SCIENCE

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT (SIP)
STEM
LESSON OUTLINE

01 INTRODUCTION TO SIP

02 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP

03 INDENTIFYING AN SIP TOPIC

INTRODUCTION TO SIP
SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

An SIP is or STEM research

refers to experiment
conducted to address
problems in the field of STEM
that can be tested using the
scientific method .
INTRODUCTION TO SIP
SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

Scientific method is an inquiry

process used to systematically
study, investigate, and to
provide explanations for
observed phenomenon in the
natural world.
INTRODUCTION TO SIP
SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
To answer their questions, STEM
professionals carefully
orchestrate situations that
would allow them to observe,
measure and test their ideas.
These “situations” are called
experiments .
INTRODUCTION TO SIP
SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
To answer their questions, STEM
professionals carefully
orchestrate situations that
would allow them to observe,
measure and test their ideas.
These “situations” are called
experiments .
INTRODUCTION TO SIP
SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Most experiments include a
hypothesis; a variable that can
be manipulated by the
researcher; and variables that
can be observed, measured,
calculated, and compared.
INTRODUCTION TO SIP
SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
When possible, these
experiments are completed in a
controlled environment.
 INTRODUCTION TO SIP
KEY TERMS IN SIP

Data: the measurements and observations that

are collected as part of a research project, often
a combination of measurements and
descriptions.
 INTRODUCTION TO SIP
KEY TERMS IN SIP

Dependent variable : a dependent variable is

what you measure in the experiment and what is
affected during the experiment.

Entity : the subject, specimen, or item that is

studied as part of a SteM research project.
 INTRODUCTION TO SIP
KEY TERMS IN SIP

Experiment : the test conducted as a part of the

scientific method that includes a hypothesis; a
variable that can be manipulated by the
researcher (independent variable); and variables
that can be observed, measured, calculated, and
compared (dependent variables).
 INTRODUCTION TO SIP
KEY TERMS IN SIP

Independent variable : the variable you have

control over, what you can choose and
manipulate. it is usually what you think will affect
the dependent variable. In some cases, you may
not be able to manipulate the independent
variable.
 INTRODUCTION TO SIP
IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Insecticidal Activity of Apatot (Morinda citrifolia)

Ethanolic Leaf Extract against Asian Corn Borers
(Ostrinia furnacalis)
 INTRODUCTION TO SIP
IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Insecticidal Activity of Apatot (Morinda citrifolia)

Ethanolic Leaf Extract against Asian Corn Borers
(Ostrinia furnacalis)
 INTRODUCTION TO SIP
IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Insecticidal Activity of Apatot (Morinda citrifolia)

Ethanolic Leaf Extract against Asian Corn Borers
(Ostrinia furnacalis)
Independent variable: The application of Apatot
( Morinda citrifolia ) Ethanolic Leaf Extract
 INTRODUCTION TO SIP
IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Insecticidal Activity of Apatot (Morinda citrifolia)

Ethanolic Leaf Extract against Asian Corn Borers
(Ostrinia furnacalis)
Independent variable: The application of Apatot
( Morinda citrifolia ) Ethanolic Leaf Extract
Dependent variable: The intecidal activity against
Asian Corn Borers (Ostrinia furcanalis)
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP

In selecting a research topic, the researchers

should choose one that interest them. The interest
in the selected field of study will greatly affect the
researchers motivation to finish the study.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Life Science
This category deals with living organisms such as
plants, microorganisms, and animals including
humans and their life processes. Projects that
involve systematic observation, development,
experimentation, and understanding of living things
and biological processes belong to this category.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Life Science
Subcategories include Animal Sciences, Biomedical
and Health Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Microbiology, Plant Sciences, and Translational
Medical Science.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Life Science
Sample:
Characterization and Identification of Calcium
Carbonate-Precipitating Bacteria with
Biocementation Potential Isolated from Bahay Paniki
Cave
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Physical Science
This category deals with the nature and properties
of non- living matter, energy and systems. Projects
that involve systematic observation, development,
experimentation, and understanding of materials
and phenomena belong to this category.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Physical Science
Subcategories include Astronomy, Chemistry, Earth
and Environmental Sciences, Energy, Engineering
Technology, Statics and Dynamics, Sustainable
Materials and Design, Environmental Engineering,
Materials Science, and Physics.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Physical Science
Sample:
Evaluation of the Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and
Production Capabilities of the Bacillus subtilis and
Pseudomonas putida Using Food Waste (Banana
Peels) as Substrate
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Physical Science
Sample:
Optimization of Bioethanol Production from
Lignocellulose in Zea mays (Corn) Stover and
Determination of Fermentation By-Products
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Physical Science
Sample:
Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Properties and
Ethanolic Content of Banana Wines Made from
Lakatan (Musa acuminata), Latundan (M.
acuminata x M. balbisiana), and Saba (M.
acuminata x M. balbisiana).
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Robotics and Intelligent Machines
This category deals with the design,
implementation, and use of prime technologies and
machine intelligence in providing a wide range of
innovative solutions and advancements across
multiple disciplines to reduce reliance on human
intervention.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Robotics and Intelligent Machines
Subcategories include Biomechanics, Cognitive
Systems, Control Theory, Machine Learning, and
Robot Kinematics.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Robotics and Intelligent Machines
Sample:
MR MapCo: Marine Robot for Macroplastic Collection
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Mathematical Investigation
MI deals with the measurement, properties, and
relationships of quantities and sets using numbers
and symbols. Subcategories include Algebra,
Analysis, Combinatorics, Graph Theory, Game
Theory, Geometry and Topology, Number Theory,
and Probability and Statistics.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Computational Science
Computational Science deals with the development
and implementation of mathematical models and
simulations to understand natural systems and
processes, and solve STEM problems using
computers.
 FIELDS OF INTEREST IN SIP
Categories in STEM Research
Computational Science
Subcategories include Computational Biology and
Bioinformatics, Computational Chemistry,
Computational Mechanics, and Theoretical,
Computational and Quantum Physics.
GUESS THE GIBBERISH!
GUESS THE GIBBERISH!

