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Circuit Analysis for Complete Idiots
by David Smith
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced in any form or by any means,
including scanning, photocopying, or otherwise
without prior written permission of the copyright
holder. Copyright © 2019
 Other books in the Series:

Arduino for Complete Idiots

Digital Signal Processing for Complete Idiots
Control Systems for Complete Idiots
Basic Electronics for Complete Idiots
Digital Electronics for Complete Idiots
Electromagnetic Theory for Complete Idiots
 Table of Contents

PREFACE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. VOLTAGE & CURRENT LAWS
3. BASIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
4. NETWORK THEOREMS
5. CAPACITANCE
6. INDUCTANCE
7. AC FUNDAMENTALS
8. AC CIRCUITS
9. ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES (FOR AC)
10. NETWORK THEOREMS (FOR AC)
11. LAPLACE TRANSFORM
12. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
13. 3-PHASE SYSTEMS
REFERENCES
CONTACT
 PREFACE
In today’s world, there’s an electronic gadget for everything and
inside these gadgets are circuits, little components wired together to
perform some meaningful function. Have you wondered how a led
display sign works or how a calculator works or toy cars work? How
is it possible?? Answer, all because of electrical circuits. These tiny
components when arranged in certain manner can do wonders.
Fascinating isn’t it? Our fascination with gadgets and reliance on
machinery is only growing day by day and hence from an
engineering perspective, it is absolutely crucial to be familiar with
the analysis and designing of such Circuits, at least identify
components.
Circuit analysis is one of basic subjects in engineering and
particularly important for Electrical and Electronics students. So
circuit analysis is a good starting point for anyone wanting to get
into the field. It is a very easy subject to learn and understand, but
messing up these ideas or misunderstanding them, will lead to a lot
of headache in other subjects. In this book we provide a concise
introduction into basic Circuit analysis. A basic knowledge of Calculus
and some Physics are the only prerequisites required to follow the
topics discussed in the book. We've tried to explain the various
fundamental concepts of Circuit theory in the simplest manner
without an over reliance on math. Also, we have tried to connect the
various topics with real life situations wherever possible. This way
even first timers can learn the basics of Circuit theory with minimum
effort. Hopefully the students will enjoy this different approach to
Circuit Analysis. The various concepts of the subject are arranged
logically and explained in a simple reader-friendly language with
illustrative figures.
This book is not meant to be a replacement for those standard
Circuit theory textbooks, rather this book should be viewed as an
introductory text for beginners to come in grips with advanced level
topics covered in those books. This book will hopefully serve as
inspiration to learn Circuit theory in greater depths.
Readers are welcome to give constructive suggestions for the
improvement of the book and please do leave a review.
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 ELECTRICAL CHARGE
Have you ever wondered what Electricity is and where it comes
from? To answer these questions, we have to start with the atom.
Although we are more interested in the properties of electricity than
the phenomenon itself, it wouldn’t hurt us to quickly discuss the
basics.
Everything in the universe is made of atoms and every atom consists
of 3 types of particles, neutrons, protons and electrons. Neutrons
and protons are packed together in the nucleus and make up the
center of an atom, whereas the electrons move around the nucleus
in a constant motion. For this discussion, we are only concerned
about protons and electrons or more specifically, a property these
two particles possess called the Electric Charge. Although it is very
unlikely you’ll ever come across a proper definition for charge, the
best we can come up with is, that charge is a form of electrical
energy. Protons have a positive charge and Electrons have a
negative charge. In a normal atom, the number of protons is equal
to the number of electron and thus the atom as a whole is
electrically neutral. Neutral objects aren’t of much interest to us, we
are more interested in charged bodies. Electric Charge is denoted by
the letter Q.
The SI unit of electric charge is Coulomb (C) and it is the charge
possessed by 6.24 x 1018 electrons.

1.2 CURRENT
Previously we mentioned that free electrons are responsible for the
flow of Electric Current. The concept behind this phenomenon is very
simple, whenever a charged particle moves, it produces an Electric
Current. Obviously the protons can’t move, because they are inside
the nucleus. And the electrons close to the nucleus are held tightly
by the force of attraction, so they can’t move either. So the only way
an Electric current is produced is through movement of outer
electrons, called the free electrons (it’s a little different in electronics
though).
To understand this better, consider the inside section of a Conductor
as shown below.

