WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Statics and Probablity Assignment

Submitted by Kume Disea Fagessa.................................WU

Submission date: November, 09/2024

Answer:
1. Difference between Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Models:

 Deterministic Model: This model operates under the assumption that there is no
randomness involved, so the output is entirely determined by the input values. For
example, if we know the values and relationships in a system precisely, we can predict
the output with certainty.
 Non-Deterministic Model: In this model, outcomes are not entirely predictable due to
the involvement of random variables. Even if the initial conditions are known, the
outcome may vary due to the probability of various occurrences.

2. Definitions

 A. Probability: The measure of the likelihood of an event occurring, usually expressed

as a number between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates impossibility, and 1 indicates certainty.
 B. Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes in a probability experiment.
 C. Probability Distribution: Describes how probabilities are distributed over the values
of a random variable.
 D. Equally Likely Outcomes: Outcomes that have the same probability of occurring.
 E. Dependent Events: Events in which the outcome or occurrence of the first affects the
outcome or occurrence of the second.
 F. Independent Events: Events in which the outcome of one event does not affect the
outcome of another.
 G. Equivalent Events: Events that are different but have the same probability.
 H. Permutations: Different arrangements of a given set of items where the order of
arrangement matters.
 I. Random Variable: A variable that takes on different values randomly, often as a result
of a random experiment.
 J. Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF): The probability that a random variable
will take a value less than or equal to a given value.

3. Properties of the Normal Distribution:

 Symmetrical: The normal distribution is symmetrical around its mean.

 Bell-shaped Curve: It has a bell-shaped curve.
 Mean, Median, Mode: All three measures of central tendency are equal.
 Asymptotic: The tails of the distribution approach, but never touch, the horizontal axis.
 Defined by Mean and Standard Deviation: A normal distribution is fully defined by its
mean and standard deviation.
4. Types of Distributions:

Discrete Probability Distributions:

1. Binomial Distribution: Describes the number of successes in a fixed number of trials

with a fixed probability.
2. Poisson Distribution: Used for counting the number of times an event occurs in a fixed
interval.

Continuous Probability Distributions:

1. Normal Distribution: Bell-shaped and used for a wide range of natural and social
phenomena.
2. Uniform Distribution: All outcomes are equally likely within a specified range.
3. Exponential Distribution: Describes the time between events in a Poisson process.

5. Discrete Random Variable vs. Continuous Random Variable:

 Discrete Random Variable: Can take on a countable number of distinct values.

Examples include the number of students in a classroom.
 Continuous Random Variable: Can take on an infinite number of possible values
within a given range. Examples include height, weight, and temperature.
Part II

1. Suppose that an examination consists of six true and false questions and assume that student
has no knowledge of the subject matter. The probability that the student has guest the correct
answer to the first question is 30percent, while that the probability of guessing the remaining
question is also 30 percent.

a) what is the probability of getting more than three correcting answers

b)what is the probability of getting at least two correcting answers

c) what is the probability of getting at most three correcting answers

d) what is the probability of getting less than five correcting answers

This problem can be modeled as a binomial distribution. Given:

 Number of questions: n=6n = 6n=6

 Probability of guessing each question correctly: p=0.3p = 0.3p=0.3
 Number of correct answers: XXX (a binomial random variable)

The probability mass function of a binomial distribution is given by:

P(X=k)=(nk)pk(1−p)n−kP(X = k) = \binom{n}{k} p^k (1 - p)^{n - k}P(X=k)=(kn)pk(1−p)n−k

where kkk is the number of correct answers, p=0.3p = 0.3p=0.3, and n=6n = 6n=6.

