LaTeX Packages Summary

Package Purpose/Use Details

Enhances macro definitions to The \xspace command allows automatic
xspace add a space automatically spacing after macros based on whether
after the macro. the following character needs it.
Provides features like better font
Improves the typographic
microtype expansion, margin kerning, and enhanced
quality of the document.
justification.
\usepackage[none]{hyphenat}
Customizes hyphenation rules disables hyphenation, while
hyphenat
in the document. \usepackage[htt]{hyphenat} enables
hyphenation for typewriter text.
Adjusts paragraph formatting This package adjusts spacing between
parskip by altering paragraph paragraphs by eliminating indentation and
indentation and space. introducing vertical space.

LaTeX Commands Summary

Command Description
Specifies the document class and style (article in this
\documentclass{article}
case).
Defines a new command (macro) for use throughout
\newcommand{\command}
the document.
Prints the title, author, and date based on earlier
\maketitle
specified commands.
\section{...} Creates a section heading.
\emph{...} Emphasizes the text, typically by rendering it in italics.
\textit{...} Renders the text in italics.
\textbf{...} Renders the text in boldface.
\texttt{...} Renders the text in monospaced (typewriter) font.
\textsc{...} Renders the text in small caps.
Creates a box with a specific width, where text inside
\parbox{...}{...}
can be formatted.
Forces a line break at the current point in the
\newline
document.
 Creates a line break with optional additional vertical
\[value]
space.
Prevents line breaks and hyphenation within the
\mbox{...}
boxed text.
Forces a line break, with a number indicating the
\linebreak[number]
strength of the break request (1-4).
Prevents a line break, with a number indicating the
\nolinebreak[number]
strength of the request (0-4).

Notes on LaTeX Document Structure

Introduction

• Document Class: The \documentclass{article} command is used to specify

the type of document. It sets the style for the entire document (article, report, book,
etc.).
• Commands: LaTeX commands typically begin with a backslash (e.g., \title,
\author, \date) and are used to define document properties but do not display
anything directly.
• Preamble: The section before \begin{document} is called the preamble, where
the document class and other settings are defined.
• Document Environment: The actual content of the document begins after
\begin{document} and ends with \end{document}.

Working with Commands

• Macros: Custom commands (macros) can be defined using \newcommand. These

allow for reusable code or complex text blocks.
• Nested Commands: LaTeX commands can be nested inside each other, allowing
for rich formatting (e.g., \textit{\textbf{bold and italic}}).

Fonts and Text Styles

• Font Families: You can change font families using commands like \textsf (sans-
serif), \texttt (typewriter), and \textrm (roman/serif).
• Text Styles: Text can be emphasized using \emph, made italic with \textit, bold
with \textbf, and small caps with \textsc.
Paragraph and Line Formatting

• Paragraph Spacing: LaTeX handles paragraph spacing by default, but it can be

adjusted using packages like parskip.
• Line Breaks: Line breaks are created using \\, with optional arguments for
additional vertical spacing. \linebreak[number] and \nolinebreak[number]
help control line breaks more precisely.

Special Formatting

• Boxes: The \parbox and minipage environments allow for text to be placed within
a box, with specified widths and optional height adjustments.
• Preventing Breaks: Commands like \mbox and ~ prevent line breaks or
hyphenation in text.

Here is a tabular comparison of Macros, Declarations, and Classes in LaTeX:

