INTRODUCTION 1

HOW RADARSAT SEES THE WORLD 2

RADARSAT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 3

ORDERING YOUR RADARSAT PRODUCT 4

REFERENCE MATERIALS
 I N T R O D U C T I O N

RADARSAT is your flexible source of geographic information. As Canada’s first Earth

observation satellite and the world’s first operationally-oriented radar satellite, RADARSAT
provides valuable information for use in environmental monitoring and natural resource
management. As the exclusive distributor of RADARSAT-1 data, RADARSAT International
(RSI) has prepared this document, RADARSAT Illuminated: Your Guide to Products &
Services, to help you order the RADARSAT products best suited to your operation or project
requirements.

With RADARSAT we see the world differently. Unlike other radar satellites, RADARSAT
offers you a choice of 35 basic products; each varies with respect to the area covered and the
way in which the Earth’s surface is imaged. RSI offers many services to meet your specific
project and analysis needs. This unique flexibility leads to a wide range of choices.
Consequently, we have designed this user guide to help you select the appropriate RADARSAT
products and services for your operation.

Summary of chapters and appendices

The four chapters in this guide have specific objectives, with each chapter building on the
information presented in the preceding chapter. A brief description of each chapter and the
six appendices is found below.

Chapter 1, Introduction, this chapter introduces you to RSI and provides an overview of
Chapters 2 - 4 and Appendices A - F.

Chapter 2, RADARSAT - we see the world differently, is intended for those users who are
unfamiliar with radar remote sensing and the RADARSAT satellite and program. It provides
• information about radar remote sensing and its capabilities, and
• a review of the fixed and flexible parameters of the RADARSAT satellite and program.

In this chapter, you will learn how RADARSAT views the Earth. By evaluating your
operation/application requirements you will learn how your choices (on the flexible
parameters of the RADARSAT satellite and program) affect what you see in your image.

Chapter 3, RADARSAT products and services, reviews the products and services offered to
you. It provides
• RADARSAT product descriptions and characteristics,
• a review of the many time-sensitive services available,
• an outline of our custom products and services, and
• examples of RADARSAT-derived products.

INTRODUCTION 4/99 1-1

 C hapter 4, O rdering your R A D A R SAT product, focuses on the ordering process and the
R A D A R SA T I mage R equest For m, which you will need to complete to receive your
R AD AR SAT product. C hapter 4 provides
¥ details on the information we require to fulfil your order,
¥ references to C hapters 2 and 3 for technical clarification, and
¥ important details to help you choose the optimal R AD AR SAT product.

Following C hapter 4 are the Appendices, the G lossary, and the I ndex. T he Appendices provide
supplemental technical information and include
A ppendix A : R A D A R SAT program specifications
¥ the R AD AR SAT program and satellite specifications.
A ppendix B : A pplication considerations for R A D A R SAT
¥ specific applications solution guidelines.
A ppendix C : R A D A R SAT product specifications
¥ R AD AR SAT product descriptions,
¥ calibration and image quality,
¥ special features of our unique products, and
¥ the C E O S digital product format.
A ppendix D : Suppor ted map projections
¥ R AD AR SAT products and available map projections.
A ppendix E : G eneral ter ms of sale of R A D A R SAT I nter national ( R SI )
¥ terms and conditions for ordering R AD AR SAT data.
A ppendix F : Selected references
¥ supplemental material about R AD AR SAT applications, products, and services.

Your feedback on this guide is greatly appreciated.

Please direct any comments and suggestions to the

M arketing D epartment T el: 1-(604) 231-5000

R A D A R SAT I nter national Fax: 1-(604) 231-4900
13800 C ommerce Parkway E mail: [email protected]
R ichmond, B ritish C olumbia
C anada V 6V 2J3

For additional information and updates on new products and services, please visit our
corporate website at www.rsi.ca, or contact your C lient Services R epresentative at
1-(604) 244-0400.

1- 2 4/99 R A DA R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | YOU R G U I DE T O P R ODU C T S A N D S E R V I C E S

 INTRODUCTION 1

HOW RADARSAT SEES THE WORLD 2

RADARSAT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 3

ORDERING YOUR RADARSAT PRODUCT 4

REFERENCE MATERIALS
 H O W R A D A R S AT C A N M E E T Y O U R
I N F O R M AT I O N R E Q U I R E M E N T S

Your information requirements are unique. The availability of data to yield the information you
require must be a high priority during project planning and implementation. RADARSAT is
one of many possible data sources, including optical sensors or aerial surveys, that can play an
important role in your project solution.

RADARSAT data and application benefits

As one source of valuable data, RADARSAT offers a number of data and application benefits
including
• current and reliable data,
• global data coverage,
• a range of product scales and resolutions,
• flexible viewing geometry,
• Near-Real Time (NRT) processing and Electronic delivery,
• digital georeferenced products that can be integrated with other data sets, and
• data continuity with the subsequent launches of RADARSAT-2 and RADARSAT-3.

This Chapter provides you with a brief technical background on synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
and the RADARSAT design. Within this discussion, you will be introduced to the fixed and
flexible parameters of RADARSAT and the RADARSAT program. You will learn how the
choices available to you affect your image and the information you can derive from it. This will
help you use Chapter 4—a step by step guide that leads you through the RADARSAT Image
Request Form.

S A R B A C K G R O U N D

How does RADARSAT differ from optical sensors

RADARSAT differs from optical sensors in the type of data it acquires and in how this data is
collected. Typical multispectral sensors, such as SPOT and LANDSAT, collect the energy
reflected from the Earth’s surface at wavelengths roughly equivalent to those detected by our
eyes. These sensors capture the reflected energy within one or more frequency bands. Each
band or channel represents a unique picture of the Earth’s surface and can be interpreted
individually or in combination with other bands. Image processing techniques make it possible
to combine these bands to produce a colour image of the Earth’s surface.

Radar sensors such as RADARSAT, ERS, and JERS make use of energy transmitted at
microwave frequencies (not detected by the human eye). RADARSAT operates at a single
microwave frequency, which generates one channel of data and, consequently, a black and white

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-1
 image. This “one-channel” image can be combined with multi-date RADARSAT data (e.g., for
change detection) or with data from other sources to create colour images.

As an active sensor, RADARSAT’s SAR transmits a microwave energy pulse directly towards
the surface of the Earth. The SAR sensor measures the amount of energy which returns to the
satellite after it interacts with the Earth’s surface. Unlike optical sensors, RADARSAT’s
microwave energy penetrates clouds, rain, dust, or haze, and acquires images regardless of the
sun’s illumination, enabling RADARSAT to collect data under most atmospheric conditions. A
RADARSAT image of Eastern Kalimantan, an area often cloud-covered, is shown in Figure 2.1.

FIGURE 2.1: RADARSAT SAR image

RADARSAT Standard beam position 6 image of the Samarinda

and Mahakam River Delta, Eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia. At full
resolution, this image reveals onshore geological structures,
pipeline routes along the coast, and offshore rigs surrounded by
ships of varying size. Also visible are small oil slicks on the
ocean surface, indicative of localized pollution or natural oil
seepage. RADARSAT data © Canadian Space Agency/Agence
spatiale canadienne 1997. Received by the Canada Centre for
Remote Sensing. Processed and distributed by RADARSAT
International.

SAR’s unique features

RADARSAT was designed to respond to a diverse range of application requirements. The

following Table (2.1) highlights RADARSAT’s response to various features on the Earth’s
surface.

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 TABLE 2.1: RADARSAT responses to surface features

SURFACE FEATURES RADARSAT RESPONSE

Surface Roughness The amount of energy returned to the satellite is strongly influenced by surface
roughness. RADARSAT can distinguish textural differences created by forest
clearcuts, agricultural tillage, and crop practices, to name a few.

Moisture The amount of moisture in the soil or on the vegetation affects the amount of SAR
backscatter. Variable moisture levels are represented as tonal variations in the
image.

Land/Water Boundaries Smooth water surfaces tend to reflect microwave energy away from the satellite
sensor. Land surfaces tend to be rougher and reflect more energy back to the
satellite. As a result, RADARSAT provides a sharp contrast between land/water
boundaries.

Anthropogenic Features Anthropogenic features, such as buildings and ships, strongly reflect microwave energy
back to the SAR sensor. These appear as bright point targets on RADARSAT images.

Topography Radar backscatter is greater for slopes facing the radar sensor and less for slopes
facing away from the sensor. This creates a “shaded relief” image from which
geological and geomorphological information can be derived.

R A D A R S AT ’ S F I X E D S Y S T E M PA R A M E T E R S

Several fixed parameters influence how and when RADARSAT can image the Earth. These
parameters are briefly outlined below and will be described in further detail in Flexibility offered
by RADARSAT’s design. These parameters include
• the RADARSAT SAR instrument,
• RADARSAT beam modes and beam positions,
• the orbit used by RADARSAT, and
• how data is collected and transmitted.

The SAR instrument

The RADARSAT antenna operates in the microwave frequency known as the C band (5.3
GHz frequency or 5.6 cm wavelength), which is able to penetrate clouds and precipitation.
RADARSAT transmits and receives this energy in a horizontal orientation (polarization). This
is known as HH polarization. Variations in the returned signal (backscatter) are the result of
changes in the surface roughness and topography as well as physical properties such as
moisture content and electrical properties. A detailed description of RADARSAT’s SAR sensor
is provided in Appendix A.

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-3
 RADARSAT beam modes and beam positions

The RADARSAT satellite was designed with seven SAR imaging options, or beam modes. Each
beam mode offers a different areal coverage (from ~50 km x 50 km/scene to ~500 km x 500
km/scene) and resolution (from 8 m to 100 m). The RADARSAT instrument also offers a
range of incidence angles from 10° - 59° (see Figure 2.2) allowing you to choose from a
selection of beam positions within each beam mode (see Figure 2.3).

FIGURE 2.2: RADARSAT range of incidence angles

10° 20° 49° 59°

The 35 basic product options available from RADARSAT are a result of optimal combinations
of beam mode and beam position. See Your choice of beam mode & Your choice of beam position
for further detail.

2-4 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 FIGURE 2.3: RADARSAT beam modes and positions

L1

H6
H5
250

H4
KM

H3
H2
500
KM

H1
425
KM

SWB
SWA
ir)
(Nad
rack

SNB
nd T
Grou

Fine Beam Positions - Near and Far

llite

F1, F2, F3, F4, F5

Sate

Standard Beam Positions

SNA

S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7

Wide Beam Positions

W1, W2, W3

ScanSAR Beam Positions

W3

SNA, SNB, SWA, SWB

W2

Extended High Beam Positions

H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6
W1

Extended Low Beam Positions

S7

L1
S6
S5
S4
S3

F5
F4
S2

F3
F2
S1

F1

NOTE:
RADARSAT assigns its beam positions by pre-defined incidence angle ranges. An incidence angle is the angle
between the radar beam and a flat Earth surface.

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-5
 The RADARSAT orbit

RADARSAT orbits the Earth fourteen times a day, using a sun-synchronous, dawn-dusk orbit.
On the descending orbits, the satellite crosses the equator at approximately 6:00 a.m. local
time, and on the ascending orbits, the satellite crosses the equator at approximately 6:00 p.m.
local time (± 15 minutes). The actual time that the satellite passes over a given location will
vary with latitude.

FIGURE 2.4: RADARSAT ascending and descending orbits

As a result of its dawn-dusk orbit, RADARSAT offers two look directions from which to view
the Earth. As RADARSAT descends from the North Pole (a descending orbit pass), it views
the Earth from a west-looking direction. As it ascends from the South Pole (an ascending orbit
pass), it views the Earth from an east-looking direction (see Figure 2.4). On the ascending
pass, the look direction is approximately 12° off East, and on the descending pass the look
direction is approximately 12° off West (see Figure 2.5). The look direction controls the
orientation of the radar beams with respect to the alignment of structures on the Earth’s
surface. See Your choice of look direction for more details.

2-6 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 FIGURE 2.5: RADARSAT look direction

ASCENDING ORBIT 18:00 DESCENDING ORBIT 06:00

NORTH NORTH

Azimuth Direction

Look direction Look direction

12˚ off East 12˚ off West
EQUATOR EQUATOR

Azimuth Direction

RADARSAT requires 24 days to return to its original orbit path. This means that for all
geographic regions, it takes 24 days to obtain exactly the same image (i.e., same beam mode,
same beam position, and same geographic coverage). However, by using RADARSAT’s
multiple beam modes, images can be acquired on a more frequent basis. For example, the
ScanSAR beam mode can view a location as frequently as once a day in high latitudes, and in
less than five days at the equator (see Figure 2.6).

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-7
 FIGURE 2.6: A 24-hour RADARSAT orbital cycle using ScanSAR Wide beam mode

Courtesy of the Canadian Space Agency

Data collection and transmission

RADARSAT can acquire SAR data of nearly any location in the world. Data collected by
RADARSAT is either directly transmitted to a local network station or stored on one of
RADARSAT’s two on-board tape recorders for later downlink to a RADARSAT Canadian
network station.

RADARSAT downlinks its data to the network stations at different times than other Earth
observation satellites (most of which use a mid-day orbit). Consequently, conflicts with other
satellites are reduced for the network stations.

2-8 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 FIGURE 2.7: RADARSAT network stations

Last Update
USA Norway March, 1999
Fairbanks Tromsø

Canada Eagle Vision

Prince Albert Germany
Hamburg China
U.K.
Canada Germany Beijing
Westfreugh Japan
Gatineau Istanbul
Kumamoto
Turkey Korea
Seoul
Puerto Rico
Mayaguez
Saudi Arabia
Riyadh Thailand
Bangkok
Singapore

Peru
Lima Australia
Brazil
Cuiaba Alice Springs

South Africa
Pretoria

Operational Network Stations Australia

Planned Network Stations Hobart
Transportable Stations (Eagle Vision)
Station Certification in Progress Coverage is approximate

Please contact your local RADARSAT distributor or Client Services Representative for the
coverage of new RADARSAT network stations.

F L E X I B I L I T Y O F F E R E D B Y R A D A R S AT ’ S D E S I G N

Before choosing your RADARSAT product or service, the requirements and constraints of
your project/application will need to be carefully evaluated. The following variables will be
most important in your assessment:
• scale or level of detail required,
• geographic area and type of terrain,
• information required from the data,
• quality and reliability of the data sources (e.g., revisit period and acquisition dependability),
• how quickly the data is needed, and
• required data format (i.e., processing level).

The remainder of this chapter will help you evaluate the first four points and examines how
RADARSAT can respond to your unique data requirements. The fifth and sixth point will be
covered in Chapter 3 under Processing of RADARSAT data and Services available to you.

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-9
 Y O U R C H O I C E O F B E A M M O D E S -
T H E L E V E L O F D E TA I L R E Q U I R E D

The success of deriving useful information from a data source depends on the level of detail
supplied by that data source as compared to the required information. RADARSAT data has
the advantage of providing a range of product scales and resolutions to facilitate a match with
your project requirements. RADARSAT has seven beam modes with which to acquire data.

In choosing the most appropriate beam mode, you will need to consider
• the size of your area, and
• the type of feature(s) you wish to image.

Each beam mode is defined by the area it covers and the level of detail (resolution*) available
(see Figure 2.8). RADARSAT offers a selection of beam modes ranging from Fine (which
covers a 50 x 50 km nominal area) to ScanSAR Wide (which covers a 500 x 500 km nominal
area). The Wide and Standard beam modes are useful for small scale (1:1,000,000 to
1:100,000) monitoring and mapping programs, while the Fine beam mode provides an
additional level of detail for projects requiring larger scales (1:250,000 to 1:50,000).

FIGURE 2.8: Area coverage of RADARSAT beam modes

BEAM MODE NOMINAL RESOLUTION

AREA (m)
COVERED
(km)

SCANSAR 500 X 500 100

WIDE

SCANSAR 300 X 300 50

NARROW

EXTENDED LOW 170 X 170 35

WIDE 150 X 150 30

STANDARD 100 X 100 25

EXTENDED HIGH 75 X 75 25

FINE 50 X 50 8

2-10 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 The ScanSAR beam mode, a feature unique to RADARSAT, provides repeat coverage of large
areas and yields critical information for strategic operations planning, such as routing ships
through polar regions or monitoring coastlines. ScanSAR provides information for scales on
the order of 1:5,000,000 to 1:250,000.

*The terms resolution, pixel size, and pixel spacing are related terms but cannot be used interchangeably. The resolution
is a measure of the smallest possible discernible distance between two adjacent objects using a specific sensor or beam
mode. The pixel size refers to the length and width of the pixel projected on the ground, while the pixel spacing is the
distance from the centre of one pixel to that of its neighbour and is generally used when the pixels are square. Resolution
is determined by the acquisition parameters, and pixel spacing is determined by the processing parameters.

Y O U R C H O I C E O F B E A M P O S I T I O N S -
Y O U R T E R R A I N A N D A P P L I C AT I O N

A number of incidence angles are available within each RADARSAT beam mode and these are
called beam positions. For example, the Standard beam mode has seven beam positions, each
with its defining incidence angle range. By specifying a Standard beam position, one of seven
accessible 100 x 100 km images within a 500 km swath will be collected. Variable beam
positions give you the option to choose between steep or shallow angles (see Figure 2.9).

FIGURE 2.9: Standard beam mode incidence angles

A- Steep beam position (Standard beam position 1)

B- Shallow beam position (Standard beam position 7)

A B
20°
49°

Not drawn to scale. Satellite height is 798 km and ground distance is 1,000 km measured from nadir.
NOTE:
RADARSAT assigns its beam positions by pre-defined incidence angle ranges. An incidence angle is the angle
between the radar beam and a flat Earth surface.

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-11
 The addition of ten new Fine beam positions in early 1997 greatly increased RADARSAT’s
imaging flexibility and improved coverage efficiency, especially near the equator. To increase
the available number of positions, a “near” and a “far” position were added to each of
RADARSAT’s original Fine beam positions.

When choosing a beam position, several factors need to be considered:

• the sensitivity of your application to the incidence angle,
• the type of terrain being imaged,
• your requirements for stereo imagery, and
• how often you need coverage of the area.

FIGURE 2.10: RADARSAT beam position flexibility

1- shallow beam position, ascending orbit

2- steep beam position, ascending orbit
3- descending orbit

2
3

Application sensitivity

Some surfaces will vary in appearance depending on which beam position is used. For example,
point targets, such as ships, are best viewed using shallow incidence angles. Ocean features,
such as oil seeps are best viewed using steep incidence angles. More information on selecting
the appropriate beam positions for specific applications is found in Appendix B.

2-12 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 Type of terrain being imaged

When a SAR sensor acquires data, it is measuring the time it takes for the microwave energy to
leave the satellite, interact with the Earth’s surface, and return to the satellite sensor. This
measurement of time is then converted to a ground distance. Depending on the topography of
the area, some relief displacement may occur on the resulting image. Foreshortening, layover,
and shadows are examples of terrain-induced distortions that can occur on SAR images.

Foreshortening is the effect by which the SAR-facing slopes of hills and mountains appear to
be compressed (see Figure 2.11A). The image of foreslopes will therefore appear brighter than
other features on the same image. The greatest amount of foreshortening occurs where the
slope is perpendicular to the incoming radar beam.

Foreshortening can be minimized by using a shallower incidence angle, but this can lead to
increased shadow. An extreme case of foreshortening occurs when the top of a mountain is
imaged before its base, and the image of the mountain appears to lean towards the direction
of the radar antenna (see Figure 2.11B). This is known as layover.

Shadows are non-imaged areas which occur on the lee sides of mountains and result in dark or
black areas on an image (see Figure 2.11C). Shadows enhance structural features by
highlighting changes in feature orientation.

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-13
 FIGURE 2.11: Effects of terrain relief on viewing geometry

A) Foreshortening
1- SAR perceived distance
2- Actual distance
* The slant range distance (1) is
smaller than the real distance
on the ground (2).
1

B) Layover
The top of the mountain (B) is viewed before
the bottom (A).

C) Shadow
Shadowed area is not imaged.

radar
Artist concepts: drawings not to scale. shadow

These terrain distortions can clearly be seen in the RADARSAT image near Calgary, Alberta,
Canada (see Figure 2.12).