Let’s find each probability:

a) Probability of Getting More Than Three Correct Answers

To find P(X>3)P(X > 3)P(X>3), we need to sum the probabilities for X=4X = 4X=4, X=5X =
5X=5, and X=6X = 6X=6:

P(X>3)=P(X=4)+P(X=5)+P(X=6)P(X > 3) = P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) + P(X =

6)P(X>3)=P(X=4)+P(X=5)+P(X=6)

1. For X=4X = 4X=4:

P(X=4)=(64)(0.3)4(0.7)2P(X = 4) = \binom{6}{4} (0.3)^4 (0.7)^2P(X=4)=(46)

(0.3)4(0.7)2

2. For X=5X = 5X=5:

 P(X=5)=(65)(0.3)5(0.7)1P(X = 5) = \binom{6}{5} (0.3)^5 (0.7)^1P(X=5)=(56)
(0.3)5(0.7)1

3. For X=6X = 6X=6:

P(X=6)=(66)(0.3)6(0.7)0P(X = 6) = \binom{6}{6} (0.3)^6 (0.7)^0P(X=6)=(66)

(0.3)6(0.7)0

Let’s calculate these probabilities.

b) Probability of Getting at Least Two Correct Answers

To find P(X≥2)P(X \geq 2)P(X≥2), we can use:

P(X≥2)=1−P(X<2)P(X \geq 2) = 1 - P(X < 2)P(X≥2)=1−P(X<2)

where

P(X<2)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)P(X<2)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)

Calculate P(X=0)P(X = 0)P(X=0) and P(X=1)P(X = 1)P(X=1) and subtract from 1.

c) Probability of Getting at Most Three Correct Answers

To find P(X≤3)P(X \leq 3)P(X≤3), we sum the probabilities for X=0X = 0X=0, X=1X = 1X=1,
X=2X = 2X=2, and X=3X = 3X=3:

P(X≤3)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)+P(X=3)P(X \leq 3) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X =

3)P(X≤3)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)+P(X=3)

d) Probability of Getting Less Than Five Correct Answers

To find P(X<5)P(X < 5)P(X<5), we sum the probabilities for X=0,1,2,3,X = 0, 1, 2, 3,X=0,1,2,3,
and 444:

P(X<5)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)+P(X=3)+P(X=4)P(X < 5) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) +

P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)P(X<5)=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)+P(X=3)+P(X=4)

2. Given f(x)=3xf(x) = 3xf(x)=3x for 0<x<10 < x < 10<x<1, find rrr if
P(X>r)=0.036P(X > r) = 0.036P(X>r)=0.036

The probability density function is f(x)=3xf(x) = 3xf(x)=3x for 0<x<10 < x < 10<x<1.
To find rrr, given P(X>r)=0.036P(X > r) = 0.036P(X>r)=0.036, we need to solve:

P(X>r)=∫r13x dx=0.036P(X > r) = \int_r^1 3x \, dx = 0.036P(X>r)=∫r13xdx=0.036

1. Integrate f(x)f(x)f(x) from rrr to 1:

∫r13x dx=[3x22]r1=32−3r22\int_r^1 3x \, dx = \left[ \frac{3x^2}{2} \right]_r^1 = \

frac{3}{2} - \frac{3r^2}{2}∫r13xdx=[23x2]r1=23−23r2

2. Set up the equation:

32−3r22=0.036\frac{3}{2} - \frac{3r^2}{2} = 0.03623−23r2=0.036

3. Solve for rrr:

32−0.036=3r22\frac{3}{2} - 0.036 = \frac{3r^2}{2}23−0.036=23r2

1.5−0.036=1.464=3r221.5 - 0.036 = 1.464 = \frac{3r^2}{2}1.5−0.036=1.464=23r2
r2=1.464×23=0.976r^2 = \frac{1.464 \times 2}{3} = 0.976r2=31.464×2=0.976
r=0.976≈0.988r = \sqrt{0.976} \approx 0.988r=0.976≈0.988

So, r≈0.988r \approx 0.988r≈0.988.

3. Rando Selection Probability with Given Data

Assume the data is organized as follows:

Category Males Females

Secondary Education 38 45
No College Education 40 22

a) Probability that a randomly selected person is male given that they have a secondary
education

Define events:

 M: Male
 S: Secondary Education

We want P(M∣S)P(M | S)P(M∣S), which is calculated as:

P(M∣S)=P(M∩S)P(S)P(M | S) = \frac{P(M \cap S)}{P(S)}P(M∣S)=P(S)P(M∩S)

1. Calculate P(S)P(S)P(S):

P(S)=Total with Secondary EducationTotal People=38+4538+45+40+22=83145≈0.572P(

S) = \frac{\text{Total with Secondary Education}}{\text{Total People}} = \frac{38 +
 45}{38 + 45 + 40 + 22} = \frac{83}{145} \approx
0.572P(S)=Total PeopleTotal with Secondary Education=38+45+40+2238+45=14583
≈0.572

