### Apache Airflow/ETL Informatica: Introduction to Data Warehousing and Data Lakes
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1. **What is the primary purpose of a data warehouse?**
- A) Store raw data
- **B) Support reporting and analysis**
- C) Manage transactions
- D) Real-time data processing
2. **Which of the following is a characteristic of a data lake?**
- A) Structured data storage
- B) Schema on write
- **C) Schema on read**
- D) Only SQL queries supported
3. **What is ETL?**
- **A) Extract, Transform, Load**
- B) Extract, Transport, Load
- C) Extract, Transfer, Load
- D) Extract, Transmit, Load
4. **Which tool is commonly used for ETL processes in data warehousing?**
- A) Apache Kafka
- B) Hadoop
- **C) Informatica**
- D) Apache Spark
5. **What does Apache Airflow primarily manage?**
- A) Data storage
- **B) Workflow scheduling and monitoring**
- C) Data processing
- D) Data visualization
6. **Data warehouses are optimized for which type of operations?**
- A) OLTP
- **B) OLAP**
- C) ETL
- D) ELT
7. **Which of the following best describes a data lake?**
- A) Centralized repository of structured data
- **B) Centralized repository of structured and unstructured data**
- C) Distributed file system
- D) Data processing engine
8. **Informatica is best known for which type of tools?**
- A) Data visualization tools
- **B) Data integration tools**
- C) Data storage tools
- D) Data analytics tools
9. **Which of the following describes "schema on read"?**
- A) Defining schema when data is ingested
- **B) Defining schema when data is read**
- C) Storing data without any schema
- D) Storing data with predefined schema
10. **What is the role of a data warehouse in business intelligence?**
- A) Storing transactional data
- **B) Supporting decision-making processes**
- C) Managing web applications
- D) Real-time data streaming
11. **Which of the following is a key feature of Apache Airflow?**
- A) Data storage
- **B) Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) for workflow orchestration**
- C) Real-time analytics
- D) Data visualization
12. **Data lakes are designed to handle which types of data?**
- A) Only structured data
- B) Only unstructured data
- **C) Both structured and unstructured data**
- D) Only semi-structured data
13. **What is the primary advantage of a data lake over a data warehouse?**
- A) Faster query performance
- **B) Ability to store raw data in any format**
- C) Better data visualization
- D) More secure data storage
14. **In ETL, what does the "Extract" process involve?**
- **A) Retrieving data from various sources**
- B) Transforming data into a desired format
- C) Loading data into a target system
- D) Cleaning and standardizing data
15. **Which technology is often used for storing data in a data lake?**
- A) SQL databases
- B) NoSQL databases
- **C) Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)**
- D) In-memory databases
16. **What is the main focus of ETL tools like Informatica?**
- A) Data storage
- **B) Data integration**
- C) Data analysis
- D) Data visualization
17. **What does "schema on write" mean?**
- **A) Defining schema during data ingestion**
- B) Defining schema when data is read
- C) Storing data without any schema
- D) Storing data with dynamic schema
18. **Which of the following is a common use case for data lakes?**
- A) Transactional processing
- B) Real-time data analytics
- **C) Big data storage and analysis**
- D) Data visualization
19. **What is a key benefit of using Apache Airflow?**
- A) Data storage
- B) Data processing
- **C) Workflow automation and management**
- D) Real-time data analysis
20. **Which component is essential for a data warehouse architecture?**
- A) Message broker
- **B) ETL tools**
- C) In-memory processing engine
- D) Data visualization tools
21. **Informatica PowerCenter is primarily used for:**
- A) Data visualization
- **B) Data integration and ETL**
- C) Data storage
- D) Data analysis
22. **Which of the following is true about data lakes?**
- A) They only store structured data
- **B) They store raw data in its native format**
- C) They require a predefined schema
- D) They are optimized for OLAP queries
23. **What is the primary role of a data warehouse?**
- A) Store real-time data
- **B) Store historical data for analysis**
- C) Process transactions
- D) Manage data streaming
24. **In ETL, what is the purpose of the "Load" process?**
- A) Extracting data from sources
- B) Transforming data into a desired format
- **C) Loading data into a target database**
- D) Cleaning and standardizing data
25. **Which of the following best describes a data warehouse?**
