TUTORIAL ANSWER : CHAPTER 2 (CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM)
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. When all reactants are converted to products after a stoichiometric amount of reactants were mixed is known
as ___________.
A. Non-reversible reaction
B. Reversible reaction
C. Rate of reaction
D. First order reaction
2. When all reactants were not completely converted to products after a stoichiometric amount of reactants were
mixed is known as ___________.
A. Non-reversible reaction
B. Reversible reaction
C. Rate of reaction
D. First order reaction
3. The system is said to be _____________ when the rate of the forward reaction is equals to the rate of the
reverse reactions.
A. Homogeneous
B. Heterogeneous
C. Dynamic equilibrium
D. Irreversible reaction
4. Choose the correct chemical equations that follow the concept of law of mass action. Given,
[NH3 ]2
Kc =
[N2 ][H2 ]3
A. N2 (g) + H2 (g) ⇌ NH3 (g)
B. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g)
C. 2NH3 (g) ⇌ N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
D. NH3 (g) ⇌ N2 (g) + H2 (g)
5. At equilibrium in the following reaction at room temperature, the partial pressures of the gases are found to be
A = 0.50 atm, B = 0.25 atm and C = 0.18 atm. What is the Kp for the reaction?
A (g) + 3B (g) ⇌ 2C (g)
A. 4.15
B. 0.24
C. 1.44
D. 0.69
6. The equilibrium concentrations for the reaction
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)
at 450.0 °C are [H2] = 0.07 M, [I2] = 0.07 M and [HI] = 0.52 M. Calculate Kp for the reaction.
A. 106.12
B. 0.0094
C. 0.018
D. 55.18
7. At 25.0 °C, the equilibrium constant, Kc for the following reaction is 1.35.
2NOBr (g) ⇌ 2NO (g) + Br2 (g)
Determine the reaction quotient of the system if 0.44 mole of NOBr, 0.22 mole NO and 1.20 mole Br2 were put
into an evacuated 1.00 L container.
A. 3.33
B. 3.22
C. 1.67
D. 0.30
8. Which of the following disturbance can increase the production of ammonia in Haber process?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) ΔH°rxn = -92 kJ/mol
A. Adding inert gases at constant volume
B. Decrease concentration of N2 and H2
C. Decreasing temperature
D. Adding catalyst
9. What happen to the system below if the pressure is increases?
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)
A. Production of HI increases
B. No effect
C. The system will shift to the left
D. The system will shift to the right
10. At certain temperature, 0.80 mole of CO and 0.60 mole of Cl 2 was introduced into an evacuated 2.00 L
container. The system was allowed to reach equilibrium at the new temperature. At equilibrium 0.40 mole
COCl2 was present in the container. Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc at this temperature
CO (g) + Cl2 (g) ⇌ COCl2 (g)
A. 10.0
B. 0.1
C. 1.0
D. 2.5
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Figure below shows the concentration-time graph of the reaction between dinitrogen tetrafluoride, N 2F4 and
nitrogen difluoride, NF2.
N2F4(g) ⇌ NF2(g) ΔH = 40.0 kJ
a) Describe the change in concentration of N2F4 and NF2 against time of the reversible reaction.
Answer:
• The concentration of N2F4 is tends to decrease, while concentration of NF 2 is tends to increase as the
time increase.
• Both of the species achieve equilibrium after t time since their concentration remains unchanged.
b) List out the characteristics of the reversible reaction to be at equilibrium state.
Answer:
• The rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction.
• The forward and reverse reactions still continue but the concentrations of the product and the
reactant remain constant.
• Must take place in closed system so that the properties such as concentration of reactants and
products, pressure and temperature is not disturbing the system
2. Write the expression for Kc and Kp of the following equilibrium.
Answer: Kc Kp
2
[COF2]2 (PCOF2 )
a) CO2(g) + CF4(g) ⇌ 2 COF2(g) Kc = Kp =
[CO2 ][CF4 ] (PCO2 )(PCF4 )
b) 2 KNO3(s) ⇌ 2 KNO2(s) + O2(g) Kc = [O2] Kp = (PO2 )
c) H2O(l) ⇌ H2O(g) Kc = [H2 O] Kp = (PH2O )
4+ 2+
d) Sn2+(aq) + 2 Fe3+(aq) ⇌ Sn4+(aq) + 2 Fe2+(aq) [Sn ][Fe ]2 Kp = undefined
Kc = 2+ 3+
[Sn ][Fe ]2
3. In an experiment,
CO(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ CH4(g) + H2O(g)
the following equilibrium concentrations were observed at 27.0 °C:
[CO] = 1.226 M, [H2] = 3.678 M, [CH4] = 1.548 M and [H2O] = 1.548 M.
a) Define equilibrium constant, K based on the law of mass action.
Answer:
When a dynamic equilibrium of reversible reaction is attained at constant temperature, the ratio
of multiplied equilibrium concentrations of products to the multiplied equilibrium concentrations
of reactants, each raised to the power of the respective stoichiometric coefficient is a constant.
This constant is known as equilibrium constant, K.
b) Write the expression for Kc.
