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Operating System Unit 1 Notes

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, providing essential services such as process, memory, file, device management, and security. Different types of OS include batch, multi-programmed, time-sharing, multiprocessor, distributed, real-time, and mobile systems, each serving specific needs. OS services facilitate program execution, I/O operations, and communication, while system calls provide an interface for programs to interact with the OS.

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45 views2 pages

Operating System Unit 1 Notes

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, providing essential services such as process, memory, file, device management, and security. Different types of OS include batch, multi-programmed, time-sharing, multiprocessor, distributed, real-time, and mobile systems, each serving specific needs. OS services facilitate program execution, I/O operations, and communication, while system calls provide an interface for programs to interact with the OS.

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mullaafsha32
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Operating System - Unit I Notes

1.1 Operating System: Concept and Functions

Concept:
An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides
common services for computer programs. It acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.

Functions of an Operating System:


1. Process Management - Creating, scheduling, and terminating processes.
2. Memory Management - Allocating and deallocating memory spaces.
3. File Management - Managing file operations and directory structures.
4. Device Management - Managing device communication via drivers.
5. Security - Protecting data and resources from unauthorized access.
6. User Interface - Providing CLI or GUI to interact with the system.
7. Job Scheduling - Efficiently scheduling tasks for optimal CPU utilization.

1.2 Different Types of Operating Systems

1. Batch Operating System - Executes batches of jobs without user interaction.


2. Multi-programmed OS - Runs multiple programs concurrently by managing CPU time efficiently.
3. Time-Sharing OS - Allows multiple users to use the system interactively at the same time.
4. Multiprocessor OS - Supports systems with more than one processor to enhance performance.
5. Distributed OS - Coordinates a group of computers and makes them work as a single system.
6. Real-Time OS - Provides quick response for time-critical applications (e.g., medical systems).
7. Mobile OS - Designed for mobile devices (e.g., Android OS, iOS).

1.3 Command-Line and GUI-Based Operating Systems

Command-Line Based OS:


- DOS (Disk Operating System): A single-user, command-line OS.
- UNIX: Multiuser, multitasking OS with powerful command-line utilities.

GUI-Based OS:
- Windows: Microsoft's GUI OS with broad software compatibility.
Operating System - Unit I Notes

- Linux: Open-source OS that supports both CLI and GUI (e.g., Ubuntu).
- macOS: Apple's GUI OS known for its stability and design.

1.4 Operating System Services and System Calls

OS Services:
- Program execution, I/O operations, file-system manipulation, communications, error detection, and resource allocation.

System Calls:
Definition: Interface between a program and the OS.
Types:
1. Process Control - Create, terminate, wait for process.
2. File Management - Create, open, close, read, write files.
3. Device Management - Request or release devices.
4. Information Maintenance - Get system time, process info.
5. Communication - Send and receive messages.

1.5 Operating System Components

1. Process Management - Controls process creation, execution, and termination.


2. Main Memory Management - Tracks memory usage, allocates and frees memory.
3. File Management - Handles file creation, deletion, access control.
4. I/O Management - Controls I/O device communication and buffering.
5. Secondary Storage Management - Manages hard disk space and organization of data.

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