BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

1. What is a macromolecule?

2. The chemical process which joins polymers is ___

3. Polymers can be broken down by the process of ___

4. Mention the three major types of polymers in biology.

5. The constituent monomer of nucleic acid is ___

6. Nucleic acids and proteins can be regarded as ____ molecules

7. Mention the four most common elements present in living things.

8. List the five ions in the chemicals of life (chemicals found in living things).

9. The most common monosaccharides are ___ and ___.

10. What are the functions of pentoses?

11. What is the function of ribulose biphosphate, and which monosaccharide is it gotten
from?

12. The chemical reaction that forms disaccharides is ___

13. Polysaccharides function mainly as ___

14. Polymers of β-glucose include …

15. What is murein?

16. What are lipids?

17. Mention 2 energy-generating organelles in plants.

18. Mention 6 trace elements.

BRANCHES OF BOTANY

1. Mention five branches of botany and explain them.

2. Another name for taxonomy is ___

3. The study of the detailed structure of the tissues that make up a particular organ is ___

4. Mention the six branches of economic botany and explain them.

5. What is palaebotany?
CELL AND CELL ORGANELLES

1. What is the difference between growth and development?

2. The protective layer in plants is the ___

3. Give two examples of tissues in plants.

4. What is cell theory?

5. How did Robert Hooke coin the word cell?

6. Robert Hooke published his findings in a journal called ___

7. What organism did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek work with?

8. What are the 3 observations summarized by Schwann?

9. Mention four concepts of the modern cell theory.

10. The first continuous cell line to be cultured was by who, and in what year?

11. What is transfection?

12. Mention 5 methods used in transfection.

13. What happened in 1998 and 1999 in the timeline of cell development?

14. Why are archaes referred to as methanogens?

15. An example of a methanogen is ___

16. What are the two types of RNA present in archaes?

17. Mention two examples of co-enzymes.

18. What is an organelle?

19. Mention 3 structures that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

20. What are the functions of the glycans, and pectins?

21. Mention 5 functions of the cell wall.

22. Mention 3 functions of the cell membrane.

23. The nucleus is found in all eukaryotic cells except ___

24. Mention 4 advances in cell biology research.

25. What are the two main functions of the nucleus?

27. Mention 3 functions of the cytoplasm.

28. Mention the digestive enzymes found in lysosomes and their respective functions.

29. What is golgi apparatus?

30. Mention four cellular activities that take place in the cell.

31. The liquid found inside the mitochondrion is known as ___

32. The liquid found inside the chloroplast is known as ___

33. The flattened, membrane-bound, sac-like structures that make up the endoplasmic
reticulum are called ___

34. Give the functions of the following parts of the cell: ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum,
and mitochondrion.

