PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS

PROPERTIES METALS NON-METALS

S.N
O
1 State of Most of the metals are They exists in all the three state
existence solids eg., Fe , Cu ,Ag , Au etc Solid- C ,S ,P .,etc
liquid metal - Hg Liquid – Br
Gas – O2 , Cl2 , N2 etc
2 Hardness Metals are hard Non-metals soft
Except Na and K which are Except diamond allotrope of
soft and can be cut with knife carbon which is the hardest
known substance in nature
[Allotropy]
3 Density Metals are denser Non-metals are lighter
Except Na , K , Li ,Ca
4 Melting and Metals have high melting Non- metals have low melting
boiling point point/boiling point and boiling point
Except Sn and Pb Except diamond and graphite.
Tungston -W- (wolfram)
5 Conductivity Metals are good conductor of Non-metals are bad conductors
heat and electricity Except graphite, allotrope of
Except Pb-poor conductor carbon is a good conductor.
6 Malleability Metals are malleable Non-metals are non-malleable.
[thin sheets] Ag and Au are the most [Brittle]-
malleable metals
7 Ductility Metals are ductile Non-metals are non-ductile
[thin wires] Au is the most ductile metal
8 Lustre Metals are lustrous Non-metals are non-lustrous
[shining] Gold- golden yellow Except diamond and graphite
Copper-reddish brown
9 Sonorous Metals are sonorous Non-metals are non-sonorous
[sound]

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS

S.N PROPERTY METALS NON-METALS
O
1 Nature Electro positive elements Electro negative elements

Na+ , Ca2+ , Al3+ Cl- , O2- , N3-

2 Formation of Metals form ionic chloride Non-Metals form covalent
chlorides chlorides
 eg .,Na+Cl- , Mg2+ [Cl2 ]- etc Eg ;-Carbon tetra chloride [CCl4]
They are formed by lose or Cl-Cl [Cl2] {they are formed by
gain of electron sharing electrons

3 Formation of Metals form Non-Metals form

oxides 1.Basic oxides eg CaO ,MgO 1.Acidic Oxides eg:- SO2 ,CO2 ,NO2
2.Amphoteric Oxides eg 2.Neutral Oxides eg:- NO, CO
Al2O3 , ZnO
4 Reaction with Metals react with acids to Non-metals do not react with
acids form metallic salts and acids and do not liberate
liberate hydrogen gas hydrogen.
Metals displaces hydrogen Non-metals do not displace
from the acids hydrogen from the acids

CuS, H2 S, FeS - Binary compound of sulphur - SULPHIDE

CuO, H2 O, FeO - OXIDES
CuCl2 , HCl , FeCl2 - Chlorides
CH4 , NH3, C8H18 ,H2S -Hydrides

K + (ClO3 )-
Na ClO3 Chlorates

OXIDES

OXIDES:-The binary compounds of oxygen are called OXIDES

Binary compound: - the compounds which contains only TWO element are called binary
compounds .if, one of the two element is oxygen then the compound is called oxide. Eg CO 2 ,CaO,
SO2 , NO2 MgO H2O
CLASSIFICATION OF OXIDES
1.ACIDIC OXIDES:- The oxides which forms acid with water are ACIDIC OXIDE.
eg:-SO2 ,CO2 ,NO2.,etc
SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (sulphurous acid)
CO2 + H2O H2CO3(carbonic acid )
2.BASIC OXIDES:- The oxides which forms base with water are BASIC OXIDE. (THEY ARE FORMED BY
METALS.
eg:-CaO ,MgO, Na2O.,etc
CaO+ H2O Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide -base
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide -base
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH sodium hydroxide-base
3.NEUTRAL OXIDES:-The oxides which are neither acidic nor basic are called NEUTRAL OXIDES.
eg:-H2O, CO, NO [PAN]
Note :- CO and NO are not soluble in water.
4.AMPHOTERIC OXIDES:-The oxides which are both acidic and basic in nature. Are called
AMPHOTERIC OXIDES eg:- Al2O3 ,ZnO. These oxides can react with both acid and base to form salt
and water.