Aspect Macros Declarations Classes

A declaration is a
A macro is a custom A class defines the
command used to
Definition command defined by overall structure and
introduce a variable,
the user. format of the document.
style, or other element.
\newcommand{\nam \newcommand{\name}[ \documentclass[clas
Syntax
e}{definition} num]{definition} s options]{class}
Specifies the document
Defines reusable Introduces or declares
structure, layout, and
Purpose blocks of code or settings, variables, or
style (e.g., article,
text. other elements.
book).
\newcommand{\bol
Usage \newcommand{\item}[ \documentclass{arti
d}[1]{\textbf{#1
Example 1]{\textbf{#1}} cle}
}}
Limited to the
Limited to the current Affects the entire
document or
Scope scope, such as within a document's layout and
environment where
particular environment. style.
defined.
 Can be reused
Typically used to define
Reusabilit throughout the Applies globally across
a single instance or
y document wherever the entire document.
behavior.
invoked.
Expands to introduce a
Expands to the Expands to determine
setting or element, but
Expansion content defined the layout and format
doesn't have repeated
within the macro. for the document.
expansion.
\newcommand{\exa \newcommand{\sectio \documentclass[12pt
Example
mple}{Text} n}[1]{\textbf{#1}} ]{book}

Summary:

• Macros define custom commands that can be reused throughout the document.
• Declarations are used to define specific settings or variables for a given context.
• Classes define the overall layout and structure of the document, influencing how
the content is presented globally.

Sure! Here's a detailed breakdown based on the paragraph you provided, organized into
two tables and notes with headings and subheadings:

Table 1: Package Summarization with Detailed Explanations

Pac
kag Purpose/Usage
e
ams
Provides advanced math functionalities such as equation environments, symbols,
mat
and operators. Essential for displaying complex mathematical notations.
h
ams
Adds fonts for mathematical symbols, particularly useful for displaying special
fon
math characters.
ts
ams
Provides additional symbols that extend the range of available mathematical
sym
symbols in LaTeX, useful for logic and set theory.
b
mat
Extends the functionalities of amsmath, offering additional tools for typesetting
hto
math.
ols
hyp
Enables the creation of hyperlinks within the document, useful for referencing
err
equations, sections, or external URLs.
ef
gra
Facilitates the inclusion and manipulation of images, such as resizing and
phi
rotating, in the document.
cx
tik Provides advanced drawing capabilities, used for creating complex diagrams and
z illustrations within LaTeX.
xco Allows the use of colors for various elements in the document, including text,
lor tables, and mathematical formulas.
geo
Used to modify page layout, such as margins, paper size, and other document
met
dimensions.
ry
cap
Customizes the appearance of captions for figures and tables, such as font size,
tio
alignment, and formatting.
n
fan
Allows the customization of headers and footers, useful for adding document-
cyh
specific information like page numbers or titles.
dr
bib
Provides advanced bibliography management, allowing for customized citation
lat
and reference styles.
ex
siu
Helps format units and numerical data with correct spacing, alignment, and
nit
symbols.
x
cle
Provides smarter cross-referencing for equations, sections, figures, etc., making it
ver
easier to reference them in the document.
ef
lis
Used for displaying programming code in a readable format, with syntax
tin
highlighting and customization options.
gs
mul
Allows the creation of multiple columns within a document, useful for layouts
tic
such as newsletters.
ol
sub
cap Adds support for subfigures and subtables with individual captions, useful for
tio creating groups of related images or tables.
n
Table 2: Commands with Their Descriptions

Command Purpose/Usage
Specifies the overall style of the document (e.g., article,
\documentclass
report, book).
Includes additional packages to extend LaTeX's
\usepackage
functionality.
\begin{document} Marks the beginning of the document content.
\end{document} Marks the end of the document content.
\title, \author, \date Specifies the document’s title, author, and date.
Generates the title page based on the information provided
\maketitle
in \title, \author, and \date.
\section,
\subsection, Defines sections and subsections in the document.
\subsubsection
Creates references to labeled equations, figures, or
\ref, \eqref
sections.
\caption Adds a caption to figures, tables, or other objects.
\begin{itemize} Starts an unordered list.
\item Defines an item in a list.
\begin{enumerate} Starts an ordered (numbered) list.
\includegraphics Inserts an image or graphic into the document.
\cite Cites a reference from the bibliography.
\bibliography Specifies the bibliography or reference list.
\begin{equation} Starts an equation block for mathematical expressions.
\end{equation} Ends the equation block.

