GRAMMAR SAMPLES

TYPE 1
Use of Hardly
1. No sooner had Pearl entered the room than I asked her the question.
Hardly had Pearl entered the room when I asked him the question.

2. No sooner did Dimple see the thief than she went into action.
Hardly did Dimple see the thief when she ran into action.

3. As soon as the guests arrived, they served the food.

Hardly did the guests arrive when they served the food.

4. As soon as the guests had arrived, they served the food.

Hardly had the guests arrived when they served the food.

(Hardly to be followed by when, did/had will depend on the question, no comma

to be used)

TYPE 2
As soon as/ No sooner

1. As soon as the Principal announced the good news, there was jubilation all over.
No sooner did the Principal announce the good news than there was celebration
all over.
(The verb in the question is in simple past, accordingly No sooner is followed
by did)

2. As soon as the father falls asleep , the children slip out of the room.
No sooner does the father fall asleep than the children slip out of the room.
(The verb in the question is in simple past, accordingly No sooner is followed
by does)

TYPE 3
Besides/ Not only

1. Besides being a talented old man Jackson is also fun loving.

Not only is Jackson a talented old man but also fun loving.

2. Rohan had squandered his fortune and ruined his health by his extravagance.
 Not only had Rohan squandered his fortune but also ruined his heath by his
extravagance.
(Not only to be followed by is/ was /had depending on the tense of the verb
of the question)

TYPE 4
Unless

1. If he is late, he will not be allowed to enter school.

Unless he reaches on time, he will not be allowed to enter school.
(The condition should contrast in idea given in the question when you
are beginning a sentence with Unless. EX- Late is replaced by on time)

TYPE 5
In spite of/ Despite

1. In spite of the terrible heat, people walked miles to pay respect to the
sage.
Despite the terrible heat, people walked miles to pay respect to the
sage.
( Despite NOT TO BE FOLLOWED by of)

TYPE 6
Interchange of parts of speech

1. Albert was so brilliant, he surprised everyone. ( Use brilliance)

Albert’s brilliance surprised everyone.
(change from adjective to noun)

TYPE 7
Too to/ So that

He was so tired that he could not stand.

He was too tired to stand.

TYPE 8
Little did/ Little does

Nobody knew much about his plans for the future.

Little did he know about his plans for the future.
(DID/ DOES will depend on the verb given in the question)

TYPE 9
ACTIVE PASSIVE
In Active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.
Example: The Principal gave the trophy to Arun.
In Passive voice, the subject does not perform the action expressed in the verb. It receives the
action named in the verb.
Example: Arun was given the trophy by the Principal.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE:
I give chocolates to Simi. (Active)
Simi is given chocolates by me. (Passive)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
I am giving chocolates to Simi. (Active)
Simi is being given chocolates by me. (Passive)
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:
I have given chocolates to Simi. (Active)
Simi has been given chocolates by me. (Passive)
SIMPLE PAST TENSE:
I gave chocolates to Simi. (Active)
Simi was given chocolates by me. (Passive)
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:
I was giving chocolates to Simi. (Active)
Simi was being given chocolates by me. (Passive)
PAST PERFECT TENSE:
I had given chocolates to Simi. (Active)
Simi had been given chocolates by me. (Passive)
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE:
I will give chocolates to Simi. (Active)
Simi will be given chocolates by me. (Passive)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE:
I will be giving chocolates to Simi.
Simi will be given chocolates by me. (Passive)
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:
I will have given chocolates to Simi. (Active)
Simi will have been given chocolates by me. (Passive)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES:
1.Who broke this window? (Active)
By whom was this window broken? (Passive)
2. Do you know this man? (Active)
Is this man known to you? (Passive)
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:
Put some sugar in the tea. (Active voice)
Let some sugar be put in the tea. (Passive)
Do not move. (Active) –INTRANSITIVE VERB
You are asked not to move (Passive)
TO CHANGE AN AUXILLARY VERB INTO PASSIVE VOICE, ‘BE’ AND THE PAST
PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB IS TO BE ADDED:
Shoeb can do this job very well. (Active)
This job can be done by Shoeb very well. (Passive)
A TRANSITIVE VERB WITH TWO OBJECTS IN THE ACTIVE VOICE CAN BE
CONVERTED INTO PASSIVE VOICE IN TWO WAYS.
Gini presented me a wonderful book. (Active)
I was presented a wonderful book by Gini (Passive)
OR
A wonderful book was presented to me by Gini.
TYPE 10
DIRECT INDIRECT
RULES:
CHANGE OF PRONOUNS:
1 The pronoun of the 1st person of direct speech changes according to the person of the
subject of the reporting verb.
Example: You say to me, “I am busy” (D.S)
You say to me that you are busy. (I.S)
2. The pronoun of the 2nd person of direct speech changes according to the person of the
object of the reporting verb.
Example: You say to me, “You are busy” (D.S)
You say to me that I am busy. (I.S)
3. . The pronoun of the 3rd person of direct speech remains same in the reporting verb.
Example: You say to me, “He is busy” (D.S)
You say to me that he is busy. (I.S)
CHANGE OF TENSES:
SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST He said,”I am unwell”
He said that he was unwell.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS She said,” I am writing
letters”
She said that she was
writing letters.
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT He said,” I have passed”
He said that he had passed.