5.REACTION OF METAL OXIDES WITH ACID

Metal oxides are basic oxide, when they react with acid they undergo neutralisation
reaction to form salt and water.

METAL OXIDE + ACID SALT + WATER

CuO + dil. 2HCl CUCl 2 + H 2O
COPPER OXIDE (BLACK) HYDROCHLORIC COPPER CHLORIDE(BLUE-GREEN)WATER

CuO + dil.H2SO4 CUSO4 + H 2O

COPPER OXIDE (BLACK) HYDROCHLORIC COPPER SUPHATE (BLUE)WATER

ACTIVITY 2.7
Experiment
1.Take a small quantity of copper (II) oxide (black) is taken
in a beaker.
2.Add 2.5ml of dilute HCl with constant stirring till the
black oxide is completely dissolved.
Observations
The black copper(II) oxide completely dissolves to form
bluish-green colour solution .It is due to the formation of
 copper chloride(salt).

Inference/Result :-
From the experiment and observation it is confirmed that metallic oxides are basic in nature
they react with acid to form salt and water. This reaction is also called NEUTRALISATION
reaction.

6.REACTION OF NON- METAL OXIDES WITH BASE

Non-Metallic oxides are acidic oxide, when they react with base they undergo
neutralization reaction to form salt and water.It is also a NEUTRALISATION reaction
NON- METAL OXIDE + BASE SALT + WATER
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H 2O
CARBONDIOXIDE lime water calcium carbonate (milky) WATER

7..REACTION OF AMPHOTERIC OXIDES WITH ACID AND BASE.

These oxides are acidic as well as basic in nature.i,e they can react with both acid and also
with base to form salt and water.e.g.,
(i) Reaction with acid.
(i).AMPHOTERIC OXIDES + ACID SALT + WATER

Al2O3 + 6 HCl 2 AlCl 3 + 3 H2O

Aluminium oxide hydrochloric acid aluminium chloride water

(ii).Reaction with base

(ii). AMPHOTERIC OXIDES + BASE SALT + WATER

Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO 2 + H2O

Aluminium oxide sodium hydroxide sodium aluminates water

1. REACTION OF ACID WITH METLS

Acid reacts with Metal to form metal salt and liberate hydrogen gas.
Metal + acid Metal salt + Hydrogen gas
Eg. Zn + dil.H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Zinc sulphuric acid zincsulphate

Procedure:-
1. Apparatus are set as shown in the figure.
2. About 5ml.of dilute sulphuric acid is taken in a test tube.
3. Few pieces of zinc granules are added into the test tube containing sulphuric acid.
4. Reaction takes place colourless gas is produced
5.Then the gas produced is passed through soap water

Observation :-
1.When the colourless gas produced during this reaction is passed through soap water
plenty of
buble are formed.

2.When thebubles are touched with a burning match stick (candle) it produce ‘POP” sound
and hence the gas produced is tested to be‘HYDROGEN’.
Inference/Result:-From the observation it is confirmed that when acid reacts with metal it
liberate hydrogen and forms metal salt (zinc sulphate).
Note:-
1.Reaction between metal and acid is a displacement reaction. Metals which are more
reactive than hydrogen displaces hydrogen from the acid.
2. when shiny silvery white zinc granule turns black and does not shine it is due to
corrosion on the surface of the zinc granules
3.This activity can be repeated with the acids like HCl, HNO 3, CH3COOH
Eg Zn + dil.2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
NOTE 1
When metals react with Nitric acid hydrogen gas is not evolved it is because nitric acid
behave as oxidising agent.(HNO3) [HNO3 H2O +NO2 +(O)
During the reaction Hydrogen gas produced is oxidised to water and also nitric acid itself
reduced to N2O , NO, NO2
Mg and Mn react with very diluted nitric acid to evolve hydrogen gas.
Note.2
The reactivity decreases in the order Mg > Al > Zn > Fe
copper do not react with dilute HCl
Note .3
Aqua Regia (Latin for “royal water”) :- It is a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and
concentrated nitric acid in the ratio of 3 : 1. It can dissolve noble metals such as gold and
platinum.
2. REACTION OF BASE WITH METAL
Base such as sodium hydroxide can also react with the metals such as zinc to form salt and
liberate hydrogen gas.
Metal + base Metal salt + Hydrogen gas
Eg. Zn + 2 NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
zinc sodium hydroxide sodium zincate
Note:-
This reaction is not possible with all the metals .only shown by metals such as zinc and
Aluminium
ACID RAIN: -Oxides of sulphur such as sulphur dioxide, sulphur trioxide causes acid rain.
Where there is an acid rain attack on iron materials (bridges, car, buildings etc) are damaged
due to the reaction between iron and acid.
Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
REACTIVITY SERIES [Activity Series]
The arrangement of metals in the order of their decreasing reactivity is called reactivity
series
K
Na
Ca highly reactive metals
Mg
Al
---------------------------------------------------------------
Zn
Fe middle order reactive metals
Pb
H
---------------------------------------------
Cu
Hg Low reactive metals (noble metals )
Ag
Au
Pt
---------------------------
REACTION OF METALS WITH WATER (diagram 3.3 )