Notes from the Paragraph:

1. Introduction to LaTeX Packages

• LaTeX Packages extend LaTeX's functionality by adding new features.

• Packages can enhance the document's appearance and allow for the inclusion of
specialized content like advanced math symbols or graphics.
2. Purpose of Common LaTeX Packages

• amsmath: Used for advanced mathematical typesetting, including complex

formulas.
• amsfonts & amssymb: These add specialized symbols used in higher-level
mathematics.
• mathtools: Extends amsmath for additional math formatting capabilities.
• hyperref: Enables hyperlinks for navigation within the document and to external
sources.
• graphicx & tikz: Useful for including and manipulating images and drawing
diagrams.
• xcolor: Provides color functionality for formatting and visual enhancement.

3. Document Layout and Customization

• geometry: Customizes page layout, margins, and paper sizes.

• caption: Customizes captions for figures and tables.
• fancyhdr: Used for customizing headers and footers in the document.

4. Advanced Document Features

• biblatex: Provides advanced features for bibliography management and citation

styles.
• siunitx: Formats units and numerical data with appropriate symbols and spacing.
• cleveref: Smarter referencing of sections, equations, and figures.
• listings: Formats programming code with syntax highlighting.

5. Structuring the Document

• Sections, subsections, and subsubsections help organize content.

• Lists (ordered and unordered) are created using itemize and enumerate
environments.

6. LaTeX Commands for Document Creation

• \documentclass defines the style, and \usepackage loads necessary packages.

• \begin{document} starts the main content, and \end{document} ends it.
 • The title, author, and date are defined using \title, \author, and \date.

These tables and notes should help summarize the content effectively. Let me know if you
need further clarification!

Here’s a structured summary with tables for the packages and commands mentioned in
your paragraph, followed by notes organized into headings and subheadings.

Table 1: Package Summarization with Detailed Explanations

Package Purpose/Usage
Provides compact list environments (compactenum,
paralist compactitem) and can be used within paragraphs. Helps
to customize list spacing and layout.
Offers control over list labels, lengths, and styles. Allows
enumitem
customization for numbered and bulleted lists.
Useful for customizing description lists, providing
mdwlist compact options and the ability to suspend and resume
list formatting.
Adds flexibility to definition lists, offering more
desclist customization options than the default LaTeX description
environment.
Supports vertical enumeration in multiple columns.
multenum Useful when organizing large sets of enumerated items in
compact spaces.
Facilitates the inclusion of images, allowing resizing,
graphicx
rotation, and other image manipulations.
Used for including PDF pages into the document. Allows
pdfpages
specifying which pages from the PDF should be included.
Provides the H placement option, ensuring that floating
float
figures appear exactly where placed in the LaTeX source.
Supports the use of subfigures with individual captions.
subcaption
Best used in combination with the caption package.
Allows text to flow around a figure, useful for embedding
wrapfig
images within the text.
Allows captions to be added to non-floating elements like
capt-of
images outside of the floating environment.
 Delays the execution of \clearpage until after the current
afterpage
page finishes, useful for controlling float placement.
Customizes captions for figures, tables, and other
caption elements. Used for more detailed control over caption
formatting.

