CHAPTER 5
MAGNETISM AND MATTER- PART 1
MAGNETIC FIELD
Space around a magnet or a current carrying conductor where its effects can be
felt is known as magnetic field. To visualize magnetic field, the concept of
magnetic field lines is introduced
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
Magnetic field line is a path followed by an isolated north pole in magnetic
field. It is an imaginary line (straight or curved) tangent to which at any point
gives the direction of magnetic field. Since an isolated north pole does not
exist, a small dipole (compass box) is used to trace the magnetic field
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES
• Tangent to the field lines at any point gives the direction of magnetic
field at that point
• Relative closeness of the field lines indicate strength of magnetic field
• Magnetic field lines can never intersect. If they do so, that would means
that at the point of intersection there would be two directions for the
same magnetic field. That is impossible
• Magnetic field lines are closed continuous curves. They moves from
north to south outside the body of the magnet and from south to north
inside the body of the magnet.
BAR MAGNET
A rectangular piece of ferromagnetic material (like iron or steel) that exhibit
permanent magnetic properties is known as bar magnet
BASIC PROPERTIES OF A BAR MAGNET
• Magnets attract small pieces of magnetic materials like iron, cobalt etc.
This attraction is maximum at the ends of the magnets called poles
• When a magnet is suspended freely, it comes to rest along the north
south direction with its north pole pointing towards geographic north
• Like poles repels each other and unlike poles attracts each other.
• Magnetic poles always exist in pairs. Magnetic monopole does not exist
• When a piece of magnetic material is kept near a bar magnet , it acquire
magnetism. This property is called inductive property
MAGNETIC DIPOLE
Two unlike poles of equal strength separated by a small distance
Eg: Bar magnet
MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT
The product of one of the pole strength (m) and the magnetic distance(2𝑙)
⃗⃗ = 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑀 2𝑙
Direction of magnetic dipole moment is from south pole to north pole
Unit : J/T
STRENGTH OF MAGNETIC FIELD AT ANY POINT DUE TO BAR MAGNET
CASE 1: ON AXIAL LINE
Magnetic field strength at P due to south pole
𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵1 =
4𝜋 (𝑑 + 𝑙)2
Magnetic field strength at P due to north pole
𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵2 =
4𝜋 (𝑑 − 𝑙)2
Net magnetic field 𝐵 = 𝐵2 − 𝐵1
Solving
⃗⃗
𝜇0 2𝑀
⃗ =
𝐵
4𝜋 𝑑3
⃗⃗
At any point on the axial line of the dipole , magnetic field is along 𝑀
CASE 2 : ON EQUITORIAL PLANE
Magnetic field strength at P due to north pole
𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵1 =
4𝜋 (𝑑2 + 𝑙 2 )
Magnetic field strength at P due to south pole
𝜇0 𝑚
𝐵2 =
4𝜋 (𝑑2 + 𝑙 2 )
The vertical component of B (sine components) cancels each other while the
horizontal components get added up
The net magnetic field at P
𝐵 = 𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐵2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐵 = 2𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
On solving
⃗⃗
𝜇0 𝑀
⃗ =−
𝐵
4𝜋 𝑑3
At any point on the equatorial plane of the dipole , magnetic field strength is
⃗⃗
directed opposite to 𝑀
CURRENT LOOP AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE
Magnetic dipole moment of a current loop is directly proportional to
• Strength of the current 𝑀 ∝ 𝐼
• Area of the loop 𝑀 ∝ 𝐴
⃗⃗ ∝ 𝐼𝐴
Clubbing 𝑀 since proportionality constant k =1
⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀 𝐼𝐴
For N turns
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑁𝐼𝐴
𝑀
Unit of M = A m2
TORQUE ON A BAR MAGNET PLACE IN MAGNETIC FIELD
Force on north pole = mB (along B)
Force on south pole = mB (opposite to B)
These forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction but their line of
action is different . So they constitute a couple and produces torque
Torque 𝜏 = 𝐹 𝑋 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
= mB X 2𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏 = MB sin𝜃
⃗⃗ 𝑋𝐵
Or ⃗⃗𝜏 = 𝑀 ⃗
⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
Direction of torque is perpendicular to the plane containing 𝑀 ⃗
WORK NEEDED TO ROTATE DIPOLE IN MAGNETIC FIELD
𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑀𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
Total work done to turn the dipole from 𝜃1 𝑡𝑜 𝜃2
𝜃
W =∫𝜃 2 𝑀𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
1
W = MB [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ]
This work is stored as the potential energy in the final position
When 𝜃1 = 90 and 𝜃2 = 𝜃
Then 𝑈 = −𝑀𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⃗⃗ . 𝐵
U = -𝑀 ⃗
SPECIAL CASES
1. When dipole is perpendicular to magnetic field
𝜃 = 90 cos 90 =0
𝑈=0
2. When dipole is parallel to magnetic field
𝜃 = 0 cos 0 =1
𝑈 = −𝑀𝐵
This orientation where torque is zero and potential energy is minimum is
known as stable equilibrium
3. When dipole is anti-parallel to magnetic field
𝜃 = 180 cos 180 = - 1
𝑈 = 𝑀𝐵
This orientation where torque is zero and potential energy is maximum is
known as unstable equilibrium
MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF A REVOLVING ELECTRON
Negatively charged electron is revolving around positively charged nucleus.
This constitute a current
𝑒
𝐼 = 𝑇 …………………………………………….. (1) where T – Time period of revolution
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑡
T= 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
2𝜋𝑟
𝑇= ……………………………………………(2)
𝑣
Substitute (2) in (1)
𝑒𝑣
𝐼= …………………………………………….(3)
2𝜋𝑟
Magnetic dipole moment
M =IA………………………………………………..(4)
Substitute I and A in (4)
𝑒𝑣
M =2𝜋𝑟 𝑥 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑒𝑣𝑟
𝑀=
𝑚
Direction of magnetic moment: If electrons are revolving in clockwise direction
, current will be in anti-clockwise direction and magnetic moment will be out of
the plane of the loop and vice versa.
CURRENT CARRYING SOLENOID AS AN EQUALANT BAR MAGNET
Consider a solenoid of length l and number of turns per unit length n carry’s a
current I as shown
Magnetic field on the axis of the solenoid at a distance r from the center of the
dipole is given by
𝜇0 2𝑀
𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟 3
The axial magnetic field of a current carrying solenoid is same as that of a bar
magnet. Hence a current carrying solenoid is equivalent to a solenoid.
GAUSS’S LAW FOR MAGNETISM
The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero.
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜙𝐵 = ∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑠 = 0
The law implies that the number magnetic field lines leaving the gaussian
surface will be re-enter the surface at the same time. This also implises that
magnetic monopole does not exist