Reactivity of Metals reaction with water OBSERVATION

metals
Highly reactive K-floats, burns with lilac flame
metals with cold reaction is highly vigorous and
water 2K + 2H2O → 2 KOH + H2 explosive produces alkali and
K hydrogen gas(exothermic)
 -It is a ready reaction
---------------------------------------------
Na 2Na + 2 H2O → 2NaOH + H2 ----------------------------------------
Na-floats, produces spark and
the reaction is highly vigorous
--------------------------------------------- and explosive, produces alkali
and hydrogen gas (exothermic)
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 It is a ready reaction
Ca
Ca -floats and reacts gradually,
less vigorous produces alkali
and hydrogen gas
It is a ready reaction
Mg reacts with Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2 Mg- reacts with hot(boiling)
boiling water water produces base and
hydrogen gas.
Middle order Reaction of metals with steam
reactive METAL
Fe Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2 Middle order metals react with
steam to produce their oxides
( FeO.Fe2O3 => Fe3O4) and hydrogen gas
Iron oxide and hydrogen gas

Al Al + H2O → Al2O3 + H2 Al-reacts with steam to form

aluminium oxide and hydrogen
gas
No reaction with water
Low reactive No reaction even with steam
metals(Ag and Au)

REACTION BETWEEN METALS WITH THE SOLUTION OF OTHER METALS

METAL A + SALT SOLUTION OF METAL B → SALT SOLUTION OF METAL A + METAL B

PROCEDURE: -
1.Take three iron nails clean them with sand paper.
2. Take two test tubes and take 10 ml of copper sulphate solution in both the test tube
Separately and label them A and B.
3. Take test tube ‘ B’ containing copper sulphate
(Blue colour) and fix it in the stand as shown in the figure .keep test tube ‘A’ containing
copper sulphate solution (Blue colour) in a test tube stand for the comparison after the
reaction.
4.Take two iron nails and tie them with thread and carefully immerse them in the
Copper sulphate solution in the test tube ‘B’ fixed in the stand as shown in the figure
and keep one iron nail for the comparison after the reaction.
5. Allow the reaction between iron nail and copper sulphate solution in test ‘B’for about
 20 minutes-……reaction takes place.

OBSERVATION:-
COMPARING TEST TUBES ‘A’and’B’ and the iron nails after the reaction we could
observe
1.thick reddish brown solid deposition is found on the iron nail in the test
tube’B’
2.the blue colour copper solution turns into pale green colour

CONCLUSION:-From the observation it is concluded that

1. The brown deposition on iron nail shows that the copper is displaced by iron from
Copper sulphate solution. Because iron is more reactive than copper
2. Blue colour copper sulphate solution turns pale green it is due to the formation of
Iron sulphate solution
Equation for the reaction
displacement

Fe + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

silvery white blue colour pale green reddish brown

Note:- less reactive metals cannot displace more reactive metals

Example:-The following reaction is not possible because copper is less reactive than iron
and hence copper cannot displace iron therefore the displacement reaction is not possible
Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq) no reaction

Similarly, aluminium and zinc displace copper from the solution of copper sulphate.