Ray Salts in Disco Shown

GUESS THE GIBBERISH!

Ray Salts in Disco Shown

Results and Discussion

GUESS THE GIBBERISH!

Ma Tear Areals in Meat Toad

GUESS THE GIBBERISH!

Ma Tear Areals in Meat Toad

Materials and Methods

GUESS THE GIBBERISH!

In throw Duck Shoe Yawn

GUESS THE GIBBERISH!

In throw Duck Shoe Yawn

Introduction
IMRAD
What do you think is the
usual problem of
students in conducting a
research?
What do you think is the
usual problem of
students in conducting a
research?

Identifying a problem
IDENTIFYING AN SIP TOPIC
The global incidence of dengue has markedly increased
over the past two decades, posing a substantial public
health challenge. Since the beginning of 2023, ongoing
transmission, combined with an unexpected spike in dengue
cases have resulted in close to a historic high of over five
million cases and more than 5000 dengue-related deaths
reported in over 80 countries/territories and five WHO
regions: Africa, Americas, South-East Asia, Western Pacific
and Eastern Mediterranean Regions globally.
Source: World Health Organization, 2023

1 . What problem is presented in the article?

The global incidence of dengue has markedly increased
over the past two decades, posing a substantial public
health challenge. Since the beginning of 2023, ongoing
transmission, combined with an unexpected spike in dengue
cases have resulted in close to a historic high of over five
million cases and more than 5000 dengue-related deaths
reported in over 80 countries/territories and five WHO
regions: Africa, Americas, South-East Asia, Western Pacific
and Eastern Mediterranean Regions globally.
Source: World Health Organization, 2023

1 . What problem is presented in the article?

Dengue Outbreak
 A problem is …
condition you want to i mprove.
 A problem is …
condi ti on you want to i mprove.
difficulty you want to improve.
 A problem is …
condi ti on you want to i mprove.
di ffi cul ty you want t o improve.
questions for which you want to answers.
 A problem is …
condi ti on you want to i mprove.
di ffi cul ty you want t o improve.
questi ons for whi ch you want t o answers.
information gap you want to fi ll .
 A problem is …
condi ti on you want to i mprove.
di ffi cul ty you want t o improve.
questi ons for whi ch you want t o answers.
i nformation gap you want to fil l.
theory you wish to validate.
 A problem is …
condition you want to improve.
difficulty you want to improve.
questions for which you want to answers.
information gap you want to fill.
theory you wish to validate.

A Community-based Problem
 A problem is …
condition you want to improve.
difficulty you want to improve.
questions for which you want to answers.
information gap you want to fill.
theory you wish to validate.

A Community-based Problem

Is the problem researchable?

 COMMUNITY-BASED PROBLEM
An illegal open dumpsite in Malapatan town, in the
southern Philippines province of Sarangani.

https://news.mongabay.com/2018/10/plastic-trash-from-the-sachet-economy-chokes-the-philippines-seas/
 COMMUNITY-BASED PROBLEM
A Pest Alert has been is sued for the fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda )
pest in the Philippines whic h can devas tate c r ops – s uch as ric e and m aize
– if left untreated.
https://blog.invasive-species.org/2023/07/26/pest-alert-issued-for-fall-armyworm-pest-infesting-rice-crop-in-the-
philippines/
 COMMUNITY-BASED PROBLEM
In the summer of 2019, Metro Manila residents experienced
critically low supplies of potable water, and daily interruptions
became the norm.
https://asianews.network/securing-manilas-future-water-supply/
 COMMUNITY-BASED PROBLEM

DOH wants to excise on sweetened drinks and junk

foods.
https://www.onenews.ph/articles/doh-wants-excise-on-sweetened-drinks-junk-food
 COMMUNITY-BASED PROBLEM

Increasing gas prices.

https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-features/what-could-happen-if-philippines-runs-out-gas
 Sources of Research Problems
Observation
Literature Searches
Intellectual Curiosity
Experience
Serendipity
Theory
Conference, Symposium or Dialogue
Suggestions from colleagues, etc.
Technological Change
 Defining a Problem
What current
The Big problem can be
addressed by
Problem
science?

