DESIGN OF COLUMN
Square Tied Column
GROUND FLOOR COLUMN
FOR COLUMN 1: C-1 (EXTERNAL)
DATA:
Pu = 1,446 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 380.13 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
Pu = 1,446 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 1446 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 82,590.89 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 82,590.89 mm2
h = 287.39 mm
Adopt 450 mm by 450 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 450 mm
d = 450 – 40 = 410 mm
Mu 380.13
e= = =0.26 m=260 mm
Pu 1446
At Balance Condition
600 d 600( 410)
cb = = = 242.36 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(242.36) = 206.01 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 206.01−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 500.98 > fy
ab 206.01
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =260mm
d−d ' 410−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 260 + ( ) = 445 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
410−206.01
1446(1000)(445) =0.85(27.6)(206.01)(450) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (410-40)
As’ = 2,745.99 mm2
Main Bar
Using 32 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (32) = 804.25 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 2745.99
n = =
Ab 804.25
n = 3.41 pcs say 4 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 8 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
a. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (32) = 512 mm
b. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
c. Minimum Dimension = 450 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 450 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 2745.99(2)
pg = = = 0.03 (OK)
Ag 450(450)
USE 450 mm X 450 mm EXTERNAL COLUMN GROUND FLOOR WITH
8 – 32 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES WITH
450 mm SPACING O.C
FOR COLUMN 2: C-2 (INTERNAL)
DATA:
Pu = 2,510.6 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 795.30 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
Pu = 2,510.6 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 2510.6 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 143,397.44 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 143,397.44 mm2
h = 378.68 mm
Adopt 450 mm by 450 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 450 mm
d = 450 – 40 = 410 mm
Mu 795.30
e= = =0.32 m=320 mm
Pu 2510.6
At Balance Condition
600 d 600( 410)
cb = = = 242.36 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(242.36) = 206.01 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 206.01−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 500.98 > fy
ab 206.01
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =320mm
d−d ' 410−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 320 + ( ) = 505 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
410−206.01
2510.6(1000)(505) =0.85(27.6)(206.01)(450) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (410-40)
As’ = 6,812.30 mm2
Main Bar
Using 32 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (32) = 804.25 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 6812.3
n = =
Ab 804.25
n = 8.47 pcs say 9 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 18 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
a. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (32) = 512 mm
b. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
c. Minimum Dimension = 450 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 450 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 6812.3(2)
pg = = = 0.07 (OK)
Ag 450(450)
USE 450 mm X 450 mm INTERNAL COLUMN IN GROUND FLOOR WITH
18 – 32 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES
WITH 450 mm SPACING O.C
FOR COLUMN 3: C-3 (CORNER)
DATA:
Pu = 891.30 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 434.87 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
Pu = 891.30 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 891.3 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 50,908.20 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 50.908.20 mm2
h = 225.63 mm
Adopt 450 mm by 450 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 450 mm
d = 450 – 40 = 410 mm
Mu 434.87
e= = =0.49 m=490 mm
Pu 891.30
At Balance Condition
600 d 600( 410)
cb = = = 242.36 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(242.36) = 206.01 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 206.01−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 500.98 > fy
ab 206.01
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =490mm
d−d ' 450−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 490 + ( ) = 460 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
410−206.01
891.3(1000)(490) =0.85(27.6)(206.01)(450) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (410-40)
As’ = 1,399.63 mm2
Main Bar
Using 25 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (25) = 490.87 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 1399.63
n = =
Ab 490.87
n = 2.85 pcs say 3 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 6 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
a. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (25) = 400 mm
b. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
c. Minimum Dimension = 450 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 400 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 1399.63(2)
pg = = = 0.01 (OK)
Ag 450(450)
USE 450 mm X 450 mm CORNER COLUMN IN GROUND FLOOR WITH