Conductors have tons of free electrons and they keep moving in

random direction (due to thermal energy), and each of these small
movements contribute to an Electric current. You might be thinking,
if an electric current is produced this easily in a conductor, why do
we need batteries and generators and power plants and stuff. Can’t
we just hook up a small piece of copper wire to a bulb and be done
with it. Unfortunately, that won’t work. That’s because the currents
produced by each free electron are in random direction (in
accordance with the direction of their motion) and when we consider
the conductor as a whole, these currents cancel each other out and
net current is zero.
The way out of this problem is to make all the free electrons drift in
one direction and thus the net Electric Current adds up to a non-zero
value. To do this all we need is a little effort, a force of sorts, called
the EMF or the Electromotive Force. We will discuss more about the
EMF in the next section.
So Electric Current can be defined as the flow of charge (electrons)
when subjected to an EMF. Or the more accurate definition would
be, Current is the rate of flow of charge. Mathematically,
Current I is equal to,

The unit of current is Ampere, named after French mathematician

and physicist André-Marie Ampère. One ampere of current
represents one coulomb of electrical charge moving past a specific
point in one second.

1.3 EMF
EMF stands for Electromotive force. The name may give you the
impression that electromotive force is a type of force. Actually, it is
not. As mentioned in the previous section, EMF or the
Electromagnetic force is an energy that can cause current to flow in
an electrical circuit or device. This means that a current can flow in a
circuit or a device, only if an EMF is provided. Sources of EMF can be
batteries, solar cells, generators etc. EMF is denoted by the symbol E
and is measured in unit Volt (V).
1.4 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Both EMF and Potential Difference are closely related and are often
used interchangeably in many places, but they aren’t the same
quantities. When a current flows through a material, the electrons
are accelerated due to the applied EMF. But these electrons don’t
gain much velocity, because they keep colliding with ions in the
material and due to this, the kinetic energy of the electrons is
converted to heat. What this means is that, the electrons at one of
the material has more energy than the electrons at the other end,
which leads to a potential difference. This obviously is a rough
explanation, the actual physics behind phenomenon is more complex
and beyond the scope of this book. It is important to note that,
Potential difference is always measured between 2 points and never
at a single point.
To sum up, the EMF is the driving force that keeps electrons in
motion and Potential difference is the difference in energy of the
electrons as a current is passed through a material. Both EMF and
Potential difference have the common unit Volt (V). The term
Voltage can be used in place of Potential difference or EMF.

1.5 OHM’S LAW

From the previous sections itself, it must be pretty clear that the
Voltage and the Current are two closely related quantities. They
have a cause effect relation as given by this general equation:

Where the Voltage is the cause and the Current is the effect. Now
the question is, what could possibly be the opposition to current?
This is where we introduce a quantity called Resistance. The concept
of Resistance is analogous to friction in mechanics. Every material
has a tendency to oppose current, but some more than the others.
Materials with large no. of free electrons like metals have low
resistance or a low tendency to oppose current. Such materials are
called Conductors. Whereas materials with small no. of free
electrons like plastic have high resistance. Such materials are called
Insulators. And some materials fall in between, they offer some
resistance, but not very high either. They are called Semi-
conductors.

Now let’s substitute the terms we introduced so far into our general
equation from earlier.
The result is this beautiful equation called the Ohm’s Law, after the
German physicist and mathematician Georg Simon Ohm (weird
name right??). It’s one of the most fundamental things there is in
electrical engineering. Get used to it, because it will remain with you
as long as you do anything electrical related.
The Ohm’s law essentially implies that, the current flowing
through a material/circuit is directly proportional to the
Voltage applied across it, provided that the resistance of the
material remain fixed. So if we were to apply twice the voltage
across a bulb, twice the amount of current would flow through it or
if we apply one third the voltage, then one third the current would
flow. Graphically the Ohm's law would look like,

The Unit of Resistance is Ohm and is denoted by the Greek letter Ω.

1.6 CONDUCTANCE
While we are at it, let’s define one more new quantity called
Conductance. Conductance is the inverse of Resistance. It’s a
measure of how well a material allows current to flow through it.
The Unit of Conductance is Siemens and is denoted by Ω−1.

1.7 RESISTOR
Have you seen one of these tiny components in an electronic circuit
before??

Those are resistors. A Resistor is a device that provide resistance in

an electrical circuit. WHAT?? But isn’t resistance a bad thing? Yes,
resistance does oppose current and it does cause energy loss. But
when used the right way it isn’t always a bad thing. Do you know
that resistance is the reason we have bulbs and heaters? Resistors
are electrical components that help control the flow of current in a
circuit. A high resistance means there is less current available for a
given voltage. It is widely used in heating applications, for biasing,
voltage dividers and tons of other applications.
The symbol for resistor is:
1.8 POWER
Electrical power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is
transferred from an energy source to a circuit. When current is
passed through a resistor, energy is dissipated as heat. It is easy to
calculate Electrical power, it is simply the product of the current (I)
flowing through a component and the voltage (V) across the
component.