2. Calculate P(M∩S)P(M \cap S)P(M∩S):

P(M∩S)=38145≈0.262P(M \cap S) = \frac{38}{145} \approx 0.262P(M∩S)=14538

≈0.262

3. Calculate P(M∣S)P(M | S)P(M∣S):

P(M∣S)=0.2620.572≈0.458P(M | S) = \frac{0.262}{0.572} \approx

0.458P(M∣S)=0.5720.262≈0.458

So, P(M∣S)≈0.458P(M | S) \approx 0.458P(M∣S)≈0.458.

b) Probability that a randomly selected person does not have a college education given that
they are female

Define events:

 NC: No College Education

 F: Female

We want P(NC∣F)=P(NC∩F)P(F)P(NC | F) = \frac{P(NC \cap F)}{P(F)}P(NC∣F)=P(F)P(NC∩F)

.

1. Calculate P(F)P(F)P(F):

P(F)=Total FemalesTotal People=45+22145=67145≈0.462P(F) = \frac{\text{Total

Females}}{\text{Total People}} = \frac{45 + 22}{145} = \frac{67}{145} \approx
0.462P(F)=Total PeopleTotal Females=14545+22=14567≈0.462

2. Calculate P(NC∩F)P(NC \cap F)P(NC∩F):

P(NC∩F)=22145≈0.152P(NC \cap F) = \frac{22}{145} \approx 0.152P(NC∩F)=14522

≈0.152

3. Calculate P(NC∣F)P(NC | F)P(NC∣F):

P(NC∣F)=0.1520.462≈0.329P(NC | F) = \frac{0.152}{0.462} \approx

0.329P(NC∣F)=0.4620.152≈0.329

So, P(NC∣F)≈0.329P(NC | F) \approx 0.329P(NC∣F)≈0.329.

4. Assembly Plant Defective Probability Calculation

Three machines produce a different portion of products, each with its own defect rate:

Machine Production Share Defect Rate

M1M_1M1 35% 2%
M2M_2M2 45% 3%
M3M_3M3 25% 2%

The probability that a randomly selected product is defective is:

P(Defective)=P(Defective∣M1)P(M1)+P(Defective∣M2)P(M2)+P(Defective∣M3)P(M3)P(\
text{Defective}) = P(\text{Defective} | M_1)P(M_1) + P(\text{Defective} | M_2)P(M_2) + P(\
text{Defective} | M_3)P(M_3)P(Defective)=P(Defective∣M1)P(M1)+P(Defective∣M2)P(M2)
+P(Defective∣M3)P(M3)

Substitute values:

P(Defective)=(0.02×0.35)+(0.03×0.45)+(0.02×0.25)P(\text{Defective}) = (0.02 \times 0.35) +

(0.03 \times 0.45) + (0.02 \times 0.25)P(Defective)=(0.02×0.35)+(0.03×0.45)+(0.02×0.25)
P(Defective)=0.007+0.0135+0.005=0.0255P(\text{Defective}) = 0.007 + 0.0135 + 0.005 =
0.0255P(Defective)=0.007+0.0135+0.005=0.0255

So, the probability that a randomly selected product is defective is 0.02550.02550.0255 or

2.55%.

5. Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) Calculation

Given probabilities:

f(z)={1/8for z=12/8for z=2,3,41/4for z=5f(z) = \begin{cases} 1/8 & \text{for } z = 1 \\ 2/8 & \
text{for } z = 2,3,4 \\ 1/4 & \text{for } z = 5 \end{cases}f(z)=⎩⎨⎧1/82/81/4
for z=1for z=2,3,4for z=5

Calculate the cumulative probabilities:

 F(1)=P(Z≤1)=1/8F(1) = P(Z \leq 1) = 1/8F(1)=P(Z≤1)=1/8

 F(2)=P(Z≤2)=1/8+2/8=3/8F(2) = P(Z \leq 2) = 1/8 + 2/8 = 3/8F(2)=P(Z≤2)=1/8+2/8=3/8
 F(3)=P(Z≤3)=3/8+2/8=5/8F(3) = P(Z \leq 3) = 3/8 + 2/8 = 5/8F(3)=P(Z≤3)=3/8+2/8=5/8
 F(4)=P(Z≤4)=5/8+2/8=7/8F(4) = P(Z \leq 4) = 5/8 + 2/8 = 7/8F(4)=P(Z≤4)=5/8+2/8=7/8
  F(5)=P(Z≤5)=7/8+1/4=1F(5) = P(Z \leq 5) = 7/8 + 1/4 = 1F(5)=P(Z≤5)=7/8+1/4=1

7. f(x)=kxfor x=1,2,3,4,5 and f(x)=0f(x) = 0f(x)=0 otherwise, we need to:

1. Find the value of kkk by setting the sum of probabilities equal to 1.

2. Calculate P(X>2)P(X > 2)P(X>2).
3. Calculate P(X<3)P(X < 3)P(X<3).

Solution

a) Finding the value of kkk

The probabilities for X=1,2,3,4,5X = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5X=1,2,3,4,5 must sum up to 1:

f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)=1f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + f(4) + f(5) = 1f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)=1

Since f(x)=kxf(x) = kxf(x)=kx, we have:

k(1)+k(2)+k(3)+k(4)+k(5)=1k(1) + k(2) + k(3) + k(4) + k(5) = 1k(1)+k(2)+k(3)+k(4)+k(5)=1

k(1+2+3+4+5)=1k(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 1k(1+2+3+4+5)=1

Calculating the sum inside the parentheses:

1+2+3+4+5=151 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 151+2+3+4+5=15

So,

15k=115k = 115k=1 k=115k = \frac{1}{15}k=151

Therefore, the value of kkk is 115\frac{1}{15}151.

b) Calculating P(X>2)P(X > 2)P(X>2)

To find P(X>2)P(X > 2)P(X>2), we need the probabilities for X=3,4,X = 3, 4,X=3,4, and 555:

P(X>2)=f(3)+f(4)+f(5)P(X > 2) = f(3) + f(4) + f(5)P(X>2)=f(3)+f(4)+f(5)

Substitute f(x)=kx=115⋅xf(x) = kx = \frac{1}{15} \cdot xf(x)=kx=151⋅x:

f(3)=115⋅3=315=15f(3) = \frac{1}{15} \cdot 3 = \frac{3}{15} = \frac{1}{5}f(3)=151⋅3=153=51

f(4)=115⋅4=415f(4) = \frac{1}{15} \cdot 4 = \frac{4}{15}f(4)=151⋅4=154
f(5)=115⋅5=515=13f(5) = \frac{1}{15} \cdot 5 = \frac{5}{15} = \frac{1}{3}f(5)=151⋅5=155=31
Adding these probabilities:

P(X>2)=15+415+13P(X > 2) = \frac{1}{5} + \frac{4}{15} + \frac{1}{3}P(X>2)=51+154+31

To add these, convert each fraction to a common denominator (15):

P(X>2)=315+415+515=1215=45P(X > 2) = \frac{3}{15} + \frac{4}{15} + \frac{5}{15} = \

frac{12}{15} = \frac{4}{5}P(X>2)=153+154+155=1512=54

So, P(X>2)=45P(X > 2) = \frac{4}{5}P(X>2)=54.

c) Calculating P(X<3)P(X < 3)P(X<3)

To find P(X<3)P(X < 3)P(X<3), we need the probabilities for X=1X = 1X=1 and X=2X = 2X=2:

P(X<3)=f(1)+f(2)P(X < 3) = f(1) + f(2)P(X<3)=f(1)+f(2)

Substitute f(x)=115⋅xf(x) = \frac{1}{15} \cdot xf(x)=151⋅x:

f(1)=115⋅1=115f(1) = \frac{1}{15} \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{15}f(1)=151⋅1=151 f(2)=115⋅2=215f(2) =

\frac{1}{15} \cdot 2 = \frac{2}{15}f(2)=151⋅2=152

Adding these probabilities:

P(X<3)=115+215=315=15P(X < 3) = \frac{1}{15} + \frac{2}{15} = \frac{3}{15} = \frac{1}

{5}P(X<3)=151+152=153=51

So, P(X<3)=15P(X < 3) = \frac{1}{5}P(X<3)=51.

