Designing a Question Paper on Neural Networks (with Answers)
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (20 marks)
1.The McCulloch-Pitts Neuron Model is the first mathematical model of a neural network.
True or False?
Answer: True
2. Which activation model is inspired by the brain and its visual recognition abilities?
Answer: Shunting Activation Model
3. The perceptron neuron model was developed by:
Answer: Frank Rosenblatt
4. Which neural network memory is used for pattern storage?
**Answer: All of the above (Auto-associative Memory, Hetero-associative Memory,
Bidirectional Associative Memory)**
5. The XOR problem can be solved using which type of neural network?
Answer: Multi-Layer Neural Network Section B:
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Explain the basic learning laws in neural networks.
**Answer: The basic learning laws in neural networks include Hebbian learning, Perceptron
learning, and Delta rule. Hebbian learning is based on the principle of strengthening
connections between neurons that are active at the same time. Perceptron learning is used in
single-layer neural networks to adjust the weights based on the error between the predicted
output and the desired output. Delta rule, also known as the Widrow-Hoff rule, is used in
multi-layer neural networks and adjusts the weights based on the gradient of the error
function.**
2. Describe the recall process in neural networks.
**Answer: The recall process in neural networks refers to the ability of the network to
retrieve stored information or patterns from memory. During recall, the network is presented
with partial or noisy input patterns, and it tries to reconstruct the complete or original pattern
from memory. This process involves the activation and propagation of signals through the
network's connections, allowing the network to retrieve the stored information.**
3. What are the different types of pattern recognition tasks?
**Answer: The different types of pattern recognition tasks include classification, clustering,
and regression. Classification involves assigning input patterns to predefined classes or
categories. Clustering involves grouping similar patterns together based on their similarities
or distances. Regression involves predicting a continuous output value based on input
patterns.**
4. Explain the concept of pattern association.
**Answer: Pattern association in neural networks refers to the ability of the network to
associate a given input pattern with a corresponding output pattern. This association is
learned through training, where the network adjusts its weights and connections to establish
the desired associations. Once trained, the network can recognize and retrieve the associated
output pattern when presented with the input pattern.**
5. What is the difference between long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory
(STM) in neural networks?
Answer: In neural networks, long-term memory (LTM) refers to the ability of the network to
store information or patterns over an extended period of time. LTM is typically implemented
using weight adjustments and synaptic connections that persist even after the input pattern is
removed. On the other hand, short-term memory (STM) refers to the temporary storage of
information or patterns for immediate processing. STM is usually implemented using
feedback connections or recurrent connections within the network. STM is important for
tasks that require immediate recall or processing of information.
Explain the backpropagation algorithm in neural networks. Discuss its features,
limitations, and extensions.
Answer: The backpropagation algorithm is a widely used method for training multi-layer
neural networks. It involves two phases: forward propagation and backward propagation.
During forward propagation, input patterns are fed into the network, and the activations and
outputs of each layer are computed. During backward propagation, the error between the
network's output and the desired output is propagated backward through the layers, and the
weights are adjusted to minimize this error. The backpropagation algorithm has several
features, including the ability to train deep networks, the use of gradient descent optimization,
and the ability to handle non-linear activation functions. However, it also has limitations,
such as the potential for getting stuck in local minima and the sensitivity to the initial
weights. Various extensions to the backpropagation algorithm have been proposed, including
the use of regularization techniques, different weight initialization methods, and the
incorporation of momentum to speed up convergence.
Describe the Hopfield network and its capacity and energy analysis. Provide examples
of its applications.
**Answer: The Hopfield network is a type of recurrent neural network that is used for
associative memory and pattern recognition tasks. It consists of a set of interconnected
neurons, where each neuron is connected to every other neuron. The network is trained to
store a set of patterns, and it can later recall and reconstruct these patterns from partial or
noisy inputs. The capacity of a Hopfield network refers to the maximum number of patterns
that can be stored and reliably recalled. The energy of the network is a measure of its
stability, and it decreases as the network converges to a stable state. Hopfield networks have
been applied in various domains, including image and speech recognition, optimization
problems, and combinatorial optimization.**
3. Discuss the training algorithm and applications of radial basis function networks.
Answer: The training algorithm for radial basis function (RBF) networks involves two steps:
center selection and weight adjustment. In the center selection step, the centers of the RBF
units are chosen based on the input patterns. In the weight adjustment step, the weights of the
RBF units are adjusted to minimize the error between the network's output and the desired
output. RBF networks have been applied in various domains, including function
approximation, time series prediction, and pattern recognition. They are particularly effective
in problems where the input-output mapping is non-linear and complex. provided by
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