Applying the Ohm’s law, 2 other forms of equation can be obtained,

Unit of electrical power is Watts.

 2. VOLTAGE & CURRENT
LAWS
2.1 SERIES CIRCUIT
A series circuit is a circuit in which any number of components are
connected one after the other, such that there is a single path for
the flow of current. For example, in the circuit shown in the figure
below, the Resistors R1 and R2 are in series, because they are
connected at a common point b. Similarly, Resistor R2 and the
Voltage source are also in series, with the common point c.

If there were any other components (that carry current) connected

at any of these nodes (a, b or c), then this circuit wouldn’t be a
series circuit anymore. For instance, if there had been a third resistor
R3 connected between nodes a and b, as shown in the figure below,
this is no longer a series circuit. Clearly there are 2 paths for the
current to flow, through R1 & R3.

2.2 KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

(KVL)
Kirchhoff’s Law’s….Wait!! “Laws ” you say?? You mean there’s more
than one law?? Yes, there are 2 Kirchhoff’s Law’s: Kirchhoff’s Voltage
law & the Kirchhoff’s Current Law. Kirchhoff’s laws are the most
fundamental laws, next to the Ohm’s law, in Electrical engineering.
But fortunately, just like the Ohm’s law, these are 2 really simple
laws. Even simpler than the Ohm’s Law I would say, because there is
no formula, just a simple statement. The entire basis of Circuit
analysis are these 2 laws and the Ohm’s law. They are basically spin
offs to the energy and charge conservation laws. We’ll get to the
Kirchhoff’s Current Law in later section. For now, we’ll focus on the
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law or the KVL.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that “the algebraic sum of
the potential rises and drops around a closed loop (or path)
is zero”.
Symbolically,

In layman’s terms Kirchhoff’s voltage law essentially means:

“Voltage supplied = Voltage used up, around a closed loop”.
Forming a KVL equation is really easy, start at a certain point of the
circuit and note down all the potential changes (either rises or
drops) in one particular direction, till the starting point is reached
once again. Then equate the resulting expression to zero. That’s it.
For the above Circuit, KVL equation is E –V1 –V2 = 0 or E (Voltage
supplied) = V1 +V2 (Voltage Used up). Do note that KVL is
applicable to all loops or closed paths, however complex the circuit
maybe.

2.3 RESISTORS IN SERIES

When dealing with a circuit containing large no of components, it’s a
smart thing to simplify the circuit. This applies to resistors as well. A
combination of resistors, be it series or parallel or otherwise can be
replaced by a single resistance, called the equivalent or the effective
resistance of the circuit. For a series combination of resistors, the
equivalent resistance is found by simply adding the individual
resistance values. Mathematically,
The proof for this is pretty straight forward. Consider our example
(first one) from section 2.1. Let V1 & V2 are the voltages across the
resistors R1 and R2 respectively. Using KVL, we know V = V1 + V2.
Therefore,

2.4 VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE

In the last section, we saw that in a series connection, the resistors
share a common current, but have different voltage drops across
them. Now we will try to find out the exact magnitude of the voltage
drops. For that we use the Voltage Divider Rule.
From Ohm’s law,

Then the Voltage drops across the resistors are:

To sum up, the Voltage drop across a Resistor in series connection is
given,

2.5 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

A parallel circuit is a circuit in which any number of components are
connected across 2 common terminals, such that they share a
common voltage. For example, in the circuit shown in the figure
below, the Resistors R1 and R2 are in parallel, because they are
connected between the same terminals a and b. The current will be
divided amongst the resistors, according as their resistance values.

2.6 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

(KCL)
According to the Kirchhoff’s Current Law, the algebraic sum of
the currents entering and leaving a node or a junction of a
circuit is zero. It’s easily evident that this law is derived from the
Law of conservation of charge. The idea is really simple, once a
current is generated in a circuit, it is distributed throughout the
circuit. It cannot just accumulate in a wire or vanish into thin air.
Symbolically,

Consider the example shown below and let’s formulate the KCL
equation for node a. At node a, there are 3 currents, one entering
and 2 leaving. Hence the KCL equation is, I = I1 +I2.

2.7 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

For a parallel combination of resistors, the reciprocal of the
equivalent resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
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