- A) A system for real-time data processing
- **B) A system optimized for reporting and analysis**
- C) A system for transactional processing
- D) A system for data visualization
26. **Which of the following is an example of an ETL tool?**
- A) Apache Kafka
- B) Hadoop
- **C) Informatica**
- D) Tableau
27. **Data lakes are often used in conjunction with which type of data processing framework?**
- A) OLTP
- B) OLAP
- **C) Big data processing frameworks like Apache Spark**
- D) Real-time data processing frameworks
28. **What does the "Transform" process in ETL involve?**
- **A) Converting data into a desired format**
- B) Retrieving data from sources
- C) Loading data into a target system
- D) Cleaning and standardizing data
29. **Which of the following is a common feature of Apache Airflow?**
- A) Data storage
- B) Data analysis
- **C) Workflow scheduling and monitoring**
- D) Data visualization
30. **What is the main difference between a data lake and a data warehouse?**
- A) Data lakes store only structured data
- **B) Data lakes store raw data; data warehouses store processed data**
- C) Data warehouses are used for big data storage
- D) Data lakes are optimized for OLAP queries
### Designing Data Warehousing for an ETL Data Pipeline
1. **Which of the following is a key component in designing a data warehouse?**
- **A) ETL process**
- B) Real-time data streaming
- C) OLTP systems
- D) Web applications
2. **What is the first step in the ETL process for a data warehouse?**
- **A) Extracting data from source systems**
- B) Transforming data into the required format
- C) Loading data into the data warehouse
- D) Cleaning data
3. **Which of the following is essential for maintaining data quality in a data warehouse?**
- A) Storing data as-is
- **B) Data cleaning and transformation**
- C) Real-time data processing
- D) Data visualization
4. **In a data warehouse, what is the purpose of data transformation?**
- A) Extracting data from sources
- **B) Converting data into a suitable format for analysis**
- C) Loading data into the data warehouse
- D) Visualizing data
5. **What is a star schema in data warehousing?**
- A) A schema that stores data in a flat structure
- **B) A schema with a central fact table connected to dimension tables**
- C) A schema for real-time data processing
- D) A schema for unstructured data
6. **Which of the following is a common method for loading data into a data warehouse?**
- A) Manual data entry
- **B) Batch processing**
- C) Real-time streaming
- D) Data visualization tools
7. **What is the role of a fact table in a star schema?**
- A) Store metadata
- **B) Store quantitative data for analysis**
- C) Store user data
- D) Store configuration data
8. **Which of the following best describes a dimension table in a data warehouse?**
- **
A) A table that contains descriptive attributes related to fact data**
- B) A table that stores transaction data
- C) A table for real-time data processing
- D) A table for metadata storage
9. **What is data mart in the context of data warehousing?**
- **A) A subset of a data warehouse focused on a specific business area**
- B) A real-time data processing system
- C) A data visualization tool
- D) A type of ETL tool
10. **Which of the following is a key benefit of a well-designed data warehouse?**
- A) Faster transactional processing
- **B) Improved decision-making through better data analysis**
- C) Enhanced real-time data streaming
- D) Simplified data entry
11. **What is the purpose of an ETL pipeline in a data warehouse?**
- A) Data visualization
- **B) Data integration and preparation for analysis**
- C) Transaction processing
- D) Real-time data streaming
12. **In a data warehouse, what is the purpose of data loading?**
- A) Extracting data from sources
- B) Transforming data into the required format
- **C) Inserting data into the data warehouse**
- D) Visualizing data
13. **Which of the following is an example of a data transformation task?**
- A) Extracting data from a database
- **B) Aggregating sales data by region**
- C) Loading data into a data warehouse
- D) Cleaning raw data
14. **What is the purpose of a surrogate key in a data warehouse?**
- **A) Provide a unique identifier for each row in a table**
- B) Define relationships between tables
- C) Store textual data
- D) Store date and time information
15. **Which of the following is a common challenge in designing a data warehouse?**
- A) Lack of data
- B) Too many real-time data sources
- **C) Ensuring data consistency and quality**
- D) Visualizing data in real-time
16. **What is a snowflake schema?**
- A) A schema that stores data in a flat structure