The How can science

Research be used to solve
the proble?
Problem

What aspect of
The Smart the problem will
be the focus of
Problem
the research?
 Defining a Problem
DENGUE
What current
The Big problem can be
addressed by
Problem Prevention Cure
science?

The How can science

Research be used to solve
the proble?
Problem

What aspect of
The Smart the problem will
be the focus of
Problem
the research?
 Defining a Problem
DENGUE
What current
The Big problem can be
addressed by
Problem Prevention Cure
science?

The How can science

Research be used to solve Production of Assessing the
potential of plants
the proble? insecticide
Problem to cure.

What aspect of
The Smart the problem will
be the focus of
Problem
the research?
 Defining a Problem
DENGUE
What current
The Big problem can be
addressed by
Problem Prevention Cure
science?

The How can science

Research be used to solve Production of Assessing the
potential of plants
the proble? insecticide
Problem to cure.

What aspect of Specifying the

The Smart the problem will parameters or
be the focus of measures of
Problem
the research? effectiveness
 Defining a Problem
Botanical Plant-based
Platelet Insect Repellent
Augmentation Lotion

Mosquito
Herbal
Larvicide DENGUE Mosquito Coil
Pellet

Plant-based Electronic
mosquito Mosquito
insecticide Zapper
 Defining a Problem
Botanical Plant-based
Platelet Insect Repellent
Augmentation Lotion

Mosquito
Are these good Herbal
Larvicide
SIP topics? Mosquito Coil
Pellet

Plant-based Electronic
mosquito Mosquito
insecticide Zapper
 Defining a Problem
Botanical Plant-based
Platelet Insect Repellent
Augmentation Lotion

Mosquito What are the

Herbal
Larvicide characteristics of
a good SIP topic?
Mosquito Coil
Pellet

Plant-based Electronic
mosquito Mosquito
insecticide Zapper
THE GOOD ONE
The teacher wants the student to make a
biodegradable plastic from arrowroot starch.
Although, the student doesn’t like the topic,
he has no choice but to follow the instruction
of his teacher.

Is this a good SIP topic?

The teacher wants the student to make a
biodegradable plastic from arrowroot starch.
Although, the student doesn’t like the topic,
he has no choice but to follow the instruction
of his teacher.

Is this a good SIP topic?

No, an SIP topic must be of interest of the

researcher.
A student wants to find out if chilli pepper
fruit extract can be used as insecticide.

Is this a good SIP topic?

No, an SIP topic must be novel and well-

specified.
A student wants to determine the anti-cancer
properties of red algae.

Is this a good SIP topic?

A student wants to determine the anti-cancer
properties of red algae.

Is this a good SIP topic?

No, an SIP topic must be feasible and

relevant.
A student wants to find out if “granada”
leaves could lower down the blood sugar
level of white mice.

Is this a good SIP topic?

A student wants to find out if “granada”
leaves could lower down the blood sugar
level of white mice.

Is this a good SIP topic?

No, an SIP topic does not cause moral or ethical

violations.
 Charateristics of a Good SIP TOPIC
1 . It must be of interest to the researcher.
2 . It must be relevant to a certain group of
people.
3 . It must be novel.
4 . It must be well-defined and specified.
5 . It must be time-bound.
6 . It must be feasible.
7 . It does not cause ethical or moral
violations.
 Alternative, Nonconventional
Sources of Food, Feed and Energy

Example of Community-based Research

 Pest Control Agent

Example of Community-based Research

 Recycling Wastes

Example of Community-based Research

 Product Development

Example of Community-based Research

 Plant Growth Promoter

Example of Community-based Research

 Novel Source of Medicine

Example of Community-based Research

Reduction of Environmental Pollution

Example of Community-based Research

 Invention/Innovation

Example of Community-based Research

How are we going to adress a
research problem?
 SCIENCE
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT (SIP)
STEM
Let’s do a Recap: Arrange the jumbled
letters to complete the sentence.

If an SIP topic is doable or manageable, it is

considered to be ebsefail.
Let’s do a Recap: Arrange the jumbled
letters to complete the sentence.

If an SIP topic is doable or manageable, it is

considered to be feasible.
Let’s do a Recap: Arrange the jumbled
letters to complete the sentence.

One of the sources of the research problem is

tpdeesrniiy, which is discovery by accident or
chance.
Let’s do a Recap: Arrange the jumbled
letters to complete the sentence.