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 FIGURE 2.12: Terrain relief effects on SAR imagery: Calgary, AB, Canada

The effects of layover, foreshortening, and

shadows are clearly illustrated in this
RADARSAT image depicting mountainous
terrain near Calgary, AB, Canada.
Standard beam position 1: acquired
February 12, 1996, area: 20 x 20 km
subscene. RADARSAT data © Canadian
Space Agency/Agence spatiale
canadienne 1997. Received by the Canada
Centre for Remote Sensing. Processed and
distributed by RADARSAT International.

Stereo imagery requirements

RADARSAT’s range of beam positions offers you an opportunity to acquire pairs of images for
stereo analysis. Stereo pairs allow you to create digital elevation models (DEMs) and to show
relationships between landforms, vegetation, mineral outcrops, and drainage systems, which
may not be obvious from a single radar image. Stereo viewing with traditional stereoscopes is
easily achieved using two beam positions (e.g., S2 and S7) and can greatly enhance the image
interpretation. It is also possible to collect stereo pairs by viewing the same area from an
ascending and a descending orbit pass (see The RADARSAT orbit).

Repeat coverage requirements

The RADARSAT orbit has a 24-day repeat cycle, meaning RADARSAT images the same location
with the same geometry every 24 days. Fortunately, RADARSAT’s beam can be programmed
(or “steered”) to provide more frequent coverage of a site. This is particularly useful when
your application is time-sensitive and when it is important to acquire images on specific dates.
We will provide you with your coverage options by assessing
• the dates or timeframe during which your image must be acquired,
• the flexibility to change beam positions,
• the satellite’s orbit during that timeframe, and
• the exact latitude/longitude of your area of interest.

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-15
 Y O U R C H O I C E O F L O O K D I R E C T I O N -
H I G H L I G H T I N G T E R R A I N F E AT U R E S

RADARSAT offers two look directions—east and west-looking—from which to view the Earth.
On RADARSAT’s descent from the North Pole, RADARSAT views the Earth from a west-
looking direction. On RADARSAT’s ascent from the South Pole, RADARSAT views the Earth
from an east-looking direction.

RADARSAT’s look direction is always perpendicular to the azimuth direction and varies with
latitude. The RADARSAT azimuth is calculated from true North in a clockwise direction. At the
equator, RADARSAT’s azimuth is 188.6° (descending mode) and 351.4° (ascending mode).

Choosing an east or west-looking direction is important when

• you are working with areas of high terrain relief,
• you are interested in highlighting features that have a particular orientation,
• you prefer either early morning or early evening (dawn/dusk) acquisition times, and
• the output from the project will be a mosaic of several RADARSAT images.

High relief vs. flat relief terrain

Selecting an appropriate beam position depends on the terrain and the application. For flat
terrain, the incidence angle position will likely be unaffected by terrain-induced distortions.
Conversely, for high relief terrain you can expect
• a steep beam position to produce severe layover but decrease shadows
(Figure 2.11b), and
• a shallow beam position to minimize layover but increase shadows (Figure 2.11c).

By obtaining imagery from the ascending and descending passes of the satellite, both sides of
the mountain can be imaged to provide a more complete data set. Knowledge about the
terrain of your project area will help you select the appropriate beam position to highlight
topographic features (using shadowing) and to minimize layover.

Feature orientation

The alignment and orientation of features are of particular interest in some applications. These
include the mapping of geological lineaments and structures, analysis of agricultural tillage and
crop planting practices, drainage patterns, and mapping of features such as roads and railways. The
direction from which features are viewed can affect how easily they are identified on your image:
• linear features are enhanced when aligned near-perpendicular to the look direction of
the satellite, and
• linear features can be suppressed when aligned parallel to the look direction of the satellite.

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 Acquisition times

For certain applications, environmental conditions such as dew, snow, rain, or wind can
influence when imagery should be collected. Seasonal and diurnal variations in the local
environment can affect the information you are able to extract from your RADARSAT imagery.
For example, studies suggest that data collection for clearcut assessment in Boreal forests is
optimal during winter months. For assistance when calculating the time of day that RADARSAT
passes over your area of interest, please contact your Client Services Representative.

Large-area RADARSAT mosaics

When mapping large areas, you will likely require more than one RADARSAT image. Often,
images are mosaicked together to produce one full-coverage map. When obtaining the images
for a mosaic, all the imaging must be carried out from the same look direction (i.e., using all
ascending orbits). This ensures that the geometric and radiometric properties of each image
will be similar, thereby producing an appealing and easily interpreted final product.

For many applications, however, specifying the look direction is unnecessary. In fact, not indicating
a particular look direction will provide you with twice as many imaging opportunities.

H O W R A D A R S AT S E E S T H E W O R L D 4/99 2-17
 R A D A R S AT: S E E I N G T H E W O R L D D I F F E R E N T LY
T O D AY A N D I N T H E F U T U R E

In review, RADARSATÕs many featur es, both fixed and flexible, offer solutions for acquiring
data almost anywhere in the world. The following Table 2.2 highlights how RADARSAT sees
the world differently.

TABLE 2.2: Seeing the world differently

TYPE OF CHALLENGE RADARSAT SOLUTION

ENVIRONMENT

Remote Accessibility for data collection. Global coverage and data availability.

Tropical/Coastal Cloud cover, fog, and rain hamper Microwave energy penetrates cloud, fog,
data collection using optical sensors. rain, and haze.

Coastal/Lakes Differentiating land from water for HH polarization and oblique viewing angles are
mapping shorelines or flood extent. favourable for land/water delineation.

Equatorial High sun angle hinders the RADARSATÕs SAR sensor provides a range of
interpretation of terrain features. shallow and steep viewing angles.

Polar Long periods of darkness preclude The RADARSAT SAR allows imaging regardless of
the use of optical sensors. illumination conditions.

Disasters Volcanic eruptions or weather-related C-band microwave energy penetrates atmospheric

flooding create atmospheric conditions, dust as well as cloud and rain. RADARSAT
which hamper data collection by provides Near-Real Time processing and Electronic
optical sensors. delivery to satisfy time-sensitive requirements.

Data continuity with RADARSAT-2 and -3

RADARSAT-1 was designed to have a minimum five-year lifespan; however, it is currently

expected to exceed this projection and continue operations until at least the year 2007. The
subsequent launches of RADARSAT-2 (in late 2005) and RADARSA T-3 ensure that
RADARSAT will be able to offer you a full range of products and services well into the next
millennium. The dependability of RADARSAT data for monitoring applications will be
strengthened with the availability of data today and in the future.

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 INTRODUCTION 1

HOW RADARSAT SEES THE WORLD 2

RADARSAT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 3

ORDERING YOUR RADARSAT PRODUCT 4

REFERENCE MATERIALS
 H O W R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S M E E T Y O U R
D ATA A N D T I M E R E Q U I R E M E N T S

A range of products and services has been developed by RSI to meet the needs of our clients.
This chapter describes each product and introduces the many time-sensitive services we offer.
The details provided in this chapter will help you complete the RADARSAT Image Request
Form described in Chapter 4.

P R O C E S S I N G R A D A R S AT D ATA

Your RADARSAT product is a combination of satellite parameters (beam mode and position)
and the level of geographic data processing you require. SAR processing typically involves
• forming an image from the signal data,
• removing SAR-related distortions generated by the SAR system or the motion of the satellite,
• radiometric compensation and calibration to produce an image that is visually appealing while
preserving quantitative measurements,
• calculating the latitude and longitude for each line of data (i.e., georeferencing the image to
geographic coordinates),

and, at the user’s request

• providing the image in the map projection of choice, and
• improving the positional accuracy of the image using ground control points (GCPs) and, if
available, digital elevation data.

RAW Data, Path-Oriented and Map-Oriented products

Three main categories of data products are available - RAW Data, Path-Oriented and Map-
Oriented products.

• RAW Data products are unprocessed radar signals formatted to the Level 0 CEOS format.
RAW data products are available for all RADARSAT beam modes, and are also referred to as
“Level 0” data.

• Path-Oriented data products are oriented in the geometry of the swath. Points on the Earth
are determined from the orbital data. These products are available from each of RADARSAT’s
seven beam modes and are provided in the CEOS format.

• Map-Oriented products provide map coordinates with “North Up” (map North). Points on
the Earth are located more precisely by using GCPs. Geocoded products are available for all
RADARSAT single beam modes (i.e., all but ScanSAR beam modes).

R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S 4/99 3-1
 The following section describes the products available from RSI’s processing centre, the
Canadian Data Processing Facility (CDPF) in Gatineau, Québec, and from our production
centre in Richmond, British Columbia. Products involving map orientation and
orthocorrection are produced in Richmond, British Columbia. Some products are only
produced at the CDPF or in Richmond, British Columbia because they are not yet offered
directly from the RADARSAT network stations. RADARSAT products have been named by
RSI. Table C.1 in Appendix C provides a summary of comparable naming standards and
processing levels used by other satellite systems. See Appendix C regarding calibration issues.

RAW Data products

Signal Data

Signal Data (or RAW data) cannot be viewed as a scene. It is an unprocessed matrix
of time delays that has been repackaged to fit into standard CEOS format. Clients
will require SAR processing capabilities to use Level 0 CEOS-formatted Signal Data.

Path-Oriented products

Single Look Complex

At the Single Look Complex processing level, data is stored in slant range, has been
corrected for satellite reception errors, and includes latitude and longitude positional
information. In addition, Single Look Complex data retains the optimum resolution
available for each beam mode and the phase and amplitude information of the original SAR
data. Data cannot be directly viewed as images by all software. Interferometric applications will
benefit from this RADARSAT product. Data from all beam modes, with the exception of
ScanSAR, can be processed to this product.

Path Image

Path Image products are recommended for individuals and organizations experienced
N
in image processing or for those who do not require an image in map projection
geometry. Path Image processing aligns the scene parallel to the satellite’s orbit path.
The data is distributed in a 16-bit dynamic range. Latitude and longitude positional
information is included in the data and represents the first, mid and last pixel positions of each
line of data. Data from all beam modes can be processed to this product level. ScanSAR
products are available only in 8 bit.

Path Image Plus

N
Path Image Plus uses smaller pixel spacing than Path Image to retain full
RADARSAT beam mode resolution. This will enhance your ability to make detailed
analyses of point targets (e.g., ships, isolated buildings), linear features
(e.g., pipelines, drainage networks), or to obtain subsequent spatial information if required.
However, it will create a digital file that is considerably larger than a Path Image product. Data
from all beam modes, with the exception of ScanSAR, can be processed to this product.

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 Map-Oriented products

Map Image
NMap Image processing orients the scene with “North Up” and corrects the scene to a
client-requested map projection. We offer these products in a wide variety of map
projections (see Appendix D). The positional accuracy of the Map Image product
depends on the terrain relief, beam mode, and the accuracy of the sensor-derived positional
information. This product is ideal for those clients who lack the time to transform their image to
fit a map projection. Data from all single beam modes can be processed to this product (i.e., all
but ScanSAR beam modes). Map Image products are offered as 8-bit or 16-bit data products.

Precision Map Image

NPrecision Map Image processing orients the scene with “North Up” and may provide
even greater positional accuracy than Map Image processing. Ground control points
(GCPs) as well as a map projection are used to spatially align the scene. (Note:
Suitably scaled maps or GCPs must be provided by the client for most areas outside of
Canada.) Data from all single beam modes can be processed to this product (i.e., all but
ScanSAR beam modes). Precision Map Image products are offered as 8-bit or 16-bit data
products.

Ortho-Image

Ortho-Image processing removes terrain distortions inherent in satellite imagery, particularly in

areas of high relief. The scene is oriented to a standard map projection, corrected with a DEM
and GCPs. DEM and suitably scaled maps must be provided by the client as required.

A P P LY I N G A L O O K - U P TA B L E

After processing the data, certain RADARSAT network stations apply a Look-Up Table
(LUT). LUTs are similar to linear enhancements and are designed to improve the appearance
of the processed image. All LUTs apply a range-dependent gain correction to the output
product in order to
• optimize the radiometric scaling of the main feature of interest (while optimizing the available
dynamic range in the output product), and
• compensate for changes in the radar backscatter with changing incidence angles (for the main
feature of interest to the user).

The result of applying an LUT is an image in which the main feature of interest has digital
number (DN) values that are well distributed within the available dynamic range and ensures
constant DN values for similar surface types across the image range. This means a print of this
data would have good contrast and a uniform grey scale over the entire image.

R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S 4/99 3-3
 If you wish to extract radiometric calibration data, the LUT scaling operation can be reversed
to derive the calibrated brightness value for each pixel in the image. LUT values used during
the product generation are stored as auxiliary data in the Radiometric Data Record in the
CEOS Product (SAR Header file). It should also be noted that not all RADARSAT network
stations use these application LUTs. For additional LUT information, and to learn how the
pixel DN values can be converted to radar brightness values (ß°) and scattering coefficients
(∂°), refer to the RADARSAT Data Products Specifications document (RSI-GS-026).

TABLE 3.1: RADARSAT LUTs used at the CDPF

LOOK-UP TABLES RECOMMENDED USAGE NOTES

POINT TARGET Imaging of calibration transponders Flat range independent gain designed for
or large corner reflectors. non-saturating imaging of high-level point targets.

SEA Imaging of oceans. Optimized for ocean images. Land area in images
using this LUT may show saturation, particularly at
steeper incidence angles.

LAND Imaging of flat terrain target with Optimized for lower ß° values. Saturation may
relatively low dynamic range. occur in areas of high relief or in urban areas.

MIXED Imaging of land that may include Same range variation as the land LUT but allows for
higher reflectivity targets such as higher (ß°) values. Use for land scenes if in doubt
urban areas, or which may include about high reflectivity.
areas of high relief.

ICE Imaging of new and multi-year Land areas in images may show saturation.
ice fields.

UNITY Negating the effect of an LUT. Applies the value of 1 throughout.

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 A N A LY S I S A N D S O F T W A R E / H A R D W A R E R E Q U I R E M E N T S
F O R R A D A R S AT

Choosing an appropriate RADARSAT product will strongly depend on how you intend to use
the data. Table 3.2 summarizes the characteristics of RADARSAT products and describes the
suggested software/hardware capabilities needed to utilize RADARSAT digital data.

TABLE 3.2: Product characteristics

PROCESSING LEVEL RADARSAT GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS SOFTWARE/HARDWARE

MNEUMONIC REQUIREMENTS

Signal Data RAW Unprocessed radar signal. SAR processor.

Level 0 CEOS-formatted.

Single Look Complex SLC Amplitude and phase are preserved. Sophisticated image processing
Data remains in slant range. software (radar modules).
Data is calibrated.

Path Image SGF Data is converted to ground range Image processing software or
and multi-looked processed. Image print media.
remains oriented in direction of
orbit path. Image is calibrated.

Path Image Plus SGX Data is converted to ground range. Image processing software or print
Image remains oriented in direction media to accommodate larger
of orbit path. Data has finer file size.
pixel spacing than Path Image.
Image is calibrated.

Map Image SSG Image is corrected to a map GIS software and/or image
projection. processing software.

Precision Map Image SPG Image is corrected to a map GIS software and/or image
projection. Client-provided GCPs processing software.
are used to improve positional
accuracy.

Ortho-Image ORI Terrain distortions are removed. GIS software and/or image
Orthocorrected using client- processing software
supplied DEM and maps.

R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S 4/99 3-5
 S E R V I C E S A V A I L A B L E T O Y O U :
F A C T O R S A F F E C T I N G T H E D E L I V E R Y O F D ATA

RSI and your RADARSAT distributor offer a number of services:

• satellite programming or RADARSAT archive searches,
• RADARSAT data processing,
• a selection of product storage media, and
• delivery options.

Remember, the choices you make affect how quickly the final product is in your hands.

P R O G R A M M I N G A N D A R C H I V E S E A R C H E S

Before programming the satellite, we will confirm with you, and offer advice if needed, which
RADARSAT beam mode, position, and look direction you require for your particular
application. We offer five programming services, which you can select from depending on how
quickly your image is needed and how flexible you are on the acquisition date. All programming
services are subject to the availability of satellite resources. In some cases, a search of the
RADARSAT archive may be a viable choice.

Programming services

Basic: Your programming request must be finalized at least fourteen days prior to data
acquisition. In the event of a programming conflict, priority may be given to another client.
Data is acquired on a best-effort basis. This service is suitable for less time-sensitive
applications.

Priority: Your programming request is received and finalized by RSI at least fourteen days
prior to data acquisition. These requests are suitable for time-sensitive applications such as
marine or crop monitoring and allow you to reserve your acquisition dates in advance.

Express: Your programming request is received by RSI and finalized at least seven to thirteen
days prior to data acquisition.

Urgent: Urgent acquisitions are collected on the first available satellite pass. Your
programming request must be finalized at least two to six days prior to data acquisition. This
service is suitable for time-sensitive applications that cannot be planned in advance, such as
flood monitoring.

Emergency: Qualifying emergency acquisitions are collected on the first available satellite pass.
Your programming request must be received by RSI and finalized at least 29 to 48 hours prior
to data acquisition.

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 RADARSAT archive searches

The RADARSAT archive contains all successfully downlinked images from 19:00 UTC on
May 23, 1996 to the present. The archive includes imagery from all of the ground receiving
stations participating in the RADARSAT program and is updated on a weekly basis.

If you decide to order from the archive, consider that

• you will likely receive your images more quickly than if the satellite were to be programmed
(with Basic programming and Regular processing), and
• trade-offs may occur regarding your optimum beam mode, position, and look direction.

If the archive data does not suit your needs, please contact your Client Services Representative
to discuss programming options.

P R O C E S S I N G S E R V I C E S F O R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S

Once data has been acquired, it can be processed to one of seven products depending on the
beam mode used (as discussed in Processing RADARSAT data). Processing converts the
downlinked SAR signal into an image product, and each product represents a different level of
geographic processing.

RSI offers three time-sensitive processing service options to meet your time requirements:

Regular: This standard level of service is recommended when there is no urgency in receiving
your imagery. Digital products are processed within fourteen days of reception at CDPF or a
RADARSAT network station.

Rush: This level of service is recommended for time-sensitive applications (e.g., crop
monitoring or flooding applications). Processing is completed within 48 hours of the data
arriving at CDPF or a network station capable of providing this service. All Path-Oriented and
RAW Data products are available for Rush processing.

Near-Real Time (NRT): This level of service is recommended when products are required for
immediate decision-making (e.g., disaster response or ship monitoring programs). The data is
processed within hours of arriving at a processing centre capable of providing this service. All
Path-Oriented and RAW Data products are available for NRT processing.

NOTE:
The positional accuracy of Path Image and Path Image Plus products using Rush and NRT processing may vary
slightly from products using Regular processing. Regular processing uses the definitive satellite positional information
(available 24 - 48 hours after data acquisition), while Rush and NRT processing use the predicted satellite positional
information.

R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S 4/99 3-7
 D E L I V E R Y

The standard method of delivering your RADARSAT product is by courier. If you require a
faster turnaround, certain RADARSAT products can be delivered electronically using the
Internet or a telecommunications satellite. Electronic delivery has specific system requirements.
Contact your Client Services Representative to find out which methods of delivery are available
in your area.

Courier

RADARSAT products are typically delivered to you by courier from the network station where
they were processed. Courier services can take from two to seven working days for most major
cities. Please contact your Client Services Representative for an estimated courier delivery
schedule to your destination.

Electronic delivery

In order to respond quickly to our clients’ needs, electronic delivery of your product is
available from most RADARSAT network stations. This option enables you to receive and
analyze time-critical information about your region of interest within hours of data acquisition
and downlink.

File sizes for data delivered via the Internet are usually smaller than those for data delivered on
CD-ROM or 8 mm data cartridge. This allows you to retrieve your products in a reliable and
timely manner. Data files may be reduced by either providing subscenes or overview files. Data
volume is decreased in the overview files using decimation, block averaging, or wavelet
compression. Standard data formats for Internet delivery are TIFF or JPEG, with GeoTIFF
and TIFF World formats available in certain cases from the CDPF. Tables are available from
RSI which provide you with transmission time estimates for each Path Image product by beam
mode, bandwidth (modem speed), and compression technique.

The electronic data transfer is followed by delivery by courier of the full product (on either
CD-ROM or 8 mm data cartridge) the next business day. To utilize this electronic delivery
service, you must have an Internet connection that will support at least 56 Kbps data transfer
for extended periods. Data delivery speeds cannot be guaranteed.

S T O R A G E M E D I A O P T I O N S

RADARSAT products are available on a number of media:

Digital

• CD-ROM,
• 8 mm data cartridge, or
• 9-track computer compatible tape (CCT).

