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QUICK FACTS REFERENCE GUIDE What is CVS?

➤ Chorionic villi sampling – removal of
What is Abortion? placental tissue between 9 and 12
➤ Termination of pregnancy prior to weeks by either transabdominal or
20 weeks' gestation with the fetus transcervical means. Used for genetic
weighing less than 500 grams. evaluation.
☐ Complete – all products of conception
are evacuated What is the Coombs test?
☐ Incomplete – some products of ➤ Used to detect maternal red blood
conception remain in the uterus cell antibodies.
☐ Inevitable – vaginal bleeding with open
cervix What is Corpus luteum?
☐ Threatened – vaginal bleeding with a ➤ Physiologic ovarian cyst; maintains
closed cervix progesterone production during early
pregnancy until the placenta begins to
What is AFP? function.
➤ Alpha-fetoprotein, produced
primarily by the fetal liver; used as a What is CST?
screening test for congenital birth ➤ Contraction stress test.
defects and chromosomal anomalies.
What is DIC?
What is Amniocentesis? ➤ Disseminated intravascular
➤ Removal of amniotic fluid, usually coagulopathy.
by transabdominal aspiration; used to
detect chromosomal aberration. What is Eclampsia?
➤ Seizures during pregnancy; the
What is Apgar score? most severe manifestation of
➤ Assessment of the newborn, pregnancy-induced hypertension.
primarily at 1, 5 and 10 minutes by
evaluating appearance, pulse, What is FHR?
grimace, activity and respiration. ➤ Fetal heart rate (Normal is between
120 and 160 bpm, fetal bradycardia is
What is a Biophysical profile? < 120 bpm, and fetal tachycardia is >
➤ Intrauterine evaluation of the fetus 160 bpm).
using non stress test (NST), Fetal
breathing movements, fetal What is FHT?
movement, fetal tone, and amniotic ➤ Fetal heart tone – refers to auditory
fluid index (AFI). detection of FHR.

What is Chadwick’s sign? What is hCG?

➤ Bluish discoloration of the cervix ➤ Human chorionic gonadotropin.
and vaginal walls.
What is HELLP?
What is Chloasma? ➤ Characterized by Hemolysis,
➤ Mask of pregnancy; brownish Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low
patches on facial skin that may occur platelets.
during pregnancy or with oral
contraceptive use. Also known as What is Hyperemesis gravidarum?
melasma. ➤ Severe nausea and vomiting
causing dehydration, electrolyte
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imbalance and weight loss. Etiologic through the myometrium to the serosa.
factors include psychosocial, thyroid ➤ Previa – placenta covering various
disease and trophoblastic disease. degrees of cervical os.
➤ Vasa previa – placental vessels
What is Labor? crossing the cervical os.
➤ Uterine contractions leading to ➤ Velamentous – umbilical cord vessel
cervical dilatation and effacement. attachment to the placenta by thin
membranes, may lead to vasa previa.
What are Leopold maneuvers?
➤ Examination of the maternal What is Postpartum hemorrhage?
abdomen that allows determination of ➤ Greater than 500 cc blood loss at
fetal weight, position and lie. the time of vaginal delivery. Most
common causes include uterine atony
What is Magnesium sulfate? (inability to contract), retained
➤ Used in the treatment of preterm products of conception (POC),
labor and eclamptic seizures. obstetrical lacerations, abnormal
placental implantation, and bleeding
What is Mastitis? dyscrasia.
➤ Infection of the breast, most
commonly related to infections with S. What is Preeclampsia?
aureus or Streptococcus as a result of ➤ Pregnancy-induced hypertension.
breast feeding. Feeding from the
affected breast may be continued. What is Preterm?
➤ Gestational age less than 37 weeks.
What is Meconium?
➤ Infant’s first bowel movement, What is PROM?
composed of sloughed cells from ➤ Rupture of fetal membranes prior
intestinal mucosa. May occur in utero to the onset of labor.
as a result of stress and may lead to
respiratory compromise if aspiration What is Pseudocyesis?
occurs. ➤ False pregnancy.