 The future tense in the reported speech remains unchanged if what it says refers to the
future at the time of reporting.
Example: He said this morning,” I am going to buy a car”.
He said this morning that he is going to buy a car.
 Sometimes the past tense remains unchanged.
Example: He said,” I lived many years in Canada.”
He said that he lived many years in Canada
 In imaginary condition, tense remains unchanged.
Example: He said, ”If I won a lottery I would travel around the world.”
He said that if he won a lottery, he would travel around the world.
 In habitual fact, the tense remains unchanged.
 In reporting commands and requests in the indirect speech verbs denoting command,
request, order, advise, beg, implore is used.
Example: I said to him,” obey your parents.”
I advised him to obey his parents.
 Let is used to express request/suggestion/command
Example: He said, “ Let me go.”
He requested to let him go.
 In reporting exclamations and wishes, change the reporting verb into such verbs as
cry/pray/exclaim/bless/wish.
Example: The child said,” Hurrah! I have won.”
The child exclaimed with delight that he had won.
DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH:
1. Rules for the change of pronoun.

Ram said to me, “I go to school daily.” (1ST PERSON)

Ram told me that he went to school daily.

He said to her, “You are my friend.” (2 nd PERSON)

He told her that she was his friend.
Ram said to me, “She is ill.” (3RD PERSON)
Ram told me that she was ill.

Rules for the change of tense:

Simple present- simple past
Present Continuous- Past continuous
Present perfect- Past perfect
Present perfect continuous- Past perfect continuous

Rules for the change in different sentences:

Interrogative sentence:
Ram said to Raj, “Are you reading a book ?”
Ram asked Raj if he was reading a book.

She said, “Is your father well now?”

She asked if his father was well then.

He said to me, “ What have you got in your bag?”

He asked me what I had got in my bag.

Imperative sentence:

The teacher said the boys, “ Get out from the class.”
The teacher ordered the boys to get out from the class.

He said to me, “Please give me your pen.”

He requested me to give him my pen.
USE OF LET
To express request, suggestion or command.
I said to my friends, “Let me work.”
I requested my friends to let me work.

I said to Rakesh, “Let us go home.”

I proposed to Rakesh that we should go home.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE:
Alas- exclaimed with sorrow, Hurrah- exclaimed with delight/joy.

CHANGE OF ADVERBS:
Now Then

This That
 These Those

Here There

Ago Before

Today That day

Tonight That night

Yesterday Previous day/the day before

Next week The following week

Tomorrow Next day

TYPE 11
SIMPLE, COMPLEX, COMPOUND
Simple to Compound:
1. The guard whistled. The train started.

Ans. The guard whistled and the train started.

2. He is a fool as well as a knave.
Ans. He is not only a fool but also a knave.

Using coordinating conjunction

As, but, yet, still, nevertheless

Using alternative coordinating conjunction

As, otherwise. Either…or, neither…nor, therefore, for, so.

Simple to Complex:
1. He is a fool. I know the fact.
Ans. I know the fact that he is a fool.
OR
That he is a fool is known to me.

Using Noun clause

Who/To whom

Adjective clause
Where/ When
Adverb clause
Wherever (place)
After/before (time)
Because (reason)
If (condition)
As (comparison)

TYPE 12
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
1. Iron is the most precious metal. (SUPERLATIVE)
No other metal is as precious as iron. (POSITIVE)
Iron is more precious than any other metal. (COMPARITIVE)

2. Akbar is one of the greatest kings. (SUPERLATIVE)

Very few kings are as great as Akbar. (POSITIVE)
Akbar is greater than many other kings. (COMPARITIVE)

(One of to be followed by adjective + ‘s’. No other to be followed by the

adjective without ‘s’)

(FULL STOP IS COMPULSORY IN EACH SENTENCE, OTHERWISE

NO MARKS WILL BE ALLOTED. COMMA AND OTHER
PUNCTUATION MARKS TO BE PUT WHEREVER NECESSARY
OTHERWISE DEDUCTION IN MARKS WILL BE THERE)