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 Hardcopy

• film negative or film positive, and

• print.

R A D A R S AT H A R D C O P Y P R O D U C T S

Your RADARSAT product is delivered to you in digital format on the medium of your choice.
Should you wish a print of your image, a film negative can be purchased from which a print
can be made. Film negatives/positives are produced in our Richmond, B.C. production facility.
Keep in mind that output scales are dependent on beam mode and processing level. Hardcopy
RADARSAT products contain the RADARSAT image plus auxiliary information as shown in
Figure 3.1.

FIGURE 3.1: RADARSAT hardcopy film annotation

R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S 4/99 3-9
 R A D A R S AT D I G I TA L P R O D U C T S

The CEOS format

Digital RADARSAT products are stored in the standard CEOS format (see Table C.4 in
Appendix C). You can read the CEOS format using most leading commercial image analysis
software packages. The RADARSAT Endorsement Program (Appendix C) ensures that
RADARSAT data can be imported into the endorsed companies’ software.

Additional viewing information is now delivered with your RADARSAT digital product from
the CDPF*. The following features are currently included on your CD-ROM:
• a software viewer called ProView™,
• improved output descriptions,
• instructions for loading and viewing the image,
• an overview of the image, and
• software to read the CEOS fields.

*Other RADARSAT network stations may or may not have similar features.

C U S T O M I Z E D P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S

RSI is committed to responding to our clients needs by developing new products and services
to support specific application and project requirements. New services are also developed for
projects which may have some of the following characteristics:
• large data volume requirements,
• time-sensitive delivery needs,
• periodic assessments needs, and
• weather-dependent criteria.

Our new services

Monitoring Service

RADARSAT has the dependable ability to acquire imagery on a daily, seasonal, or annual scale
regardless of weather and sun illumination conditions. Applications for this service include
coastal monitoring, oil spill monitoring, ice tracking, agricultural monitoring, surveillance/change
detection, and disaster monitoring. Cost-effective pricing is available for a minimum order size
of fifty RADARSAT scenes.

Large Area Coverage

Special $/km2 pricing is available for large volume orders of Fine, Standard, and Wide beam
mode data. This offer applies to contiguous coverage in a single order. Large Area Coverage is
suitable for deriving thematic information for base mapping, as well as land cover and
geological mapping.

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 Emergency Response Service

The Emergency Response Service is a proactive service which enables clients to receive
information to support the development and management of disaster/emergency relief plans
and to respond effectively to catastrophic events.

The Emergency Response Service is a one-year commitment that provides a suite of services
to prepare and assist you in the management of your preparedness and response to natural
disasters and emergency situations. This subscription includes on-site operational training,
development of operational scenarios and response plans, pre-planning of acquisitions, an
operational simulation, and a data block (3 RADARSAT scenes using any beam mode).
Additional data blocks can be ordered at any time. This service provides Emergency
programming, Near-Real Time processing and Electronic delivery of data (Path Image
processing only). In this manner, time-sensitive information critical for the management and
response of emergencies is made available to you when you need it.

Offshore Exploration Service

The Offshore Exploration Service caters specifically to clients with offshore areas of interest
(e.g., offshore hydrocarbon exploration and well-head and rig location identification). This
service is a renewable one-year subscription for a minimum commitment of fifty RADARSAT
scenes per year. Scenes can be selected either by using a programming service or by accessing
the RADARSAT worldwide archive. Substantial savings in the cost of data and Meteorological
programming are afforded the client.

Meteorological programming

The Meteorological programming service was introduced to meet the needs of users working
with weather-dependent offshore applications—primarily oil seep detection. Meteorological
programming recognizes that the usefulness of the RADARSAT data depends on the
environmental conditions at the time the image was acquired. A non-recoverable programming
fee offers the user up to three imaging attempts over a site. Data is only processed when you
confirm the acceptability of the meteorological conditions. This service includes Path Image
processing of data.

The client must contact RSI with weather information immediately after each acquisition
attempt. If the weather conditions prove acceptable on the first attempt, the second acquisition
attempt will be dropped unless a second, separate acquisition is requested/ordered.

Stereo Data

RADARSAT stereo data is competitively priced (with a minimum of 60% overlap) for all beam
modes. Clients can choose from mixed modes (e.g., Standard beam mode with Fine beam
mode) and flexible beam positions to ensure their information requirements are met.
RADARSAT’s range of resolutions and swath widths offers a variety of mapping scales. Use
this service for terrain interpretation and to generate anaglyphs and DEMs.

R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S 4/99 3-11
 Our new customized and off-the-shelf products

RADARMaps

RADARMaps are pre-processed 1:250 000 scale indexed map sheets derived from our ScanSAR
Narrow mosaics. Each indexed map sheet measures 1° latitude by 1.5° longitude and has 50 m
resolution. RADARMaps are available as basic or orthorectified products with a standard
cartographic surround. Each RADARMap is delivered to you in digital and hardcopy format.

Digital Elevation Models

RADARSAT digital elevation models (DEMs) are ideal for use in terrain analysis and geometric
correction of airborne and satellite data. Stereo pairs from RADARSAT can be used to produce
high quality, competitively priced DEMs of an accuracy compatible with DTED Level 1
specifications. DEMs play a critical role in geological interpretations, telecommunications,
engineering, and in the creation and updating of topographic maps.

ScanSAR Mosaics

ScanSAR mosaics are pre-processed black and white image mosaics that cover large, pre-
defined areas. These mosaics have 50 m resolution and are suitable for mapping at scales up to
1:200 000. These mosaics provide you with synoptic coverage at cost-effective prices. ScanSAR
mosaics are available as basic or orthorectified products.

For further details and updates on any custom or off-the-shelf products or services, please
contact your Client Services Representative.

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 FIGURE 3.2: RADARSAT products

A DEM D Interferogram
A D
Heard Island, Australia Bathhurst Island, NWT, Canada
B E
C F B Anaglyph E Mosaic
Death Valley, California, USA Irian Jaya, Indonesia

C RADARMap F Multitemporal Merge

Central America Ohio River Flood, USA

RADARSAT data © Canadian Space Agency/Agence spatiale canadienne 1996, 1997. Received by
the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). Processed and distributed by RADARSAT
International (RSI). (A) DEM by Intermap Technologies. (D) Interferogram by CCRS.
(C & E) RADARMap and mosaic by RGI. (B & F) Anaglyph and multitemporal merge by RSI.

R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S 4/99 3-13
 INTRODUCTION 1

HOW RADARSAT SEES THE WORLD 2

RADARSAT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 3

ORDERING YOUR RADARSAT PRODUCT 4

REFERENCE MATERIALS
 O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T

This chapter focuses on the ordering process and the information we require to successfully
deliver your RADARSAT products. We will guide you through a basic RADARSAT order and
provide you with a step-by-step guide to filling out the RADARSAT Image Request Form. You
may wish to refer to Chapters 2 and 3 for greater detail on the choices available to you.

FIGURE 4.1: The RADARSAT ordering process

FAX ELECTRONIC COURIER

IMAGE REQUEST
FORM

ELECTRONIC
USER
ORDER MISSION DATA
CLIENT CLIENT
PLACED MANAGEMENT RECEPTION &
SERVICES
USER OFFICE PROCESSING
PHONE GUIDE
DELIVERY

29 hours to 3 weeks 2 to 14 days 4 hours to 2 hours to 7 days

2 weeks

W H O D O I C O N TA C T
T O O R D E R M Y R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T ?

RADARSAT International (RSI) has the exclusive distribution rights for RADARSAT-1 data to
the worldwide user community. In order to best serve you we have established a worldwide
distribution network to support our international marketing, ordering, and client services
activities. This network includes the RADARSAT network stations, which receive and process
RADARSAT data. To exclusively serve the Canadian and USA Governments, three order desks
have been set up (for Canada: the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and the Canadian Space
Agency, and for the USA: the Alaska SAR Facility).

A list of the current RADARSAT distributors and participating RADARSAT network stations
can be found on the RSI website (www.rsi.ca). You can order RADARSAT products directly
from RSI’s Client Services department or from your local distributor.

O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T 4/99 4-1
 T H E O R D E R I N G P R O C E S S : A B A S I C S E R V I C E E X A M P L E

A number of steps are involved from ordering to delivering a RADARSAT product. Figure 4.1
presents an itemized timeline of the process and illustrates each of the steps and the level of
input required from you.

Planning the acquisition and ordering your product

After contacting your Client Services Representative, or distributor, the next step of the
ordering process is planning your RADARSAT acquisition. The amount of time you should
allocate for this step depends on your familiarity with RADARSAT and the complexity of your
order. Consult your local distributor or an RSI Client Services Representative one to two
weeks before you plan to submit a basic order. To facilitate this process we suggest you review
this user guide and see the RADARSAT Image Request Form at the back of this guide or in
Figure 4.2.

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 FIGURE 4.2: The RADARSAT image request form

RADARSAT-1 Image Request Form

CLIENT
Contact Date of Request
Organization
Address

Country Postal/Zip Code Phone #

Fax # E-mail URL

A P P L I C AT I O N A N D G E O G R A P H I C L O C AT I O N O F P R O J E C T
Application description (e.g., oil seep detection, geological mapping, crop monitoring):

Level of detail required (resolution): ❏ 8 m ❏ 25 m ❏ 30 m ❏ 50 m ❏ 100 m

Terrain relief / other specific considerations:

Geographic coordinates of area of interest* (in latitude/longitude with degrees and minutes):
Latitude Longitude
❏ N ❏ S ° “ ❏ E ❏ W ° “
❏ N ❏ S ° “ ❏ E ❏ W ° “
❏ N ❏ S ° “ ❏ E ❏ W ° “
❏ N ❏ S ° “ ❏ E ❏ W ° “
* Please provide a map if the shape of the area is complex

BEAM MODE AND BEAM POSITION OF CHOICE

Please indicate your preferred beam mode*:
Please indicate your preferred beam position* if known:
* See attached RADARSAT-1 Beam Modes and Positions Reference Sheet

LOOK DIRECTION
Look Direction: ❏ Not important ❏ Descending pass (West-looking) ❏ Ascending pass (East-Looking)

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES RADARSAT Products

Archive and Programming Services RAW Data Products Path-Oriented Products Map-Oriented Products
❏ Single Look Complex ❏ Path Image ❏ Map Image
Archive search: ❏ Yes ❏ No
❏ Signal Data ❏ Path Image Plus ❏ Precision Map Image*
Programming request: ❏ Basic ❏ Priority ❏ Express ❏ Urgent ❏ Emergency
❏ Ortho-Image*
Dates of interest: from to
* Suitably scaled maps or ground control points must be provided for Precision Map Image products
from to
* DEM and suitably scaled maps must be provided for Ortho-Image products
from to

Special project timeline requirements: Processing Services

❏ Regular ❏ Rush ❏ Near-Real Time

Rev. 03/99
Media Options
Digital: ❏ CD-ROM ❏ CCT ❏ Data Cartridge
Film: ❏ Yes ❏ No
Print*: ❏ Yes ❏ Requested scale:
* In order to produce a print, the digital data and a film must be purchased.

Delivery Services
❏ Courier ❏ Electronic delivery
Contact
Organization
Address

Country Postal/Zip Code

Phone # Fax # E-mail

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS / NOTES

Tel: 1-(604) 244-0400 or Fax: 1-(604) 244-0404

e-mail: [email protected] www.rsi.ca
Rev. 03/99

O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T 4/99 4-3
 At this time you will need to provide your distributor or Client Services Representative with the
information outlined on the RADARSAT Image Request Form. Your contact will help you by
• answering questions,
• providing additional reference documentation,
• providing access to radar application experts, or
• providing educational materials and training programs.

Once the RADARSAT Image Request Form has been completed and reviewed you will receive
a Preliminary Assessment based on the information you have provided. This phase should take
place no less than two weeks before the planned acquisition. The Preliminary Assessment is
sent to you by fax or email and indicates
• the number of images required to cover your area of interest, and
• possible coverage scenarios.

You should carefully review the Preliminary Assessment to ensure it meets all your
requirements. Modifications to the information provided on the RADARSAT Image Request
Form and Preliminary Assessment are encouraged to promote optimal scene acquisition.

Once you are satisfied with the plan, we will issue a Technical Proposal and a Financial
Proposal, which require your signature and pre-payment unless prior approved credit has been
arranged. The acquisition plan is then provided to the Mission Management Office (MMO) in
Québec, who is responsible for programming the RADARSAT satellite. After the Technical and
Financial Proposals are signed, you are bound to purchase the data acquired on your
behalf. See Appendix E for our General Terms of Sale.

RADARSAT data acquisition

Once the order has been placed, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) will confirm the availability
of the satellite to collect the data. In the event of a conflict (i.e., two organizations ordering
two different RADARSAT beam modes and positions for the same area on the same day), the
following guidelines will be applied in order to determine the final programming of the
satellite:
• satellite health and safety, orbit, and altitude maintenance,
• a CSA declared Emergency,
• paid programming services, and
• basic programming services.

The custom services offered by RSI (see Chapter 3 Custom Products and Services) such as the
Offshore Exploration Service and the Monitoring service have their distinct levels of
programming priority that fit in with the above-mentioned guideline.

If a conflict does occur, your distributor or Client Services Representative will contact you
immediately.

4-4 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 After the satellite is programmed with your request, the data will be collected and directly
downlinked to a nearby RADARSAT network station. If a network station is unavailable, the
data will be stored on one of RADARSAT’s two on-board tape recorders. The recorded data
will be later downlinked to an available RADARSAT network station. See Appendix A for
additional information.

RADARSAT data processing

Once the data has been received at a network station, it is archived as Signal Data. The data is
then processed to the product indicated on the Financial Proposal. Processing may be
performed at one of the RADARSAT network stations or at the RSI processing facility in
Gatineau, Québec. Additional processing such as geocoding and film production is performed
at the production facility in Richmond, British Columbia. Once the processing is completed
and the payment terms are met, the data will be delivered to you. You may contact your Client
Services Representative at any time to obtain an updated status of your acquisition or order.

Obtaining data from the RADARSAT archive

Data can be ordered directly from the RADARSAT archive by completing the RADARSAT
Image Request Form. On this form you will be asked to provide your geographic coordinates,
the range of desired beam modes, and the dates for which the archive should be searched. Your
Client Services Representative will search the archive for your specific data range or for all
acquisitions from May 23, 1996 to the present. A list of available archive data will be provided
to you. Once you choose the data you wish to purchase, a Technical and Financial Proposal
will be issued for your signature. If the archive data is unsuitable, you may wish to place a
programming request. See Chapter 3—RADARSAT archive searches for greater detail.

Once the Technical and Financial Proposals have been signed, you are contractually
obligated to purchase the archive data. After you have supplied your Client Services
Representative with this documentation, the data is shipped from the archive to the appropriate
processing facility and processed to the product requested.

The RADARSAT archive is updated weekly. You can download information on image
availability from the RSI ftp site (ftp://ftp.rsi.ca/archive).

T H E R A D A R S AT I M A G E R E Q U E S T F O R M

The following sections examine in sequence the options available to you on the RADARSAT
Image Request Form. When filling out this form, feel free to contact your distributor or Client
Services Representative for assistance or additional information. When you have completed this
form, fax or mail it to your RADARSAT contact. Additional copies of the form can be
obtained from your distributor or Client Services Representative.

O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T 4/99 4-5
 A P P L I C AT I O N S I N F O R M AT I O N

A detailed description of your application will assist us when recommending the best
RADARSAT product for your project or operation. Some examples of specific application
descriptions are provided in Table 4.1.

TABLE 4.1: List of RADARSAT applications

APPLICATION SUB-APPLICATION

AGRICULTURE • Crop compliance monitoring

• Soil moisture studies
• Harvest prediction
• Rice crop monitoring

COASTAL / OCEANS • Ocean features detection

• Wave spectra
• Aquaculture monitoring
• Coastline mapping
• Oil spill monitoring

FORESTRY • Harvest mapping

• Broad class mapping
• Clearcut detection

GEOLOGY • Geological mapping

• Terrain mapping
• Petroleum exploration
• Structural mapping
• Oil seep detection

HYDROLOGY • Wetlands mapping

• Watershed management
• Flood monitoring

MAPPING • Base mapping

• Land use/land cover mapping
• Topographic mapping
• DEM creation

SEA ICE • Regional mapping

• Ship routing
• Ice type classification

SURVEILLANCE • Point target detection

• Terrestrial surveillance
• Maritime surveillance (e.g., ship detection and monitoring)

Additional information, such as project scale, terrain relief (the elevation range within the area
indicated in metres), or other considerations (e.g., the need for imagery during a particular
season) will help us define the optimal product and acquisition time. The more detailed
information you can provide to us, the better we can serve you.

4-6 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 FIGURE 4.3: Ship routing using RADARSAT ScanSAR Wide beam mode

This RADARSAT ScanSAR Wide beam

mode image of the Gulf of
St-Lawrence was acquired
March 6, 1996 on an ascending orbit
pass. The displayed pixel spacing is
250 metres. RADARSAT data
© Canadian Space Agency/ Agence
spatiale canadienne 1996. Received
by the Canada Centre for Remote
Sensing (CCRS). Processed and
distributed by RADARSAT
International. Imagery enhancement
and interpretation by CCRS.

G E O G R A P H I C L O C AT I O N

We will need to know the geographic location of your area of interest. The location is defined
by both the political boundaries (country or region) in which it falls and by the set of
latitude/longitude coordinates which bound the area. We use these latitude/longitude
coordinates in the RADARSAT Swath Planner (SPA)—the RADARSAT acquisition planning
software—to define your area of interest.

RADARSAT does not use a Path/Row or K/J reference system like LANDSAT and SPOT. The
aforementioned sensors essentially have fixed scene sizes, making it easier to develop and employ
the Path/Row reference system. RADARSAT has variable scene widths (50 km to 500 km) and
incidence angles (10° to 60°), making a Path/Row system inappropriate.

O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T 4/99 4-7
 You may wish to provide us with a map of your area of interest, particularly if the area has an
unusual shape (e.g., an island). This will allow your Client Services Representative to target
your area more specifically. Figure 4.4 shows an example of a study site requiring RADARSAT
coverage.

FIGURE 4.4: Specifying latitude/longitude coordinates

1• •2

5•

4• •3

1. S 32° 0’ E 134° 40’

2. S 32° 0’ E 140° 0’

3. S 37° 30’ E 140° 0’

4. S 37° 30’ E 139° 0’

5. S 34° 30’ E 134° 40’

NOTE:
Conventions for specifying latitudes/longitudes: A compass direction (N,S,E,W) is required to accurately locate an
area. Latitudes are 0° to 90° North or South of the equator. Longitudes are 0° to 180° East or West of the Prime
Meridian, which is located through Greenwich, England.

4-8 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 B E A M M O D E S E L E C T I O N

To choose the most appropriate beam mode, you will need to consider
• the size of your area,
• the features you are trying to see, and
• the final output scale desired. See Chapter 2 for more details.

FIGURE 4.5: Area coverage of RADARSAT beam modes

Your selection of beam modes will be made in conjunction with your selection of beam
positions. Figure 4.5 illustrates the areal coverage provided by each of the RADARSAT beam
modes. Specific information is provided in Table 4.2. The coverage and resolution vary slightly
for each beam position within a beam mode. As well, the resolution varies slightly between
processing levels. Appendix C supplies detailed information on RADARSAT beam modes and
product specifications. If you are in any doubt, call your Client Services Representative or
distributor for assistance.

O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T 4/99 4-9
 B E A M P O S I T I O N S E L E C T I O N

Factors affecting your choice of beam position will include

• the sensitivity of your application to the incidence angle,
• the type of terrain being imaged,
• requirements for stereo imagery, and
• how often you require coverage of the area. See Chapter 2 and Appendix B for more details.

Table 4.2 summarizes the incidence angle ranges and the beam positions available for each
beam mode. RSI will need to know the optimum beam position that you require for your
project. To help you choose an appropriate beam position, remember to provide us with as
much information as possible about your specific application and the terrain conditions.