Table 2: Commands with Their Descriptions

Command Purpose/Usage
Loads the paralist package for compact lists
\usepackage{paralist}
and list customization.
Sets properties for all list types. For example,
\setlist \setlist{nosep} removes extra vertical
spacing.
Modifies properties for bulleted lists. Example:
\setitemize \setitemize[1]{label=–--} changes the
bullet to an em dash.
Modifies properties for numbered lists. Example:
\setenumerate[1]{label=\textcircled{\sc
\setenumerate
riptsize \Alph*}, font=\sffamily} sets a
capital letter label in sans-serif font.
\begin{itemize} Starts a bulleted list.
\begin{enumerate} Starts a numbered list.
Starts a compact enumerated list from the
\begin{compactenum}
paralist package.
Starts a compact bulleted list from the paralist
\begin{compactitem}
package.
Includes an image in the document. The size and
\includegraphics scaling can be controlled by specifying options
such as width, height, or scale.
Includes pages from a PDF file into the LaTeX
document. Example: \includepdf[pages=2-
\includepdf
4]{spec} includes pages 2-4 of the spec.pdf
file.
Starts a figure environment. Used to insert images
\begin{figure} with captions, along with positioning commands
(h, t, b, p, !).
 Ends the current page and flushes all floats
\clearpage
(figures, tables).
\captionof Adds captions to non-floating images or objects.
Defers the execution of \clearpage to after the
\afterpage
current page finishes.

Notes from the Paragraph:

1. Numbering Schemes in LaTeX

• First Level: Numbered as 1., 2., 3., 4., …

• Second Level: Numbered as (a), (b), (c), (d), …
• Third Level: Numbered as i., ii., iii., iv., …
• Fourth Level: Numbered as A., B., C., D., …

2. Definition List

• Uses the description environment, with the optional argument in square brackets
to make the text bold.
• Similar to a bulleted list, but replaces bullets with bold keywords.

3. Customizing Lists

• Spacing, Bullet Type, and Numbering Style: Can be customized using various
packages.
• paralist: Creates compact lists, useful for creating lists within paragraphs.
• enumitem: Allows detailed control over list labels, indentation, and lengths across
different list types.
• mdwlist: Helps to customize description lists, with features like multi-line labels
and compact options.
• desclist: Offers additional flexibility for creating and customizing definition lists.
• multenum: Creates vertical enumerated lists in multiple columns.

4. Using List Customization with enumitem

• \setlist{nosep}: Removes extra spacing from lists, making them more compact.
• \setitemize[1]{label=–--}: Changes the bullet style to an em dash.
 • \setenumerate[1]{label=\textcircled{\scriptsize \Alph*},
font=\sffamily}: Modifies the numbered list to use capital letters in a sans-serif
font.

5. Other List Options

• Compact Lists: Use \begin{itemize}[noitemsep] for compact bulleted lists

with no extra space between items.
• Custom Numbering: Customize enumeration with commands like
label=\Roman*. for Roman numerals or label=\alph*) for lowercase letters.
• Types of Labels: Common label styles include \arabic*, \alph*, \Alph*,
\roman*, and \Roman*.

6. Including Images

• Resizing and Scaling: The graphicx package allows resizing (via width, height,
scale) and rotation (via angle) of images.
• Positioning: Images can be positioned at specific places (h, t, b, p, ! for
placement) and can be included as part of a float.

7. Force Figure Placement

• H Option: The float package's H option forces the figure to appear exactly where it
is defined.
• Clearing Floats: Use \clearpage to force the output of figures and end the current
page.
• Deferring Page Breaks: The afterpage package defers the \clearpage command
until the current page is completed.

8. Grouping Figures and Subfigures

• subcaption: Supports subfigures and provides better compatibility with

hyperlinks.
• subfig: A more advanced option for grouping subfigures.
• subfigure: An older package, now considered obsolete in favor of subfig.
9. Text Flowing Around Images

• wrapfig: Used to wrap text around images. It allows for the image to be positioned
on the left (l option) or right, and the text flows around it.

These notes capture the key points from your paragraph. Let me know if you need any more
details!

Here’s a detailed breakdown of the LaTeX tabular packages and commands mentioned
in your text, presented as two tables and organized into comprehensive notes for easy
reference.