One of the sources of the research problem is

serendipity, which is discovery by accident or
chance.
Let’s do a Recap: Arrange the jumbled
letters to complete the sentence.

Before selecting a research topic to address the

problem, you need to do a lot of wierve fo
eaerltd euaeiltrtr.
Let’s do a Recap: Arrange the jumbled
letters to complete the sentence.

Before selecting a research topic to address the

problem, you need to do a lot of review of
related literature.
Let’s do a Recap: Arrange the jumbled
letters to complete the sentence.

An SIP topic is said to be nlove if it has the

essence of freshness or newness.
Let’s do a Recap: Arrange the jumbled
letters to complete the sentence.

An SIP topic is said to be novel if it has the

essence of freshness or newness.
What do the pictures tell us?
RESEARCH
PLAN
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PLAN?
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PLAN?
A plan of how a study will be undertaken in
order to meet the objectives.
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PLAN?
A plan of how a study will be undertaken in
order to meet the objectives.
Describes the steps that will be followed in
the conduct of the study from problem
identification to data analysis
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PLAN?
A plan of how a study will be undertaken in
order to meet the objectives.
Describes the steps that will be followed in
the conduct of the study from problem
identification to data analysis
Must be well-written and must be able to
convince the person/s to whom it is
submitted for approval
 PARTS OF A
RESEARCH PLAN
What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of your
E. References
proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?
What is the aim of your study?
What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of your
E. References
proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of your
E. References
proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

What part of the Research Plan the question is referring to?
What orderly step steps you are A. Budget Plan
going to do to solve the problem.
B. Questions or Problems Being
Where do the related literature of Addressed
your study come from?
C. Goals/Expected
What will be your target date to Outcomes/Hypotheses
perform the activities?
D. Materials and Methods
What is the estimated cost of
E. References
your proposed study?
What is unique about the solution F. Schedule of Activities
that I am going to provide through
this study?

What is the aim of your study?

TEMPLATE
 Research
Title

Questions /
References Problem
being
Elements of Addressed
Research Plan

Goals /
Materials Expected
and Outcomes /
Methods Hypothesis
Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide
Research Title
Variable not specified, no
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide scientific name,
bias/conclusive
Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide

Apatot Leaves (Morinda Citrifolia) as a

Natural Insecticide against Corn Borers (O.
furnacalis): A Scientific Study
Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide Genus is small letter

Apatot Leaves (Morinda Citrifolia) as a

Natural Insecticide against Corn Borers (O.
furnacalis): A Scientific Study
 Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide

Apatot Leaves (Morinda citrifolia) as a Natural

Insecticide against Corn Borers (O.
furnacalis): A Scientific Study
 Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide Place the scientific name
after the plant

Apatot Leaves (Morinda citrifolia) as a Natural

Insecticide against Corn Borers (O.
furnacalis): A Scientific Study
 Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide

Apatot (Morinda citrifolia) Leaves as a Natural

Insecticide against Corn Borers (O.
furnacalis): A Scientific Study
 Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide

Apatot (Morinda citrifolia) Leaves as a Natural

Insecticide against Corn Borers (O.
furnacalis): A Scientific Study

Avoid abbreviations and

formulas
 Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide

Apatot (Morinda citrifolia) Leaves as a Natural

Insecticide against Corn Borers (Ostrinia
furnacalis): A Scientific Study
 Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide

Apatot (Morinda citrifolia) Leaves as a Natural

Insecticide against Corn Borers (Ostrinia
furnacalis): A Scientific Study

Avoid superfluous
words
 Research Title
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide

Apatot (Morinda citrifolia) Leaves as a Natural

Insecticide against Corn Borers (O.
furnacalis): A Scientific Study

Apatot (Morinda citrifolia) Leaves as a Natural

Insecticide against Corn Borers (Ostrinia
furnacalis)
Research Title
Need to be specific in nature
Apatot: An Effective Natural Insecticide

Interesting and simulating

Apatot (Morinda citrifolia) Leaves as a Natural
Ideally 12-15 words Insecticide against Corn Borers (O.
Not conclusive or bias
furnacalis): A Scientific Study

Avoid abbreviations and

formulas Apatot (Morinda citrifolia) Leaves as a Natural
Insecticide against Corn Borers (Ostrinia
The scientific name, if needed
in the title, should be written furnacalis)
properly
 Research
Title

Questions /
References Problem
being
Elements of Addressed
Research Plan

Goals /
Materials Expected
and Outcomes /
Methods Hypothesis
Questions or Problems being Addressed