4-10 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 TABLE 4.2: RADARSAT beam position characteristics

BEAM MODE BEAM POSITION INCIDENCE APPROXIMATE NOMINAL

ANGLE RANGE (°) RESOLUTION (m) AREA (km)

Fine F1 near 36.4 - 39.6 8 * 50 x 50

F1 36.8 - 39.9
F1 far 37.2 - 40.3
F2 near 38.8 - 41.8
F2 39.2 - 42.1
F2 far 39.6 - 42.5
F3 near 41.1 - 43.7
F3 41.5 - 44.0
F3 far 41.8 - 44.3
F4 near 43.1 - 45.5
F4 43.5 - 45.8
F4 far 43.8 - 46.1
F5 near 45.0 - 47.2
F5 45.3 - 47.5
F5 far 45.6 - 47.8

Standard S1 20 - 27 25 100 x 100

S2 24 - 31
S3 30 - 37
S4 34 - 40
S5 36 - 42
S6 41 - 46
S7 45 - 49

Wide W1 20 - 31 30 165 x 165

W2 31 - 39 * 150 x 150
W3 39 - 45 130 x 130

ScanSAR Narrow SNA 20 - 40 50 300 x 300

SNB 31 - 46

ScanSAR Wide SWA 20 - 49 100 500 x 500

SWB 20 - 46 450 x 450

Extended High H1 49 - 52 25 75 x 75
H2 50 - 53
H3 52 - 55
H4 54 - 57
H5 56 - 58
H6 57 - 59

Extended Low L1 10 - 23 35 170 x 170

* tape recorded data may cover smaller area

NOTE:
The numbers shown in the table are approximations.
The actual resolutions will vary slightly and are defined in Appendix C.
Nominal areas take into account ± five kilometre cross-track drift. Thus the image will be ± five kilometres from what is
shown on the SPA Technical Proposal.
Extended High and Low beam modes operate outside of the optimum scan range of the antenna.
W3 has a consistent nadir ambiguity (narrow vertical, white line) that affects its appearance. For many applications
the nadir ambiguity does not affect the usefulness of the data.

O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T 4/99 4-11
 In some cases, more than one beam position can satisfy your application requirement, so we
recommend that you specify a range of beam positions. This gives us increased flexibility to
meet your requirements and to optimize the number of scenes required to cover your area.

L O O K D I R E C T I O N

RADARSAT provides two look directions, which correspond to the satellite’s ascending and
descending orbit passes: the ascending orbit pass is “east-looking”, and the descending orbit
pass is “west-looking”.

Choosing between an east or west-looking direction is important when

• you are working in areas of high terrain relief,
• you are interested in highlighting features with a particular orientation,
• you prefer early morning or early evening acquisition times, and
• the output from the project will be a mosaic of numerous RADARSAT images. See Chapter 2
for more details.

Specifying “not important” on the RADARSAT Image Request Form will double the number
of opportunities to acquire imagery over your area.

P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S

The Products and Services section of the RADARSAT Image Request Form provides you with
the opportunity to select the level of service that best meets your data needs and project time
requirements.

4-12 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 A R C H I V E A N D P R O G R A M M I N G S E R V I C E S

1) Archive searches: Computer searches of previously-acquired data stored in the RADARSAT

archive.
2) Programming services: The satellite is programmed to collect data. Programming depends on
the availability of satellite resources. A choice of five programming services exists:
Basic • Your order is finalized at least fourteen days in advance of data acquisition.
• In the event of a programming conflict, priority may be given to another client.
Priority • Your programming request is received and finalized at least fourteen days
prior to data acquisition.
• This service is suitable for time-sensitive applications such as monitoring
(reserve your acquisition dates).
Express • Your order is finalized seven to thirteen days in advance of data acquisition.
Urgent • Images are acquired on a first available opportunity basis.
• Order is finalized two to six working days prior to data acquisition.
Emergency • The situation must qualify as an emergency
• Images are acquired on the first available satellite pass.
• Your order is finalized by RSI at least 29 to 48 hours prior to data acquisition.

Deciding when to acquire your RADARSAT images will be influenced by

• your application and operational requirements,
• whether you need to collect supporting data, and
• RADARSAT’s orbit characteristics. See Chapter 2 for more details.

Please indicate if data must be acquired on a specific date due to field work or other application
requirements. If not, please provide us with a range of dates during which data can be
collected. This will ensure that the optimum beam mode, beam position, and look direction
are available. Although we endeavour to meet your requirements, trade-offs between the
optimum beam mode and beam position may occur.

It is possible that the satellite may be unavailable for your requested date due to other
scheduled requests. Advance ordering and selecting the appropriate level of programming
service will minimize the possibility of conflicts.

You are encouraged to plan multitemporal image acquisitions well in advance. Time intervals
corresponding to your requirements for multi-date images can be specified on the
RADARSAT Image Request Form. Outlining your requirements in advance will help ensure
that the satellite is reserved for you.

O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T 4/99 4-13
 R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S

RADARSAT data can be processed to one of seven products depending on the RADARSAT
beam mode you have selected. Your product choice will depend on
• your analysis requirements,
• your hardware and software capabilities,
• how quickly you need the data, and
• the beam mode you have selected. See Chapter 3 for more details.

The characteristics of each product are summarized in Table 4.3 and the availability of
processing levels for the various beam modes is summarized in Table 4.4.

NOTE:
Map-Oriented products are not available with Rush and Near-Real Time processing services.

TABLE 4.3: RADARSAT product characteristics

PRODUCT PRESENTATION IMAGE CLIENT DEFINED

NAME PLANE ORIENTATION INPUT

Signal Data N/A N/A None

Single Look Complex Slant range To satellite orbit None

Path Image Ground range To satellite orbit None

Path Image Plus Ground range To satellite orbit None

Map Image Ground range To map Map projection

Precision Map Image Ground range To map Map projection, GCPs

Ortho-Image Ground range To map Map projection, GCPs, DEM

For Map Image products, the map projection and related parameters (see Appendix D) need to
be specified. For Precision Map Image products, GCP information is required. You must
provide us with good quality maps. You can also provide Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)
information to be used for ground control points. Ortho-Image products require user-supplied
GCPs and DEMs. Product specifications for each beam position and processing level are found
in Appendix C.

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 TABLE 4.4: RADARSAT beam mode and processing level availability

BEAM SIGNAL SINGLE PATH PATH MAP PRECISION ORTHO-

MODE DATA LOOK IMAGE IMAGE IMAGE MAP IMAGE
COMPLEX PLUS IMAGE

Fine ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Standard ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Wide ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

ScanSAR Narrow ✔ N/A *✔ N/A N/A N/A N/A

ScanSAR Wide ✔ N/A *✔ N/A N/A N/A N/A

Extended High ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Extended Low ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

*ScanSAR Narrow and ScanSAR Wide products are processed to a level similar to Path Image; however, these
products are 8 bit only and are mirror images (i.e., flipped North-South or East-West).

P R O C E S S I N G S E R V I C E S

RSI offers three levels of data processing:

Regular • Digital products are processed within 14 days of data reception at a
RADARSAT processing facility.
Rush • Digital products are processed within 48 hours of data reception at the
CDPF or a RADARSAT network station with this capability.
Near-Real Time • Digital products are processed within hours (~ 4) of reception at the
CDPF or a RADARSAT network station with this capability.

NOTE:
Map-Oriented products, including films and prints, are not available with Rush and Near-Real Time processing services.

O R D E R I N G Y O U R R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T 4/99 4-15
 M E D I A O P T I O N S

Your RADARSAT product will be delivered on a CD-ROM unless you specify otherwise.
Digital products are also available on computer compatible tape (CCT) and 8 mm data
cartridge. Please indicate the digital medium you prefer. Hardcopy products are generated on
request, in addition to the digital products. Prints can be made from film at client-defined
scales. Limited processing of the imagery is carried out before a film transparency is created. A
histogram stretch ensures that maximum contrast is achieved in the imagery. For film or print
prices as well as suitable map scales, please contact your Client Services Representative or refer
to the RADARSAT Price List.

D E L I V E R Y S E R V I C E S

Your delivery options include:

Courier • Product is typically delivered by courier from the network station where
is was processed. Courier delivery can take from two to seven working
days for most major cities.

Electronic delivery • Product is electronically delivered within hours from the CDPF or a
network station capable of this service.

NOTE:
The delivery time begins when the RADARSAT product is ready for shipping and excludes possible delays encountered
when clearing customs. RADARSAT image products can ONLY be sent to a street address—not to a P.O. Box.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact us at 1-(604)244-0400,

fax: 1-(604)244-0404, or visit our website at www.rsi.ca.

4-16 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 INTRODUCTION 1

HOW RADARSAT SEES THE WORLD 2

RADARSAT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 3

ORDERING YOUR RADARSAT PRODUCT 4

REFERENCE MATERIALS
 A P P E N D I X A
R A D A R S AT P R O G R A M S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

The RADARSAT-1 program

RADARSAT is a sophisticated Earth observation satellite. Developed by Canada, RADARSAT

provides the world with the first operationally-oriented radar satellite system. RADARSAT was
conceived as a partial solution to Canada’s energy needs in response to the late 1970s oil crisis.
During this time, Canada conducted an extensive drilling program in the Beaufort Sea as part
of its search for alternative sources of oil. To aid in this research, a synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) sensor was designed. SAR was used as it could provide information regardless of sun
illumination or atmospheric conditions (long periods of darkness in the winter months and
clouds and haze in the summer months). Today, RADARSAT is providing SAR data worldwide
for applications such as crop monitoring, ice reconnaissance, geological mapping, oil seep
detection, disaster management, and land use management.

RADARSAT was developed under the management of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) in
cooperation with NASA/NOAA, the Canadian provincial governments, and the Canadian
private sector.

RADARSAT International (RSI), a private company established in 1989 as the marketing arm
of the RADARSAT program, has the exclusive rights to distribute RADARSAT-1 data. RSI’s
partners include an international network of more than seventy distributors, nine network
stations, and seven resource centres.

RADARSAT-2 is currently being developed by MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd.

(Richmond, British Columbia) and is scheduled for launch in early 2002.

RADARSAT satellite specifications

The SAR antenna

RADARSAT is equipped with an advanced SAR:

• C-band wavelength (5.6 cm),
• HH polarization (horizontally transmitted, horizontally received),
• right-looking, steerable antenna,
• ScanSAR capability for wide area coverage, and
• multi-mode imaging capabilities.

APPENDIX A 4/99 A-1

 FIGURE A.1: RADARSAT beam modes

Extended
Low

Satellite
Ground
Track

ScanSAR
Extended High
(Narrow
Wide and Wide)
20º
Standard
49º
250 km Fine
500 km

425km

The RADARSAT SAR can be “steered” to image over a 925 km swath using 7 beam modes.
This superb flexibility allows users to acquire images with a range of resolutions, incidence
angles, and coverage areas. Specifications for RADARSAT images and products are outlined in
Appendix C.

RADARSAT data handling systems

RADARSAT’s SAR does not collect data continuously. The satellite is programmed to use
specific beam positions only when a request to collect data has been made.

The payload computer can store 23 beam positions at one time. The Fine, Standard, Wide, and
ScanSAR beam positions are always loaded, while four of the seven Extended beam positions
are selectively loaded.

As the RADARSAT data is collected, it is either transmitted directly to a participating network

station or stored on an on-board tape recorder (OBR) for later downlink to a RADARSAT
network station. Real-time and tape-recorded downlinks can be executed simultaneously
through two X-band RF links. All auxiliary data that is available on the satellite and is necessary
for data processing, image quality monitoring, and calibration is included in the downlink.

Tape-recorded data

RADARSAT has two on-board tape recorders (OBRs) with 10 minutes of SAR on-time per
tape recorder. The OBRs are primarily used to store data over areas that do not have
participating network stations. Only one tape recorder is used at a time; the second OBR acts
as a back-up.

The tape recorder is capable of playing back the signal data at a rate of 85 Mb/s (compared to
the real-time downlink of 105 Mb/s). The tape recorders also have the capacity to record 48

A-2 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 Standard beam mode images or 480,000 km2 in the North-South direction for each 10-minute
imaging session. The use of the OBRs results in reduced coverage for some beam mode
products. Table A.1 summarizes beam mode size reductions when using the OBR.

TABLE A.1: Differences in swath coverage (Real-time downlink and tape-recorded downlink)

BEAM MODE NOMINAL REAL-TIME NOMINAL TAPE-RECORDED

DOWNLINK SWATH (KM) DOWNLINK SWATH (KM)

Fine 50 *38 - 45

Standard 100 100

Wide 1 165 165

Wide 2 150 138

ScanSAR Narrow 300 295

ScanSAR Wide B 450 450

Extended High 75 75

Extended Low 170 170

* tape-recorded swath width varies with beam position

APPENDIX A 4/99 A-3

 TABLE A.2: Real-time and tape-recorded swath coverage information from the CDPF

BEAM POSITION REAL-TIME TAPE- REAL-TIME TAPE- REAL-TIME TAPE- REMARKS

INCIDENCE RECORDED DISPLAYED RECORDED AVERAGE RECORDED
ANGLE INCIDENCE (SPA) DISPLAYED PRODUCT AVERAGE
ANGLE BEAM (SPA) BEAM PRODUCT
WIDTH BEAM WIDTH BEAM
(KM) WIDTH (KM) WIDTH
(KM) (KM)

Fine 1 Near 36.4 - 39.5 36.3 - 38.9 58 45 58 46 See NOTE

Fine 1 36.8 - 39.9 37.2 - 39.6 57 45 57 45
Fine 1 Far 37.2 - 40.3 38.0 - 40.3 57 44 57 44

Fine 2 Near 38.9 - 41.8 38.9 - 41.1 56 43 56 43

Fine 2 39.3 - 42.1 39.6 - 41.8 56 42 56 43
Fine 2 Far 39.6 - 42.5 40.3 - 42.5 55 42 56 42

Fine 3 Near 41.1 - 43.7 41.1 - 43.1 52 39 52 39

Fine 3 41.5 - 44.0 41.8 - 43.7 51 39 52 39
Fine 3 Far 41.8 - 44.3 42.5 - 44.4 51 38 51 38

Fine 4 Near 43.2 - 45.5 43.2 - 45.0 50 38 50 38

Fine 4 43.5 - 45.8 43.8 - 45.6 50 37 50 37
Fine 4 Far 43.8 - 46.1 44.4 - 46.1 50 37 50 37

Fine 5 Near 45.0 - 47.3 45.0 - 46.8 49 39 49 39

Fine 5 45.3 - 47.5 45.6 - 47.3 49 38 49 38
Fine 5 Far 45.6 - 47.8 46.2 - 47.8 49 38 49 38

Standard 1 19.4 - 26.8 = realtime 104 = realtime 114 = realtime See NOTE
Standard 2 24.1 - 30.9 = realtime 104 = realtime 113 = realtime
Standard 3 31.0 - 37.0 = realtime 101 = realtime 111 = realtime
Standard 4 33.6 - 39.4 = realtime 103 = realtime 112 = realtime
Standard 5 36.4 - 41.9 = realtime 103 = realtime 112 = realtime
Standard 6 41.7 - 46.5 = realtime 100 = realtime 109 = realtime
Standard 7 44.7 - 49.2 = realtime 102 = realtime 112 = realtime

Wide 1 19.3 - 30.2 = realtime 159 = realtime 184 = realtime See NOTE
Wide 2 30.1 - 38.9 31.4 - 38.8 149 127 161 137
Wide 3 38.9 - 45.1 = realtime 125 N/A 112 N/A not recommended due to
nadir ambiguity

ScanSAR Narrow A 19.3 - 38.9 19.3 - 38.8 307 289 335 315 composite of W1 & W2
ScanSAR Narrow B 30.1 - 46.5 = realtime 304 = realtime 299 = realtime composite of W2, S5 & S6

ScanSAR Wide A 19.3 - 49.2 N/A 524 N/A 518 N/A composite of W1, W2, W3 & S7
ScanSAR Wide B 19.3 - 46.5 = realtime 461 = realtime 481 = realtime composite of W1, W2, S5 & S6

Extended Low 1 10.4 - 22.0 = realtime 154 = realtime 167 = realtime SGF products only See NOTE

Extended High 1 49.0 - 52.4 = realtime 85 = realtime = realtime See NOTE

Extended High 2 50.0 - 53.5 = realtime 90 = realtime = realtime
Extended High 3 51.2 - 54.6 = realtime 90 = realtime 102 = realtime SGF products only
Extended High 4 54.4 - 57.1 = realtime 80 = realtime 90 = realtime SGF products only
Extended High 5 55.5 - 58.2 = realtime 80 = realtime = realtime
Extended High 6 56.9 - 56.4 = realtime 80 = realtime 93 = realtime SGF products only

NOTE:
Average product width of Fine beams is equal to displayed width in SPA, use overlap to account for +/- 5 km satellite drift.
Average product width of Standard beams is 10 km greater than displayed width in SPA to account for +/- 5 km satellite drift.
Average product width of Wide beams is 10 km greater than displayed width in SPA to account for +/- 5 km satellite drift.
Average product width of Extended beams is 10 km greater than displayed width in SPA to account for +/- 5 km satellite drift.

A-4 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 SAR on-time and switching

The SAR instrument can collect 32 minutes of data per orbit. During one orbit, more than
one beam position may need to be used. The following describes how the system operates
when beam positions are switched:
• one minute (or approximately 400 km along the orbit track) is the minimum length of a data
acquisition (clients only purchase what they need),
• the SAR is designed to permit six on-and-off cycles per orbit. It takes approximately five
seconds to switch between SAR off, standby, and an operating mode, and
• it takes a minimum of 13.5 seconds to switch between beam modes and positions.

The RADARSAT orbit

RADARSAT is placed in a near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit 798 km above the Earth. It has a
dawn-dusk orbit and is rarely in eclipse or darkness. The orbit characteristics are:

Geometry near-polar, sun-synchronous (dawn-dusk)

Altitude 798 km
Inclination 98.6°
Period 100.7 minutes
Repeat cycle 24 days
Orbits per day 14

RADARSAT system specifications

Frequency 5.3 GHz
Wavelength 5.6 cm (C-band)
RF Bandwidth 11.6, 17.3, or 30.0 MHz
Sampling Rate 12.9, 18.5, or 30.0 MHz
Transmit Pulse Length 42.0 µs
Pulse Repetition Frequency 1270 to 1390 Hz
Transmitter Peak Power 5 Kw
Transmitter Average Power 300 W (nominal)
Average Radar Data Rate 73.9 to 100.0 Mb/s
Sample Work Size 4 bits each I and Q
Antenna Size 15.0 x 1.5 m
Antenna Elevation Phase
Shifter Quantization 8 bits

Satellite dimensions
Launch Mass 2750 kg
Solar Array 3.5 Kw
Batteries 3 x 48 Ah NiCd
Design Lifetime 5 years
Expected Lifetime 7 years

APPENDIX A 4/99 A-5

 A P P E N D I X B
A P P L I C AT I O N C O N S I D E R AT I O N S F O R R A D A R S AT

This appendix is divided into a series of application overview tables and general guidelines to
help you select the appropriate RADARSAT beam mode and position for your application.

The information in these tables is based on research and experience gained from pilot studies
and research projects for which RADARSAT data has been used since launch. These guidelines
are general and do not take local conditions into consideration. For certain applications,
complementary data is recommended to fully exploit your RADARSAT data. For detailed
information on specific applications, please see the Selected References in Appendix F or
contact your Client Services Representative.

In this document, the definitions of mapping scales are as follows:

• Large Scale - 1:50,000
• Medium Scale - 1:50,000 to 1:100,000
• Small Scale - 1:250,000 +

TABLE B.1: Agriculture/land use

APPLICATION TYPICAL ACTIVITIES RADAR RESPONSE

Crop Assessment Crop type determination Different crops have unique roughness and moisture
levels. Radar is sensitive to differences in these
parameters resulting in contrasting backscatter.

Crop damage assessment Damage to crops alters the geometric structure of

plant and canopy surface roughness. Damaged areas
have different geometric structure/roughness than
surrounding areas, therefore producing contrasting
backscatter.

Compliance Monitoring Farming activity assessment Different crops have unique geometric structure,
canopy roughness, and moisture levels. Radar is
sensitive to these differences resulting in contrasting
backscatter.

Land use evaluation Agricultural land use is associated with the presence
or absence of certain crops. Different crops have
unique geometric structure, canopy roughness, and
moisture levels. Radar is sensitive to these differences
and helps differentiate between tilled and cropped land.

Land Use Monitoring Temporal change evaluation Canopy roughness and moisture content vary over the
growing season. Radar is sensitive to these differences
allowing for the temporal evaluation of changes in
backscatter and thus changes in crop parameters.

