formation of Congress Socialist 1934 Jaiprakash Narayan, Meenu Masani and M.S Joshi
Party
Mukti Diwas 22nd December, 1939 Celebrated by the Muslim League after the resignation of
Congress cabinet
Formation of Forward Block May, 1939 Subhash Chandra Bose
nd th
Demand for Pakistan 22 -24 March, 1940 Lahore Conference of the Muslim League
August Offer 8th August, 1940 Viceroy Linlithgow
Cripps Mission March, 1942 Stafford Cripps
th
Quit India Movement 9 Aug., 1942 Mahatma Gandhi
Shimla Conference 1945 All Political Party Meeting
Naval Rebellion 18th-23 February, 1946 Mumbai (by HMIS Talwar soldiers)
Announcement of Prime Minister 20th February, 1946 Assurance to declare India's Independence
Attlee
Arrival of Cabinet Mission 24th March, 1946 Pethik Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander
th
Direct Action Day 16 August, 1946 By the Muslim League
Establishment of Interim Government 2nd September, 1946 Nehru became the Vice-President of the Executive Council
Mountbatten Plan 3rd June, 1947 Plan of partition of India
th
The Attainment of Freedom 15 Aug., 1947 The Indian Independence Act
th
Establishment of Indian Republic 26 January, 1950 Dr. Rajendra Prasad (First President)
Bhoodan Movement 1951 Started by Vinoba Bhave
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16. Governor - Generals / Viceroys of India
Governors of Bengal /
Tenure Work
Governor -General
1. Robert Clive (Governor) 1758-1760 (i) Treaty of Allahabad (1765) with Nawab Shujaud-daulah of Awadh and
(1765-1767) Mughal Emperor Shah Alam (ii) Dual Government in Bengal (iii) White
(BPSC, 2020) Rebellion (iv) Restrictions on taking gifts by Company's employees (v)
Establishment of Society for Trade
2. Warren Hastings (Governor) 1772-1774 (i) End of Dual Government in Bengal (1772) (ii) First Anglo - Maratha
Warren Hastings (First Governor- 1774-85 War (1775-82) (iii) Second Anglo - Mysore War (1780-84) (iv) The
General of Bengal) Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William, Calcutta, founded in 1774
by the Regulating Act of 1773 (v) Nand Kumar (Brahmin) hanged on
wrong charges (1775) (vi) Pitts India Act (1784) (vii) Five year Land
Settlement replacing the traditional zamindars with the highest bidding
revenue speculators (viii) Treaty of Banaras (1773) (ix) Establishment
of Government Mint in Calcutta.
3. Lord Cornwallis Cornwallis 1786-1793 (i) Third Anglo-Mysore War (ii) Establishment of 4 Provincial Courts in
twice held the post. First Tenure Calcutta, Murshidabad, Dhaka and Patna (iii) Introduction of Permanent
- 1786-1793. For the second time, Land Settlement System in Bengal (1793) (iv) Father of Indian Civil
he came to India in 1805, but died Service (v) Seperation of Revenue Administration and Civil Jurisdiction
before he could took the post. (vi) Cornwallis Code, 1793 (vii) Establishment of Revenue Board (viii)
Mausoleum at Ghazipur (U.P.)
4. Sir John Shore 1793-1798 (i) Battle between the Nizams and Marathas (1795) of Kharda (ii) Passed
the Charter Act of 1793. (iii) The policy of non-interference (laissez-faire)
towards the native states.