- **B) A schema where dimension tables are normalized**
- C) A schema for real-time data processing
- D) A schema for unstructured data
17. **Which of the following is a typical feature of data warehousing?**
- A) Transaction processing
- **B) Historical data storage**
- C) Real-time data analysis
- D) Unstructured data storage
18. **What is the main purpose of a staging area in a data warehouse?**
- A) Store final processed data
- **B) Temporarily hold data before transformation and loading**
- C) Visualize data
- D) Store metadata
19. **Which of the following is a key performance indicator (KPI) in data warehousing?**
- A) Data entry speed
- B) Transaction processing speed
- **C) Query response time**
- D) Real-time data streaming speed
20. **What is a slowly changing dimension (SCD) in data warehousing?**
- A) A dimension that changes frequently
- **B) A dimension where changes are tracked over time**
- C) A dimension that never changes
- D) A dimension used only for real-time data
21. **Which of the following is a benefit of using a star schema?**
- A) Simplifies transactional processing
- **B) Simplifies complex queries and improves performance**
- C) Reduces storage requirements
- D) Facilitates real-time data analysis
22. **In ETL, what is data cleaning?**
- A) Extracting data from sources
- B) Loading data into a target system
- **C) Removing inaccuracies and inconsistencies from data**
- D) Visualizing data
23. **What is the primary goal of data integration in a data warehouse?**
- **A) Combine data from different sources into a unified view**
- B) Store data in its raw format
- C) Visualize data in real-time
- D) Perform transaction processing
24. **Which of the following is a common data transformation technique?**
- A) Data entry
- B) Data extraction
- **C) Data aggregation**
- D) Data visualization
25. **What is the main advantage of using ETL tools in data warehousing?**
- A) Faster data entry
- **B) Automated and efficient data processing**
- C) Improved real-time data analysis
- D) Simplified data visualization
26. **Which of the following best describes a fact table?**
- A) A table that contains descriptive attributes
- B) A table that stores metadata
- **C) A table that stores quantitative data for analysis**
- D) A table that stores unstructured data
27. **What is the purpose of data aggregation in ETL?**
- A) Extract data from various sources
- B) Load data into a target system
- **C) Summarize data for analysis**
- D) Visualize data
28. **Which of the following is a common practice to improve query performance in a data
warehouse?**
- A) Using more real-time data sources
- B) Storing data as-is
- **C) Indexing**
- D) Reducing data volume
29. **What is a data warehouse bus architecture?**
- A) A system for real-time data processing
- **B) A design that allows shared dimensions and facts across data marts**
- C) A schema for unstructured data
- D) A tool for data visualization
30. **In a data warehouse, what is a conformed dimension?**
- **A) A dimension that is shared across multiple fact tables or data marts**
- B) A dimension that changes frequently
- C) A dimension that stores unstructured data
- D) A dimension used only for real-time data
### Designing Data Lakes for ETL Data Pipeline
1. **Which of the following is a characteristic of a data lake?**
- **A) Store raw data in its native format**
- B) Store only structured data
- C) Require a predefined schema
- D) Optimize for OLAP queries
2. **What is the primary purpose of a data lake in an ETL data pipeline?**
- A) Transaction processing
- **B) Store and process large volumes of raw data**
- C) Visualize data
- D) Manage real-time data streaming
3. **Which technology is commonly used to build a data lake?**
- A) SQL databases
- **B) Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)**
- C) In-memory databases
- D) OLTP systems
4. **What does "schema on read" mean in the context of a data lake?**
- A) Defining schema during data ingestion
- **B) Defining schema when data is accessed**
- C) Storing data without any schema
- D) Storing data with a predefined schema
5. **Which of the following is a key advantage of a data lake?**
- A) Faster query performance
- **B) Flexibility to store various types of data**
- C) Better transaction management
- D) Simplified data visualization
6. **In a data lake, what is the role of data ingestion?**
- A) Visualize data
- B) Query data
- **C) Bring data into the data lake from various sources**
- D) Transform data
7. **What is one of the main differences between a data lake and a data warehouse?**
- A) Data lakes store only structured data