APPENDIX B 4/99 B-1

 Soil Condition Tillage practice Different tillage practices produce unique soil surface
Monitoring determination roughness. Radar is sensitive to differences in surface
roughness resulting in contrasting backscatter.

Soil moisture assessment Variations in soil moisture produce changes in

dielectric properties of soil. This contrast results in
increasing backscatter with increasing soil moisture.

General guidelines

• Standard beam mode is useful for crop area estimation and crop type discrimination.

• Fine beam mode is useful for assessing crop damage.

• Shallow incidence angles are useful for delineation of land use activities and estimating soil erosion.

• Shallow incidence angles may be more useful for crop type monitoring.

• Steep incidence angles may be more useful for soil moisture studies.

• Selecting an appropriate look direction (ascending or descending orbit pass) is important when row crops are being
imaged. Choose the look direction that will provide the most oblique view of the crop rows. A look direction
perpendicular to row direction maximizes backscatter from the crop canopy and may yield soil information.

• If imaging time is important, you can use either an ascending or descending orbit pass. RADARSAT crosses the
equator on a descending pass at 6 a.m. (06:00 H) and on an ascending pass at 6:00 p.m. (18:00 H). An ascending pass
(18:00 H) may be preferred to minimize the presence of morning frost or dew, which may decrease interpretation and
classification accuracy.

• When selecting image specifications, it is advisable to match the resolution with the size of the agricultural fields
being imaged. The beam mode resolution should be several times smaller than the size of the agricultural fields.

• In areas of convection related to evaporation, the descending pass (dawn orbit) may be preferred to reduce the
effects of rain events.

B-2 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 Coastal land use
mapping of Surabaya,
Eastern Java, Indonesia
using a multi-date
RADARSAT merge.
RADARSAT data
© Canadian Space
Agency/Agence spatiale
canadienne 1997.
Received by the Canada
Centre for Remote
Sensing. Processed and
distributed by RADARSAT
International.

TABLE B.2: Coastal and oceans

APPLICATION TYPICAL ACTIVITIES RADAR RESPONSE

Coastal Zone Monitoring Water-land boundary The smooth surface of a water body (specular
delineation reflector) greatly contrasts to a rough land surface
(diffuse reflector). As a result, open water surfaces will
have a dark tone in radar imagery, while land will have
a lighter tone. Shallow incidence angles are
recommended for better land/water discrimination.

Coastal vegetation Vegetation can be discriminated on the basis of

identification structural parameters and canopy roughness resulting
in changes in radar texture and tone. Vegetated areas
have a brighter return than non-vegetated areas or
standing water. Multitemporal data acquired using
different incidence angles can improve the
discrimination between vegetated and non-vegetated
areas.

Coastline change evaluation Shallow incidence angles provide a greater backscatter

contrast, which improves the discrimination of the
water-land boundary. Open water surfaces will appear
dark in comparison to the brighter returns from land.
Shoreline detection and the identification of areas of
erosion/sedimentation can be improved by acquiring
multitemporal data using the same beam mode and
look direction.

APPENDIX B 4/99 B-3

 Ocean Circulation Mesoscale ocean feature Mesoscale ocean features may be identified on an
Mapping identification image by characteristic patterns of natural surfactants
or surface roughness modulation related to wind-
current interaction at the current shear or convergence
zones. Bathymetric features can be detected by local
changes in the surface roughness pattern related to
underwater topography.

Ship Target Detection Ships and ship wake location A ship acts as a bright point target against the
generally dark ocean background. Ship detection
depends on ship size and type, and wind speed. As
wind speeds increase, the clutter from the ocean
background also increases, making it difficult to
distinguish the return from a bright point target. The
presence of a wake can be used to determine ship
heading and speed. Shallow incidence angles are
recommended for ship detection.

Oil Spill Monitoring Oil spill detection and mapping The presence of oil on water reduces the backscatter
Oil spill emergency response over the area of the spill, due to attenuation of the
Bragg scale waves and a reduced signal return to the
sensor. On the image, the oil spill has a darker tone
than the surrounding water. Wind shadows near land,
regions of low wind speed, natural surfactants, and
grease ice can be mistaken for oil spills, and ancillary or
multitemporal information is sometimes needed to
discriminate the oil spill from other phenomena. Steep
incidence angles are recommended for oil spill
detection.

Aquaculture Site Aquaculture site location Anthropogenic structures provide higher signal returns
Monitoring and mapping than the surrounding water. The smooth surface of the
water (darker tone) contrasts with the brighter return
from the structures, permitting the delineation of the
aquaculture pen or fish pond.

General guidelines

• Large area coverage (Wide and ScanSAR beam modes) is useful for monitoring and surveillance applications,
including ship traffic, fisheries monitoring, oil spill mapping, and ocean circulation mapping.

• Intermediate area coverage (Standard and Wide beam modes) is useful for monitoring ship traffic and near-shore
fisheries activities, and mapping oil spills and inter-tidal features.

• Small area coverage (Fine beam mode) is useful for harbour traffic monitoring, aquaculture site location, and small
spill mapping.

• High-frequency temporal coverage over selected areas can be achieved by varying the beam position and using the
Extended beam modes.

• Wave spectra applications require information on local wind direction to eliminate the 180° ambiguity in the wave
direction. Steep incidence angles (e.g., Extended Low 1, Standard 1 to 3) are preferred for wave spectra applications.

B-4 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
• Steep incidence angles (e.g., Standard 1 to 3, Wide 1) are optimum for oil spill detection. Detection will also depend on
the spill size, sea state conditions, and image resolution. With the better-than-expected noise performance of
RADARSAT, beam modes that have higher incidence angles can also be considered. It may be useful to collect
auxiliary information (such as wind speed, wave conditions, and oil type) on the date of the RADARSAT acquisition to
help in your interpretation.

• Shallow angles (i.e., Standard 4 to 7, Wide 3, Extended High 1 to 6, ScanSAR Narrow B) are optimum for ship target
detection. Detection depends on ship size and type, ship heading with respect to look angle, sea state conditions, and
beam mode selected at the time of imaging. In general, the probability of detecting ships increases with ship length
and decreases with high wind speeds.

• Shallow incidence angles are optimum for the detection of aquaculture cages and weirs. Detection will also depend
on the size and configuration of the pens, and sea state conditions at the time of imaging.

• The effects of bathymetry are visible in near-shore regions under light wind conditions. Shallow incidence angles are
better suited to imaging inter-tidal features, such as mudflats, shoals, and sandbars. Differences in sea bottom
topography can be inferred when the ocean depth is less than ~30 m.

Coastal zone mapping of Penang,

Malaysia using a multitemporal
merge of three RADARSAT scenes.
RADARSAT data © Canadian Space
Agency/Agence spatiale canadienne
1996, 1997. Received by the Canada
Centre for Remote Sensing.
Processed and distributed by
RADARSAT International.

APPENDIX B 4/99 B-5

 TABLE B.3: Forestry

APPLICATION TYPICAL ACTIVITIES RADAR RESPONSE

Reconnaissance Terrain analysis The ability to image topographic relief is a result of the
Mapping side-looking configuration of radar, which highlights
topographic differences. Different forest types can
often be inferred from terrain analysis.

Forest cover type In some cases, different forest types may have unique
discrimination geometric structures, canopy surface roughness, and
moisture levels. Radar is sensitive to these parameters
resulting in contrasting backscatter.

Commercial Forestry Mapping of cleared The relatively smooth surface of clearcuts produces
forest areas little backscatter compared to the rougher canopy of
the uncut forest. These differences in backscatter
allow forest clearcuts to be delineated from uncut
forest.

Burn delineation After a forest fire, the affected area dries out and
debris is left on the ground. Thus, a contrast in
moisture levels and structure exists between the burn
area and surrounding forest. Radar is sensitive to
differences in these parameters resulting in a contrast
in backscatter.

General guidelines

• Intermediate to large-scale imagery at intermediate to high resolutions (Fine and Standard beam modes) are effective
for deforestation mapping at medium scales.

• Intermediate to small-scale imagery at intermediate resolutions (Wide and ScanSAR beam modes) are effective for
regional overview forest mapping.

• Shallow incidence angles are preferred for clear-cut mapping and general deforestation mapping because land cover
variations are accentuated.

• In mountainous terrain, geometric distortions can be reduced by using shallow incidence angles. Radar shadow can
be reduced or eliminated if images from both ascending and descending orbits are obtained for the same area.

• Data acquisition should be planned to maximize the contrast between the clear-cut areas and the forest.

• In temperate regions it is preferable to plan acquisitions when snow cover is present as the snowpack has a surface
roughness smoothing effect and decreases the radar backscatter.

• Species discrimination and broad forest type mapping may require multi-date acquisitions.

• Radar data shows good potential for forest base map updating (change detection) when base map information exists.

• Accurate forestland mapping requires geometric correction of radar data using a digital elevation model (DEM).

• RADARSAT can detect burn areas after the “ripening time” because the tonal contrasts increase as the trees dry up
and lose their moisture content.

B-6 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 Multitemporal merge of RADARSAT Standard
beam mode data of North Island, New
Zealand. RADARSAT data © Canadian Space
Agency/Agence spatiale canadienne 1996,
1997. Received by the Canada Centre for
Remote Sensing. Processed and distributed
by RADARSAT International.

TABLE B.4: Geology

APPLICATION TYPICAL ACTIVITIES RADAR RESPONSE

Geological Mapping Geological structure mapping Geological structures often have characteristic forms,
which if located near the Earth’s surface are highlighted
by the side-looking configuration of radar. Underlying
topography often manifests itself in the treetop canopy,
which can be detected by radar.

Surficial bedrock geological Depending on the type of physical weathering, surficial

mapping bedrock may fracture and produce characteristic
fragment sizes (as a function of rock fabric, texture, and
mineral composition). Different rock units may break
down differentially, resulting in unique surface
roughnesses, which are distinguishable on radar
imagery because of contrasting backscatter.

Quaternary Mapping Landform delineation Landforms often have characteristic shapes, which
may be manifested as topographic relief. The ability to
image landforms is a result of the side-looking
configuration of radar, which highlights relief.

Surficial material assessment Non-vegetated, unconsolidated surficial material

contains different fragment sizes, which may produce a
characteristic soil roughness and soil moisture-holding
capacity. Radar is sensitive to differences in roughness
and moisture resulting in contrasting backscatter
between different surficial units.

APPENDIX B 4/99 B-7

 Mineral Exploration Lineament identification Lineaments, such as folds and faults, may be manifested
as topographic relief. The ability to image lineaments is
a result of the side-looking configuration of radar, which
highlights lineaments.

Hydrocarbon Geological structure mapping (see Geological Mapping above)

Exploration
Sedimentology mapping Unconsolidated sediments, such as those deposited by
glaciers, are often manifested as topographic relief.
The ability to image sedimentological units is a result of
radar’s side-looking configuration. Different sediments
also have characteristic grain sizes, which have
different moisture holding capacities or may produce a
characteristic surface roughness. Radar is sensitive to
differences in moisture and roughness resulting in
contrasting backscatter between different sediments.

Geologic Hazard Seismic zones identification Seismic zones are often characterized by the presence
of faults, which are manifested topographically. The
ability to image seismic zones is a result of the side-
looking configuration of radar, which highlights this
topography.

Landslide hazard assessment Landslide hazard areas are defined through the
detection of past landslide events. Landslides alter the
landscape through the transportation of vegetation and
soil. Affected areas have different canopy and soil
roughnesses than surrounding unaffected areas. Radar
is sensitive to differences in roughness resulting in
contrasting backscatter between affected and
unaffected areas.

Coastal erosion assessment The smooth surface of a water body causes specular
reflection, resulting in low backscatter values. This
contrasts with the rougher surface of the land, which
causes diffuse scattering and produces relatively
high amounts of backscatter. Comparison of
backscatter on several dates allows the evaluation of
backscatter change over time and thus the assessment
of coastal erosion.

General guidelines

• Detailed-scale imagery (Fine beam mode) provides the highest resolution information for geological mapping but is
restricted to viewing angles of 36° to 48°.

• Intermediate-scale imagery (Wide and Standard beam modes) can be used to obtain large area coverage for the
definition of major structural patterns and landforms over a range of incidence angles (20° to 49°).

• The choice of incidence angles depends on the surface topography and land cover characteristics.

• In mountainous terrain, large incidence angles varying from 40° to 59° are suitable for structural and geomorphic
mapping.

B-8 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
• In moderate terrain, small incidence angles ranging from 20° to 31° are suitable for landform identification.

• In flat and rolling terrain, a wide range of incidence angles are suitable for terrain mapping (25° to 45°).

• Structural features are enhanced when their principle trends are near-perpendicular to the satellite’s look direction.

• Same-side stereo pairs (ascending/ascending or descending/descending) can be viewed stereoscopically with

conventional optical stereoscopes (without geometric corrections applied to the data), which greatly improves the
interpretation of the area.

• Acquisition on both ascending and descending orbit passes over the same area provides opposing views of the terrain
morphology thus maximizing the possibility of revealing geological features.

• Merging radar data with geophysical data provides surface and subsurface information.

RADARSAT SAR imagery with geophysical

aeromagnetic data of Lac Volant, Québec. Image
enhancement and interpretation by the Canada
Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), Geology
Division. High-resolution MAG image
enhancement and interpretation by MIR
Teledetection Inc. RADARSAT data © Canadian
Space Agency/Agence spatiale canadienne 1996.
Received by CCRS. Processed and distributed by
RADARSAT International.

0 5 10 km

APPENDIX B 4/99 B-9

 TABLE B.5: Hydrology

APPLICATION TYPICAL ACTIVITIES RADAR RESPONSE

Watershed Modelling Soil moisture estimation Radar is sensitive to variations in soil moisture because
of the changes in the dielectric properties of soil
produced by changes in water content. The sensitivity
to these differences produces a change in backscatter
values.

Mapping land cover Land cover is associated with natural cover and
anthropogenic objects, which differ in geometric
structure, roughness, and moisture content. The
sensitivity of radar to these differences produces a
change in the backscatter.

Wetland condition Radar is sensitive to variations in soil moisture

determination associated with wetlands as a result of changes in
the dielectric properties of soil (produced by
changes in the water content). The sensitivity of radar
to these differences produces the change in
backscatter values.

Snowpack condition Snowpack conditions are determined in part by water

determination content variations. The sensitivity of radar to these
differences produces tonal contrasts.

Flood Mapping Mapping flood extent The smooth surface of water bodies acts as a specular
reflector, which results in low backscatter return. This
contrasts with the rougher surface of the land, which is
a diffuse scatterer and produces relatively high
amounts of backscatter.

Fresh Water Ice Evaluation of ice conditions Due to its rough surface and fine microstructure, ice in
Mapping in rivers and lakes rivers and lakes results in high backscatter. In contrast,
low wind conditions result in low backscatter from the
smooth water surface of rivers and lakes.

General guidelines

• Small and intermediate-scale imagery (Wide and ScanSAR beam modes) provides coverage for flood mapping at a
watershed level in low-land environments.

• High-resolution imagery (Fine beam mode) is effective for mapping narrow lakes, rivers, and relatively small areas in
greater detail, facilitating the use of GCPs for accurate registration of radar imagery to existing maps.

• Increased imaging frequency permits observation of time-sensitive activities such as flood monitoring.

• Steep incidence angles are preferred for soil moisture studies. Steep incidence angles may provide greater
microwave penetration of the forest canopy, thus improving the delineation of flooded vegetation.

• Mapping of snow depends on the snow liquid water content. Wet snow has a very low return while dry snow is
basically transparent to microwave energy. Effective image interpretation depends on environmental conditions at the
time of acquisition.

B-10 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
• The detection of freshwater ice can be hampered by the smaller size of some lakes and rivers, particularly on small
and intermediate-scale images.

Image map of the Red River

flood in Manitoba, Canada.
Produced by the Mapping
and Charting Establishment,
Department of National
Defence, Canada © 1997.
Her Majesty the Queen in
Right of Canada. RADARSAT
data © Canadian Space
Agency/Agence spatiale
canadienne 1997. Received
by the Canada Centre for
Remote Sensing. Processed
and distributed by
RADARSAT International.

APPENDIX B 4/99 B-11

 TABLE B.6: Mapping

APPLICATION TYPICAL ACTIVITIES RADAR RESPONSE

Base Mapping Mapping land use and Land use and land cover are associated with natural
land cover cover and anthropogenic objects, which differ in
geometric structure, roughness, and moisture content.
Radar is sensitive to differences in these parameters
resulting in contrasting backscatter.

Mapping of cultural features Cultural features are those created by humans and which
may differ from natural features in geometric structure
and roughness. Radar is sensitive to differences in these
parameters resulting in contrasting backscatter values.

Land Use Monitoring Temporal change evaluation The unique geometric structure, roughness, and
moisture content of different types of land cover and
land use change over time. Radar is sensitive to these
differences and the comparison of backscatter through
time allows for the evaluation of temporal change.

Topographic Mapping Mapping terrain elevation RADARSAT’s variable viewing angles highlight
(x,y,z coordinates) topographic information and can be used for stereo
viewing, anaglyphs, and DEM generation.

General guidelines

• Terrain relief is a factor in beam mode and incidence angle selection.

• In low relief, incidence angle is not critical but does depend on the application.

• In moderate relief, shallow incidence angles are preferable.

• In high relief, shallow incidence angles are preferable. Images acquired on the ascending and descending orbit pass
should be considered to eliminate radar shadow.

• Intermediate-scale and intermediate-resolution imagery (Standard beam mode) is useful for land use and land cover
delineation.

• Large-scale and high-resolution imagery (Fine beam mode) is useful for detailed studies on specific areas or land
cover.

• Wide and ScanSAR beam modes are effective for small-scale land cover mapping and terrain mapping.

• Shallow incidence angles are preferred for the delineation of land use activities.

• Steep incidence angles are more useful for vegetation and soil moisture studies.

• When imaging linear features such as row crops or forest plantations, choose a look direction that maximizes
backscatter (generally perpendicular to the row direction).

• Multi-date, time-sequenced imagery is effective for vegetation classification and growth stage/change monitoring.

B-12 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
• Imaging an area using more than one beam position (ie., different look angles) can be used for stereo matching in
topographic mapping.

• Shallow incidence angles are recommended to avoid terrain distortions in mountainous areas, particularly when DEMs
are not available.

• For base mapping and correction of imagery using DEMs, GCPs are required to optimize geographic and elevation
accuracy. For base map updating, intermediate to large-scale and high-resolution imagery is most effective.

DEM, ortho-image and shaded relief of Mission, British Columbia,

Canada. RADARSAT data © Canadian Space Agency/Agence
spatiale canadienne 1997. Received by the Canada Centre for
Remote Sensing. Processed and distributed by RADARSAT
International.

TABLE B.7: Sea ice

APPLICATION TYPICAL ACTIVITIES RADAR RESPONSE

Sea Ice Mapping Ice edge determination The ice edge is normally distinguishable from open
water by a higher backscatter response. In rough seas
or at steep incidence angles this contrast is reduced
making the ice edge difficult to detect.

Ice concentration estimation Based on the ability to distinguish ice from open water
(above), the proportion of the ocean surface covered in
sea ice may be estimated.

Ice type determination Different ice types (newly formed ice vs. first and multi-
year ice) have very different physical properties
(salinity, microstructure, moisture content, and surface
roughness). Radar is sensitive to differences in these
parameters, which produce differential backscatter. The
shape, size, and location of the ice floes give important
clues to the physical structure and thickness of the
floes. These features may be visually interpreted from
radar imagery.

Ice motion estimation Distinct physical properties (salinity, microstructure,

moisture content, and surface roughness) of different
ice types produce contrasting backscatter, which
allows floes to be differentiated on a single date.

APPENDIX B 4/99 B-13

 Multitemporal acquisition allows the magnitude and
direction of displacement of floes to be estimated.

Surface topography Ice topographic features (ridges, rubble fields) increase

determination the surface roughness of the ice and produce an
associated increase in radar backscatter, which
contrasts from smoother surrounding features.

Ice pressure determination Ice pressure results in ice topographic features, which
increase the roughness of the ice surface, which, in
turn, increases radar backscatter.

Ice decay estimation Distinct physical properties (salinity, microstructure,

moisture content, and surface roughness) of different
ice types produce contrasting backscatter, which
allows floes to be differentiated on a single date. Multi-
date data comparisons allow the identification of
location and estimation of rate of ice decay.