5. Lord Wellesley 1798-1805 (i) Implemented Subsidiary Alliance System (ii) Fourth Anglo-Mysore
War (1799) (iii) Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) (iv) Establishment
of Fort William College in Calcutta (v) Treaty of Bassein with Bajirao
in 1802 (vi) Princely States annexed in British Empire by Subsidiary
Alliance (a) Hyderabad - 1798 (b) Mysore - 1799 (c) Tanjore - 1799 (d)
Awadh- 1801 (e) Maratha- 1802 (f) Bhonsle - 1803
6. Sir George Barlow 1805-1807 Sepoy Mutiny in Vellore
7. Lord Minto I 1807-1813 The famous ‘Treaty of Amritsar’ (1809) with Maharaja Ranjit Singh
8. Lord Hastings 1813-1823 (i) First Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) (ii) Third Anglo-Maratha War
(1817-18) (iii) Suppression of Pindaris (1817-18)
John Adams (Acting) January- (iv) Tenancy Act implemented in Bengal (1822)
August 1823
9 . Lord Amherst 1823-1828 (i) First Anglo - Burma War (1824-26) (ii) Treaty of Yandaboo between
the British and the Burma (iii) Revolt in the military cantonment of
Barrackpore (1824)
Governors-General of India
1. Lord William Bentinck June (1834- (i) Abolition of Sati Practice (1829) (ii) Suppression of Thuggee Practice
1835) (1830) (iii) Banned female infanticide (iv) Charter Act of 1833 (v)
Establishment of Medical College in Calcutta (1835) (vi) Government
Declaration to end discriminatory policy in services (vii) First Governor-
General of India (viii) English became the official language of Indian
administration (1835) (ix) Agra became new Presidency (x) Anglo-
Oriental Education Disputes (xi) Appointment of Commissioners of
circuit and revenue
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Note : On 4 March, 1828 Lord William Bentinck was appointed as Governor General of Bengal. He was appointed
Governor General of India on 16th June, 1834.
2. Charles Metcalfe 1835-1836 (i) Removed the ban on newspapers (ii) Liberator of the Indian Press
3. Lord Auckland 1836-1842 (i) First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-42) (ii) Tri-party treaty between the
Company, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja (iii) Repair of Grand
Trunk Road from Calcutta to Delhi
4. Lord Ellenborough 1842-1844 (i) Sindh merged into British State (ii) Abolition of Slavery (1843) (iii)
First Anglo-Afghan War ended
5. Lord Hardinge 1844-1848 (i) First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) (ii) Occupation of Lahore by the
British
6. Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856 (i) Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) (ii) Mergence of Punjab into
the British State (1849) (iii) Second Anglo-Burmese War (1853) (iv)
Introduced 'Doctrine of Lapse' (v) Abolition of the title of Nawab of
Karnataka and Raja of Tanjore (vi) Berar annexation on charges of
taking more debts. (vii) Construction of the first Railway line [1853 (BPSC,
2008)] (viii) Sir Charles Wood’s Despatch on Education (1854) (ix) The
beginning of the first electric wire (1852) (x) Postal system (1853) (xi)
Santhal Rebellion (xii) Annexation of Awadh on charge of misrule [1856
UPPCS, 1994)] (xiii) State merged with Doctrine of Lapse Principle (a)
Satara – 1848 (UPPCS, 2016) (b) Jaitpur, Sambhalpur – 1849 (c) Baghat –
1850 (JPCS, 2016) (d) Udaipur - 1852 (e) Jhansi – 1854 (f) Nagpur – 1854
(g) Awadh – 1856 (xiv) Establishment of Public Works Department and
Public Service Department

Viceroys of India
1. Lord Canning (Governor- 1856-1858 (i) Revolt of 1857 (ii) Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 (UP Lower, 2002, 2003)
General) (iii) Act of 1858 (iv) Establishment of Universities in Bombay, Madras
1 st Nov., 1858-21 st and Calcutta (v) Indian Council Act 1861 (vi) Establishment of a High
March, 1862, first Court in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras under the High Court of India Act,
Viceroy) 1861 (vii) Indian Penal Code (1860) (viii) Civil Penal Procedure Code
(1861) (ix) Last Governor-General appointed by East India Company
2. Lord Elgin 1862-1863 Suppression of Wahabi Movement
st
3. Robert Napier 21 November, 1863 —
2nd December, 1863
4. William Denison 2nd December 1863- Acting Viceroy
12th January 1864
5. Sir John Lawrence 1864-1869 (i) Famous non-interference policy in the context of Afghanistan (Ring
Fence Policy) (ii) Terrible famines in Orissa in 1866 and Rajputana
and Bundelkhand in 1868-69 (iii) Construction of railways and canals
in large numbers (iv) Established first marine communication system
with Europe.