Background of the Study or Rationale

BRIEF CONCISE COHERENT

Questions or Problems being Addressed
Recently, brown algae have attracted significant attention from various scientific disciplines
due to their natural products which have an interesting biomedical, and pharmaceutical
applications (Butler, 2020). This motivated the researcher to investigate the anti-angiogenic activity
1
of Sargassum cristaefolium using the duck egg’s CAM Assay. This seaweed is locally available and
abundant in the country.
Chemotherapy is known to be the conventional approach against cancer (Schirrmacher,
2018). However, it destroys not only the tumor cells but also the normal healthy cells. Another
intervention is the administration of cytotoxic agents in order to inhibit the growth of the incipient
transformed tissue. However, neoplastic cells can develop resistance to toxic agents. Hence, anti-
2
angiogenesis is also considered a promising approach against tumor proliferation. However it is also
very expensive. Tapping our local seaweeds could be an alternative solution to anti-angiogenic
medication.
The outcome of this study will benefit the community as it offers a novel, alternative source
of anti-angiogenic agent against the proliferation of tumor cells. It could also provide an awareness
3 of the potential for development and progress of medicine from marine algae.
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are
able to invade other tissues. In the Philippines, cancer is the third leading cause of death with
mortality rates of up to 50,000 deaths among Filipinos and growing by five percent every year as per
4 population growth and increase in smoking prevalence (Valmero, 2020).
A. 2-4-1-3 B. 4-3-2-1 C. 4-2-1-3 C. 2-4-3-1
Questions or Problems being Addressed
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control What is the current
and are able to invade other tissues. In the Philippines, cancer is the third leading cause of problem?
death with mortality rates of up to 50,000 deaths among Filipinos and growing by five
percent every year as per population growth and increase in smoking prevalence
(Valmero, 2020).
Chemotherapy is known to be the conventional approach against cancer
(Schirrmacher, 2018). However, it destroys not only the tumor cells but also the normal
healthy cells. Another intervention is the administration of cytotoxic agents in order to
inhibit the growth of the incipient transformed tissue. However, neoplastic cells can
develop resistance to toxic agents. Hence, anti-angiogenesis is also considered a
promising approach against tumor proliferation. However it is also very expensive.
Tapping our local seaweeds could be an alternative solution to anti-angiogenic
medication.
Recently, brown algae have attracted significant attention from various scientific
disciplines due to their natural products which have an interesting biomedical, and
pharmaceutical applications (Butler, 2020). This motivated the researcher to investigate
the anti-angiogenic activity of Sargassum cristaefolium using the duck egg’s CAM Assay.
This seaweed is locally available and abundant in the country.
The outcome of this study will benefit the community as it offers a novel,
alternative source of anti-angiogenic agent against the proliferation of tumor cells. It
could also provide an awareness of the potential for development and progress of
medicine from marine algae.
Questions or Problems being Addressed
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control
and are able to invade other tissues. In the Philippines, cancer is the third leading cause of
death with mortality rates of up to 50,000 deaths among Filipinos and growing by five
percent every year as per population growth and increase in smoking prevalence
(Valmero, 2020).
Chemotherapy is known to be the conventional approach against cancer What has been done so
(Schirrmacher, 2018). However, it destroys not only the tumor cells but also the normal far to solve the
healthy cells. Another intervention is the administration of cytotoxic agents in order to problem?
inhibit the growth of the incipient transformed tissue. However, neoplastic cells can
What is/are the
develop resistance to toxic agents. Hence, anti-angiogenesis is also considered a
weakness/es of the
promising approach against tumor proliferation. However it is also very expensive.
solutions done before?
Tapping our local seaweeds could be an alternative solution to anti-angiogenic
medication.
Recently, brown algae have attracted significant attention from various scientific
disciplines due to their natural products which have an interesting biomedical, and
pharmaceutical applications (Butler, 2020). This motivated the researcher to investigate
the anti-angiogenic activity of Sargassum cristaefolium using the duck egg’s CAM Assay.
This seaweed is locally available and abundant in the country.
The outcome of this study will benefit the community as it offers a novel,
alternative source of anti-angiogenic agent against the proliferation of tumor cells. It
could also provide an awareness of the potential for development and progress of
medicine from marine algae.
Questions or Problems being Addressed
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control
and are able to invade other tissues. In the Philippines, cancer is the third leading cause of
death with mortality rates of up to 50,000 deaths among Filipinos and growing by five
percent every year as per population growth and increase in smoking prevalence
(Valmero, 2020).
Chemotherapy is known to be the conventional approach against cancer
(Schirrmacher, 2018). However, it destroys not only the tumor cells but also the normal
healthy cells. Another intervention is the administration of cytotoxic agents in order to
inhibit the growth of the incipient transformed tissue. However, neoplastic cells can
develop resistance to toxic agents. Hence, anti-angiogenesis is also considered a
promising approach against tumor proliferation. However it is also very expensive.
Tapping our local seaweeds could be an alternative solution to anti-angiogenic
medication.
Recently, brown algae have attracted significant attention from various scientific What is unique about
disciplines due to their natural products which have an interesting biomedical, and the solution that I am
pharmaceutical applications (Butler, 2020). This motivated the researcher to investigate going to provide
the anti-angiogenic activity of Sargassum cristaefolium using the duck egg’s CAM Assay. through this study?
This seaweed is locally available and abundant in the country.
The outcome of this study will benefit the community as it offers a novel,
alternative source of anti-angiogenic agent against the proliferation of tumor cells. It
could also provide an awareness of the potential for development and progress of
medicine from marine algae.
Questions or Problems being Addressed
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control
and are able to invade other tissues. In the Philippines, cancer is the third leading cause of
death with mortality rates of up to 50,000 deaths among Filipinos and growing by five
percent every year as per population growth and increase in smoking prevalence
(Valmero, 2020).
Chemotherapy is known to be the conventional approach against cancer
(Schirrmacher, 2018). However, it destroys not only the tumor cells but also the normal
healthy cells. Another intervention is the administration of cytotoxic agents in order to
inhibit the growth of the incipient transformed tissue. However, neoplastic cells can
develop resistance to toxic agents. Hence, anti-angiogenesis is also considered a
promising approach against tumor proliferation. However it is also very expensive.
Tapping our local seaweeds could be an alternative solution to anti-angiogenic
medication.
Recently, brown algae have attracted significant attention from various scientific
disciplines due to their natural products which have an interesting biomedical, and
pharmaceutical applications (Butler, 2020). This motivated the researcher to investigate
the anti-angiogenic activity of Sargassum cristaefolium using the duck egg’s CAM Assay.
This seaweed is locally available and abundant in the country.
The outcome of this study will benefit the community as it offers a novel, What will be the significant
alternative source of anti-angiogenic agent against the proliferation of tumor cells. It contribution of the findings
of my study to the current
could also provide an awareness of the potential for development and progress of
pool of knowledge?
medicine from marine algae.
Questions or Problems being Addressed
Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control What is the current
and are able to invade other tissues. In the Philippines, cancer is the third leading cause of problem?
death with mortality rates of up to 50,000 deaths among Filipinos and growing by five
percent every year as per population growth and increase in smoking prevalence
(Valmero, 2020).
Chemotherapy is known to be the conventional approach against cancer What has been done so
(Schirrmacher, 2018). However, it destroys not only the tumor cells but also the normal far to solve the
healthy cells. Another intervention is the administration of cytotoxic agents in order to problem?
inhibit the growth of the incipient transformed tissue. However, neoplastic cells can
What is/are the
develop resistance to toxic agents. Hence, anti-angiogenesis is also considered a
weakness/es of the
promising approach against tumor proliferation. However it is also very expensive.
solutions done before?
Tapping our local seaweeds could be an alternative solution to anti-angiogenic
medication.
Recently, brown algae have attracted significant attention from various scientific What is unique about
disciplines due to their natural products which have an interesting biomedical, and the solution that I am
pharmaceutical applications (Butler, 2020). This motivated the researcher to investigate going to provide
the anti-angiogenic activity of Sargassum cristaefolium using the duck egg’s CAM Assay. through this study?
This seaweed is locally available and abundant in the country.
The outcome of this study will benefit the community as it offers a novel, What will be the significant
alternative source of anti-angiogenic agent against the proliferation of tumor cells. It contribution of the findings
of my study to the current
could also provide an awareness of the potential for development and progress of
pool of knowledge?
medicine from marine algae.
 Research
Title