8. Let x be a random variable with probability distribution p(x) = (3/4)(1/4)power of x,

where x = 1,2,3...... Find, the probability distribution of y= square of x.
We are asked to find the probability distribution of Y=X2Y = X^2Y=X2.

To proceed, we calculate P(Y=y)P(Y = y)P(Y=y) for values of yyy that can be expressed as
y=x2y = x^2y=x2 for x=1,2,3,…x = 1, 2, 3, \dotsx=1,2,3,…. Thus, possible values of YYY are
y=1,4,9,…y = 1, 4, 9, \dotsy=1,4,9,….

Solution

Step 1: Find P(Y=y)P(Y = y)P(Y=y) for each value of y=x2y = x^2y=x2

The probability distribution of YYY can be derived by calculating P(Y=y)=P(X=y)P(Y = y) =
P(X = \sqrt{y})P(Y=y)=P(X=y) for each square of XXX.

1. For y=1y = 1y=1 (when x=1x = 1x=1):

P(Y=1)=P(X=1)=(34)(14)1=316P(Y = 1) = P(X = 1) = \left(\frac{3}{4}\right) \left(\

frac{1}{4}\right)^1 = \frac{3}{16}P(Y=1)=P(X=1)=(43)(41)1=163

2. For y=4y = 4y=4 (when x=2x = 2x=2):

P(Y=4)=P(X=2)=(34)(14)2=34⋅116=364P(Y = 4) = P(X = 2) = \left(\frac{3}{4}\right) \

left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^2 = \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{16} = \frac{3}
{64}P(Y=4)=P(X=2)=(43)(41)2=43⋅161=643

3. For y=9y = 9y=9 (when x=3x = 3x=3):

P(Y=9)=P(X=3)=(34)(14)3=34⋅164=3256P(Y = 9) = P(X = 3) = \left(\frac{3}{4}\right) \

left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^3 = \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{64} = \frac{3}
{256}P(Y=9)=P(X=3)=(43)(41)3=43⋅641=2563

4. For y=16y = 16y=16 (when x=4x = 4x=4):

P(Y=16)=P(X=4)=(34)(14)4=34⋅1256=31024P(Y = 16) = P(X = 4) = \left(\frac{3}{4}\

right) \left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^4 = \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{256} = \frac{3}
{1024}P(Y=16)=P(X=4)=(43)(41)4=43⋅2561=10243

Step 2: General Formula for P(Y=y)P(Y = y)P(Y=y)

For Y=x2Y = x^2Y=x2, where x=1,2,3,…x = 1, 2, 3, \dotsx=1,2,3,…, we have:

P(Y=x2)=(34)(14)xP(Y = x^2) = \left(\frac{3}{4}\right) \left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^xP(Y=x2)=(43)

(41)x

Probability Distribution of YYY

The probability distribution of YYY is therefore:

P(Y=1)=316P(Y = 1) = \frac{3}{16}P(Y=1)=163 P(Y=4)=364P(Y = 4) = \frac{3}

{64}P(Y=4)=643 P(Y=9)=3256P(Y = 9) = \frac{3}{256}P(Y=9)=2563 P(Y=16)=31024P(Y =
16) = \frac{3}{1024}P(Y=16)=10243
and so on, following the pattern P(Y=x2)=34(14)xP(Y = x^2) = \frac{3}{4} \left(\frac{1}{4}\
right)^xP(Y=x2)=43(41)x for x=1,2,3,…x = 1, 2, 3, \dotsx=1,2,3,….

9. Normal Distribution Problem

For a normal distribution with mean μ=80\mu = 80μ=80 and standard deviation σ=4.8\sigma =
4.8σ=4.8:

1. a) Probability X<87.2X < 87.2X<87.2:

z=87.2−804.8≈1.5z = \frac{87.2 - 80}{4.8} \approx 1.5z=4.887.2−80≈1.5

Using z-tables, P(Z<1.5)≈0.9332P(Z < 1.5) \approx 0.9332P(Z<1.5)≈0.9332.