Table 1: Summary of Packages for Table Customization

Packa Environment/Feat
Description
ge ure
longta Enables multi-page tables with captions, headers, and
longtable
ble footers that adjust across pages.
Combines
ltxtab Merges features of longtable and tabularx for multi-
longtable and
le page tables with flexible column widths.
tabularx
ltable Similar to Combines longtable and tabularx, focusing on user-
x ltxtable friendly multi-page tables.
super
Extends tabular for multi-page support, with optional
tabul supertabular
table tails and heads at page breaks.
ar
Extends Improves supertabular, addressing weaknesses in
xtab
supertabular handling tables in two-column layouts.
stabu Simplifies multi- Offers a straightforward way to enable page breaks in
lar page tables tabular without extensive configuration.
bookt Enhances table Adds commands like \toprule, \midrule, and
abs aesthetics \bottomrule for professional-looking tables.

Table 2: Summary of Commands for Tabular Customization

Command Purpose Usage Example

 \= Software
Used in the tabbing environment to set tab stops,
\=, \>, \\ \= : \= \LaTeX
move to the next tab stop, and end lines.
\\
Draws a horizontal line across the entire table
\hline \hline
width.
\cline{m-
Draws a horizontal line spanning columns m to n. \cline{2-3}
n}
Draws a vertical line over the height and depth of a Used within a
\vline
row. cell: `
\toprule /
Used for drawing thick horizontal lines at the top \toprule[1.5pt
\bottomrul
and bottom of tables (from booktabs package). ]
e
Draws a horizontal dividing line between rows in a
\midrule \midrule
table.
\cmidrule( Draws a horizontal line from column m to n with \cmidrule(lr){
m){m-n} optional trimming. 1-2}
\multicolumn{2
\multicolu Merges multiple columns into one, with specified
}{c}{Merged
mn formatting.
Column}
\renewcommand{
\arraystre
Adjusts row spacing in tables. \arraystretch}
tch
{1.5}
>{\raggedright
>{code} / Adds formatting to the start or end of column } or
<{code} entries. <{\hspace{2mm}
}
p{width},
Creates paragraph cells with specified width; aligns p{2cm} or
m{width},
content at top, middle, or bottom, respectively. m{3cm}
b{width}

Notes: Key Points from the Text

1. Tabbing Environment

• Key Commands:
o \=: Sets tab stops.
o \>: Moves to the next tab stop.
 o \\: Ends a line.
• Additional Commands:
o \+ / \-: Indent or reduce indentation of subsequent lines.
o \<: Undo the effect of \+ for the current line.

2. Tabular Environment

• Alignment Options:
o l: Left-aligned.
o c: Centered.
o r: Right-aligned.
• Drawing Lines:
o \hline: Horizontal line across the table width.
o \cline{m-n}: Horizontal line from column m to n.
• Customizing Width:
o Use p{width}, m{width}, or b{width} for fixed-width columns with
specific alignments.

3. Advanced Customization with Packages

• booktabs Package:
o Commands:
▪ \toprule, \midrule, \bottomrule: Create aesthetically pleasing
horizontal lines.
▪ \cmidrule: Add partial horizontal lines with trimming options.
o Adjustable Parameters:
▪ \heavyrulewidth, \lightrulewidth, and \cmidrulewidth for
line thickness.

4. Multi-page Tables

• Packages for Multi-page Support:

o longtable: Simplest and most widely used.
o ltxtable and ltablex: Combine longtable with flexible widths from
tabularx.
• Special Cases:
o stabular offers minimal configuration for page breaks.
o xtab enhances functionality for two-column documents.
5. Verbatim Text

• Use \verb for inline verbatim text with any delimiter, e.g., \verb|...|.
• Use the verbatim environment for multi-line verbatim text.

Let me know if you’d like further elaboration or additional examples!

1. Tabular Summarization: Packages with Detailed Explanations

Packa
ge Use/Feature
Name
toclo Offers extensive control over the typography of TOC, LOF (List of Figures), and
ft LOT (List of Tables). It can define custom lists as well.
title Simplifies the handling of entries in the TOC. Often used with titlesec for
toc customizing section headings.
multi
Allows multi-column layouts in TOCs using the multicol package.
toc
minit
Generates small TOCs for parts, chapters, or sections.
oc
tocbi Automatically adds bibliography, index, TOC, LOF, and LOT to the TOC. Can
bind replace unnumbered headings with numbered ones.
bibte Used for creating and managing bibliographies in LaTeX. It references entries in
x external .bib files.