6. Lord Mayo 1869-1872 (i) Decentralization of Finance in India (ii) Establishment of Mayo
College at Ajmer (iii) Murdered by an Afghan at Port Blair during his
tenure. (iv) Census for the first time in India in 1872. (UPPCS, 2000)

7. Lord Northbrook 1872-1876 (i) Kuka Movement in Punjab (1872) (ii) Famine in Bengal (1873)
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8. Lord Lytton
Hub1876-1880 (i) Formation of a Famine Commission under the chairmanship of
Richard Strachey (1878) (ii) Conducting a Grand Durbar in Delhi (1877)
(iii) Queen Victoria’s title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ (1877) (iv) Vernacular
Press Act (UPPCS, 2007) and Indian Arms Act (1878) (v) Maximum age
in appearing civil services exam lowered from 21 to 19. (vi) Second
Anglo-Afghan War (1878-80)
Note : Lord Lytton used to write literature under the name of ‘Owen Meredith’.
9. Lord Ripon 1880-1884 (i) First Factory Act (1881) (ii) Appointment of Hunter Commission (for
primary education) (1882) (iii) Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883-84) (iv)
Starting of local self-government [1882 (UPPCS, 2015)] (v) Establishment
of Census system (vi) First systematic census in 1881 (except Kashmir)
(vii) Decision of systematic census after every 10 years (regular)
Note : Lord Ripon was called the ‘Saviour of India’ by Florence Nightingale.
10. Lord Dufferin 1884-1888 (i) Establishment of Indian National Congress (1885) (ii) Third Anglo-
Burmese War (1885) (iii) Bengal Farmers Act passed (1885)
11. Lord Lansdowne 1888-1894 (i) Manipur Rebellion (1891) (ii) Determination of the Border Line
(Durand Line) between India and Afghanistan (1893) (iii) Passed Indian
Council Act, 1892 (iv) Declaration of ‘Ganapati Festival’ by Tilak (1893)
(v) Second Factory Act (1891)
12. Lord Elgin II 1894-1899 (i) Terrible famine in North India in 1896-97 (ii) Formation of Famine
Commission in the name of ‘Lyall Commission’ (iii) Declaration of
Shivaji Festival by Tilak (1895) (iv) Two British officers killed in Poona
by Chapekar Brothers (1897)
Note : Elgin II said that “India has won on the strength of the sword and it will be protected on the strength of the sword.”
13. Lord Curzon 1899-1905 (i) Appointment of Agricultural Inspector-General in 1901 to look
after the agricultural work. (ii) Formation of new province namely
North-West Frontier Province (iii) A delegation led by Younghusband
went to Lhasa, Tibet (1904) (iv) Indian Universities Act (1904) (v)
Formation of Indian Public Service Board (1905) (vi) Appointment
of Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer (vii) Establishment of
University Commission under the chairmanship of Sir Thomas Raleigh
(1902) (viii) Famine Commission constituted under the chairmanship of
Sir Antony MacDonnell (1900) (ix) [Ancient Monuments Preservation
Act 1904 (UPPCS, 2005)] (x) Partition of Bengal (1905) (xi) Formation of
Irrigation Commission (Chairman Colin Scott Moncrieff) (1901) (xii)
Constitution of Railway Board (1905)
14. Lord Minto II 1905-1910 (i) Formation of the Muslim League (in Dacca) (1906) (ii) Anglo-
Russian Friendship (1907) (iii) Execution of Khudiram Bose (iv) 6 years
imprisonment of Tilak (1908) (v) [Indian Council Act or Marley - Minto
Reforms Act passed (1909) (UPPCS, 1994)] (vi) S.P. Sinha appointed to
Viceroy’s executive (1909) (vii) Congress divided in Surat Session (1907)
15. Lord Hardinge II 1910-1916 (i)The arrival of King George V of Britain to India (December 12, 1911)
(ii) Annulment of the partition of Bengal in Delhi (1911) (iii) Declare the
shift of capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi (1911) (iv) Delhi again
became the capital (1912) (v) Balmukund sentenced to death for throwing
a bomb at Hardinge at the time of his entry in Delhi (December, 1912)
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Hub (vi) The beginning of the First World War (August, 1914) (vii) Gandhiji
returned to India from South Africa (1915) (viii) Death of Gokhale and
Feroze Shah Mehta (1915) (ix) Lord Hardinge was appointed as the
Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University (1916) (x) Hindu Mahasabha
was founded in 1915.
16. Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921 (i) Establishment of the Home Rule League by Tilak and Annie Besant
(1916) (Tilak in April, Besant in September) (ii) Declaration of the
establishment of Banaras Hindu University (1916) (iii) Gandhiji’s
Champaran Satyagraha (1917) (iv) Rowlatt Act (April, 1919) (v)
First session of the Indian Trade Union Congress (1920) (vi) Khilafat
Movement (vii) The Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhiji (1st
August, 1920) (viii) Sir S.P. Sinha, first Indian Governor of Bihar
(ix) [Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April, 1919) (UPPCS, 1993)] (x)
Montague - Chelmsford Reform Act (1919) (xi) Third Afghan War
17. Lord Reading 1921-1926 (i) Visit of Prince of Wales to India (November 1921) (ii) Moplah
Rebellion (Malabar Coast, Kerala) (iii) Formation of Communist Party
of India by M.N. Rai (1920) (Tashkent) (iv) [Chauri-Chaura incident (4th
February, 1922) (UP Lower, 2002)] (v) Non-Cooperation Movement ended
(12th February, 1922) (vi) Kakori train conspiracy (9th August, 1925) (vii)
All India Communist Party formed in Kanpur (1924)
18. Lord Irwin 1926-1931 (i) Appointment of Simon Commission (1927) (ii) Opposition of Simon
Commission on its arrival in India (1928) (iii) Bomb thrown at Assembly
Hall of Delhi by Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt (8th April 1929) (iv)
Congress Declaration of ‘Poona Swaraj’ at Lahore Session (December
31st, 1929) (v) Historical Dandi March (12th March to 5th April, 1930)
(vi) First Round Table Conference in London (November, 1930) (vii)
Gandhi - Irwin Pact (5th March, 1931), The Meerut conspiracy trial.
(BPSC, 2011)
19. Lord Willington 1931-1936 (i) Gandhiji participated as the representative of Congress in the Second
Round Table Conference (7th September to 1st December 1931) (ii)
Declaration of Communal Award (16th August 1932) (iii) Pact between
Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar (24th September, 1932) (iv) Civil
Disobedience Movement restarted by Gandhiji (v) Third Round Table
Conference organized (17th November, 1932 to 24th December, 1932)
(vi) Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn by Congress (April,
1934) (vii) Government of India Act (August, 1935)
20. Lord Linlithgow 1936-1943 (i) Elections were held in eleven provinces for the first time with
eight states-(Assam, Orissa, North-West Frontier Province, Bihar,
Bombay, Central Province, Madras, United Provinces) Establishment
of new governments by Congress (Absolute majority in 5 provinces
of Congress) (ii) Subhash Chandra Bose was reelected President in the
Tripuri Congress Session despite the opposition of Mahatma Gandhi.