Transportation Support Determination of leads Sea ice that surrounds leads produces a greater
location amount of backscatter, which contrasts with the
smoother specular surface of the water surface of the
leads.

Fisheries Support Ice edge determination The ice edge is normally distinguishable from open
water by a higher backscatter response. In rough seas
or at steep incidence angles this contrast is reduced,
making the ice edge difficult to detect.

Iceberg Monitoring Determination of iceberg/ice The low backscatter of an ocean surface contrasts with
island locations the high backscatter from icebergs. The high radar
reflectivity created by an iceberg is the result of high
internal scattering and corner reflections between the
water and the iceberg.

General guidelines

• Small-scale imagery (ScanSAR beam modes) provides regional mapping capability for sea ice concentrations, ice
edge location, ice motion tracking, and ice type classification. This information can be useful for tactical navigation
depending on the actual ice environment.

• Intermediate-scale imagery (Wide and Standard beam modes) provides detail for medium-scale mapping and tactical
navigation support.

• Incidence angle is not a critical factor in sea ice monitoring. However, shallow incidence angles are more effective for
highlighting surface topography, separating the ice/water boundary, and detecting icebergs.

• Platforms with polar and near-polar orbits, such as RADARSAT, deliver enhanced ice environment coverage.

• Guaranteed SAR coverage supports frequent monitoring and short-notice acquisitions.

• HH polarization provides greater differentiation between open water and ice than VV polarization.

• The appearance of an ice feature may differ significantly in wet versus dry conditions. When surface meltwater is on

B-14 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 the ice or ocean spray is on the surface at the ice edge, feature brightness may differ from that encountered in dry
conditions.

• When wet surface conditions prevail, it is useful to utilize a reference image acquired before the onset of melt
conditions.

Near-shore ice dynamics can be seen in this image of the East Coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. RADARSAT data
© Canadian Space Agency/Agence spatiale canadienne 1998. Received by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing.
Processed and distributed by RADARSAT International

APPENDIX B 4/99 B-15

 A P P E N D I X C
R A D A R S AT P R O D U C T S P E C I F I C AT I O N S

This Appendix is divided into four sections, which review and describe RADARSAT images
and products specifications.

The first section, RADARSAT product descriptions, identifies

• RADARSAT products, and
• comparable products from the LANDSAT, SPOT, and ERS satellites.

The second section, RADARSAT image quality specifications, describes the expected quality
of all RADARSAT products including
• network station product certification,
• radiometric accuracies, and
• locational accuracies.

The third section, Product specifications: special features, identifies and provides
information on two unique product features of the RADARSAT system:
• ScanSAR, and
• Path Image and Path Image Plus.

The fourth section, CEOS digital product format, includes descriptions of

• the Volume Directory file,
• Leader and Trailer files,
• Data files,
• the Null Volume file, and
• the RADARSAT software endorsement program.

RADARSAT product descriptions

RADARSAT products are processed to one of three main levels: RAW data, Path-Oriented or
Map-Oriented.
• RAW data has had no standard processing applied, and consists of frame-synchronized echo
and replica data, as detected by the satellite. RAW data products are Level 0 CEOS-formatted
Signal Data.
• Path-Oriented data has been processed by a SAR processor and is referenced to a standard
Earth ellipsoid.
• Map-Oriented data has been processed and transformed to a true map projection.

Within each processing level, specific products are available as shown in Table C.1.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-1

 TABLE C.1: RADARSAT comparable products

RADARSAT RADARSAT ERS-1 ERS-1 LANDSAT SPOT

DATA TYPES MNEMONIC (EUROPE) (NORTH AMERICA)

RAW DATA
Signal Data RAW RAW1 RAW1 RAW2 1A2

PATH-ORIENTED
Single Look SLC SLC SLC N/A N/A
Complex

Path Image SGF Precision Image Georeferenced Path Oriented 1B

Georeferenced Fine Resolution Systematic or
(pRl) (SGF) Precision
Correction

Path Image Plus SGX N/A N/A N/A N/A

ScanSAR Narrow SCN N/A N/A N/A N/A

ScanSAR Wide SCW N/A N/A N/A N/A

MAP-ORIENTED
Map Image SSG Geocoded Image Systematically Map Oriented 2A
(GEC) Geocoded (SSG) Systematic
Correction

Precision Map SPG Terrain Precision Map Oriented 2B

Image Geocoded Image Geocoded (SPG) Precision
(GTC) Correction

Notes:
1 SAR Signal Data (RADARSAT, ERS) cannot be viewed as an image.
2 Optical RAW Data (SPOT, LANDSAT) can be viewed as an image.

RADARSAT image quality specifications

All single beam data products produced at the CDPF, with the exception of Signal Data
(RAW), are calibrated during processing to provide both radiometric and geometric corrections
to the data and to ensure compliance with the RADARSAT mission’s image quality
specifications (shown in Table C.2). Data processed at other RADARSAT network stations may
be similarly calibrated, depending on the station’s level of certification. Calibration of the Fine,
Standard, Wide, ScanSAR, and Extended Low beam modes has been completed at the CDPF.
Contact your Client Services Representative for the ongoing status of this work.

C-2 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 RADARSAT network station certification

On June 18, 1998, RADARSAT International (RSI) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
made revisions to the network station certification process. These revisions were made to
streamline the efforts of all involved parties: network stations, network station system
providers, RSI, and CSA.

The certification process now includes two mandatory certifications and an optional advanced
product endorsement. All three are defined below.

1. Station Operations Certification

This is the first level achieved by a network station and verifies the station’s operational and
functional capabilities with respect to
• data reception,
• communications interfaces to CSA and RSI,
• data archive and catalogue,
• operational performance as a RADARSAT program network station, and
• generation of RADARSAT program compliant Level 0 products for commercial distribution
(Level 0 = RAW data).

A network station can receive RADARSAT data before being Product Certified, but it may not
distribute RADARSAT data to users unless the products are processed at the CDPF.

2. Product Certification

This level complements the Station Operations Certification and is also mandatory. Product
Certification verifies the station’s capability to generate RADARSAT-compliant Level 1 imagery
products (Level 1= Path-Oriented products) with respect to
• the CEOS format standard, to the extent that products can be read and displayed as
georeferenced images by commercial off-the-shelf software,
• visual radiometric and geometric criteria, and
• absolute location accuracy requirements (<750 m) of specific point targets contained in Level 1
image products.

No quantitative analysis is performed on the radiometry of the data products other than
absolute location accuracy.

2A. Gold Seal Product Endorsement

This optional advanced product endorsement recognizes that products meet all RADARSAT
image quality requirements, including quantitative radiometric and geometric accuracy and
resolution, and that products are fully calibrated. Network Stations select the beam mode
and/or product they would like to have endorsed depending on their unique market needs.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-3

 TABLE C.2: RADARSAT radiometric/image quality specifications

Relative Radiometric Accuracy for Standard beam modes

Within one scene (100 x 100 km) < 1.0 dB
Within one orbit < 1.5 dB
Over three days < 2.0 dB
Over lifetime of satellite < 3.0 dB
Total Signal Dependent Noise Ratio < -9.2 dB
Azimuth Ambiguity Ratio < -22.0 dB
Range Ambiguity Ratio < -18.0 dB
Peak Side Lobe Ratio < -20.0 dB
Global Dynamic Range > 30.0 dB
Absolute Locational Accuracy < 750 m
Geometric Distortion < 40 m
(within 100 x 100 km scene)

Radiometric calibration

Radiometric calibration is a process of measuring the characteristic performance of the satellite

and the processor and of applying corrections to the data to ensure a consistent and qualified
relationship between the backscatter of any location on the Earth’s surface and its
representation in the delivered RADARSAT product. Some of the corrections routinely applied
to the RADARSAT data at the CDPF and RADARSAT network stations with Product
Certification include the following:
• RAW signal I and Q imbalance,
• processor gain and range spreading,
• replica gain correction to compensate for radar transmitter and receiver gain fluctuations, and
• antenna pattern correction.

Fine, Standard, Wide, ScanSAR, and Extended Low beam products from the CDPF have
absolute calibration. This means that a specific radar backscatter value can be determined for
every pixel value (DN value) in the image. This provides many benefits to the user, such as
• applications support where radar backscatter can be related to certain geophysical (or other)
parameters, such as soil moisture,
• consistency in the products over time, which allows for accurate multitemporal analyses (e.g., if
an area is imaged on different days, months, or years),
• absolute calibration to ensure that any changes in measured radar backscatter are due to the
target and not the system,
• consistency when comparing different products (e.g., if the user has both a Path Image and a
Path Image Plus product, the absolute radar backscatter values for an area will be identical),
• the ability to compare the results of different beam modes (i.e., if an area is imaged at the same
incidence angle by a Fine beam and a Standard beam, the average radar backscatter values
calculated should be identical), and

C-4 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
• ability to analyze and compare the radar response at various incidence angles using different
RADARSAT beam modes (i.e., if a target is imaged by both an S1 and an S7 and the radar
backscatter is calculated in each case under stable surface conditions). The difference will be
due to the incidence angle and not to any system-related phenomenon.

As a result of absolute calibration, valid comparisons can be made by using the calibrated radar
backscatter even if a user intermixes data of various beam positions, processing levels, and
dates.

Calibration of RADARSAT data has been conducted using point and distributed targets of
known radar cross section. The point targets employed consist of a network of four Precision
Active Transponders located in Canada in Resolute, Prince Albert, Ottawa, and Fredericton.
The transponders are routinely imaged by the satellite, and the images are processed at the
CDPF and analyzed for a variety of image quality parameters. These include generation of the
impulse response function, which helps to measure the resolution of the system as well as other
image quality attributes such as peak side lobe ratio (PSLR), integrated side lobe ratio (ISLR),
and dynamic range.

The distributed targets used for RADARSAT calibration consist of several sites in the Amazon
rainforest. This region has a known and constant radar cross section, which has been observed
to be extremely consistent over time, regardless of the season. As a result, the Amazon region
has been used in numerous radar-related studies to measure the beam profiles and to generate
beam correction patterns. RADARSAT has used the targets in a similar manner. The result is a
series of beam corrections, which are applied during the processing of the data to ensure the
system response in the range direction is consistent.

As a final cross check on the accuracy of the computed values, the general response levels for
RADARSAT are computed from the transponders and applied to images of the distributed
targets. In order to compute radar backscatter from a RADARSAT product, the user should
consult the technical document RADARSAT Data Products Specifications (RSI-GS-026).

Geometric calibration
Geometric calibration ensures the positional accuracy of the pixel values found in any Path-
Oriented RADARSAT product. The following describes two approaches for evaluating and
maintaining positional accuracy.

First, data sets containing a series of point targets of known lateral separation are processed at
the CDPF and the distance between them is measured. This check ensures that the relative
accuracy or distortion of the system is within specification.

Secondly, the Precision Active Transponders in Canada are routinely imaged and processed and
the absolute locational accuracy is determined in each case. A summary of RADARSAT
geometric specifications is given in Table C.3.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-5

 TABLE C.3: Levels of RADARSAT geometric accuracy specifications

RADARSAT IMAGE PRODUCT ABSOLUTE LOCATION RELATIVE GEOMETRIC BEAM MODES

CHARACTERISTICS ERROR* DISTORTION SUPPORTED

Path Image < 750 m < 40 m Standard, Fine, Wide

• Image is aligned along the satellite path (approx. 10-12° west of True North, at the equator).
• Image is corrected for systematic errors related to satellite movement, the SAR instrument and processor, and data
reception.

Path Image Plus < 750 m < 40 m Standard, Fine, Wide

• Image is aligned along the satellite path (approx. 10-12° west of True North, at the equator).
• Image is corrected for systematic errors related to satellite movement, the SAR instrument and processor, and data
reception.

Map Image < 750 m < 40 m Standard, Fine, Wide

• Image can be related to a base map without rotation or translation.

• Image is corrected for systematic errors.

Precision Map Image < 40 m < 40 m Standard, Fine, Wide

• Image can be related to a map base.

• Precision corrected using GCPs.
• For scenes with high-relief terrain, a digital elevation model can be applied.

* Assumes a flat terrain with no elevation.

Topography-related positional error

Elevation differences within an image introduce additional positional errors. These errors can
be particularly severe in areas of high relief (e.g., steep mountains). Distortions related to
elevation differences can be readily calculated as they are a function of the elevation of a feature
and the incidence angle used to image the feature.

C-6 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 Orbit data file source

In order to complete SAR processing and to georeference the resultant images, all RADARSAT
processors make use of orbit ephemeris data. These files provide calculated 3-dimensional
position and velocity measurements of the satellite for a particular orbit at eight-minute
intervals. Orbit information is embedded as auxiliary data in the satellite downlink signal or is
obtained via RSI from the RADARSAT Mission Control for the RADARSAT program.

Two main types of orbit data, which may affect the accuracy of the Path-Oriented product, can
be selected by the user:
• Predicted Orbit files, and
• Definitive Orbit files.

All orbit data used in processing RADARSAT imagery is derived from actual orbit
measurements of the spacecraft during transits over the Telemetry, Tracking and Command
(TT&C) Station. Predicted Orbit files are determined in advance of a particular orbit and
distributed to the various processing stations. In addition, predicted data is uploaded to the
satellite and is included in the Auxiliary data subsequently downlinked to the network station.
These files are used when processing products under NRT constraints. Definitive Orbit data
files are prepared approximately 24 to 48 hours after the relevant orbit pass. Definitive Orbit
data may be more accurate, thus reducing the absolute location error in the resulting image.
No noticeable difference should be apparent in image distortion.

Application look-up tables (LUTs)

Prior to the final processed product, the CDPF applies an application LUT to all georeferenced
data. Refer to Chapter 3 for detailed information on the LUTs used by RSI.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-7

 Product specifications: special features

Currently, the following RADARSAT beam modes are calibrated at the CDPF: Fine, Standard,
Wide, ScanSAR, and Extended Low.

ScanSAR beam mode

ScanSAR is a product unique to the RADARSAT system. ScanSAR is intended for users
requiring frequent repeat coverage or large area reconnaissance but not high resolution or
precise quantitative radiometry. RADARSAT’s ability to image large areas in excess of
500 km x 500 km is achieved by switching between single beam modes (Wide and Standard).
The speed at which RADARSAT switches between sequential beam modes ensures contiguous
ground coverage; however, this is achieved at the expense of spatial resolution.

The beam combinations for the two ScanSAR beam modes are:

BEAM MODE BEAM POSITION COMBINATIONS NOMINAL SWATH WIDTH (KM)

ScanSAR Narrow SNA W1 + W2 300

SNB W2 + S5 + S6 300

ScanSAR Wide *SWA W1 + W2 + W3 + S7 500

SWB W1 + W2 + S5 + S6 450

* SWA contains a nadir ambiguity in the W3 beam position, which appears as a vertical white line on the image. This
feature is most apparent over low backscattering areas (i.e., water, desert).

SNA and SNB cover areas in the near and far range, respectively, of the 500 km swath. The
difference between SWA and SWB is less obvious. The on-board tape recorder does not have
the ability to record a full swath of SWA data. Therefore, the SWA beam position is restricted
to direct data downlink. The SWB beam position provides reduced swath width (450 km),
which can be recorded on the tape recorder and downlinked later to a network station.

Due to the unique nature of the ScanSAR beam mode, special processing is required to
combine the individual beam positions into a single scene. Presently, ScanSAR is available only
as Signal Data or as a Path-Oriented product (SCN or SCW). The Path-Oriented product is
approximately equivalent to a Path Image single-beam product, however with two notable
differences.

First, ScanSAR data produced at the CDPF is only available as an 8-bit product. This limits the
dynamic range available in the final product, hence precise quantitative radiometric
measurements are not recommended when using ScanSAR data.

Secondly, the CDPF is designed to process ScanSAR data quickly and in continuous swaths. It
does not take the time to re-orient the image so the data received from tape or disk is
geographically corrected. Rather, data is processed and written in exactly the order it was
collected by the satellite. As a result, all processed ScanSAR imagery will be one of two types of
mirror images:

C-8 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
• all descending passes will be a left/right mirror image as recorded, or
• all ascending passes will be a top/bottom mirror image as recorded.

The user will be required to invert or flip the image on the horizontal axis (for ascending
passes) or a vertical axis (for descending passes).

NOTE:
When viewing a ScanSAR image, you may notice that it contains black bands (or black fill) down the sides. This black
area is a result of the SAR processor handling changes in the satellite’s altitude as the orbit progresses. This effect
occurs because the processor reserves more memory than the imaging window in order to accommodate changes in
the imaging window associated with altitude changes. More details on the ScanSAR product specifications are found
in Tables C.8 and C.9.

Path Image and Path Image Plus

Path Image and Path Image Plus are Path-Oriented products. The only difference between the
two is the pixel spacing used to produce the product. Path Image Plus uses a smaller pixel
dimension than Path Image to ensure the pixel dimension does not exceed one half of the
radar resolution (for all regions of the image). A Path Image Plus image covers the same area
as a Path Image product but with a finer pixel size and hence a much larger file size. Path
Image Plus benefits applications such as surveillance, where point target analysis requires the
best possible resolution.

CEOS digital product format

RADARSAT digital data is distributed by RSI in a format that conforms to CEOS (Committee
of Earth Observation Satellites) standards. CEOS was established as the standard format for
storing SAR data on output media. The CEOS format is readable using most commercial
image analysis software packages.

Each record of the CEOS format files is numbered in sequence and identified by a unique
record code. CEOS products consist of five files containing various descriptive records.

The files are:

• Volume Directory - contains information on tape volume, as well as a text record, which
describes the product,
• SAR Leader - contains ancillary data about products,
• SAR Data - contains imagery data records for products,
• SAR Trailer - series of records containing ancillary data, and
• Null Volume Directory.

Table C.4 provides an example of a CEOS header file.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-9

 TABLE C.4: File format for RADARSAT CEOS products

FILE RECORD NAME

Volume Directory Volume descriptor

File pointer
Text

SAR Leader SAR leader file descriptor

Data set summary
Data quality summary
Signal data histogram
Processed data 16-bit histogram
Processing parameters
Map projection data
Platform position data
Attitude data
Radiometric data
Radiometric compensation data

SAR Data Image options file descriptor

Signal data
Processed data

SAR Trailer SAR trailer file descriptor

Data set summary
Data quality summary
Signal data histograms
Processed data (8-bit) histogram
Processing parameters
Attitude data
Radiometric data
Radiometric compensation data

Null Volume Directory Null volume descriptor

Full details on the CEOS file format may be obtained from the document RADARSAT Data
Products Specifications (RSI-GS-026).

The ancillary information includes

• geographic information,
• satellite position information,
• data source information (e.g., when and where the data was acquired),
• processing parameters,
• data quality information, and
• radiometric and calibration information.

All products offered by RSI will be available in the RADARSAT CEOS format including
• Path-Oriented products (for all RADARSAT beam modes),
• Map-Oriented products, and
• RAW data products.

C-10 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 The RADARSAT software endorsement program

RSI has set up an endorsement program for image processing software. Under the
RADARSAT Endorsement Program, RSI supplies participating companies with sample
products (containing RADARSAT data), RADARSAT product specifications, and technical
support. When the vendor is able to demonstrate that the image processing software can read
and manipulate RADARSAT data, RSI issues a Certificate of Endorsement. The vendor is then
included in a directory of RADARSAT-compatible software suppliers. This endorsement
program ensures ease of data integration into new and existing image analysis and geographic
information software systems.

Endorsement is currently a three-level rating:

Display Level: Automatic loading, ingestion, and display of RADARSAT images.

Level 1: Display Level plus filters, texture analysis, edge and radiometric enhancement,
image arithmetic, and plotting.

Level 2: Level 1 plus data integration, geocoding, mosaicking, and RGB to IHS
conversions. At present, this is the highest level of certification RSI offers.