- **B) Data lakes store raw data; data warehouses store processed data**
- C) Data warehouses are used for big data storage
- D) Data lakes are optimized for OLAP queries
8. **Which of the following is a common use case for data lakes?**
- A) Transactional processing
- **B) Big data storage and analysis**
- C) Real-time data streaming
- D) Data visualization
9. **What is the primary challenge of managing a data lake?**
- A) Limited data storage
- **B) Ensuring data quality and governance**
- C) Real-time data processing
- D) Data visualization
10. **Which of the following is a typical feature of data lakes?**
- A) Transaction processing
- **B) Support for a variety of data types**
- C) Only structured data storage
- D) Schema on write
11. **What is the purpose of data transformation in a data lake?**
- A) Visualize data
- B) Query data
- **C) Prepare data for analysis and processing**
- D) Store data
12. **Which of the following is a key benefit of a well-designed data lake?**
- A) Faster transactional processing
- **B) Ability to store diverse data types**
- C) Improved real-time data streaming
- D) Simplified data visualization
13. **What is a common technique for storing data in a data lake?**
- A) In-memory storage
- **B) File-based storage**
- C) Relational databases
- D) OLTP systems
14. **Which of the following best describes "schema on read"?**
- A) Defining schema during data ingestion
- **B) Defining schema when data is accessed**
- C) Storing data without any schema
- D) Storing data with a predefined schema
15. **What is a data lakehouse?**
- **A) A system that combines features of data lakes and data warehouses**
- B) A type of data visualization tool
- C) A real-time data processing system
- D) A tool for transaction processing
16. **Which of the following is a common tool used for processing data in a data lake?**
- A) SQL databases
- B) In-memory databases
- **C) Apache Spark**
- D) OLTP systems
17. **What is the role of metadata in a data lake?**
- A) Store raw data
- B) Process data
- **C) Provide information about data stored in the lake**
- D) Visualize data
18. **Which of the following is a common challenge with data lakes?**
- A) Limited data storage
- **B) Data governance and security**
- C) Real-time data processing
- D) Data visualization
19. **What is the main benefit of using a data lake for ETL processes?**
- A) Simplified data visualization
- **B) Ability to handle large volumes of raw data**
- C) Enhanced real-time data processing
- D) Improved transaction management
20. **Which of the following is a common format for storing data in a data lake?**
- **A) Parquet**
- B) SQL
- C) HTML
- D) CSV
21. **What is the primary use case for a data lake?**
- A) Transactional processing
- **B) Big data storage and analysis**
- C) Data visualization
- D) Real-time data streaming
22. **In a data lake, what is data governance?**
- A) Visualizing data
- **B) Managing data availability, usability, integrity, and security**
- C) Processing data
- D) Storing data
23. **Which of the following is an example of unstructured data that can be stored in a data lake?**
- **A) Text documents**
- B) Relational databases
- C) Transactional records
- D) CSV files
24. **What is the purpose of a data catalog in a data lake?**
- A) Store raw data
- B) Process data
- **C) Organize and provide metadata for stored data**
- D) Visualize data
25. **Which of the following is a key advantage of using a data lake for ETL?**
- A) Faster query performance
- **B) Flexibility to store various types of data**
- C) Better transaction management
- D) Simplified data visualization
26. **What is the role of data ingestion in a data lake?**
- A) Visualize data
- B) Query data
- **C) Bring data into the data lake from various sources**
- D) Transform data
27. **Which of the following best describes a data lake?**
- A) A system for real-time data processing
- **B) A system designed to store large volumes of raw data**
- C) A system for transactional processing
- D) A system for data visualization
28. **What is the primary benefit of using a data lake for big data analysis?**
- A) Improved transaction processing
- **B) Ability to store and analyze large volumes of diverse data**
- C) Enhanced data visualization
- D) Faster real-time data streaming
29. **Which of the following is a common challenge with data lakes?**
- A) Limited data storage
- **B) Ensuring data quality and governance**
- C) Real-time data processing
- D) Data visualization
30. **What is the role of data transformation in a data lake?**
- A) Visualize data
- B) Query data
- **C) Prepare data for analysis and processing**