6 – 25 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES WITH
400 mm SPACING O.C
SECOND FLOOR COLUMN
FOR COLUMN 4: C-4 (EXTERNAL)
DATA:
Pu = 731.7 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 203.52 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
Pu = 731.7 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 731.7 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 25,685.16 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 25,685.16 mm2
h = 160 mm
Adopt 400 mm by 400 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 400 mm
d = 400 – 40 = 360 mm
Mu 203.52
e= = =0.28 m=280 mm
Pu 731.7
At Balance Condition
600 d 600(360)
cb = = = 212.81 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(212.81) = 180.89 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 180.89−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 487.22 > fy
ab 180.89
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =280 mm
d−d ' 360−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 280 + ( ) = 440 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
360−180.89
731.7(1000)(440) =0.85(27.6)(180.89)(400) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (360-40)
As’ = 1,337.12 mm2
Main Bar
Using 25 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (25) = 490.87 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 1337.12
n = =
Ab 480.97
n = 2.72 pcs say 3 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 6 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
a. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (25) = 400 mm
b. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
c. Minimum Dimension = 400 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 400 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 1337.12(2)
pg = = = 0.02 (OK)
Ag 400 (400)
USE 400 mm X 400 mm EXTERNAL COLUMN SECOND FLOOR WITH
6 – 25 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES WITH
400 mm SPACING O.C
FOR COLUMN 5: C-5 (INTERNAL)
DATA:
Pu = 1,272.7 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 421.10 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
Pu = 1,272.7 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 1272.7 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 72,692.55 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 72,692.55 mm2
h = 269.62 mm
Adopt 400 mm by 400 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 400 mm
d = 400 – 40 = 360 mm
Mu 421.1
e= = =0.33 m=330 mm
Pu 1272.7
At Balance Condition
600 d 600(360)
cb = = = 212.81 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(212.81) = 180.89 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 180.89−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 487.22 > fy
ab 180.89
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =330 mm
d−d ' 360−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 330 + ( ) = 490 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
360−180.89
1272.7(1000)(490) =0.85(27.6)(180.89)(400) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (360-40)
As’ = 3,551.25 mm2
Main Bar
Using 32 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (32) = 804.25 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 3551.25
n = =
Ab 804.25
n = 4.42 pcs say 5 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 10 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
d. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (32) = 512 mm
e. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
f. Minimum Dimension = 400 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 400 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 3551.25(2)
pg = = = 0.04 (OK)
Ag 400(400)
USE 400 mm X 400 mm INTERNAL COLUMN SECOND FLOOR WITH
10 – 32 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES
WITH 400 mm SPACING O.C
FOR COLUMN 6: C-6 (CORNER)
DATA:
Pu = 436.01 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 215.12 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
Pu = 436.01 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 436.01 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 24,903.50 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 24,903.50 mm2
h = 157.81 mm
Adopt 400 mm by 400 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 400 mm
d = 400 – 40 = 360 mm
Mu 215.12
e= = =0.49 m=490 mm
Pu 436.01
At Balance Condition
600 d 600(360)
cb = = = 212.81 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(212.81) = 180.89 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 180.89−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 487.22 > fy
ab 180.89
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =490 mm
d−d ' 360−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 330 + ( ) = 490 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
360−180.89
436.01(1000)(490) =0.85(27.6)(180.89)(400) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (360-40)
As’ = 3,551.25 mm2
Main Bar
Using 32 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (32) = 804.25 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 3551.25
n = =
Ab 804.25
n = 4.42 pcs say 5 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 10 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
g. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (32) = 512 mm
h. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
i. Minimum Dimension = 400 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 400 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 3551.25(2)
pg = = = 0.04 (OK)