Please visit www.rsi.ca or contact your Client Services Representative for a current list of image
processing and GIS software packages that can read and interpret the RADARSAT CEOS format.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-11

 TABLE C.5: Product specifications - Fine beam mode

Satellite beam specifications

F1N F1 F1F F2N F2 F2F F3N F3 F3F F4N F4 F4F F5N F5 F5F

AVAILABLE INCIDENCE 37 - 40 39 - 42 41 - 44 43 - 46 45 - 48
ANGLE POSITIONS

RESOLUTION (ground range products)* 8.3 x 8.4 7.9 x 8.4 7.6 x 8.4 7.3 x 8.4 7.1 x 8.4
(range x azimuth) (m)

RESOLUTION (Single Look Complex) 6.0 x 8.9 6.0 x 8.9 6.0 x 8.9 6.0 x 8.9 6.0 x 8.9
(range x azimuth) (m)

NOMINAL SWATH RANGE 250 - 300 295 - 345 340 - 390 385 - 435 420 - 470
FROM NADIR OFFSET (km)

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 50 x 50 50 x 50 50 x 50 50 x 50 50 x 50

REAL TIME

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 45 X 50 42 X 50 39 X 50 37 X 50 38 X 50

RECORDED

Processed image specifications

SINGLE PATH PATH MAP PRECISION
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE IMAGE MAP
COMPLEX PLUS IMAGE

PIXEL SPACING 4.6 x 5.1 6.25 x 6.25 3.125 x 3.125 6.25 x 6.25 6.25 x 6.25
(range x azimuth) (m)

NUMBER OF LOOKS 1x1 1x1 1x1 1x1 1x1

(range x azimuth) (m)

Digital file specifications**

SINGLE PATH PATH MAP PRECISION
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE IMAGE MAP
COMPLEX PLUS IMAGE

FILE SIZE (MB) 426 128 512 102 102

FILE SIZE (pixels x lines) 10,870 x 9,805 8,000 x 8,000 16,000 x 16,000 10,400 x 10,400 10,400 x 10,400

BITS / PIXEL 16 - I 16 - Q 16 16 8 8

NOTE:
Map-Oriented products are larger than Path-Oriented products due to rotation of image.
* Resolution (ground range products) refers to Path Image and Path Image Plus. Map Image and Precision Map
Image processing may alter the resolution slightly.
** Digital file specifications are approximate.

C-12 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 TABLE C.6: Product specifications - Standard beam mode

Satellite beam specifications

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7

AVAILABLE INCIDENCE 20 - 27 24 - 31 30 - 37 34 - 40 36 - 42 41 - 46 45 - 49
ANGLE POSITIONS

RESOLUTION (ground range products)* 24 x 27 20 x 27 25 x 27 23 x 27 22 x 27 20 x 27 19.1 x 27

(range x azimuth) (m)

RESOLUTION (Single Look Complex) 10.5 x 8.9 10.5 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9
(range x azimuth) (m)

NOMINAL SWATH RANGE 0 - 100 60 - 160 140 - 240 210 - 310 280 - 380 340 - 440 400 - 500
FROM NADIR OFFSET (km)

Processed image specifications

SINGLE PATH PATH MAP PRECISION
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE IMAGE MAP
COMPLEX PLUS IMAGE

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 100 x 100 100 x 100 100 x 100 140 x 140 140 x 140
REAL TIME

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 100 x 100 100 x 100 100 x 100 140 x 140 140 x 140
RECORDED

PIXEL SPACING 11.6 x 5.1 12.5 x 12.5 8x8 12.5 x 12.5 12.5 x 12.5
(range x azimuth) (m)

NUMBER OF LOOKS 1x1 1x4 1x4 1x4 1x4

(range x azimuth) (m)

Digital file specifications**

SINGLE PATH PATH MAP PRECISION
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE IMAGE MAP
COMPLEX PLUS IMAGE

FILE SIZE (MB) 676 128 312.5 102 102

FILE SIZE (pixels x lines) 8,620 x 19,610 8,000 x 8,000 12,500 x 12,500 10,400 x 10,400 10,400 x 10,400

BITS / PIXEL 16 - I 16 - Q 16 16 8 8

NOTE:
Map-Oriented products are larger than Path-Oriented products due to rotation of image.
* Resolution (ground range products) refers to Path Image and Path Image Plus. Map Image and Precision Map
Image processing may alter the resolution slightly.
** Digital file specifications are approximate.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-13

 TABLE C.7: Product specifications - Wide beam mode

Satellite beam specifications

W1 W2 W3

AVAILABLE INCIDENCE 20 - 31 31 - 39 39 - 45
ANGLE POSITIONS

RESOLUTION (ground range products)* 33.8 x 27 24.6 x 27 20.8 x 27

(range x azimuth) (m)

RESOLUTION (Single Look Complex) 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9
(range x azimuth) (m)

NOMINAL SWATH RANGE 0 - 160 145 - 295 290 - 420

FROM NADIR OFFSET (km)

Processed image specifications

SINGLE PATH PATH MAP PRECISION
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE IMAGE MAP
COMPLEX PLUS IMAGE

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 150 x 150 150 x 150 150 x 150 200 x 200 200 x 200
REAL TIME

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 150 x 150 150 x 150 150 x 150 200 x 200 200 x 200
RECORDED

PIXEL SPACING 11.6 x5.1 12.5 x 12.5 10 x 10 12.5 x 12.5 12.5 x 12.5
(range x azimuth) (m)

NUMBER OF LOOKS 1x1 1x4 1x4 1x4 1x4

(range x azimuth) (m)

Digital file specifications**

SINGLE PATH PATH MAP PRECISION
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE IMAGE MAP
COMPLEX PLUS IMAGE

FILE SIZE (MB) 1,521 288 450 144 144

FILE SIZE (pixels x lines) 12,930 x 29,410 12,000 x 12,000 15,000 x 15,000 12,000 x 12,000 12,000 x12,000

BITS / PIXEL 16 - I 16 - Q 16 16 8 8

NOTE:
Image size will be reduced for W2 if collected on tape recorder. The estimated image width will be 138 km.
See Table A.1 in Appendix A for more information.
W3 is not available on the tape recorder.
Map-Oriented products are larger than Path-Oriented products due to rotation of image.
* Resolution (ground range products) refers to Path Image and Path Image Plus. Map Image and Precision Map
Image processing may alter the resolution slightly.
** Digital file specifications are approximate.

C-14 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 TABLE C.8: Product specifications - ScanSAR Narrow beam mode

Satellite beam specifications

SNA NEAR RANGE SNB FAR RANGE

AVAILABLE INCIDENCE 20 - 31 31 - 40 31 - 49 36 - 42 41 - 46
ANGLE POSITIONS

BEAM MODE COMBINATIONS W1 W2 W2 S5 S6

RESOLUTION 73.5 x 47.8 55.1 x 53.8 55.1 x 71.1 50.1 x 71.9 45.7 x 78.8
(range x azimuth) (m)

NOMINAL SWATH RANGE 0 - 300 145 - 440

From Nadir Offset (km)

Processed image specifications

PATH IMAGE PATH IMAGE

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 300 x 300 300 X 300

REAL TIME

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 295 x 300 295 X 300

RECORDED

PIXEL SPACING 25 x 25 25 x 25
(range x azimuth) (m)

NUMBER OF LOOKS 2x2 2x2

(range x azimuth) (m)

Digital file specifications**

PATH IMAGE PATH IMAGE

FILE SIZE (MB) 144 144

FILE SIZE (pixels x lines) 12,000 x 12,000 12,000 x 12,000

BITS / PIXEL 8 8

NOTE:
ScanSAR Narrow products are created using a number of Wide and Standard beam modes.
See Table A.1 in Appendix A for more information.
This product may be produced with image pixels either east-west inverted (descending passes) or north-south
inverted (ascending passes) to match chronological order in which the data was collected and recorded.
** Digital file specifications are approximate.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-15

 TABLE C.9: Product specifications - ScanSAR Wide beam mode

Satellite beam specifications

SWA NEAR RANGE SWB FAR RANGE

AVAILABLE INCIDENCE 20 - 31 31 - 39 39 - 45 45 - 49 20 - 31 31 - 39 36 - 42 41 - 46
ANGLE POSITIONS

BEAM MODE COMBINATIONS W1 W2 W3 S7 W1 W2 S5 S6

RESOLUTION 146.8 110.1 94.5 86.5 146.8 110.1 100.0 91.3

(range x azimuth) (m) x 93.1 x 104.7 x 117.3 x 117.5 x 93.1 x 104.7 x 106.0 x 117.6

NOMINAL SWATH RANGE 0 - 500 0 - 450

From Nadir Offset (km)

Processed image specification

PATH IMAGE PATH IMAGE

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 500 x 500 450 x 450

REAL TIME

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) N/A 450 x 450

RECORDED

PIXEL SPACING 50 x 50 50 x 50
(range x azimuth) (m)

NUMBER OF LOOKS 2x4 2x4

(range x azimuth) (m)

Digital file specifications**

PATH IMAGE PATH IMAGE

FILE SIZE (MB) 100 100

FILE SIZE (pixels x lines) 10,000 x 10,000 10,000 x 10,000

BITS / PIXEL 8 8

NOTE:
ScanSAR Wide products are created using a combination of Wide and Standard beam modes. See Table A.1 in
Appendix A for more information.
SWA products are available only as a direct downlink to a ground station. SWB is tailored for storage on the tape
recorder.
** Digital file specifications are approximate.

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 TABLE C.10: Product specifications - Extended High beam mode

Satellite beam specifications

H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6

AVAILABLE INCIDENCE 49 - 52 50 - 53 52 - 55 54 - 57 56 - 58 57 - 59
ANGLE POSITIONS

RESOLUTION (ground range products)* 18.2 x 27 17.7 x 27 17.3 x 27 16.8 x 27 16.6 x 27 16.4 x 27
(range x azimuth) (m)

RESOLUTION (Single Look Complex) 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9 15.7 x 8.9
(range x azimuth) (m)

Processed image specifications

SINGLE PATH PATH
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE
COMPLEX PLUS

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 75 x 75 75 x 75 75 x 75

REAL TIME

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 75 x 75 75 x 75 75 x 75

RECORDED

PIXEL SPACING 11.6 x 5.1 12.5 x 12.5 8x8

(range x azimuth) (m)

NUMBER OF LOOKS 1x1 1x4 1x4

(range x azimuth) (m)

Digital file specifications**

SINGLE PATH PATH
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE
COMPLEX PLUS

FILE SIZE (MB) 380 72 176

FILE SIZE (pixels x lines) 6,465 x 14,705 6,000 x 6,000 9,375 x 9,375

BITS / PIXEL 16 - I 16 - Q 16 16

NOTE:
Extended High beam mode operates outside the optimum scan angle range of the SAR antenna.
Some minor degradation in the quality of the image can be expected compared to images produced using Standard
beam mode.
* Resolution (ground range products) refers to Path Image and Path Image Plus.
** Digital file specifications are approximate.

APPENDIX C 4/99 C-17

 TABLE C.11: Product specifications - Extended Low beam mode

Satellite beam specifications

L1

AVAILABLE INCIDENCE 10 - 23
ANGLE POSITIONS

RESOLUTION (ground range products)* 39.1 x 27.0

(range x azimuth) (m)

RESOLUTION (Single Look Complex) 10.5 x 8.9

(range x azimuth) (m)

Processed image specifications

SINGLE PATH PATH
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE
COMPLEX PLUS

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 170 x 170 170 x 170 170 x 170
REAL TIME

NOMINAL IMAGE SIZE (km) 170 x 170 170 x 170 170 x 170
RESOLUTION

PIXEL SPACING 8.1 x 5.1 12.5 x 12.5 10 x 10

(range x azimuth) (m)

NUMBER OF LOOKS 1x1 1x4 1x4

(range x azimuth) (m)

Digital file specifications**

SINGLE PATH PATH
LOOK IMAGE IMAGE
COMPLEX PLUS

FILE SIZE (MB) 2,800 370 578

FILE SIZE (pixels x lines) 20,990 13,600 17,000

x 33,300 x 13,600 x 17,000

BITS / PIXEL 16 - I 16 - Q 16 16

NOTE:
Extended Low beam mode operates outside of the optimum scan angle range of the SAR antenna.
Some minor degradation in the quality of image can be expected compared to images produced using Standard beam
mode.
* Resolution (ground range products) refers to Path Image and Path Image Plus.
** Digital file specifications are approximate.

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 A P P E N D I X D
S U P P O R T E D M A P P R O J E C T I O N S

Map Projections

RSI’s processor supports a large number of map projections that can be user-defined for Map
Image and Precision Map Image products. Uncorrected SAR images contain distortions just
like any two-dimensional representation of the three-dimensional Earth. The selection of map
projections is based upon the application and the geographic area.

The most frequently requested projection is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). For
UTM projections, the Earth is divided into 60 zones, each representing 6° of longitude. A
standard zone numbering system is established where Zone 1 starts at 180°W to 174°W
through to Zone 60 at 174°E to 180°E. The zone number is used as an input to the processor.
Your Client Services Representative can help you determine your zone number if required.

Other common projections include:

• Lambert Conformal Conic - which requires user input as to the two standard parallels
(latitudes) and the projection origin (latitude and longitude).
• Transverse Mercator- which requires a projection origin (latitude and longitude) and a scale
factor (used to reduce distance distortions and typically a value close to 1).

Other projections are available as listed in Table D.1. Contact your Client Services
Representative if you require assistance in selecting a projection.

The ellipsoid or radius of the Earth is an input that the user can define within the projection.
Table D.2 provides a partial list of the most commonly used ellipsoids and the geographical
region to which they apply. You can provide us with the name of the ellipsoid you prefer.

The Map Image and Precision Map Image products are provided to you in CEOS format. The
CEOS Map Projection Data Record provides the latitude/longitude and projection
coordinates of the top left and bottom right corners of the complete image. Map origins and
projection parameters such as standard parallels are also included in the Map Projection Data
Record.

APPENDIX D 4/99 D-1

 TABLE D.1: Available projections

The following are the projections supported for Map Image and Precision Map Image products.
You may be asked to provide standard parallels, projection origin, scale factors, and zones.

Albers Conical Equal Area

Equidistant Conic Type A
Krauss-Greuger
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
Lambert Conformal Conic
Space Oblique Mercator
Transverse Mercator
Universal Transverse Mercator

All projections can also have map origins applied in both eastings and northings coordinates.

NOTE:
The map projections mentioned above are currently being used. RSI can create additional map projection(s) for
customized orders. Further details can be obtained by contacting your Client Services Representative.

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 TABLE D.2: Earth models (ellipsoids)

The following is a partial list of the Earth models that can be used.

NAME DATE USE

Airy 1849 Great Britain

ARC 1950 1950

Australian 1965 1965 Australia, S. America

Bessel 1841 Central Europe, Chile, Indonesia, Japan, S. Korea

Clarke 1858 1858

Clarke 1866 1866

Clarke 1880 Africa, France, Ghana

Everest 1830 India, S. Asia

Everest 2 1830 Malaysia

Fischer 1960 S. Asia

GRS-80 1980 N. America

Hayford 1924

INDONESIA-74 1974 Indonesia

International/Hayford 1924/1909 Entire world excluding N. America and Africa

Krasovsky 1940 Russia, E. Europe

Liberia 1964

Minna-B N/A Nigeria

NAD-27 1927 North America

NAD-83 1983 North America

WGS-84 1984

WGS-72 1972 Canada and NASA

APPENDIX D 4/99 D-3

 A P P E N D I X E
GENERAL TERMS OF SALE OF RADARSAT INTERNATIONAL (RSI)

General Provisions
All sales of products by RADARSAT International (RSI) are governed by these General Terms of Sale. No contrary
terms or conditions shown on the buyer’s purchase order or its correspondence are binding on RSI unless specifically
accepted in writing by RSI.

Orders
All orders must clearly identify the name of the buyer.

Once the client has decided which Data, Data Products and Services to purchase, RSI will issue a Technical and
Financial Proposal for the client’s signature. These two documents contain the order’s technical and financial
specifications and are considered to constitute a binding order in accordance with the General Terms of Sale. No
modification or cancellation will be accepted by RSI once the Technical and Financial Proposals have been signed.
In the event that the scenes ordered are not delivered, the buyer’s recourse shall be limited to a refund of any amounts
paid in advance of delivery.
RSI reserves the right to refuse any order.

Processing time
Production and delivery of products are done on a best effort basis. Failure to meet RUSH or NEAR-REAL TIME
processing times by RSI will result in no RUSH or NEAR-REAL TIME charges being applied but does not entitle the
buyer to refuse delivery of the products or to other compensation whatsoever. If RSI cannot deliver the products as
ordered, the customer is only entitled to a refund of the price paid, without additional compensation of any kind.

Prices
The price applicable to each order shall be the price in effect at the date of order acknowledgment. Unless otherwise
stipulated in writing by RSI, all prices are exclusive of shipping, taxes and duties, and include standard packaging. All
prices are in Canadian dollars unless otherwise stated. Prices are subject to change without prior notice.

Shipping
The products are shipped at the buyer’s risk, notwithstanding that RSI may as agent for the buyer negotiate and sign
on his behalf a transport contract. Accordingly, it is the buyer’s responsibility to advise the carrier within the legal time
limit of any lost, stolen or damaged products.

If the data and data products are transmitted by electronic device, Ex-Works Richmond and/or Gatineau delivery shall
be the input of the data stream to the equipment or facilities of the common carrier.

Complaints and inspection

No complaints relative to the quality and/or quantity of the products delivered will be accepted unless made in writing
by facsimile or registered mail received within sixty (60) days of receipt of the products at the airport of destination for
deliveries outside of Canada, or at the buyer’s address for the deliveries within Canada. Products may not be returned
except with RSI’s express prior authorization.

APPENDIX E 4/99 E-1

 Payment
All orders must be prepaid unless credit has been previously established or other terms have been agreed to in writing
by RSI. Any overdue sums are subject to interest charges at the rate of 1.5% per month until payment is made. Non-
payment of any amount as it falls due shall cause all amounts outstanding to become immediately due and payable.
RSI may require immediate payment of all outstanding invoices. In addition, payment may be requested in advance of
shipment for quantities not yet delivered, or the balance of the order may be cancelled by RSI without liability to it.

Data Licence and trademarks

Use of the data delivered and the trademarks associated herewith is governed by the terms of the Licence Agreement
included with the product and is subject to the applicable satellite copyrights. The buyer by using the product shall be
deemed to have accepted and be bound by the terms of such licence.

Termination
In the event of a breach in any of these General Terms of Sale, RSI shall have the right to terminate all orders or sales
in process by providing the buyer with fifteen (15) days notice in writing. RSI shall retain any advances paid towards
the cancelled sales without prejudice to all other amounts due, and costs, interest or damages that the buyer may be
ordered to pay.

Governing law
These General Terms of Sale are governed by the laws of Canada and Province of British Columbia, and, in the case of
RADARSAT data, ensures to the benefit of the Canadian Space Agency and/or RSI, their successors and assigns. The
parties expressly exclude the application of the United Nations convention on Contracts for the International Sale of
Goods and the implementing legislation thereto.

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 A P P E N D I X F
S E L E C T E D R E F E R E N C E S

Books/Journals

CASI, 1993. Special Issue - RADARSAT. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,

Vol. 19, No. 4, Nov/Dec. 1993.

Elachi, C., 1987. Spaceborne Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Techniques. IEEE Press,
New York, USA.

Guindon, B., 1993. Aspects of Digital Elevation Data Requirements for Operational Geocoding
of RADARSAT Imagery. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 132.

Leberl, F.W., 1990. Radargrammetric Image Processing. Artech House Inc., Norwood, Maine
02062, USA.

Lillesand, T.M, and R.W. Kiefer, 1994. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 3rd Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, New York.

RADARSAT International, 1997. RADARSAT Geology Handbook. Unpublished, 60 pp.

Raney, K. et al., 1991. RADARSAT. Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 6.

Ryerson, B., 1997. The Manual of Remote Sensing: Imaging Applications - 3rd Edition.

Sabins, F.F. Jr., 1997. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. W.H. Freeman and
Company, New York, 3rd Edition, 450 pp.

Educational materials

RADARSAT International, 1997. RADARSAT Curriculum Guideline.

Unpublished, 60 pp.

Geomatics International, 1997. RADARSAT Distance Learning Program.

Geomatics International, Burlington, Ontario, Unpublished, 124 pp.

Toutin, Thierry, 1997. RADARSAT in Stereo Kit. Canada Centre for Remote Sensing,
Ottawa, Canada.

APPENDIX F 4/99 F-1

 Digital resources

NAME SOURCE DESCRIPTION DISTRIBUTION MEDIA

Resources in Earth CSIRO, Australia Case studies, data, and CD-ROM

Observation information for schools and
developing countries

RADARSAT Curriculum RSI, Canada Overview of radar theory and CD-ROM

Guideline RADARSAT sensor. Also
includes flooding and geology
case studies.