What is NST? What is Rh?

➤ Non stress test. ➤ Major blood group antigen of
importance during pregnancy.
What is Oxytocin? Incompatibility between mother (-)
➤ Hormone released by the pituitary and fetus (+) may lead to hemolytic
gland. It stimulates labor onset; disease of the newborn.
synthetic form is Pitocin and is used in
the induction of labor.

What is Placenta?
➤ Accreta – attachment of the placenta in
the uterine musculature (myometrium). STANDARDS ON PRENATAL CARE
➤ Battledore – umbilical cord attachment
to the edge of the placenta. • What is the standard on prenatal care
➤ Circumvallata – caused by inappropriate visits?
placentation. ➤ Monthly prenatal visits until 28–30
➤ Increta – invasion of the placenta into weeks; every two weeks until 36
myometrium. weeks and weekly from 37 weeks to
➤ Percreta – penetration of the placenta delivery. If there are risk factors,
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concurrent problems or disorders, CBQ
prenatal visits will have more ➤ For the period 1999–2004, the
frequency. CBQ government aims for 80% of pregnant
women to have at least 5 prenatal
• What is the target of the government on visits (NOH, p.125)
prenatal visits?

ANTEPARTUM PERIOD severe headache, decreased fetal

movement)
Definition: ● Support emotional and psychological
The antepartum period refers to the time needs
from conception until the onset of labor. It is
also known as the prenatal period and Common Complications:
includes the entire duration of pregnancy.
● Gestational hypertension or
Goals of Antepartum Care: preeclampsia
● Gestational diabetes
● Promote the health and well-being of ● Hyperemesis gravidarum
both mother and fetus ● Preterm labor risk
● Detect and manage complications ● Infections (e.g., urinary tract
early infections, STIs)
● Provide education about pregnancy,
childbirth, and newborn care INTRAPARTUM PERIOD

Key Nursing Assessments: Definition:

The intrapartum period is the time from the
● Confirm pregnancy and determine onset of true labor until the delivery of the
gestational age placenta. It involves labor and childbirth.
● Monitor vital signs, weight, and fetal
growth Goals of Intrapartum Care:
● Assess for any signs of
complications (e.g., bleeding, ● Ensure safe delivery of the baby and
hypertension) placenta
● Monitor fetal heart rate and ● Monitor the health of the mother and
movement fetus during labor
● Review maternal lab tests (blood ● Manage pain and support the labor
type, Rh factor, CBC, urinalysis, process
glucose tolerance test)
Key Nursing Assessments:
Common Nursing Interventions:
● Monitor frequency, duration, and
● Educate on proper nutrition and intensity of contractions
prenatal vitamins (especially folic ● Check cervical dilation and
acid and iron) effacement
● Advice on lifestyle modifications ● Monitor fetal heart rate for distress
(avoid alcohol, tobacco, and harmful ● Assess maternal vital signs regularly
substances) ● Monitor amniotic fluid if membranes
● Encourage regular prenatal rupture (color, amount, odor)
checkups
● Teach danger signs during Common Nursing Interventions:
pregnancy (e.g., vaginal bleeding,
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● Provide emotional support and Key Nursing Assessments:
encouragement
● Assist with breathing and relaxation ● Monitor vital signs, especially for
techniques signs of infection or hemorrhage
● Administer pain relief as needed ● Assess the uterus for firmness and
(non pharmacological or descent (fundal height)
pharmacologic) ● Monitor vaginal bleeding (lochia) for
● Prepare for delivery (ensure sterile amount, color, and odor
field, assist provider) ● Check perineum for swelling,
● Monitor for signs of complications bruising, or signs of infection
(e.g., prolonged labor, fetal distress) ● Assess breasts for engorgement,
● Educate the mother about each nipple integrity
stage of labor ● Monitor for signs of postpartum
depression
Common Complications:
Common Nursing Interventions:
● Prolonged labor or failure to
progress ● Encourage rest and hydration
● Fetal distress ● Promote breastfeeding (assist with
● Umbilical cord prolapse positioning, latching)
● Shoulder dystocia ● Provide perineal care and pain relief
● Hemorrhage ● Educate about normal postpartum
changes and self-care
POSTPARTUM PERIOD ● Teach signs of complications (e.g.,
heavy bleeding, fever, mood
Definition: changes)
The postpartum period begins after the ● Support maternal role transition and
delivery of the placenta and continues for family bonding
about six weeks. It involves physical and
emotional adjustments as the body returns Common Complications:
to a non-pregnant state.
● Postpartum hemorrhage
Goals of Postpartum Care: ● Infection (e.g., endometritis, UTI)
● Breastfeeding difficulties (e.g.,
● Promote recovery and prevent mastitis, poor latch)
complications ● Postpartum depression or anxiety
● Support breastfeeding and maternal- ● Thromboembolic disorders
newborn bonding
● Monitor for physical and emotional
changes