- D) Store data
### ETL vs ELT
1. **What does ETL stand for?**
- **A) Extract, Transform, Load**
- B) Extract, Transport, Load
- C) Extract, Transfer, Load
- D) Extract, Transmit, Load
2. **What does ELT stand for?**
- A) Extract, Load, Transform
- **B) Extract, Load, Transform**
- C) Extract, Load, Transfer
- D) Extract, Load, Transmit
3. **In which process is transformation done before loading the data?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
4. **In which process is transformation done after loading the data?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
5. **Which process is typically used when dealing with large volumes of data in data lakes?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
6. **Which process generally requires more powerful transformation tools?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
7. **Which of the following is a key advantage of ELT over ETL?**
- A) Easier data extraction
- B) Simplified data visualization
- **C) Ability to leverage target system's processing power**
- D) Enhanced transaction processing
8. **Which process is more suitable for real-time data processing?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
9. **In ETL, where does the transformation occur?**
- **A) Before data is loaded into the target system**
- B) After data is loaded into the target system
- C) During data extraction
- D) During data visualization
10. **In ELT, where does the transformation occur?**
- A) Before data is loaded into the target system
- **B) After data is loaded into the target system**
- C) During data extraction
- D) During data visualization
11. **Which process typically uses data warehousing tools like Informatica?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
12. **Which process is more commonly associated with data lakes?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
13. **Which of the following is a key benefit of using ETL?**
- A) Leveraging target system's processing power
- B) Simplified data extraction
- **C) Better control over data transformation process**
- D) Enhanced data visualization
14. **Which process generally involves moving data to a staging area for transformation?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
15. **In ELT, what is the primary role of the target system?**
- A) Data extraction
- **B) Data transformation and analysis**
- C) Data visualization
- D) Data staging
16. **Which process is typically faster for loading data?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
17. **Which process is more suitable for traditional data warehousing?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
18. **Which process is more suitable for modern big data environments?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
19. **In which process is a staging area commonly used?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
20. **Which of the following is a common challenge with ETL?**
- **A) Longer data processing times**
- B) Difficulty in extracting data
- C) Complex data visualization
- D) Limited data storage
21. **Which process is typically more flexible for handling diverse data formats
?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
22. **Which process is more suitable for batch processing?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
23. **In which process is the target system mainly used for data storage and retrieval?**
- **A) ETL**
- B) ELT
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
24. **Which process is more suitable for cloud-based data processing?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
25. **Which of the following is a common use case for ETL?**
- **A) Traditional data warehousing**
- B) Modern big data environments
- C) Real-time data streaming
- D) Cloud-based data processing
26. **Which of the following is a common use case for ELT?**
- A) Transactional processing
- **B) Big data storage and analysis**
- C) Data visualization
- D) Real-time data streaming
27. **Which process is generally more resource-intensive for the target system?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
28. **Which of the following is a key advantage of ETL?**
- A) Faster data loading
- B) Leveraging target system's processing power
- **C) Better control over data transformation process**
- D) Enhanced data visualization
29. **Which process is more suitable for large-scale data integration?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
30. **Which process typically involves less data movement between systems?**
- A) ETL
- **B) ELT**
- C) Both ETL and ELT
- D) Neither ETL nor ELT