2. Tabular Summarization: Commands Listed Above

Command Purpose/Explanation
Specifies the type of document to be created (e.g., book,
\documentclass{}
article).
\setcounter{tocdepth} Sets the depth level for TOC entries (e.g., include sections,
{} subsections).
\tableofcontents Generates the Table of Contents.
\listoffigures Generates a list of all figures in the document.
\renewcommand{\figure
Changes the default label of figures (e.g., to "Diagram").
name}{}
\renewcommand{\listfi
Changes the heading of the List of Figures.
gurename}{}
 \addcontentsline{} Adds an entry manually to the TOC, LOF, or LOT.
\begin{figure} ...
Creates and captions a figure.
\end{figure}
Defines the style of the bibliography (e.g., plain, unsrt,
\bibliographystyle{}
alpha).
\bibliography{} Includes a .bib file for referencing bibliographic entries.
Adds a bibliography entry directly within a LaTeX
\bibitem{}
document.
\cite{} Cites a specific bibliographic entry in the text.
\appendix Declares the beginning of the appendix section.

3. Notes: Organized by Headings and Subheadings

Table of Contents (TOC) and Lists

1. Customizing TOC Depth

a. Use \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} to include subsubsection levels in the
TOC.
2. Generating TOC and Lists
a. Use \tableofcontents to generate a TOC.
b. Use \listoffigures to generate a List of Figures (LOF).
3. Customizing Labels
a. Change figure labels using \renewcommand{\figurename}{}.
b. Rename LOF headings with \renewcommand{\listfigurename}{}.
4. Manually Adding Entries
a. Use \addcontentsline{} to manually add entries to TOC, LOF, or LOT.

Figures

1. Creating Figures
a. Use \begin{figure} ... \end{figure} to insert and caption a figure.
2. Adding Descriptions
a. Provide a \caption{} to describe the figure.

Packages for TOC Customization

1. Typographical Control
 a. tocloft provides extensive typography options for TOC, LOF, and LOT.
2. Section Handling
a. titletoc and titlesec enable customization of section entries and
headings.
3. Multi-column Layout
a. multitoc allows creating multi-column TOCs with the multicol package.
4. Small TOCs
a. minitoc generates smaller TOCs for sections, chapters, or parts.
5. Automatic TOC Updates
a. tocbibind adds TOC, LOF, LOT, and bibliography automatically to the TOC.

Bibliography

1. Standard Bibliography Commands

a. Use \bibliographystyle{} to specify styles (plain, unsrt, alpha, etc.).
b. Include a .bib file with \bibliography{}.
c. Create entries manually with \bibitem{}.
2. Citing in Text
a. Use \cite{} to reference entries by their key.
3. BibTeX
a. Automates bibliography management using external .bib files.

Additional Fields for BibTeX Entries

1. Mandatory Fields
a. Author, title, year, publisher (for books), and journal (for articles).
2. Optional Fields
a. Volume, number, pages, month, note, and institution.
3. Special Cases
a. Use howpublished for unusual publication types.
b. Add URLs with \url{} in the howpublished field.

1. Tabular Summarization: Packages with Detailed Explanations

Package
Purpose/Use
Name
Provides advanced mathematical environments like align, gather, split,
amsmath
and more for equations.
 Enables special fonts such as Blackboard Bold (\mathbb) for mathematical
amsfonts
symbols.
Adds double-stroke fonts like \mathds for variables or constants in
dsfont
mathematics.
bbm Offers an alternative to Blackboard Bold fonts with \mathbbm.
eufrak Provides Gothic-style fonts with \mathfrak.
mathtool Extends amsmath by adding more features, such as multline and brackets
s customization.

