CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON
To analyze the available honey for presence of
different minerals and carboohhydrates
SUBMITED BY :
BHAVYA DUDEJA
ROLL NO. : 6
CLASS: XI-C
SESSION: 2024-2025
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR. HARISH RAUTELA
(PGT,CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT)
BIRLA VIDYA NIKETAN
SECTOR IV,PUSHP VIHAR ,NEW DELHI-
110019
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work being
presented in the project report “To analyze
the available honey for presence of
different minerals and carbohydrates” is
an authentic record of my own work carried
out under the supervision of Mr. Harish
Rautela , PGT-Chemistry Department ,
BIRLA VIDYA NIKETAN ,New Delhi.
Name : Bhavya Dudeja
Class : XI-C
Roll no. : 6
School : Birla Vidya Niketan
INDEX
S NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 CERTIFICATE 4
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
3 AIM 6
4 REQUIREMENT 7
5 THEORY 8
6 PROCEDURE 9
7 OBSERVATION 13
8 RESULT 15
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16
CERTIFICATE
It is hereby to certify that , the original and
genuine investigation work has been carried out
to investigate about honey and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed
solely,sincerely and satisfactorily by Bhavya
Dudeja of Class XI-C
of Birla Vidya Niketan,Pushp Vihar,New Delhi
regarding his project titled “To analyze the
available honey for presence of different
minerals and carbohydrates”.
HARISH RAUTELA
PGT-DEPARTMENT
BIRLA VIDYA NIKETAN
NEW DELHI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my upmost pleasure to express
my sincere thanks to Mr. Harish Rautela
(Chemistry Teacher) and Mr. Ankit Yadav
(Lab assistant) in providing a helping hand
in this project . Their valuable guidance ,
support and supervision all through this
project titled “To analyze the available
honey for presence of different minerals
and carbohydrates.” are responsible for
attaining its present form.
BHAVYA DUDEJA
XI-C
AIM
To analyze the available
honey for presence of
different minerals and
carbohydrates.
REQUIREMENT
APPARATUS:
TEST TUBE
TEST TUBE STAND
BURNER
WATER BATH
CHEMICALS:
FEHLING SOLUTION A
FEHLING SOLUTION B
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
AMMONIUM OXALATE SOLUTION
AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
CONC.NITRIC ACID
POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANIDE SOLUTION
THEORY
Honey, thick, sweet, super saturated sugar solution
manufactured by bees to feed their larvae and for the
subsistence during winter.
Bee honey is composed of fructose, glucose and water, in
varying proportions. It also contains several enzymes and
oils. The colour & flavour depends on the age of the honey
and the sources of the nectar. The coloured honeys are
usually of higher quality than dark coloured honeys. Other
high grade honeys are made by bees from orange
blossoms, clover and Alfalfa. A well known, poorer grade
honey is produced from buckwheat.
Honey has a fuel value of about 3307 cal/kg [1520 cal/
lbs]. It readily picks up moisture from the air and is
consequently used as a moistening agent for Tobacco and
in baking. Glucose crystallizes out of honey on standing at
room temperature, leaving on un-crystallized layer of
dissolved fructose. Honey to be marketed is usually
heated by a special process to about 660C [150.01 F] to
dissolve the crystals and is sealed to prevent
crystallization. The fructose in crystallized honey ferments
readily at about 160C.
PROCEDURE
TEST FOR MINERALS
1)Test for Pottasium:
2ml of honey is taken in a test tube and picric acid solution
is added. Yellow precipitate indicates the presence of K+.
CH(NO)OH + K CH(NO)OK
(picric acid) (pottasium picrate)
2)Test for Calcium:
2ml of honey is taken in a test tube and NH4Cl solution
and NH4OH solution are added to it. The solution is
filtered and to the filtrate 2ml of ammonium oxalate
solution is added. White ppt. or milky indicates the
presence of Ca2+ ions.
3)Test for magnesium:
2 ml of honey is taken in a test tube and NH4Cl solution is
added to it and then excess of Ammonium phosphate
solution is added. The side of the test tube is scratched
with a glass rod. White precipitate indicates the presence
of Mg2+ ions.