In all the above examples, iron, aluminium and zinc are more reactive than copper. This is
why they displace copper from its salt solution.
When copper is dipped in the solution of silver nitrate, it displaces silver and forms copper
nitrate.
In the reaction, copper is more reactive than silver and hence, displaces silver from silver
nitrate solution.
Silver metal does not react with copper sulphate solution because silver is less reactive than
copper and not able to displace copper from its salt solution.

Similarly, when gold is dipped in the solution of copper nitrate, no reaction takes place
because copper is more reactive than gold.

In similar way, no reaction takes place when copper is dipped in the solution of aluminium
nitrate because copper is less reactive than aluminium.

REACTION BETWEEN METAL AND NON METAL

Ions :- The charged particles of atoms

+ve ions- Cations

-ve ions – Anions

Formation of +ve ions

They are formed by the lose of electrons ( metals - electropositive)

A A+ + e (cation) - Oxidations

Formation of Anion[-VE ION]

They are formed by the gain of electron ( non- matels – electro negative)

A+e A- (anion) - Reduction

Ionic Bonds: Ionic bonds are formed because of transfer of electrons from metal to
non¬metal. In this course, metals get positive charge because of transfer of electrons and non-
metal gets negative charge because of acceptance of electrons. In other words, bond formed
between positive and negative ion is called Ionic Bond.
Since, a compound is electrically neutral, so to form an ionic compound, negative and
positive both ions must be combined.

1. (EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE WITH ELECTRON DOT EQUATION)

Na + Cl → NaCl
OCTET RULE
“ Any element involved in the chemical reaction it has to ,lose or gain or share electron in
order to attain the stable octet configuration of its nearest noble gas in the periodic table.’
Eg.,
Reaction between sodium and chlorine (Explain the formation of sodium chloride)
Na = 1S2 2S2 2P6
11 3S1 (ORBITAL)
2 8 1 (ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION)
K L M

STEP1 -FORMATION OF Na+ ion

1.When sodium is involved in the chemical reaction Na (At .no=11 2,8,1 ) in order to attain
the stable octet configuration of its nearest noble gas Ne ( At.no = 10 2,8 ) sodium has to
lose an electron. As a result sodium ion Na+ is formed
Na → Na+ + e ----------------- (1)
2,8,1 Ne ( 2,8)
STEP2 _ FORMATION OF Cl- ION
2.When chlorine is involved in the chemical reaction Cl (At .no = 17 2,8,7) in order to attain
the stable octet configuration of its nearest noble gas Ar ( At.no = 18 2,8,8 ) chlorine has to
gain an electron. As a result Chloride ion Cl- is formed
Cl + e → Cl- ----------------- (2)
2,8,7 Ar ( 2,8,8)
From 1 and 2
The Na+ and Cl- ions formed so are strongly held by electrostatic force to form stable
compound Sodium Chloride (Na+ Cl- ).This compound is made up of ions therefore they are
called ionic compound.
ELECTRON DOT EQUATION ( use valence electron)

-
Na + Cl Na + Cl
11e 17e 10e 18e
(2,8,1) (2,8,7) ( 2,8) (2,8,8)
Ne Ar
Core electrons/valance electron[used in writing electron dot eqn]

11 Na ( 2,8,1) 17 Cl (2,8,7 )

10 Ne ( 2,8 ) 18 Ar (2,8,8) Na + Cl-

2.FORMATION OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE [MgCl2]

Step 1 FORMATION OF Mg 2+ion

1.When Magnesium is involved in the chemical reaction Mg (At .no=12 2,8,2 ) in order to
attain the stable octet configuration of its nearest noble gas Ne ( At.no = 10 2,8 )
Magnesium has to lose two electrons. As a result magnesium ion Mg 2+ is formed
Mg → Mg 2+ + 2e ----------------- (1)
2,8,2 Ne ( 2,8)

STEP2 FORMATION OF CHLORIDE ION[Cl-]