35. Identify six uses of energy.

ECOLOGY

1. Define the following: population, community and biosphere.

2. What are the components of the biosphere?

3. Ecology was coined from two greek words, what are they?

4. How did Miller define ecology, and in which year?

5. Explain the two divisions of ecology.

6. What are the 3 things ecology seeks to explain?

7. A demarcated area from where communities arise is known as ___

8. Mention the two general types of ecosystem.

9. Mention 3 physical local conditions that shape the aquatic ecosystems.

10. Mention six things that comprise abiotic component of ecosystem.

11. Mention 3 types of vegetation in terrestial habitat.

12. The existence, abundance and distribution of species in an ecosystem are determined
by ___

13. Mention 4 examples of limiting factors in a terrestial ecosystem and 3 example of

15. How does food web make the community more stable?

16. What is energy pyramid?

17. What are the two types of biogeochemical cycle?

18. Explain them.

19. Give two differences between gaseous and sedimentary cycles.

20. What is reproductive isolation?

21. Mention and explain the four types of species in an ecosystem.

22. Mention 7 types of species interaction.

23. Mention four ecological groups of plants.

24. The structures of hydrophytes are mainly a result of ___ and ___

25. Mention four components of topographic factors.

26. Mention 3 common adaptations of hydrophytes to their environment - which one is the
most common adaptation?

27. What is the major factor controlling the distribution of aquatic plants? Mention other
factors.

28. Give two examples of plants that can survive in brackish, saline and salt waters.

29. Mention six examples of aquatic plants that are used as food source by humans.

30. Mention the six possible classifications of aquatic plants based on their morphology.

31. Mention 4 levels of ecological organization.

32. What is a xerophyte?

33. An example of xerophyte that can survive both extremely wet and extremely dry
conditions is ___

34. Give one example each of leaf surface reduction and compaction and reduction of
branching in xerophytes.

35. What is the function of tiny hairs on the surface of xerophytic plants?

36. When a plant is covered with tiny hairs, it is called ___

37. Give an example of how the colour of a xerophytic plant helps in its adaptation.
 38. Define caudex and caudiciformis

39. Plants that drop their leaves in times of dryness are called ___

40. Give an example of modification of seeds of xerophytic plants.

41. Mention mesophytic plants that can be found in a rural temperate meadow.

42. What is the response of mesophytes to temperature stress and water stress?

43. Prolonged periods of dehydration of mesophytes can lead to ___, ___ and ___

44. An epiphytic organism that is not a plant is called ___

45. What is the second largest group of epiphytes, and how many are they?

46. Give 2 differences between isoetids and elodeids.

EVOLUTION

1. Mention the five theories of evolution

2. The theory of special creation relies on ___, ___ and ___

3. What is abiogenesis?

4. The scientist that called the concept biogenesis is ___, and in what year did he do that?

5. The steady state theory does not support ___

6. What is the Biochemical evolution theory?

7. The energy required for the formation of life was possibly obtained from? (mention 3
sources)

8. The evolution of ___ the development of chlorophyll contained in the chloroplast used
for photosynthesis.

9. The migration of plants from water or sea to land was pioneered by the ___

10. The two groups of gymnosperms during evolution are the ___ and ___

11. Which scientist used heat to knock out life from boiled animals? In which year?

12. What is coacervation?

13. Which scientist believed that life arose spontaneously?

14. The atmosphere is believed to have been totally different where the lighter gases have
escaped because of ___
 15. Explain Stanley Miller's experiment. In which year was it conducted?

16. How did Stanley Miller isolate the amino acids in his experiments?

17. What is the problem with Oparin's theory?

18. Explain the steps important for fossilization.

19. Mention 3 evidences of evolution.

20. Explain how petroleum is formed.

MICROSCOPY

1. How has the invention of the microscope helped biologists?

2. Stains are used to help distinguish between different structures in cells because ___

3. Mention 3 examples of plastids.

4. The study of the microscope is known as ___

5. Organisms that can be seen with the hand lens are called ___

6. The limit of the resolving power of the light microscope is determined by ___

7. The highest magnification of the light microscope is ___

8. The parts of organisms that can be seen with only the electron microscope is called ___

9. ___ is used to describe the photograph of the image produced by the electron
microscope.

10. ___ is used to describe the image produced by the light microscope.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1. What are the contents of a report of an experiment?