Questions /
References Problem
being
Elements of Addressed
Research Plan

Goals /
Materials Expected
and Outcomes /
Methods Hypothesis
 Goals / Expected
Outcomes / Hypothesis
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
Research Objectives

Must have general and specific objectives

General objectives Specific objectives

Non-measurable Measurable
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
For General Objectives:

Rephrase the title and use infinitive verb.

Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic

The main objective of the study is to develop an alternative

commercial bio-plastic from cassava starch and chalk dust.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
For Specific Objectives:

Identify the IV and DV, and incorporate them in the statement.

Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
For Specific Objectives:

Identify the IV and DV, and incorporate them in the statement.

The variables should be as specific as possible.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
For Specific Objectives:

Identify the IV and DV, and incorporate them in the statement.

The variables should be as specific as possible.

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
For Specific Objectives:

Identify the IV and DV, and incorporate them in the statement.

The variables should be as specific as possible.

Independent Variable: varying cassava and chalk dust content

Dependent Variable:
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
For Specific Objectives:

Identify the IV and DV, and incorporate them in the statement.

The variables should be as specific as possible.

Independent Variable: varying cassava and chalk dust content

Dependent Variable: tensile strength of the produced bioplastic

Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
For Specific Objectives:

Identify the IV and DV, and incorporate them in the statement.

The variables should be as specific as possible.

Independent Variable: varying cassava and chalk dust content

Dependent Variable: tensile strength of the produced bioplastic

Can be descriptive, comparative, and/or relational.

Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Descriptive objective simply aim to describe the variables you are

measuring. When we use the word describe, we mean that these
research objective aim to quantify the variables you are interested
in.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Descriptive objective simply aim to describe the variables you are

measuring. When we use the word describe, we mean that these
research objective aim to quantify the variables you are interested
in.
Examples:
To describe the average growth rate, in terms of height, of
tomato plants when using organic fertilizer.
To identify the most common pests affecting tomato plants in a
specific region.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Comparative objective aim to examine the differences between

two or more groups on one or more dependent variables (although
often just a single dependent variable).
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Comparative objective aim to examine the differences between

two or more groups on one or more dependent variables (although
often just a single dependent variable).

Example:
To determine if there is a significant difference the growth rates,
in terms of height, of tomato plants treated with organic
fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, and no fertilizer.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Relational objective is interested in the causal relationships,

associations, trends and/or interactions amongst two or more
variables on one or more groups.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Relational objective is interested in the causal relationships,

associations, trends and/or interactions amongst two or more
variables on one or more groups.

Example:
To determine if there is a significant relationship between soil pH
and the growth rate, in terms of height, of tomato plants.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Determine the tensile strength of bio-plastic with varying ratios of cassava

starch and chalk dust;

2. Determine if there is a significant difference among the bio-plastic with

varying ratios of cassava starch and chalk dust and commercial bio-plastic
in terms of their tensile strength; and

3. Determine if there is a significant relationship between the amount of

cassava starch and chalk dust and the tensile strength of the developed
alternative commercial fertilizer.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
The main objective of the study is to produce an alternative commercial bio- General
plastic from cassava starch and chalk dust. objective

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Determine the tensile strength of bio-plastic with varying ratios of cassava starch
and chalk dust; (Descriptive Objective)

2. Determine if there is a significant difference among the bio-plastic with varying

Specific
ratios of cassava starch and chalk dust and commercial bio-plastic in terms of
objectives
their tensile strength; and (Comparative Objective)

3. Determine if there is a significant relationship between the amount of cassava

starch and chalk dust and the tensile strength of the developed alternative
commercial fertilizer. (Relational Objective)
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

State both general and specific objective Research Title: The effect of fermented vegetable
solution to the growth of mung beans.

May be stated in question or declarative The main objective of the study is to determine
form. the effect of fermented vegetable solution on the
growth of mung beans.

The statement of the objectives should Specifically, this study aims to answer the
include the independent and dependent following questions:
variables. 1. What is the effect of different amount of
fermented vegetable solution on the height and
number of leaves of mung beans?
Follow the logical flow: descriptive
objectives should be stated first, followed 2. Is there a significant difference among the
by comparative, then relational (optional). different amount of fermented vegetable solution
on the height and number of leaves of mung
beans?
Make it SMART (Specific, Measurable,
3. Is there a significant relationship between the
Attainable, Result-oriented and Time-
amount of fermented vegetable solution and the
bounded. height and number of leaves of mung beans.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

After writing your objectives, you will then formulate your hypothesis
(hypotheses).

An hypothesis is a statement about an expected relationship between

variables, or explanation of an occurrence, that is clear, specific and
testable.

The hypothesis is based on the specific research objectives.

It should always be in declarative form.
The number of hypothesis depends on the number of research
objectives which are comparative and relational in nature.
Null hypothesis is usually preferred than alternative hypothesis.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Determine the tensile strength of bio-plastic with varying ratios of cassava

starch and chalk dust;

2. Determine if there is a significant difference among the bio-plastic with

varying ratios of cassava starch and chalk dust and commercial bio-plastic
in terms of their tensile strength; and

3. Determine if there is a significant relationship between the amount of

cassava starch and chalk dust and the tensile strength of the developed
alternative commercial fertilizer.
Goals / Expected Outcomes / Hypothesis

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch and chalk

dust as alternative to commercial bio-plastic
The following hypotheses are advanced:

1. There is no significant difference among the bio-plastics with

varying ratios of cassava starch and chalk dust and commercial bio-
plastic in terms of their tensile strength.

2. There is no significant relationship between the amount of cassava

starch and chalk dust and the tensile strength of the developed
alternative commercial fertilizer.
 Research
Title

Questions /
References Problem
being
Elements of Addressed
Research Plan

Goals /
Materials Expected
and Outcomes /
Methods Hypothesis
Materials and Methods

C.1 Research Design

C.2 Materials and Equipment

C.3 Procedure

C.4 Risk and Safety

C.5 Data Analysis

Materials and Methods

C.1 Research Design

Research design is defined as:

a plan for a study, providing the overall framework for collecting
data (Leedy, 1997).
a plan for selecting subjects, research sites, and data collection
procedures to answer the research questions (MacMillan and
Schumacher, 2001).
a strategic framework for action that serves as a bridge between
research questions and the execution, or implementation of the
research strategy (Durrheim, 2004).
Materials and Methods