The RADARSAT CSA, Canada Overview of the RADARSAT CD-ROM

Mission mission objectives and sensor
characteristics.

RADARSAT Monitors RSI, Canada Overview of how RADARSAT CD-ROM

Natural Disasters: The Red was used to monitor the Red
River Flood of 1997. River Flood in Canada.

SAR-101 AERDE Environmental, Interactive image library, CD-ROM

Canada radar theory, and radar image (English, Spanish,
comparisons. or Portuguese)

World wide web (www) sites

RADARSAT International www.rsi.ca

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca
Canadian Space Agency www.radarsat.space.gc.ca
NASA Education site www.hq.nasa.gov/office/mtpe/education.html

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 G L O S S A R Y

(Glossary contributed to by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing.)

Active Remote Sensing System: A system that provides its own source of energy and
illumination (i.e., radar system).

AGC (automatic gain control): An adaptive change in the radar gain in the along-track
direction, to compensate for changes in the average scene reflectivity. Mainly seen in coastal
regions.

Amplitude: Measures the strength of a signal, in particular the strength or “height” of an

electromagnetic wave.

Ancillary Data: Any data accessory (or related to the main topic) and not of remote sensing
origin.

Antenna: Part of the radar system, which transmits and/or receives electromagnetic energy.

Aspect Angle: The geometric orientation in the horizontal plane of the object with respect to
the illuminating or transmitted radar beam.

Azimuth: This term is used to indicate linear distance or image scale in the direction parallel
to the radar flight path. (In an image, azimuth is also known as the along-track direction.)

Band: A selection of wavelengths or a range of radar frequencies:

X-band is the microwave band in which the wavelengths are at or near 3 cm. C-band is the
microwave band in which the wavelengths are at or near 5.6 cm. S-band is the microwave band
in which the wavelengths are at or near 10 cm. L-band is the microwave band in which the
wavelengths are at or near 23.5 cm. P-band is the microwave band in which the wavelengths
are at or near 75 cm.

Bandwidth: A measure of the span of frequencies available in the signal or passed by the band
limiting stages of the system. Bandwidth is a fundamental parameter of any imaging system and
determines the ultimate resolution available.

Beam: A focused pulse of energy.

GLOSSARY 4/99 G-1

 Beamwidth: A measure of the width of the radiation pattern of an antenna. For SAR
applications, both the vertical beamwidth (affecting the width of the illuminated swath) and
the horizontal or azimuth pattern (which determines indirectly, the azimuth resolution) are
frequently used.

Beam Mode: The SAR operating configuration defined by swath width and resolution (Fine,
Standard, Wide, ScanSAR and Extended).

Beam Position: The area within the total possible swath that is actually illuminated while
being governed by the characteristics of a specific beam mode (i.e., seven areas can be
illuminated using the Standard beam mode configuration with a predetermined incidence angle
range for each position).

Beta Nought (ß°): A radar brightness coefficient. The reflectivity per unit area in slant range,
which is dimensionless.

Bit: Contraction for “binary digit”, in which digital computing represents an exponent of the
base 2.

Brightness: Property of an image in which the strength of the radar reflectivity is expressed as
being proportional to a digital number (digital image file) or to a grey scale (photographic
image), which for a photographic positive shows “bright” as “white”.

C-Band: See Band.

Calibration: Process of comparing an instrument’s measurement with that of a known

standard.

CCRS: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Canada.

CCT: A computer compatible tape, on which digital satellite data are stored and distributed.

CDHS: Canadian Data Handling System.

CDPF: Canadian Data Processing Facility, Gatineau, Québec, Canada.

CEOS: Committee of Earth Observation Satellites. The standard data format for storing SAR
data on computer compatible tapes. All RADARSAT products comply to this format.

Change Detection: A difference image prepared by digitally comparing images acquired at

different times.

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 Corner Reflector: A combination of two or more intersecting specular surfaces that combine
to enhance the signal reflected back in the direction of the radar. The strongest reflection is
obtained for materials having a high conductivity (i.e., ships, bridges).

CSA: Canadian Space Agency, St. Hubert, Québec, Canada.

Dawn-dusk: The satellite’s solar array is placed in almost continuous sunlight. The solar array
generates the energy for transmitting the radar signal.

dB (Decibel): The decibel is a measurement of signal strength. This unit is named in honour
of Alexander Graham Bell.

DEM (digital elevation model): A quantitative model of a landform in digital form,

normally given as metres above sea level (including the height of the vegetation) and
referenced to a geographic coordinate system.

Detection: Processing stage at which the strength of the signal is determined. Detection
removes the phase information from the data file.

DTM (digital terrain model): A quantitative model of a landform in digital form, normally
given as metres above sea level, and referenced to a geographic coordinate system.

Dielectric Constant: Measure of a material’s ability to conduct or reflect microwave energy.

Digital: Operating on data represented as a series of binary digits.

Doppler (frequency): Shift in the frequency caused by relative motion along the line of sight
between the sensor and the observed scene.

Dynamic Range: A description of the variety of signal amplitudes available in a system.

Dynamic range is specified either i) to be within minimum and maximum values or ii) with
respect to the ratio of maximum to minimum values.

EarthWatch: A company based in Longmont, Colorado, USA, who will be launching a high-
resolution, commercial imaging satellite, Quick Bird, which is equipped with a panchromatic
and multispectral sensor.

Electromagnetic Spectrum: The ordered array of known electromagnetic energy extending

from the shortest rays, through gamma rays, X-rays, UV, Visible, IR, microwave and radio
waves.

GLOSSARY 4/99 G-3

 Electromagnetic Wave: A wave described by variations in electrical and magnetic fields. All
such waves move through the atmosphere at the speed of light (3.0 x 108 m/sec).

Elevation Displacement: Image distortion in the range direction caused by terrain features in
the scene being above (or below) the reference elevation contour, and, in fact, being closer to
(or farther from) the radar than their planimetric position. The effect may be used to create
radar stereo images.

Ellipsoid: A model used to describe the shape of planet Earth, which is not a true sphere but
an oblate spheroid compressed along the polar axis and bulging slightly around the equator.

EOSAT: See Space Imaging.

ERS (European Remote Sensing): Satellite series (ERS-1 and -2) launched by ESA in July,
1991. One instrument (ANI) includes a C-band SAR, VV polarization, and 23° incidence
angle, and 30-metre resolution.

ESA: European Space Agency, with headquarters in Paris, France.

Far Range: Portion of the radar image farthest from the flight path.

Foreshortening: Spatial distortion whereby terrain slopes facing a side-looking radar’s

illumination are mapped as having a compressed scale relative to its appearance, as if the same
terrain were level. Foreshortening is a special case of elevation displacement. The effect is more
pronounced for steeper slopes and for radars that use steeper incidence angles.

Frequency: Rate of oscillation of a wave. In the microwave region, frequencies are on the
order of 0.3 GHz-300 GHz, having wavelengths of 1 mm - 1 m respectively.

GCP (ground control point): A geographical feature of known location that is recognizable
on images and can be used to determine geometrical correction.

Geocoded: Geographic correction of image data to conform to a map projection. GCPs are
often used to increase the accuracy of the geocoding process.

Georeferenced: The act of registering a map’s coordinates with the ground’s coordinates at
true scale, also incorporating latitude and longitude information into the image.

GHz (Gigahertz): 109 cycles per second. A measure of frequency of electromagnetic energy.

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 GICS: Geographic Image Correction System.

GIS (geographic information system): An organized collection of computer hardware and

software designed to create, manipulate, analyze, and display all types of geographically or
spatially referenced data efficiently. A GIS allows complex spatial operations that are otherwise
very difficult.

GPS (global positioning system): A positioning or navigation system designed to use 18 to

24 satellites, each carrying atomic locks to provide a receiver anywhere on the Earth with
extremely accurate measurements of its 3-dimensional position, velocity, and time.

Grey Scale: The sequence of grey tones ranging from black to white.

Ground Range: Range direction of a side-looking radar image as projected onto the
nominally horizontal reference plane, similar to the spatial display of conventional maps.
Ground range projection requires a geometric transformation from slant range to ground
range, leading to relief or elevation displacement (foreshortening and layover) unless terrain
elevation information is used. For spaceborne data, an Earth geoid model is used.

HDDT: High Density Digital Tape.

Hertz (Hz): Named after H.R. Hertz, a 19th century German physicist. It is the standard
unit for measuring frequency, equivalent to one cycle per second.

Image: A pictorial representation acquired in any wavelength of the electromagnetic

spectrum. For radar, the image tones represent the radar reflectivity of the scene.

Incidence Angle: Defined as the viewing angle (line of sight between the radar and the
object) of the radar beam from the vertical. The local incidence angle takes into account the
slope of the terrain at the object’s location. Incidence angle can have an important influence on
the radar backscatter.

Interferometry: A technique that utilizes the measured differences in the phase of the return
signal between two satellite passes to detect slight changes on the Earth’s surface.

IRS-1C (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite): One of a series of sensors launched in

December, 1996 and one of 8 multispectral satellites planned for launch by India’s Department
of Space.

ISLR: Integrated Side Lobe Ratio.

GLOSSARY 4/99 G-5

 J

JERS (Japanese Earth Remote Sensing): JERS-1 satellite launched by Japan in February,
1992. It includes L-band SAR, HH polarization and 38.5° incidence angle. The operation of
JERS-1 was terminated in late 1998.

L-band: See Band.

Lambert Conformal Conic: A conformal conic projection with two standard parallels, or a
conformal conic map projection in which the surface of a sphere, such as the Earth, is
conceived as developed on a cone, which intersects the sphere at two standard parallels. The
cone is then spread out to form a plane, which is the map.

Latitude: The angular distance on a meridian north or south of the equator, expressed in
degrees and minutes.

Layover: Extreme form of elevation displacement, in which the top of a reflecting object
(such as a mountain) is closer to the radar (in slant range) than are the lower parts of the
object. The image of such features appear to have fallen over toward the radar. The effect is
more pronounced for radars having smaller incidence angles.

Look-Up Tables (LUTs): Tables of data containing reference and calibration parameters
specific to certain applications.

Looks: Each of the sub-images used to form the output summed image implemented in a
SAR processor. Speckle, the radiometric uncertainty in each estimate of the scene’s reflectivity,
is reduced by the average implied by adding together different detected images of the same
scene.

Look Direction: The angle between geographic North and the direction in which the radar
beam is pointing (i.e., perpendicular to the flight direction).

Microwave: Electromagnetic wavelength 1 mm - 1 m (0.3 GHz-300 GHz). The most

common imaging radars operate at frequencies between 24 cm to 0.85 cm (1.25 GHz-35.2
GHz).

MMO: Mission Management Office, located at the CSA in St. Hubert, Québec, Canada.

Mosaic: A technique whereby multiple satellite images are digitally joined, while correcting
for systematic changes in radiometry and geometry, thus creating a “seamless” image product.

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 Multitemporal Imagery: A collection of images of the same area, obtained at different times.

Nadir: Points on the surface of the Earth directly below the radar source as it progresses
along its line of flight.

Nadir Ambiguity: The superposition of the nadir return with a valid return from an earlier
pulse. A feature currently seen in Wide beam position 3.

NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with headquarters in Washington,

D.C., USA.

Near-Polar Orbit: Orbital plane within +10° of a plane containing true North (90° latitude).

Near Range: Refers to the portion of the radar image closest to the flight path.

NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, headquartered in Boulder, CO,

USA.

Oblique Perspective: A view of the surface taken from above the Earth at an angle away from
the vertical.

OBRs: On-board tape recorders.

Optical Sensor: A remote sensing system that uses the visible portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum, and whose resultant image products depict the same atmospheric interference as that
experienced by the human eye (i.e., an inability to see through the clouds, rain or snow).

Orbit: Path of a satellite around a body such as the Earth, under the influence of gravity. The
orbit determines the orientation and timing of the acquisition of the radar beam.

P-band: See band.

Parallax: Displacement of the position of a target in an image caused by the shift in the
observation position.

Passive System: A remote sensing system that detects or measures radiation emitted by the
target.

GLOSSARY 4/99 G-7

 Phase: A particular appearance or state in a regularly recurring cycle of changes.

Pixel: Term derived from “picture element” in a digital representation. Indicates the spatial
position of an image file, which consists of a spatial array of digital numbers. A two-
dimensional ensemble of pixels forms the geometric grid on which the image is built.

Pixel Size: Refers to the length and width of the pixel element.

Pixel Spacing: The ground distance between the centre of one pixel and the centre of its
neighbour.

Polarization: Orientation of the plane of the electric field relative to the Earth’s surface.
Imaging radars are able to generate and receive with the same or different polarization.
HH: horizontal transmit / horizontal receive, VV: vertical transmit / vertical receive, HV:
horizontal transmit / vertical receive.

Processing: Sometimes denoted as “preprocessing.” It means converting a received reflected

signal into an image.

PSLR: Peak Side Lobe Ratio.

Pulse: A short burst of electromagnetic energy.

Quick-look: Imagery produced immediately after data reception. The imagery lacks
corrections, but has sufficient resolution and clarity to provide visual information for most
users.

Radar: Acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. First built in England in 1938. A system
for detecting the direction, range, or presence of objects by sending out pulses of high-
frequency electromagnetic waves, which the objects reflect.

Radargrammetry: The process of applying traditional photogrammetric techniques in the

adoption of radar data for the creation of stereo models.

RADARSAT: Canada’s first Earth observation satellite and the world’s first operationally-
oriented radar sensor. Launched in November 1995, this C-band SAR satellite includes a
steerable beam, which offers users a wide selection of image scales and resolutions.

Radiometric Correction: This procedure corrects and calibrates the gain and offset variations
in radar imagery.

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 Rain Attenuation: The process whereby electromagnetic radiation is absorbed and/or
scattered when traversing rain.

Range: Line of sight distance between the radar and each illuminated scatterer. In SAR usage,
the term is also applied to the dimension of an image away from the radar’s line of flight. See
also Slant Range and Ground Range.

Real-Time: Images or data made available for inspection simultaneously with their acquisition.

Remote Sensing: A technique of acquiring information about an area or object from a

distance.

Resolution: The minimum separation between two objects of equal reflectivity that enables
them to appear individually in a processed radar image. Also referred to as spatial resolution.
Resolution in a radar system differs in two directions: the azimuth (or along-track direction)
and the range (or across-track) direction.

Roughness: Variation of surface height within an imaged resolution cell. A surface appears
“rough” to microwave illumination when the height variations become larger than a fraction of
the radar wavelength. The fraction is qualitative but may be shown to decrease with incidence
angle.

RSI: RADARSAT International, with its headquarters in Richmond, British Columbia,

Canada, distributes RADARSAT data, products, and services worldwide (with the exception of
Canadian government requests). RSI also distributes ERS products in North America, IRS
products worldwide, and SPOT, LANDSAT, and JERS products in Canada.

S-band: See band

SAR (synthetic aperture radar): SAR systems use the motion of the aircraft/satellite and
doppler frequency shift to electronically synthesize the large antennae necessary for the
acquisition of high-resolution radar images.

Scalloping: Horizontal banding visible on ScanSAR imagery, caused by difficulty in

calculating the azimuth beam pattern.

Seasat: NASA satellite that was in operation from July to September of 1978. Seasat was the
first (civilian) imaging radar satellite. It operated at L-band, using horizontal polarization at
22° incidence angle.

GLOSSARY 4/99 G-9

 Sensor: Any device that gathers energy (electromagnetic radiation) and presents it in a form
suitable for obtaining information about the environment. Passive sensors, such as thermal
infrared and optical, utilize the electromagnetic radiation produced by the surface or object
being sensed. Active sensors, such as radar, supply their own energy source.

Shadow: The area corresponding to that which is not illuminated by the radar energy;
therefore, it is also not visible in the resulting radar image. The region is filled with “no
reflectivity,” which appears as small digital numbers or a dark region in hardcopy.

SIR (-A and -B): NASA-sponsored radar missions on the Shuttle, each lasting about one
week. SIR-A (November 1981) was at L-band, HH polarization, nominal 50° incidence angle,
and optically processed. SIR-B (October 1984) was also at L-band, HH polarization, offered a
variety of incidence angles from 20° to 50°, and digitally processed.

SIR-C/X-SAR: A shuttle radar built for missions in 1993, 1994, and 1996 carrying a
polarimetric SAR and C- and L-bands, and an X-band HH polarized SAR (contributed by
Germany and Italy). It offered a variety of incidence angles, band selections, resolutions, and
polarization modes.

Slant Range: The line of sight between the radar and each reflecting element on the surface.
This line is measured in time from when the signal is first transmitted to when it is first
returned to the sensor.

Space Imaging: A remote sensing company founded in 1994 in Thornton, Colorado, USA,
who will launch the world’s first one metre resolution commercial optical satellite IKONOS-1
in 1999.

Speckle: Statistical fluctuation (or uncertainty) associated with the brightness of each pixel in
the image of a scene, resulting in a salt-and-pepper appearance. A single-look SAR system
achieves an estimate of the reflectivity of each resolution cell in the image. Speckle may be
reduced at the expense of resolution in the SAR processor by using several looks.

Specular: A surface that is smooth at the wavelength of illumination, having the qualities of a
mirror.

Stereographic Coverage: Photographic coverage with overlapping air photographs to provide

three-dimensional presentation of a picture; sixty percent overlap is considered normal, fifty
three percent a minimum.

Sun-Synchronous Orbit: Synchronization with the sun (i.e., the angle between the satellite’s
orbital plane and the sun’s direction is constant). For scenes acquired at the same latitude and
at the same time of the year, identical conditions of data acquisition are ensured.

G-10 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 Surface Roughness: In general, a rough surface is defined as having a height variation of
about half the radar wavelength. Surface roughness influences the reflectivity of microwave
energy and, thus, the brightness of features on the radar imagery.

Swath: Width of imaged scene in the range dimension, measured either in ground range or
slant range.

Texture: In a photographic image, the detailed spatial pattern of change and arrangement of
tones.

Tone: Each distinguishable shade of grey from white to black on an image.

Topographic Inversion: An optical illusion that may occur on images with extensive shadows.
Ridges appear as valleys and valleys appear as ridges. This illusion can be corrected by orienting
the image so that the shadows trend from the top of the image to the bottom.

Transmission: Energy sent by the radar, normally in the form of a sequence of pulses, to
illuminate a scene of interest.

Transponder: A transmitter-receiver facility, the function of which is to transmit signals

automatically when the proper interrogation is received.

Grid Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM): A grid based upon a transverse mercator
projection, according to specifications laid down by military authorities; it may be
superimposed on any map.

Vector Format: A coordinate-based data structure commonly used to represent map features.
Each object is represented as a list of sequential coordinates. Attributes may be associated with
the objects. A computer image can be represented in vector format or raster format.

Wavelength: The microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum used by radar sensors.
The wavelength determines the SAR’s ability to penetrate cloud cover and ground surface.

GLOSSARY 4/99 G-11

 Worm Drive: Write-once, read-many (WORM). An optical disk drive with storage capacities
of up to one terrabyte. This disk becomes a read-only storage medium after data is written to
the disk.

X-band: See band

G-12 4/99 R A D A R S AT I L L U M I N AT E D | Y O U R G U I D E T O P R O D U C T S A N D S E R V I C E S
 A C R O N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I AT I O N S

bpi bits per inch

CCRS Canada Centre for Remote Sensing
CCT Computer Compatible Tape
CDPF Canadian Data Processing Facility
CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
CSA Canadian Space Agency
dB Decibel
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DTM Digital Terrain Model
GHz Gigahertz
GB Gigabyte
GCP Ground Control Points
GICS Geocoded Image Correction System
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
HDDT High Density Digital Tape
ISLR Integrated Side Lobe Ratio
LUT Look-Up Table
MMO Mission Management Office
N/A Not Applicable
PSLR Peak Side Lobe Ratio
Raw Raw Signal Data
RAW RAW Level 0 CEOS-formatted Signal Data
RSI RADARSAT International
SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar
SCN ScanSAR Narrow
SCW ScanSAR Wide
SGF Path Image
SGX Path Image Plus
SLC Single Look Complex
SPG Precision Map Image
SSG Map Image
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

A C R O N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I AT I O N S 4/99 H-1