(iii) ‘Establishment of Forward Block’ by Subhash Chandra Bose
(iv) Declaration of ‘August Offer’ by Viceroy (8th August, 1940) (v)
Individual Civil Disobedience Movement (started on17th October, 1940)
(vi) Quit India movement was started (vii) Karachi Session of the Muslim
League ‘Divide & Quit’ slogan
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21. Lord Wavell
Hub 1943-1947 (i) Wavell met Congress and the Muslim League's representatives in
Shimla (June - July, 1945) (ii) Navy revolted in Bombay (iii) Arrival of
Cabinet Mission in India (iv) Declaration of Cabinet Mission Proposal (16
May, 1946) (v) ‘Direct Action Day’ was observed by the Muslim League
(16th August, 1946) (vi) Election for the Constituent Assembly (July,
1946) (vii) Interim Government formed led by leadership of Jawaharlal
Nehru (September, 1946) (viii) [First meeting of the Constituent
Assembly (9th, December, 1946) (UPPCS, 2009)] (ix) The British Prime
Minister, Attlee announced the Independence of India by June 1948
(20th February, 1947)
22. Lord Mountbatten 1947-1948 (i) Radcliff Commission was constituted (ii) According to the ‘Third
June Plan’, the Declaration of Partition of India (3rd June, 1947) (iii) The
Bill of Indian Independence was introduced in the British Parliament,
July (1947) and accepted by the Emperor on 18th July. (iv) India became
independent (15th August, 1947).

Exam Oriented Facts Elphinstone was the Governor of Bombay province, India
Lal Bahadur Shastri is known as the man of peace. during 1819-27.
Sometime before the Maurya Empire period, about 2400
Gopal Krishna Gokhale is called the diamond of India.
years ago, emperors in Chia began building the Great.
The famous Hing Laj Mata Temple is located in India's The first Indian cotton mill was established at fort
neighbouring country Pakistan. Gloucester, Calcutta in 1818 AD. by Henry gauger.
Vedika, Chhatra and harmika are related to the structure The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, invaded Transoxiana
of the Stupa, while Vimana is not related to the Stupa. in north-eastern Iran in 1219. (SSC MTS, 2023)
Narayan Guru advocated the idoalogy of Oru Jaati, Oru Shikhana element in North. Indian temple architecture
Matam, Oru Manushyanu, (one caste, one religion, one refers to the superstructure or tower over the sanctum
God for manknd. sanctorum and pillared mandapas. (SSC, 2023)

17. History from 1947 to 1964 : Consolidation of Princely States

At the time of Independence, there were 565 princely states (2) A large administrative union was formed by combining
in the Indian region, where either Nawab or Raja was ruling. some princely states.
On the 15th of June, 1947, the All-India Congress accepted (i) United States of Kathiawar (Saurashtra)
the British Plan for the Partition of India in New Delhi. (ii) United States of Matsya
On 15th June, 1947, the All India Congress Committee (iii) United States of Rajasthan
announced that 'It cannot accept the right of any Princely (iv) United States of Vindhya Pradesh
State of India to declare independence and remain separate (v) Gwalior, Indore and the United States of Malwa
from India'. (vi) Formation of Patiala and East Punjab States Union
The Government of India established a separate department (PEPSU).
called Princely States Department in June 1947, the Junagadh Princely States
responsibility of which was assigned to Sardar Vallabhbhai
The princely state of Junagadh declared to join Pakistan,
Patel.
while most of the princely states' people were Hindus, who
Integration of princely states was done by two processes.
wanted to stay in India.
(1) To merge smaller princely states into any area or
In February 1948, the state of Junagadh was incorporated
neighbouring provinces was administered by the Central
into the Union of India by holding a referendum.
Government.
(a) Under this, the eastern princely states merged into either The Princely States of Hyderabad
the provinces of Orissa or Madhya Pradesh. Hyderabad was the largest princely state of India.
(b) The princely states of Deccan and Gujarat merged into The ruler of Hyderabad was a Muslim, but most of the
Bombay province. people of the state were Hindus.