Answer:
[CH4 ][H2 O]
Kc =
[CO][H2 ]3
c) Calculate the value of Kc.
Answer:
(1.548)(1.548)
Kc =
(1.226)(3.678)3
Kc = 0.039
4. At 85.0 °C for the following reaction,
2 NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g)
the equilibrium partial pressure of NO2 and N2O4 are found to be 0.15 atm and 0.16 atm respectively.
[R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1]
a) Write the expression for Kp.
Answer:
2
(PN2O4 )
Kp = 2
(PNO2 )
b) Calculate Kp.
Answer:
(0.16)
Kp =
(0.15)2
Kp = 7.11
c) Calculate Kc.
Answer:
Kp = Kc (RT)Δn
7.11 = Kc (0.0821 × (85.0 + 273.15))1-2
Kc = 209.18
5. At a given temperature, T1 0.400 mole of N2 and 0.450 moles of H2 were placed in an evacuated 1.00 L
container. At equilibrium, 0.065 moles of NH3 were present. If the system was allowed to reach equilibrium at
the new temperature, T2, calculate the value of Kc for the reaction at T1.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g)
Answer:
[N2] = 0.400 moles / 1 L = 0.400 M
[H2] = 0.450 moles / 1 L = 0.450 M
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g)
New initial, M 0.400 0.450 0
Change, M -x -3x +2x
New Equilibrium, M 0.400 - x 0.450 - 3x 2x
[NH3] = 0.065 M = 2x
x = 0.0325
[N2] = 0.400 - x = 0.400 – 0.0325 = 0.3675 M
[H2] = 0.450 - 3x = 0.450 – 3(0.0325) = 0.3525 M
[NH3 ]2
Kc =
[N2 ][H2 ]3
(0.065)2
Kc =
(0.3675)(0.3525)3
Kc = 0.262
6. Kc is 216 for the following reaction at 74.0 °C.
CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g)
If 1.18 moles of CO and 1.32 moles of Cl2 are allowed to reach equilibrium in a 2.00 L vessel,
a) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and product.
Answer:
[CO] =1.18 moles / 2 L = 0.59 M
[Cl2] = 1.32 moles / 2 L = 0.66 M
CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g)
New initial, M 0.59 0.66 0
Change, M -x -x +x
New Equilibrium, M 0.59 - x 0.66 - 3x x
[COCl2 ]
Kc =
[CO][Cl2 ]
(x)
216 =
(0.59 - x)(0.66 - x)
216x2 – 271x + 84.11 = 0
x1 = 0.56
x2 = 0.69
Since 0 < x < 0.59, therefore x = 0.56 is acceptable
[CO] = 0.59 – x = 0.59 – 0.56 = 0.03 M
[Cl2] = 0.66 – x = 0.66 – 0.56 = 0.10 M
[COCl2] = x = 0.56 M
b) How many moles of Cl2 remain unreacted at equilibrium?
Answer:
0.10 M × 2 L = 0.20 moles
7. PCl5 is 45% dissociated by the following reaction at 25 °C, in a vessel in which the total pressure is 3.40 atm.
What is the value of Kp?
PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
Answer:
Let initial pressure of PCl5 = x
PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
New initial, M x 0 0
Change, M -0.45x +0.45x +0.45x
New Equilibrium, M x – 0.45x 0.45x 0.45x
PT = PPCl5 + PPCl3 + PCl2
3.40 = (x – 0.45x) + (0.45x) + (0.45x)
x = 2.34
PPCl5 = x – 0.45x = 2.34 - 0.45(2.34) = 1.29 M
PPCl3 = 0.45x = 0.45(2.34) = 1.05 M = PCl2
(PCl2 )(PPCl3 )
Kp =
(PPCl5 )
(1.05)(1.05)
Kp =
(1.29)
Kp = 0.85
8. At 35.0 °C, Kc = 6.5 × 10-9 for the reaction
2 NO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2 NOCl(g)
In which direction will the system proceed to reach equilibrium if 2.40 moles of NO, 1.20 moles of Cl2 and 6.90
moles of NOCl are mixed in a 3.0 L flask?
Answer:
[NO] = 2.40 / 3 = 0.80 M
[Cl2] = 1.20 / 3 = 0.40 M
[NOCl] = 6.90 / 3 = 2.30 M
[NOCl]2
Q=
[NO]2[Cl2]
(2.30)2
Q=
(0.80)2 (0.40)
Q = 20.66
Q > Kc. Therefore, system will shift to the left to reach equilibrium
9. In a certain experiment, 0.21 M of CO2, 0.50 M CF4 and 0.30 M of COF2 is introduced at 800 °C based on the
following reaction.
CO2(g) + CF4(g) ⇌ 2 COF2(g) Kc = 0.50
a) Calculate the reaction quotient, Q.
Answer:
[COF2]2
Q=
[CO2][CF4]
(0.30)2
Q=
(0.21)(0.50)
Q = 0.86
b) Determine in which direction of the system will proceed to reach equilibrium.
Answer:
Q > Kc. Therefore, system will shift to the left to reach equilibrium; reactant favoured
c) i) Define Le Chatelier’s Principle.