C.1 Research Design

Experimental Research Design

Intended to test cause-effect relationships (hypotheses) in a tightly

controlled setting by separating the cause from the effect in time,
administering the cause to one group of subjects (the ‘treatment
group’) but not to another group (‘control group’), and observing
how the mean effects vary between subjects in these two groups.
Materials and Methods

C.1 Research Design

Quasi- True
Pre-experimental
Experimental Experimental

Experimental Group

Control Group

Randomization

Legend:
Present
Absent
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
Specify the
research design
Materials and Methods
Specify the
research design

Describe the
setups
Materials and Methods
Specify the
research design

Describe the
setups

Indicate the
number of
replication
Materials and Methods
Specify the
research design

Describe the
setups

Indicate the
number of
replication

Specify IV,
DV and CV
Materials and Methods

C.1 Research Design

Experimental Group Control Group

25% S. cristaefolium extract Positive Control (Commercial

50% S. cristaefolium extract Antigeogenic drug)
75% S. cristaefolium extract Negative Control (Distilled water)
100% S. cristaefolium extract Untreated Control
Materials and Methods

C.1 Research Design

Developmental Design

the systematic study of design, development and evaluation

processes with the aim of establishing an empirical basis for the
creation of instructional and non-instructional products and tools
and new or enhanced models that govern their development.
Materials and Methods

C.2 Materials and Methods

Specify the capacity, and
Materials and Methods
quantity or amount
The following are the materials and equipment to be used in
conducting the experiment: 150 grams S. cristaefolium, one
stereozoom microscope, 50 mg commercial anti-geogenic drug,
avastin, two 500-mL capacity Erlenmeyer flask, two sets of parafilm,
five syringe, one mechanical shaker, 600 mL methanol, one rotavap, 5
mL each of phytochemical reagents, 18 fertilized three-day duck eggs
one incubator, 100 mL distilled water, and four vials.
Materials and Methods

C.3 Procedure

Include the following:

All processes done during actual
experimentation
Plants or animals involved, with exact
descriptions (genus, species, strain, etc.)
Management of sample plants/or
animals; include ethical considerations
especially in dealing with animals
Manner of data collection
Materials and Methods

C.3.1 Gathering of the Sample

The sample will be collected by hand at Guimaras Strait

near Yato Island at four o’clock in the afternoon during low
tide. Epiphytic and extraneous matter will be removed by
washing first in sea water and then in fresh water. Then, the
sample will be transported in clean ice bucket at ice
temperature.
Materials and Methods

C.3.2 Identification of Sargassum cristaefolium

The sample will be identified and documented be certified

Marine Biologist and Environmental Management Specialist II
at Provincial Environmental Management Office (PEMO),
Province of Negros Occidental.
Materials and Methods

C.3.3 Production of Sargassum cristaefolium Methanolic Extract

The extraction procedure will be adapted from the study of Abubakar and Haque
(2020).

The S. cristaefolium will be washed and cut into smaller pieces using sterilized
knife and pulverized further using mortar and pestle. Then, the sample will be
weighed in an analytical balance and placed in the container. The 250-gram
sample will be subjected to oven dry for 7 hours at a temperature of 60 ᵒC to
remove the moisture and ensure the absence of contaminants.

The sample will then be soaked overnight in methanol for not less than 48
hours to prevent enzyme hydrolysis. The solution will then be filtered and rotavap to
remove the methanol until no smell of the solvent can be detected. The remaining
sample will serve as the extract and will be placed in refrigerator.
Materials and Methods

C.4 Risk and Safety

Identify any potential risks and safety precautions needed

Any study that uses human subjects, animals, bacteria or
other microorganisms, or involves dangerous chemicals,
activities or devices must have a very detailed risk
assessment section
Risk Assessment Form
Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents Risk Assessment
Form
Human Informed Consent Form
Vertebrate Animal Form
Materials and Methods

C.4 Risk and Safety

Introduction or disposal of non-native and/or invasive

species (e.g. insects, plants, invertebrates, vertebrates),
pathogens, toxic chemicals or foreign substances into the
environment is prohibited.
Describe the disposal procedures that will be used (when
applicable).
The use of nonanimal/invertebrates research methods as
alternative model are strongly encouraged and must be
explored before conducting a vertebrate animal project.
Materials and Methods
C.4 Risk and Safety

All vertebrate animal studies must be reviewed and approved

before experimentation begins.
Live, nonhuman vertebrate, mammalian embryos or fetuses
Tadpoles
Bird and reptile eggs within three days (72 hours) prior to
hatching
All other nonhuman vertebrates (including fish) at hatching
or birth.
Materials and Methods

Why do scientists prefer invertebrates than vertebrates as

model organisms?
Invertebrates Vertebrates

Simple regulatory and requirements Tight regulatory requirements

No fear of threats and attacks Prone to attack and injury

Brief life cycle Longer life cycle

Simple anatomical structure Complicated anatomical structure

Lower research cost Higher research cost

Less painful procedure Subjected to painful procedure

Materials and Methods
C.4 Risk and Safety