2.When chlorine is involved in the chemical reaction Cl (At .no = 17 2,8,7) in order to attain
the stable octet configuration of its nearest noble gas Ar ( At.no = 18 2,8,8 ) chlorine has to
gain an electron. As a result Chloride ion Cl- is formed.
Two chlorine atoms gain one electron each from magnesium and forms 2Cl-
2 Cl + 2e → 2 Cl- ----------------- (2)
2,8,7 Ar ( 2,8,8)

From 1 and 2
The Mg2+ and 2Cl- ions formed so are strongly held by electrostatic force to form stable
compound Sodium Chloride (Mg2+ [ Cl-]2 ).This compound is made up of ions therefore they
are called ionic compound.
ELECTRON DOT EQUATION

Cl -
+2
Mg + Mg Cl
+ Cl 2
12e 17e 10[Ne = 2,8] 18[Ar = 2,8,8]

12 Mg ( 2,8,2) 17 Cl (2,8,7 )

10 Ne ( 2,8 ) 18 Ar (2,8,8)
FORMATION OF OXIDES

PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUND / ELECTROVALENT COMPOUND

1.They are made up of ions (cation and anion).
2.They are usually solid crystals.
3. They are good electrolyte. (conduct electricity in their solution or in molten state

4.They are generally brittle.

5. They have high melting and boiling point (due to strong electrostatic force between the
ion)
 METTALLURGY

Occurrence and Extraction of Metals: Minerals, ores, extraction of metals of least

reactivity, extraction of metals of middle reactivity, extraction of metals of high reactivity,
refining or purification of metals and corrosion.

Occurrence and Extraction of Metals:

Source of metal: Metals occur in Earth’s crust and in seawater; in the form of ores. Earth’s
crust is the major source of metal. Seawater contains many salts such as sodium chloride,
magnesium chloride, etc.

Mineral: Minerals are naturally occurring substances which have a uniform composition.

Ores: The minerals from which a metal can be profitably extracted are called Ores.
Metals found at the bottom of reactivity series are least reactive and they are often found in
nature in free-state; such as gold, silver, copper, etc. Copper and silver are also found in the
form of sulphide and oxide ores.

Metals found in the middle of reactivity series, such as Zn, Fe, Pb, etc. are usually found in
the form of oxides, sulphides or carbonates.
Metals found at the top of the reactivity series are never found in free-state as they are very
reactive, example; K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al, etc.
Many metals are found in the form of oxides because oxygen is abundant in nature and is
very reactive.

Extraction of Metals: Metals can be categorised into three parts on the basis of their
reactivity: Most reactive, medium reactive and least reactive.
The three major steps involved in the extraction of a metal from its ore are

1. Concentration or enrichment of ores.

2. [Rasting /Calcination] Conversion of concentrated ore into crude metal and,
3. Refining of impure or crude metal.

Reduction / smelting
1. Concentration of Ores: Removal of impurities, such as soil, sand, stone, silicates, etc.
from mines ore is known as Concentration of Ores.
Ores which are mined often contain many impurities. These impurities are called gangue.
First of all, concentration is done to remove impurities from ores. The concentration of ores is
also known as enrichment of ores. Process of concentration depends upon physical and
chemical properties of ores. Gravity separation, electromagnetic separation, froth flotation
process, etc. are some examples of the processes which are applied for concentration of ores.

2. Conversion of Concentrated Ore into Crude Metal

Conversion of metals ores into oxides: It is easy to obtain metals from their oxides. So, ores
found in the form of sulphide and carbonates are first converted to their oxides by the process
of roasting and calcination. Oxides of metals so obtained are converted into metals by the
process of reduction.

Roasting: Heating of sulphide ores in the presence of excess air to convert them into oxides
is known as Roasting.
Calcination: Heating of carbonate ores in the limited supply of air to convert them into
oxides is known as Calcination.

Calcination Roasting

(i) It is done for carbonate ores. (i) It is done for sulphide ores.

(ii) Carbonates ores heated in the absence (ii) Sulphide ores are heated in the Presence of

of oxygen. oxygen.

(iii) The CO2 gas is released and Metal (iii) SO2 gas is released and Metal oxide is

oxide is obtained. obtained.