2. Explain them.

3. One characteristic of a good method or procedure written during an experiment is ___

4. The values on the y-axis in a graph are called ___

5. The values in the x-axis in a graph are called ___

6. What should be done before starting an experiment?

7. The ordinates in a graph show ___

REPRODUCTION

1. Sexual reproduction allows ___ in living organisms.

2. What is asexual reproduction?

3. Mention five specialized propagules that take part in asexual reproduction.

4. What is alternation of generation?

5. Mention six asexual types of reproduction.

6. Explain them.

7. Mention four organisms which propagate using their leaf tips.

8. Mention 3 organisms that use sub-aerial stems as their means of propagation.

9. What is the scientific name for garlic?

10. Mention the two species of wild yam which produce bulbils.

11. What are spores?

12. Define zoospores, and give examples of organisms that produce them.

13. A plant that produces zoospores in large numbers is ___

14. Explain the action of zoospores in Vaucheria.

15. Mention four characteristics of non-ciliate motile spores.

16. Examples of organisms that are heterosporous are ___ and ___

17. Differentiate between homosporous and heterosporous plants.

18. Mention examples of plants that have the gametophytic generation as their dominant
phase.

GENETICS

1. Who discovered DNA, and in which year?

2. What did Friedrich Miescher demonstrate?

3. The nuclear material was shown to be composed of ___ and ___

4. What is transformation?
 5. Give the name of the bacteria used to identify DNA as the genetic material.

6. What are the two types of Diplococcus pneumoniae, and give their characteristics.

7. Explain Griffith's experiment on bacteria.

8. What can be inferred from Griffith’s experiment?

9. Who were those that showed that the transforming principle consists entirely of DNA?

10. DNA consists of three chemical groups which are …

11. Give two differences between purine and pyrimidine.

12. What type of structure does the DNA have; who were the people that proposed the
structure and in which year?

13. What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside?

14. Why is the width of the two strands of DNA always the same?

15. The two strands of DNA are weakly associated by ___

16. In Mendel's experiment, why did the white reappear in the F2 generation?

17. Define the following terms: dominant and recessive genes, alleles, hybrid, phenotype,
genotype, locus, homozygous and heterozygous individual.

18. State the Mendelian laws of genetics.

19. Mendel's second law is explained by ___.

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

1. Mention four things that happen at metaphase in mitosis.

2. Define karyokinesis and cytokinesis.

3. Mention four things that happen in telophase.

4. Mention six features of mitosis.

5. Identify six features of meiosis.

6. What is the function of the spindle fibres?

7. Mention the five stages in prophase I of meiosis.

8. Give the meanings of the following terms: leptonema, zygonema, pachynema,

10. Mention two things that happen in diakinesis.

11. Why do homologous chromosomes pair in meiosis?

12. ___ is an evidence that crossing over has occurred.

13. Mention two things that happen at pachynema.

POLLUTION

1. Define the term, environment.

2. What is pollution?

3. Mention the major types of pollution.

4. Identify four causes of pollution.

5. Define water pollution.

6. Identify six sources of water pollution.

7. Mention three effects of water pollution on human health.

8. Mention 5 ways water pollution can be controlled.

9. What is land pollution?

10. Mention five causes of land pollution.

11. Mention 7 effects of land pollution.

12. Define the term, atmosphere.

13. What is an air pollutant?

14. Mention three sources of air pollution.

15. Mention five effects of air pollution.

16. Mention three effects of depletion of the ozone layer.

17. What is oil pollution?

18. Identify 6 causes of oil pollution.

19. List 6 effects of oil pollution.

20. Mention 5 preventive and control measures for oil pollution.

WATER AND WATER POTENTIAL

1. Mention 6 properties of water.

2. Mention five functions of water in animals, plants and all organisms.

3. Define the terms: osmosis, diffusion, hypertonic solution and hypotonic solution.

4. What is water potential?

5. What are the common units of pressure?

6. The water potential of any aqueous solution is ___

7. Differentiate between osmotic pressure and osmotic potential.

8. Explain the process of entry of water into cells.

9. Identify and explain five factors that affect the entry of water into cells.

10. Give 3 differences between passive and active absorption.

11. Give three examples of active transport.

12. What are carrier proteins?

13. Give two examples of passive transport.

14. What are the two types of passive transport?

15. What are aquaporins?

16. Mention and explain 3 ways by which water moves within and into the cell.

17. What is casperian strip?

18. List 2 functions of the casperian strip.

19. Differentiate between short distance transport and long-distance transport.

20. How is dialysis different from osmosis?

21. What is the main source of structural support in herbaceous plants?

22. What are the components of water potential?

23. Why is the water potential of a sugar solution equal to the solute potential?