4)Test for iron:
2ml of honey is taken in a test tube and a drop of conc.
HNO3 is added and it is heated. It is cooled and 2-3 drops
of Potassium sulphocyanide solution is added to it. Blood
red colour shows the presence of iron.
SCN + HNO SO (g) + CO (g) + HO (l) + N (g)
(Simplified oxidation reaction; intermediate steps depend on conditions)
Fe³ + 3 SCN Fe(SCN)
(Forms a blood-red complex, commonly used in analytical chemistry.)
TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
1) Fehling’s Test:
2ml of honey is taken in a test tube and 1ml each of
Fehling's solution A and Fehling's solution B are added to
it and boiled. Red precipitate indicates the presence of
reducing sugars.
Fehling's Solution A: Contains copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄) in aqueous form.
Fehling's Solution B: Contains a mixture of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt)
and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to provide an alkaline medium and prevent copper(II)
hydroxide precipitation.
Reduction of Copper(II) Ions:
Reducing sugars in honey (e.g., glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆) reduce blue copper(II) ions (Cu² ⁺)
to red or orange copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O).
Glucose gets oxidized to gluconic acid during this process.
CHO + 2Cu² + 2HO CHO + CuO + 4H
Here:
C₆H₁₂O₆: Glucose (reducing sugar).
C₆H₁₂O₇: Gluconic acid (oxidized product).
Cu₂O: Copper(I) oxide (red/orange precipitate).
2)Tollen’s Test
2-3 ml of aqueous solution of honey is taken in a test
tube. 2-3ml of Tollen's reagent is added. The test tube is
kept in a boiling water bath for about ten minutes. A
shining silver mirror indicates the presence of reducing
carbohydrates
Reduction of Silver Ions (Ag⁺):
Reducing sugars, such as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), reduce the silver ions (Ag⁺) in Tollen's
reagent to metallic silver (Ag).
Glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid during the reaction.
CHO + 2[Ag(NH)] + HO CHO + 2Ag (s) + 4NH + 2H
Here:
C₆H₁₂O₆: Glucose (reducing sugar).
C₆H₁₂O₇: Gluconic acid (oxidized product).
Ag (s): Metallic silver (precipitate or mirror).
OBSERVATION TABLE
S NO.
TESTS OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
1 TEST FOR
POTTASIUM: YELLOW PPT. IS POTTASIUM IS
FORMED. PRESENT
HONEY + PICRIC
ACID SOLUTION
2 TEST FOR
CALCIUM: WHITE PPT OR
CALCIUM IS
MILKINESS IS NOT
HONEY + NH4CI soln. ABSENT
OBSERVED.
+ NH4OH soln filtered
+ (NH4)2C2O4
3 TEST FOR
MAGNESIUM:
WHITE PPT IS NOT MAGNESIUM IS
HONEY + NH4OH OBSERVED ABSENT
(TILL SOLUTION
BECOMES
ALKALINE) +
(NH4)3P04
4 TEST FOR IRON:
IRON IS
HONEY + CONC. BLOOD RED COLOUR
PRESENT
HNO3 , HEATED AND IS OBSERVED
COOLED, +
POTTASIUM
SULPHOCYANIDE.
5 FEHLING’S TEST:
RED PPT IS
HONEY + 1mL EACH OF REDUCING
OBSERVED
FEHLING’S SOLUTION A SUGAR IS
AND SOLUTION B PRESENT
6 TOLLEN’S TEST:
SHINING REDUCING
HONEY + 2-3mL TOLLEN’S
SILVER CARBOHYDRATE
REAGENT, TEST TUBE IN
WATER BATH FOR 10 MIRROR IS IS PRESENT
MINUTES. OBSERVED
RESULT
● Pottasium is present
● Iron is present
● Calcium is absent
● Magnesium is absent
● Honey contains reducing
sugar
● Honey contains reducing
carbohydrates
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.projects.icbse.com\chemistry
www.projectsyapa.com\chemistry
Comprehensive Practical Chemistry