ZnCO3(s) heat−→− ZnO(s) + CO2(g) 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) heat−→− 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)

3. Reduction: Heating of oxides of metals to turn them into metal is known as Reduction.
(i) Extraction of Metals of Least Reactivity: Mercury and copper, which belong to the least
reactivity series, are often found in the form of their sulphide ores. Cinnabar (HgS) is the ore
of mercury. Copper glance (Cu2S) is the ore of copper.
Extraction of Mercury Metal: Cinnabar (HgS) is first heated in air. This turns HgS (mercury
sulphide or cinnabar) into HgO (mercury oxide) by liberation of sulphur dioxide. Mercury
oxide so obtained is again heated strongly. This reduces mercury oxide to mercury metal.

Extraction of Copper Metal: Copper glance (Cu2S) is roasted in the presence of air.
Roasting turns copper glance (ore of copper) into copper (l) oxide. Copper oxide is then
heated in the absence of air. This reduces copper (l) oxide into copper metal.

Step 1 Roasting of Cu2S

Cu2S + O2 air/heat Cu2O + SO2

Step 2 the supply of O2 stopped [

Cu2S + Cu2O auto reduction Cu + SO2

Molten copper [98%pure +2%impurities]

(ii) Extraction of Metals of Middle Reactivity: Iron, zinc, lead, etc. are found in the form of
carbonate or sulphide ores. Carbonate or sulphide ores of metals are first converted into
respective oxides and then oxides are reduced to respective metals.

Extraction of Zinc: Zinc blende (ZnS: zinc sulphide) and smithsonite or zinc spar or
calamine (ZnCO3: zinc carbonate) are ores of zinc. Zinc blende is roasted to be converted into
zinc oxide. Zinc spar is put under calcination to be converted into zinc oxide.

Zinc oxide so obtained is reduced to zinc metal by heating with carbon (a reducing agent).

Extraction of Iron from Haematite (Fe2O3): Haematite ore is heated with carbon to be
reduced to iron metal.
Extraction of Lead from Lead oxide: Lead oxide is heated with carbon to be reduced to
lead metal.

Reduction of Metal oxide by Heating with Aluminium: Metal oxides are heated with
aluminium (a reducing agent) to be reduced to metal. Following is an example: Manganese
dioxide and copper oxide are reduced to respective metals when heated with aluminium.

Thermite Reaction: Ferric oxide; when heated with aluminium; is reduced to iron metal. In
this reaction, a lot of heat is produced. The thermite reaction is used in the welding of electric
conductors, iron joints, etc. such as joints in railway tracks. This is also known as Thermite
Welding (TW).

(iii) Extraction of Metals of High Reactivity: Metals of high reactivity; such as sodium,
calcium, magnesium, aluminium, etc. are extracted from their ores by electrolytic reduction.
These metals cannot be reduced using carbon because carbon is less reactive than them.
Electrolytic Reduction: Electric current is passed through the molten state of metal ores.
Metal being positively charged is deposited over the cathode.
Example: When an electric current is passed through molten state or solution of sodium
chloride, sodium metal gets deposited over the cathode.

Metals obtained from the process of electrolytic reduction are pure in form.

4. Refining or purification of metals: Metals extracted from various methods contains some
impurities, thus, they are required to be refined. Most of the metals are refined using
electrolytic refining.
 Electrolytic Refining: In the process of electrolytic refining, a lump of impure metal and a
thin strip of pure metal are dipped in the salt solution of metal to be refined. When an electric
current is passed through the solution, pure metal is deposited over a thin strip of pure metal
from a lump of impure metal. In this, impure metal is used as anode and pure metal is used as
a cathode.
Electrolytic Refining of Copper: A lump of impure copper metal and a thin strip of pure
copper are dipped in the solution of copper sulphate. Impure lump of metal is connected with
the positive pole and thin strip of pure metal is connected with negative pole. When electric
current is passed through the solution, pure metal from anode moves towards cathode and is
deposited over it. Impurities present in metal are settled near the bottom of anode in the
solution. Settled impurities in the solution are called Anode Mud.