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The Government of India started military operations in According to this agreement that the basic issues and causes
Hyderabad on 13th September, 1948. of conflict which have bedevilled the relations between
Major General EL. Edroos, a military commander of the the two countries for the last 25 years shall be resolved by
princely state of Hyderabad surrendered to the commander peaceful means.
of the Indian Army, Major General JN Choudhuri. Both sides will always have respect for each other’s
Thus, Hyderabad was merged into the Indian Union. territorial integrity, universality and political freedom.
The Government of India named this secret military Other Important Points
operation ‘Operation Polo’. (UP UDA/LDA, 2013) In India, the first general election was held in 1952.
The Princely States of Kashmir Nagaland became the sixteenth state of India in the year
The King or ruler in the princely state of Kashmir was a 1962.
Hindu, but the majority of the people were Muslims. Panchayati Raj was first established in 1959, in Nagaur,
On 20th October, 1947, the North-West Frontier province Rajasthan.
tribals and many Pakistani's attacked Kashmir.
Fearing this situation, on 24th October 1947, Raja Harisingh 18. Other Major Historical Facts
demanded military assistance from the Government of India
The Tashkent Agreement was signed on 10th January,
to protect his kingdom from the invaders and prayed to
1966 between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri
annex Kashmir to the Union of India.
and President of Pakistan, Ayub Khan.
On 26 th October, 1947, Raja Hari Singh signed the
Bangladesh was created on 16th December, 1971.
Instrument of Accession.
(MPPCS, 2014)
On 31st October 1951, the Constituent Assembly of the state
The Shimla Agreement was signed between Zulfikar Ali
of Jammu and Kashmir came into existence.
Bhutto and Mrs. Indira Gandhi on 2nd July, 1972.
On 15th February, 1954, the merger of Jammu and Kashmir
Panchsheel Agreement was signed between India and
into the Union of India was retified by the Constituent
China on 29th April, 1954.
Assembly.
On 20th October, 1962 China invaded India.
On 19th August, 1952, under Article 370, Sadr-e-Riyasat
Bandung Conference was held in April, 1955 in Bandung
(President) Karan Singh and Wazir-i- Azam (Prime
City, Indonesia. The conference was organized by India,
Minister) Sheikh Abdullah were nominated.
Burma, and Indonesia jointly.
On 17th November, 1956, a separate constitution for the
From 1st to 6th September 1961, the Non-Aligned Movement
state was passed by the Constituent Assembly.
was formed with the cooperation of India’s Prime Minister
On 26th January 1957, the new Constitution of Jammu and
Jawaharlal Nehru, President of Egypt, Colonel Nasser
Kashmir came into force.
and President of Yugoslavia, Marshal Tito etc.
The term of Sadr-e Riyasat (President) and Wazir-i-Azam
The first Non-Aligned Summit was held in Belgrade in
(Prime Minister) was abolished by the Sixth Constitutional
September, 1961.
Amendment Act, 1965, in 1965.
On 5th August 2019, the President of India in the exercise
D World History
of the powers entitled under clause (1) Article 370 of the
Constitution had issued the Constitution (Application
1. Renaissance
to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019. Through this, the
Government of India modified Article 370 itself (not Renaissance means ‘Rebirth’.
revoked it). The Renaissance was the intensification of the cosmic
tendencies of Western European thought, literature and art
Note : At the time of Independence, Chandranagar during the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
(Calcutta) Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe were in The basic mantra of the Renaissance was - Worldliness
possession of France, later, they were handed over to or Cosmicity which is related to this world, not the
India in 1954. supernatural world.
Goa, Daman and Diu were under the Portuguese at the time Renaissance started in Italy. The city of Florence was the
of independence, were merged into India in 1961. largest centre of the Renaissance.
Shimla Agreement The strong reason for the Renaissance was the rise of trade.
The Simla Agreement was signed between India and This led to the rise of cities and their importance began to
Pakistan on 2nd July, 1972. grow.
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