2. b) Probability X>76.4X > 76.4X>76.4:

z=76.4−804.8≈−0.75z = \frac{76.4 - 80}{4.8} \approx -0.75z=4.876.4−80≈−0.75

Using z-tables, P(Z>−0.75)≈0.7734P(Z > -0.75) \approx 0.7734P(Z>−0.75)≈0.7734.

3. c) Probability 81.2<X<86.081.2 < X < 86.081.2<X<86.0:

z1=81.2−804.8≈0.25z_1 = \frac{81.2 - 80}{4.8} \approx 0.25z1=4.881.2−80≈0.25

z2=86.0−804.8≈1.25z_2 = \frac{86.0 - 80}{4.8} \approx 1.25z2=4.886.0−80≈1.25

Using z-tables, P(0.25<Z<1.25)≈0.3944−0.0987=0.2957P(0.25 < Z < 1.25) \approx

0.3944 - 0.0987 = 0.2957P(0.25<Z<1.25)≈0.3944−0.0987=0.2957.

10. Two dice are in rolled. Let X be a random variable denoting the sum of the numbers on
the two dice.

a) Give the probability distribution of X,

b) Compote the expected value of X and its variance.

Part (a): Probability Distribution of XXX

1. List Possible Sums and their Probabilities:

For each possible sum X=kX = kX=k, where k∈{2,3,…,12}k \in \{2, 3, \ldots,
12\}k∈{2,3,…,12}, we determine how many ways that sum can be obtained by rolling
two dice. Since there are 6 faces on each die, there are a total of 6×6=366 \times 6 =
366×6=36 possible outcomes.
 2. Calculate Each Probability:

• Sum = 2: (1 way) → Probability = 136\frac{1}{36}361

• Sum = 3: (2 ways: (1,2), (2,1)) → Probability = 236=118\frac{2}{36} = \frac{1}
{18}362=181
• Sum = 4: (3 ways: (1,3), (2,2), (3,1)) → Probability = 336=112\frac{3}{36} = \
frac{1}{12}363=121
• Sum = 5: (4 ways) → Probability = 436=19\frac{4}{36} = \frac{1}{9}364=91
• Sum = 6: (5 ways) → Probability = 536\frac{5}{36}365
• Sum = 7: (6 ways) → Probability = 636=16\frac{6}{36} = \frac{1}{6}366=61
• Sum = 8: (5 ways) → Probability = 536\frac{5}{36}365
• Sum = 9: (4 ways) → Probability = 436=19\frac{4}{36} = \frac{1}{9}364=91
• Sum = 10: (3 ways) → Probability = 336=112\frac{3}{36} = \frac{1}{12}363=121
• Sum = 11: (2 ways) → Probability = 236=118\frac{2}{36} = \frac{1}{18}362=181
• Sum = 12: (1 way) → Probability = 136\frac{1}{36}361
• So, the probability distribution of X is:

XP(X)21363118411251965367168536919101121111812136\begin{array}{c|c} X & P(X) \\ \

hline 2 & \frac{1}{36} \\ 3 & \frac{1}{18} \\ 4 & \frac{1}{12} \\ 5 & \frac{1}{9} \\ 6 & \
frac{5}{36} \\ 7 & \frac{1}{6} \\ 8 & \frac{5}{36} \\ 9 & \frac{1}{9} \\ 10 & \frac{1}{12} \\ 11
& \frac{1}{18} \\ 12 & \frac{1}{36} \\ \end{array}X23456789101112P(X)3611811219136561
36591121181361

Part (b): Expected Value and Variance of XXX

1. Expected Value E(X)E(X)E(X):

The expected value of XXX is calculated as:

E(X)=∑k=212k⋅P(X=k)E(X) = \sum_{k=2}^{12} k \cdot P(X = k)E(X)=k=2∑12

k⋅P(X=k)

2. Variance Var(X)\text{Var}(X)Var(X):

The variance of XXX is given by:

Var(X)=E(X2)−(E(X))2\text{Var}(X) = E(X^2) - (E(X))^2Var(X)=E(X2)−(E(X))2

where

E(X2)=∑k=212k2⋅P(X=k)E(X^2) = \sum_{k=2}^{12} k^2 \cdot P(X =

k)E(X2)=k=2∑12k2⋅P(X=k)