2. Tabular Summarization: Commands Listed in the Above Paragraph

Command Purpose/Explanation
\begin{math} ... Inline math environment for small expressions or
\end{math} symbols.
\begin{equation} ...
For numbering and displaying equations.
\end{equation}
\label{} Tags an equation for reference within the text.
\frac{} Creates fractions (e.g., \frac{-b}{2a}).
\sqrt{} Represents the square root of an expression.
\Delta Displays the discriminant symbol (Δ).
\pm Produces the ± symbol for equations.
Places a brace under an expression with an
\underbrace{}
annotation.
Places a brace over an expression with an
\overbrace{}
annotation.
\overline{} Adds a line over a character or symbol.
\underline{} Adds a line under a character or symbol.
\begin{align} ...
Aligns multiple equations for better readability.
\end{align}
\begin{pmatrix} ...
Displays a matrix with parentheses around it.
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix} ...
Displays a matrix with square brackets.
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{vmatrix} ...
Displays a matrix with single vertical bars.
\end{vmatrix}
\begin{Vmatrix} ...
Displays a matrix with double vertical bars.
\end{Vmatrix}
 Provides Blackboard Bold letters for sets like ℝ, ℤ,
\mathbb{}
etc.
\mathfrak{} Produces Gothic-style letters.
\mathcal{} Produces script-style letters.
\mathit{} Italicizes mathematical text.
Changes text to Roman (upright) style in math
\mathrm{}
mode.

3. Notes: Organized with Headings and Subheadings

Quadratic Equations

1. General Form
a. The quadratic equation is represented as: ax2+bx+c=0,a≠0.ax^2 + bx + c =
0, \quad a \neq 0.
2. Solutions
a. The solutions for xx are: x1,2=−b±b2−4ac2a.x_{1,2} = \frac{-b \pm
\sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}.
3. Discriminant
a. The discriminant is defined as: Δ=b2−4ac.\Delta = b^2 - 4ac.
b. If Δ=0\Delta = 0, the equation has a double root: x=−b2a.x = -\frac{b}{2a}.

Mathematical Environments

1. Equation Environment
a. Use \begin{equation} ... \end{equation} for numbered equations.
b. Label equations with \label{} and reference them using \ref{}.
2. Inline Math
a. For small expressions, use \begin{math} ... \end{math} or the
shorthand \(...\).

Common Mathematical Commands

1. Fractions and Roots

a. Fractions: \frac{numerator}{denominator}.
b. Square roots: \sqrt{expression}.
2. Symbols
 a. Discriminant: \Delta.
b. Plus-minus: \pm.
c. Italics: \mathit{}.
d. Roman: \mathrm{}.

Matrices

1. Matrix Types
a. Parentheses: \begin{pmatrix} ... \end{pmatrix}.
b. Square Brackets: \begin{bmatrix} ... \end{bmatrix}.
c. Vertical Bars: \begin{vmatrix} ... \end{vmatrix}.
d. Double Vertical Bars: \begin{Vmatrix} ... \end{Vmatrix}.

Fonts in Math Mode

1. Special Fonts
a. Blackboard Bold: \mathbb{R} for ℝ, ℤ, etc.
b. Gothic: \mathfrak{}.
c. Script: \mathcal{}.
d. Double Stroke: \mathds{} (requires dsfont package).

Underlining and Overlining

1. Lines and Braces

a. Overline: \overline{\Omega}.
b. Underline: \underline{\Omega}.
c. Braces: Use \underbrace{} and \overbrace{} for annotations.

Advanced Alignments

1. Alignments in Equations
a. Align multiple equations using align with & for alignment points.
b. Center equations with gather.
c. Flush equations with margins using flalign.

These tabular summaries and notes should make understanding the content and writing
mathematical expressions in LaTeX easier.