Metro Manila Developmental Screening Denver Developmental Screening Test

Test (MMDST) (DDST) and modified to suit the Filipino
cultural context.
Definition:
Overview and Purpose:
The Metro Manila Developmental Screening
Test (MMDST) is a simple and standardized ● Purpose: To identify early if a child
tool used to screen Filipino children from has developmental problems that
birth to 6 years old for possible may need further evaluation or
developmental delays. It is adapted from the intervention.
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● It is used in barangay health centers, 4. No Opportunity (N.O.) – The child
schools, clinics, and hospitals. hasn’t had a chance to do the task at
● It helps in early referral to specialists home.
such as developmental pediatricians
or therapists. Result Categories:

Areas of Development Assessed: ● Normal: No delays; all tasks are

passed appropriately for age.
The MMDST measures development in four ● Suspect: One or more failures in
main areas: tasks that fall in the expected age
range.
1. Gross Motor – large body ● Untestable: The child refuses to
movements (e.g., crawling, walking, complete too many tasks; retesting
jumping) is recommended.
2. Fine Motor-Adaptive – hand and ● Delayed: Definite developmental
finger skills (e.g., drawing, grasping delay based on multiple failures;
objects) referral needed.
3. Language – ability to understand
and use words Key Points About Scoring:
4. Personal-Social – interactions with
others and self-help skills (e.g., ● Items are plotted on the age scale to
feeding, dressing) determine if performance is within
the expected age.
How It’s Administered: ● If a child fails two or more items to
the left of their age line, it is
● The test includes a series of considered a developmental delay.
questions and observational tasks ● If only one item is failed, the result is
appropriate for the child’s age. suspect, and retesting in 1-2 weeks
● Some items are parent-reported, is advised.
while others are observed directly by ● If the child is uncooperative, scoring
the examiner. may be incomplete and marked as
● The test can be performed by untestable.
trained health workers, nurses, or
other healthcare professionals. Importance of the MMDST:

Scoring and Interpretation: ● Early detection of developmental

delays is critical for timely
Each item on the test falls into an age- intervention.
specific column, indicating the typical age ● Allows healthcare workers in
range at which a child should be able to community settings to help identify
perform the task. at-risk children.
● Promotes awareness of child
Interpretation of the results: development milestones among
parents and caregivers.
1. Pass (P) – The child successfully ● Supports public health goals by
performs the task. addressing child development in
2. Fail (F) – The child is unable to early years.
perform the task that is expected for
their age. Limitations:
3. Refusal (R) – The child refuses to
perform the task.
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● It is a screening tool, not a
diagnostic test. It only suggests if
further evaluation is needed.
● Cultural or environmental differences
may influence responses.
● Children may perform differently
depending on mood, hunger, or
familiarity with the tester.