Answer:
If a change of conditions (stress) is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system responds in
the way that best tends to reduce the stress in reaching a new state of equilibrium.
ii) Predict what happen to the system equilibrium if the inert gas is added to the mixture at constant
volume.
Answer: No effect
10. Production of hydrogen iodide involves exothermic process according to this chemical reaction.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2 HI(g) ΔHo = -75 kJ
Suggest the possible ways to increase the production of HI.
Answer:
• Adding more reactants
• Remove product
• Reduce temperature
11. Consider the following reaction.
NH4HS(s) ⇌ NH3(g) + H2S(g) ΔHo = -ve kJ
Predict and explain the effect of each of the changes on the concentration of all species present in the
reaction:
Answer:
Factor Effect on all Explanation
species
a) Increasing the temperature NH4HS increased • Exothermic reaction
NH3 decreased • System shift to the left
H2S decreased • Reactants favoured
• Q > Kc
b) Lowering the temperature NH4HS decreased • Exothermic reaction.
NH3 increased • System shift to the right.
H2S increased • Products favoured
• Q < Kc
c) Increasing the pressure by NH4HS increased • Proceeding to the fewer number of
decreasing volume NH3 decreased moles.
H2S decreased • System shift to the left.
• Reactants favoured
• Q > Kc
d) Increasing the concentration NH4HS decreased • System shift to the right.
of NH4HS NH3 increased • Products favoured
H2S increased • Q < Kc
e) Removing NH3 from NH4HS decreased • System shift to the right.
reaction vessel NH3 increased • Products favoured
H2S increased • Q < Kc
f) Adding inert gas at constant NH4HS decreased • Proceeding to the greater number of
pressure NH3 increased moles.
H2S increased • System shift to the right.
• Products favoured
• Q < Kc
g) Introducing catalyst No effect Catalyst speeds up both forward and reverse
reactions by lowering activation energy so
that the N2, H2 and NH3 bonds can be more
readily broken.
12. A 2.00 litre vessel in which the following system is in equilibrium contains 4.8 moles of phosgene, COCl 2, 1.2
moles of CO and 0.4 moles of Cl2.
CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g)
a) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction.
Answer:
[COCl2] = 4.8 / 2 = 2.4 M
[CO] = 1.2 / 2 = 0.6 M
[Cl2] = 0.4 / 2 = 0.2 M
[COCl2] (2.4)
Kc = Kc =
[CO][Cl2] (0.6)(0.2)
Kc = 20
b) An additional 1.6 mole of Cl2 is added to the vessel at the same temperature. Calculate the molar
concentrations of CO, Cl2, and COCl2 when the new equilibrium is established.
Answer:
[Cl2] = 0.4 + 1.6 / 2 = 1.0 M
[COCl2]
Q=
[CO][Cl2]
(2.4)
Q=
(0.6)(1.0)
Q = 4 (Q < Kc, system shift to the right; product favoured)
CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g)
New initial, M 0.6 1.0 2.4
Change, M -x -x +x
New Equilibrium, M 0.6 - x 1.0 - x 2.4 + x
[COCl2]2 (2.4 + x)
Kc = 10 =
[CO][Cl2] (0.6 - x)(1.0 - x)
20x2 – 33x + 9.6 = 0
x1 = 1.273
x2 = 0.377
Since 0 < x < 0.6, therefore x = 0.377 is acceptable
[CO] = 0.6 - x = 0.6 – 0.377 = 0.223 M
[Cl2] = 1.0 - x = 1.0 - 0.377 = 0.663 M
[COCl2] = 2.4 + x = 2.4 + 0.377 = 2.777 M
13. An equilibrium mixture from the following reaction was found to contain 5.0 M of PCl 5, 2.5 M of PCl3 and 2.5 M
of Cl2.
PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
a) What is the value of Kc for this reaction?
Answer:
[PCl3][Cl2] (2.5)(2.5)
Kc = Kc =
[PCl5 ] (5.0)
Kc = 1.25
b) If the initial volume of the reaction vessel were halved, while the temperature remains constant, what will
the new equilibrium concentrations be?
Answer:
[PCl5] = 5.0 × 2 = 10.0 M
[PCl3] = [Cl2] = 2.5 × 2 = 5.0 M
[PCl3 ][Cl2]
Q=
[PCl5 ]
(5.0)(5.0)
Q=
(10.0)
Q = 2.5 (Q > Kc, system shift to the left; reactant favoured)
PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) Cl2(g)
New initial, M 10.0 + 5.0 5.0
Change, M +x -x -x
New Equilibrium, M 10.0 + x 5.0 - x 5.0 - x
[PCl3][Cl2] (5.0 - x)(5.0 - x)
Kc = 1.25 =
[PCl5 ] (10.0 + x)
x2 – 11.25x + 12.5 = 0
x1 = 10
x2 = 1.25
Since 0 < x < 5.0, therefore x = 1.25 is acceptable
[PCl5] = 10.0 + x = 10.0 + 1.25 = 11.25 M
[PCl3] = [Cl2] = 5.0 + x = 5.0 + 1.25 = 6.25 M
