PED 5: THE TEACHING PROFESSION
1. Historical Development of the Philippine Educational System:
1901: Centralized public school system established through Act No. 74. Arrival of 600 American teachers
known as Thomasites.
1902: Bureau of Public Instruction became Bureau of Education (Act No. 477).
1908: University of the Philippines founded via Act No. 1870.
1916: Reorganization Act initiated Filipinization of departments, except Education.
1942: Japanese issued Military Order No. 2, established the Ministry of Education. Emphasized Tagalog,
History, Character Education.
1947: Became Department of Education via E.O. No. 94.
1972: Named Department of Education and Culture via Proclamation No. 1081.
1978: Became Ministry of Education and Culture via P.D. No. 1397.
1982: Became Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports under the Education Act of 1982.
1987: Became Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) under E.O. No. 117.
1994: CHED and TESDA established under RA 7722 and RA 7796.
2001: RA 9155 renamed DECS as Department of Education, emphasizing school-based management.
THE SEVEN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
1. Essentialism
- This philosophy contends that teachers teach for learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills and values.
- Essentialist programs are academically rigorous. Focus on fundamental Rs (reading, writing, rithmetic, right
conduct)
- Essentialist teachers emphasize mastery of subject matter. They are expected to be intellectual and moral
models of their students. They are seen as
fountain" of information and as "paragon of virtue"
2. Progressivism
- Progressivist teachers teach to develop learners into becoming enlightened and intelligent citizens of a
democratic society. Teaches students to live in the present.
-"responds to students' needs and that relates to students" personal lives and experiences." For the
progressivists: everything else changes. Change is the only thing that does not change.
- Progressivist teachers employ experiential methods. They believe that one learns by doing.
3. Perennialism
- Focus on developing students' rational and moral powers.
-The perennialist curriculum is a universal one on the view that all human beings possess the same essential
nature.
- Emphasizes Great Books
- Classrooms are "centered around teachers". The teachers do not allow the students’ interests or experiences to
substantially dictate what they
teach.
4. Existentialism
- help students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility
for their thoughts, feelings and actions.
-help students define their own essence by exposing them to various paths they take in life.
-students are given a wide variety of options from which to choose.
- methods focus on the individual. Learning is self-paced, self-directed.
5. Behaviorism
- shaping of students' behavior by providing for a favorable environment, since they believe that they are a
product of their environment.
- behaviorist teachers teach students to respond favorably to various stimuli in the environment.
- Behaviorist teachers "ought to arrange environmental conditions so that students can make the responses to
stimuli.
6. Linguistic Philosophy
- Develop the communication skills.Teachers teach to develop in the learner the skill to send messages clearly
and receive messages correctly.
- Learners should be taught to communicate clearly how to send clear, concise messages.
- The most effective way to teach language and communication is the experiential way. - Sending and receiving
messages through
verbal, non-verbal and para-verbal manner.
7. Constructivism
- Learners construct knowledge through experience.
- The learners are taught how to learn.
- Promotes critical thinking, active learning.
Morality - refers to "the quality of human acts by which we call them right or wrong, good or evil."
Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST)
- Released via DepEd Order No. 42, s. 2017.
- Replaces NCBTS.
- Promotes teacher quality for K to 12, lifelong learning, inclusivity.
2. Reasons for Transition to PPST:
1. K to 12 Reform (RA 10533
2. ASEAN Integration (MRA compliance)
3. Globalization
4. Diversity of Learners
Vocation comes from the Latin word "vocare" which means to call.
TEACHING AS A VOCATION
- Seeing teaching as a vocation means considering it a calling from God or a deep personal commitment to
serve others through education.
TEACHING AS A MISSION
- Teaching as a mission emphasizes the goal-oriented and service-centered nature of the profession.
TEACHING AS A PROFESSION
- Teaching as a profession means it is governed by a code of ethics, requires formal education and training, and
demands continuous professional growth.
-Actual leaning –refers to the time of engagement of the teacher with the learners. This happens within the
official teaching hours.
-Management of learning - refers to activities that support the actual teaching.
-Administrative work – refers to the teacher’s job that includes writing test items, checking and recording of
test paper results, attending to parents, making reports and others.
R.A 10533 ( ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION ACT OF 2013 ) - is an act enhancing the Philippine basic
education system by strengthening it's curriculum and increasing the number of years for basic education.
R.A 9155 ( GOVERNANCE FOR BASIC EDUCATION ) - an act instituting a framework of governance for
basic education, establishing authority and accountability , renaming the department of education, culture and
sports as department of education and for other purposes.
R.A 10157 ( KINDERGARTEN EDUCATION ACT) - an act institunalizing kindergarten education into the
basic education system and appropriating funds therefor
Republic Act No. 4670 (The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers 1966) - Provides a set of rights,
benefits, and protections for public school teachers in the Philippines.
Republic Act No. 7836 – Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
- Strengthens the regulation and supervision of the teaching profession through the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC) and the Board for Professional Teachers (BPT).
Republic Act No. 9293 – An Act Amending Certain Sections of R.A. 7836 (2004)
- Updates the qualifications and requirements for teachers to make the profession more accessible while
maintaining standards.
Batas Pambansan Blg.232 - an act providing
for the establishment an maintenance of an integrated system of education.
Presidential Decree No. 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teaching
- Declared teaching as a profession and regulated its practice in the Philippines.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) promotes a holistic vision of
education that develops not just knowledge and skills, but also values, attitudes, and the ability to live
harmoniously in a diverse and changing world.
The Five Pillars of Education, introduced in the Delors Report (1996)
1. Learning to Know
Meaning: Acquiring knowledge and developing cognitive skills to understand the world.
Focus: General culture, learning to learn, critical thinking, and lifelong learning skills.
2. Learning to Do
Meaning: Applying knowledge and skills in practice, especially in work and problem-solving.
Focus: Technical competence, creativity, teamwork, and adaptability in real-life situations.
3. Learning to Be
Meaning: Developing one’s personality, autonomy, and sense of responsibility.
Focus: Self-awareness, ethics, values, and emotional intelligence to become a well-rounded individual.
4. Learning to Live Together
Meaning: Understanding, appreciating, and cooperating with others in a diverse world.
Focus: Peace, tolerance, respect for diversity, and conflict resolution skills.
5. Learning to Transform Oneself and Society (sometimes presented as the expansion of the fourth pillar in
more recent UNESCO frameworks)
Meaning: Using education to drive personal growth and positive social change.
Focus: Sustainability, social responsibility, and active citizenship to improve communities and the world.
