CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:
1. Transport
• nutritive products (glucose, amino
acids, fats, inorganic salts and
water)
• respiratory materials like O2 (from
the lungs to the tissues) and CO2
(from the tissues to the lungs)
• hormones
• excretory products (urea, uric
acid, creatinines and wastes)
from the liver and intestine
2. Fight infections
3. Acid-base balance through the
Buffer system
Parts:

Blood Vascular System

- blood vessels
- heart
- blood

Lymphatic System
- cooperating system (return
lymph
to the blood)
Lymph vessels, lymph nodes
 Types of Circulatory System

OPEN TYPE
• blood vessels open into
spaces where the blood
comes directly in contact
with the cells.
• from these intercellular
spaces, blood returns to
the heart

CLOSED TYPE
• blood is confined in tubes
throughout its course from
the heart, to the tissues
and back to the heart
 BLOOD VASCULAR CIRCULATION

BLOOD VESSELS

Capillaries
• smallest blood vessels which
are usually found within the
organ
Arteries
• carry oxygenated blood
away from the heart
• walls are thicker
Veins
• carry unoxygenated blood
towards the heart
• walls are thinner
 HEART -- receives the blood --

• main pumping or
propulsive organ of
the body
• weighs about 9-11
ounce (human
males)
• lighter in human
females
• made up of
chambers, the atria
(auricles) and the
ventricles.

-- pumps blood out of the heart--

 Large vein that brings Brings oxygen – rich blood from the left
oxygen – poor blood from ventricle to the body
the upper part of the body
to the right atrium Bring oxygen – poor blood
to the lungs

Bring oxygen – rich

blood from each of
the lungs to the left Prevents
atrium blood from
flowing back
into the left
Prevents the blood atrium after it
has entered
from flowing back
the left
into the right
ventricle
ventricle after it has
entered the
pulmonary artery

Prevents blood from flowing back Vein that brings oxygen – poor
into the right atrium after it has blood from the lower part of the
entered the right ventricle body to the right atrium
 Types of Hearts

Two-Chambered Heart Three-Chambered Heart

• two atria and one ventricle
• one atrium and one
• both venous and arterial
ventricle
blood pass the heart
• only one type of blood, (double and incomplete
venous blood passes the circulation)
heart (single circulation) Ex. Amphibians and reptiles
Ex. Fishes

atrium

ventricle
 Four-Chambered Heart
• two atria and two ventricles
• two types of blood enter the
heart (double and complete
circulation)
• Systemic and pulmonary
circuit/circulation

Ex. Birds and Mammals

Circulation
Pulmonary
blood- right side of the heart

lungs (to oxygenate the blood)

Systemic
oxygenated blood flows into the left side

to all parts (cells- through capillaries)

deoxygenated blood back to the right side

 Cycle of the Heartbeat

SYSTOLE
• contraction phase (120 mmHg)

DIASTOLE
• relaxation phase (80 mmHg)

• The rate of the heartbeat depends upon age, sex, fevers,

metabolic rates.
• The normal heart pumps about 60 mL of blood each beat.
• At maximum output, it pumps about 200 mL each beat.
• Severe exercise about 70 to 150 beats per minute.
Blood Pressure
• pressure against walls of blood vessels produced by
discharge of blood from the heart
• greater in arteries near the heart
• almost negative pressure in veins near the heart
• keeps the blood moving
• keeps supplying capillaries with a steady stream of blood

blood pressure = systolic pressure/diastolic pressure

pulse pressure = systolic pressure – diastolic
pressure

Sphygmomanometer
• used to determine blood pressure
 Factors Influencing Blood Pressure

• blood output of the heart

• peripheral resistance
offered by arterioles and
capillaries
• viscosity of the blood
• volume of the blood
• elasticity of arteries

If the heart speeds up, there is an increase of resistance of blood

vessels to blood flow, thus blood pressure will be elevated.
 BLOOD
Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
1. Plasma
• liquid part (55%) of the blood,
consisting of 90% water and
8-10% dissolved solids;
dissolved gases

2. Blood Corpuscles
• 45% of blood volume

Erythrocytes or RBC
• 5,500,000/cu.mm (males)
• 5,000,000/cu.mm (females)

Leucocytes or WBC
• 5,000 to 10,000/cu.mm
• ratio to RBC is 1 to 700
 3. Blood Platelets or
Thrombocytes

• tiny bodies which are ¼ the

diameter of RBC
• colorless and non-nucleated
• originated from the giant
cells of the bone marrow
• source of thromboplastin
which initiates blood
clotting/blood coagulation
• 250,000 to 600,000 per
cu.mm of blood
 BLOOD CLOTTING/COAGULATION

• blood platelets of the plasma prevents excessive loss of blood

from the body.