Ag 400(400)
USE 400 mm X 400 mm EXTERNAL COLUMN SECOND FLOOR WITH
6 – 25 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES WITH
400 mm SPACING O.C
THIRD FLOOR COLUMN
FOR COLUMN 7: C-7 (EXTERNAL)
DATA:
Pu = 137.4 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 74.14 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
Pu = 137.4 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 137.4 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 7,847.85 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 7,847.85 mm2
h = 88.59 mm
Adopt 280 mm by 280 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 280 mm
d = 280 – 40 = 240 mm
Mu 74.14
e= = =0.54 m=540 mm
Pu 137.4
At Balance Condition
600 d 600(240)
cb = = = 141.87 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(141.87) = 120.59 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 120.59−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 430.83 > fy
ab 120.59
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =270 mm
d−d ' 240−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 540 + ( ) = 640 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
240−120.59
137.4(1000)(640) =0.85(27.6)(120.59)(280) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (240-40)
As’ = 489.66 mm2
Main Bar
Using 16 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (16) = 201.06 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 489.66
n = =
Ab 201.06
n = 2.44 pcs say 3 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 6 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
a. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (16) = 250mm
b. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
c. Minimum Dimension = 280 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 250 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 489.66 (2)
pg = = = 0.01 (OK)
Ag 280(280)
USE 280 mm X 280 mm EXTERNAL COLUMN IN THIRD FLOOR WITH
6 – 16 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES WITH
250 mm SPACING O.C
FOR COLUMN 8: C-8 (INTERNAL)
DATA:
Pu = 274.8 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 74.81 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
Pu = 274.8 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 274.8 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 15,695.70 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 15,695.70 mm2
h = 125.28 mm
Adopt 280 mm by 280 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 280 mm
d = 280 – 40 = 240 mm
Mu 74.81
e= = =0.27 m=270 mm
Pu 274.8
At Balance Condition
600 d 600(240)
cb = = = 141.87 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(141.87) = 120.59 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 120.59−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 430.83 > fy
ab 120.59
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =270 mm
d−d ' 240−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 270 + ( ) = 370 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
240−120.59
274.8(1000)(370) =0.85(27.6)(120.59)(280) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (240-40)
As’ = 655.20 mm2
Main Bar
Using 16 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (16) = 201.06 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 655.20
n = =
Ab 201.06
n = 3.26 pcs say 4 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 8 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
a. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (16) = 250mm
b. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
c. Minimum Dimension = 280 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 250 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 655.20(2)
pg = = = 0.02 (OK)
Ag 280(280)
USE 280 mm X 280 mm INTERNAL COLUMN IN THIRD FLOOR WITH
8 – 16 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES WITH
250 mm SPACING O.C
FOR COLUMN 9: C-9 (CORNER)
DATA:
Pu = 83.53 KN ᶲ = 0.65
fc’ = 27.6 MPa Assume pg = 0.08
fy = 415 MPa α = 0.80
Mu = 24.32 KN-m Covering = 40 mm
COMPUTATION:
ADOPT THE DATA OF EXTERNAL COLUMN TO THE CORNER COLUMN TO
MAKE IT SAFE
Pu = 83.53 KN
Pu = ᶲ α [(0.85) fc’(Ag –Ast) + (fy Ast)]
Ast
pg =
Ag
Pu 83.53 x 10
3
Ag = ' =
Φ α [0.85 f c ( 1− pg )+ ( fypg ) ] ( 0.65 ) ( 0.80 ) [ ( 0.85 ) ( 27.6 ) ( 1−0.08 )+ ( 415 ) ( 0.08 ) ]
Ag = 4,770.97 mm2
Solve for h:
Ag = h2 = 4,770.97 mm2
h = 69.07 mm
Adopt 280 mm by 280 mm
Solve for d:
d’ = 40 mm
b = 280 mm
d = 280 – 40 = 240 mm
Mu 74.14
e= = =0.54 m=540 mm
Pu 137.4
At Balance Condition
600 d 600(240)
cb = = = 141.87 mm
f y +600 415+600
ab = β1cb = 0.85(141.87) = 120.59 mm
fs’ =
(a b−β 1 d' ) ( 120.59−0.85 ( 40 ) )
(600) = (600) = 430.83 > fy
ab 120.59
Therefore: fs’ = fy
e = eb =270 mm
d−d ' 240−40
e’b = eb + ( ) = 540 + ( ) = 640 mm
2 2
d−a b
Pube’b =0.85fc’abb ( ) + As’fy (d-d’)
2
240−120.59
137.4(1000)(640) =0.85(27.6)(120.59)(280) ( ) +
2
As’(415) (240-40)
As’ = 489.66 mm2
Main Bar
Using 16 mm Ø bars
2 2
Ab = π d = π (16) = 201.06 mm2
4 4
No. of Bars
A st 489.66
n = =
Ab 201.06
n = 2.44 pcs say 3 pcs
Since As = As’
There are 6 reinforcement bars in total
Lateral Ties
Use 10 mm Ø bars
a. 16 (diameter of bars) = 16 (16) = 250mm
b. 48 diameter of ties = 48 (10) = 480 mm
c. Minimum Dimension = 280 mm
Note: Use the least value
Adopt spacing of bars = 250 mm
Check the Limits:
Steel percentage between 1% and 8%
A st 489.66 (2)
pg = = = 0.01 (OK)
Ag 280(280)
USE 280 mm X 280 mm EXTERNAL COLUMN IN GROUND FLOOR WITH
6 – 16 mm Ø MAIN BARS AND 10 mm Ø BARS FOR LATERAL TIES WITH
250 mm SPACING O.C