5. Corrosion: Most of the metals keep on reacting with the atmospheric air. This leads to the
formation of a layer over the metal. In the long run, the underlying layer of metal keeps on
getting lost due to conversion into oxides or sulphides or carbonate, etc. As a result, the metal
gets eaten up. The process is called Corrosion.

Rusting of Iron: Rusting of iron is the most common form of corrosion. When iron articles
like the gate, grill, fencing, etc. come in contact with moisture present in the air, the upper
layer of iron turns into iron oxide. Iron oxide is brown-red in colour and is known as Rust.
The phenomenon is called Rusting of Iron.
If rusting is not prevented in time, the whole iron article would turn into iron oxide. This is
also known as Corrosion of Iron. Rusting of iron gives a huge loss every year.

Prevention of Rusting: For rusting, iron must come in contact with oxygen and water.
Rusting is prevented by preventing the reaction between atmospheric moisture and the iron
article. This can be done by:

 Painting
 Greasing
 Galvanization
 Electroplating
 Alloying
6. Alloys: The homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal is
called Alloy.
Types of alloys :

 Ferrous alloys: An alloy in which iron (Fe) is present. For example : manganese
steel (Fe = 86% ; Mn = 13% ; C = 1%) and Nickle steel (Fe = 98% ; Ni = 2%).
 Non-ferrous alloys: An alloy does not contain iron. For example : Brass (Cu =
80% ; Zn = 20%), and Bronze (Cu = 90% ; Sn = 10%).
 Amalgams: An alloy in which mercury (Hg) is present. For example Sodium
amalgams [Na(Hg)] and Zinc amalgams [Zn(Hg)].

Properties of an Alloy

 Alloys are stronger than the metal from which they are obtained.
 It is harder than the constituent metals.
 More resistance to corrosion.
 The melting point of alloys is lower than the constituent metals.
Example: Solder [Sn(80%) + Pb(50%)] has lower m. p. than Pb and Sn.
 The electrical conductivity of alloys is lower than the constituent metals.

Some examples of Alloys:

 Brass: [80% Cu + 20% Zn ]

 Bronze: [90% Cu + 20% Sn]
 Solder: [50% Pb + 50% Sn]
 Duralumin: [95% Al + 4% Cu + 0.5% Mg + 0.5 Mn]
 Steel: [99.95% Fe + 0.05% C]
 Stainless steel: [74% Fe + 18% Cr + 8% Ni]
 Magnesium: [95% Al + 5% Mg]
 German Silver: [60% Cu + 20% Zn + 20% Ni]
 Alloys of Gold: Pure gold is said to be of 24 carats. Gold is alloyed with a small
amount of silver or copper to make it hard.

===========================================================================

ORE: The mineral deposition from which the metals can be extracted profitably is called

S.NO METAL NAME OF THE ORE CHEMICAL FORMULA OF THE

ORE
1 IRON HAEMATITE Fe2O3
MAGNETITE Fe3O4
2 COPPER COPPER PYRITE CuFeS2
3 MERCURY CINNABAR HgS
4 Zn ZINC BLENDE ZnS
ZINC CARBONATE ZnCO3
5 LEAD GALENA PbS
6 SODIUM SODIUM CHLORIDE NaCl
METALLURGY
STEP 1
ENRICHMENT/CONCENTRATION OF ORE
The process of separating ore and the gangue
Ore
Gangue: the unwanted impurities present along with the ore
Physical method eg ‘hydraulics washing’-concentration of iron ore
Chemical method eg Bayers process it is used for the concentration aluminium ore
STEP 2
ROASTING/CALCINATION
a) Roasting:- The process of heating ore in the presence of air
Eg sulphide ore are roasted to convert them into oxides
Cu2S + O2 Cu2O + SO2
b) Calcination:- The process of heating ore in the absence of air is known as
calcination
Eg carbonate ore are calcinated to convert them into oxides
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO 2

STEP 3 REDUCTION /SMELTING

The removal of metals from their oxide on heating is called reduction
Eg Mercury is reduced from its oxide just by heating
2 HgO heating 2 Hg + O2