Mechanisms of Blood Clotting:

• Normally, the following are present in the plasma of the blood:

• Calcium
• Prothrombin
• Heparin or Anti-prothrombin
• prevents interaction of calcium and prothrombin
• Fibrinogen
• soluble protein
 THE PROCESSES OF BLOOD CLOTTING
Break in Capillary Wall
• Blood vessels injured.

Clumping of Platelets
• Platelets clump at the site
and release thromboplastin.
• Thromboplastin converts
prothrombin into thrombin.

Clot Forms
• Thrombin converts
fibrinogen into fibrin, which
causes a clot.
• The clot prevents further
loss of blood.
 all leafy green vegetables, eggs,
dairy products, soybeans, and liver

Vitamin K
• necessary in blood clotting
 BLOOD GROUPS
(BLOOD TYPES)

AGGLUTINOGENS
• antigens A and B
• proteins normally present
on the cell membrane of
erythrocytes

AGGLUTININS
(antibodies)
• anti-a and anti-b
• proteins present in the
serum or plasma of the
blood.
 Type A
• agglutinogen A in the RBC and the
anti-b in its plasma

Type B
• agglutinogen B in the RBC and the
anti-a in its plasma

Type AB
• both agglutinogens A and B in the
RBC and no anti-a nor anti-b in its
plasma

Type O
• no agglutinogen A nor B in the RBC
but with both anti-a and anti-b in its
plasma
Blood Groups Antigen Antibodies Can Give Can Receive

O None a, b All O
A A b A, AB O, A
B B a B, AB O, B
AB AB None AB All
 DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Fatty deposits (plaque) build

up in the walls of the arteries
Atherosclerosis

Obstruct the
flow of blood

Increase in
blood pressure
 DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Forces the heart to work

harder

High Blood
Pressure Weaken or damage heart
(Hypertension) muscle and blood vessels

Increase the risk

Develop heart
of heart attack
disease
and stroke
 DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart attack If one of the arteries

becomes blocked

Part of the heart muscle may

begin to die for lack of oxygen

Symptoms:
--- nausea, shortness of breath and severe, crushing chest pain ---
 DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Bursting of the weakened

artery in the brain flooding
the area with blood
Stroke Blockage of blood clots in
the blood vessels leading to
a part of the brain

Brain cells served by that

Brain function in that blood vessel gradually die
region may be lost from lack of oxygen

--- Stroke may cause paralysis, loss of the ability to speak, and even
death ---
 PREVENTION OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS

--- Cardiovascular disorders are easier to prevent than to cure ---

Keys to avoid cardiovascular disorders

Weight Sensible Not

Exercise
Control Diet Smoking

Increases your respiratory system’s efficiency

Reduces stress Strengthen your muscles (heart)
Reduces body fat Helps control your weight

--- Diet low in saturated fat can reduce risk of developing heart disease ---
Lymphatic System
• collect and drain fluid
that seeps from the
bloodstream
• return small amt. of
proteins that left the
cells
• transport lipids from
small intestine
• transport foreign
particles, debris to
disposal centers--nodes

Lymph- the fluid

collected by vessels;

- more than 3 L
every circulation
Lymphatic capillaries-collect
excess extracellular fluid in tissues

Lymph vessels-carry lymph back to

the circulatory system; play a role in
nutrient absorption from digestive
tract and carry to the blood.
ex. In intestines they absorb fats and fat-
soluble vitamins (A,D, E, K, )

Lymph nodes- are small bean-

shaped enlargement, act as filters
trapping bacteria and other
microorganisms.
- Also house lymphocytes that
protect the body from infection.
Spleen
- filters foreign substances from blood;
- manufacture phagocytic lymphocytes
- stores RBC
- releases blood to the body when blood is lost

Thymus gland (human)

- site of antibodies in the newborn
- site of T cell differentiation

Bursa of Fabricius (birds)

- Lymphoid organ at the lower end of the alimentary
Canal in birds; the site of B cell maturation