LIVE IN FIELD EXPERIENCE

TANGAIL,
GOSHAIBARI PARA
TOPIC: LFE REPORT ON GOSHAIBARI
PARA
SUBMITTED TO
THE OFFICE OF LFE
THROUGH :
NAME OF VENUE COORDINATOR
FACULTY 02
FACULTY 03
FACULTY 04

PREPAIRE BY
GROUP 03
1. NOBLE DEY (ID : 2020243)
[Link] HASAN RAYAH (ID: 1921638)
3. MOHAMMAD RIYAN HAQUE (ID: 1831141)
4. MD. FAHAD KHANDAKER (ID: 1930765)
Introduction
Our group (Group 04) had the chance to interview the residents of Goshaibari in
the Madhupur union of the Tangail district as part of our Live-in-Field (LFE)
research study. Using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) survey evaluation, our
group has built a database of information about Goshaibari. All of our surveys
were completed at Goshaibari Para. Our team conducted the surveys in the
Goshaibari Para area, and we interviewed 4 families in total. In this study, the
results and findings of our survey are thoroughly discussed and examined. In
addition to the survey results, we also provide information and data that was
gathered from the villagers during our interactions and discussions with them.
This report summarizes the precise data on the 4 households that we learned by
speaking with them. The survey respondents who we spoke with in Goshaibari are
the source of the data that has been gathered and supplied. The data gathered is
extremely valuable because it is uncommon and impossible to find online. It is
unprocessed information about rural residents' households that has been
collected. Together with the transect map, we also created a map of Goshaibari
Para, which we have included in our report
 CHAPTER 3

VILLAGE RESOURCE MAPPING

& TRANSECT

Name : NOBLE DEY

ID : 2020243
 3.1 VILLAGE MAPPING

3.1.1 VILLAGE PROFILE

 Village : Madhupur
 Para : Goshai Bari
 Thana : Madhupur
 Union : Ward no. 4
 District : Tangail
 Age of the Para : 90 years
 Location : 2.5 Km From BLC
 Number of Families : 18
 Religion : Islam and Hindu
 Number of School : 02
 Number of Mosque : 01
 Number of Healthcare Centre :0
 Number of Shops : 05
 Number of Ponds : 07
3.2 INTRODUCTION

Mapping is a critical component of any survey because it aids in the identification

of natural resources as well as other demographic physical factors. In this case,
Village Mapping provides us with a general idea of the physical structures of our
assigned Goshaibari . The primary goal of this research is to gain an overall
understanding of the subject matter. So, by creating a proper participatory Village
Map, we can determine the physical features and parameters of the assigned
Goshaibari area, which will later aid in the development of other parts of the
report.

3.3 OBJECTIVE
 Identify the social and environmental condition of the village people.
 Locate the infrastructures of the village
 Know the house types of the village
 Identify the soil types of the village

3.4 METHODOLOGY
We used a questionnaire survey, a semi-structured interview, and one-on-one
interviews to collect information of the Goshaibari’s background, age, soil type,
marriage, and education. One day is not enough to draw a perfect map of the
village so we drown Goshaibari map and identify what’s inside in this village.
3.5 HISTORY OF GOSHAIBARI
We asked some people of village about Goshaibari they said their clan title was
Goshai. It is a title of Hindus long ago. Not so anymore. So the houses where
they lived were called Goshai bari. For this this village is called Goshaibari.

3.6 OVERVIEW OF THE VILLAGE

3.6.1 Name of the village

Name of the village is Goshaibari
3.6.2 Location
2.5 KM from Madhupur (BLC) BRAC LEARNING CENTRE
3.6.3 Age
Age of this Para/Village is approximately 90 yo 100 years
3.6.4 Major religion
The major religion group of Goshaibari is Muslim and few Hindu. We did not find
any other type of religion there except Muslim and Hindu.
3.6.5 Area
The approximate area of Goshaibari is 3 kilometer.
3.7 VILLAGE MAPPING

The first activity completed as part of the first day’s survey was the creation of a
village map. It is a unique type of map that depicts the major and minor resources
as well as the social structure of a village. It is drawn by us using our own ideas
and techniques, it is a unique type of geographical map. As a result, a village map
provides a clear picture of a village’s various resources and social condition. We
shown many kinds of trees, so many ponds and crops.
 Art : Goshaibari Village map

Our center point is the Mosque in the opposite side has Graveyard.
We came from east so we saw East side of Goshaibari well developed we found
many houses of concrete also has many trees and Ponds.
In the West side there are many trees like Mango trees, Palm trees, Banana trees,
Betel nut trees Etc amd aloso saw some tin shaded houses and 2 concrete house,
There are 3 ponds in the west road and found a poultry farm. In this road it goes
to Bongshai river.
In the north there we found bamboo trees, mango trees, jack fruit trees. Many
Paddy field we found also mustard field, Wheat field, There was a tee stall also
and some houses.
Then we goes to south we found Goshaibari uccha Biddaloy and Goshaibari
Primary School (BRAC), and some stalls. This 2 schools wich impact the rural
development of this village cause most of the children of this village goes to those
schools, and it also has madrasha, and we found many water sources, like
tubewell. And also saw Brickklim.

3.8 DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION

Demography is the study of fertility, mortality and migration. Population should

not be seen as a separate problem; Rather, it is intertwined with health,
nutrition, gender and environment, creating a web where changes in one affect
the others. It is about families, age distribution, size and family relationships. It
deals with the level of education attained by the family members, the occupation
of each member and the concept of population control in the family. The age
distribution of family members may indicate this.

3.8.1 Age Distribution of study population

At first, we calculated the total male and female in all the families. There were 14
male and 9 female. 10 male members were educated and 6 female members
were educated. Then we converted 14 out of 10 male members into 100% and we
converted 9 out of 6 female members into 100%.
Breakdown,
14…………………………… 10
 1……………………………… 10/14
100 …………………………. (10 x 100)/14
=71.4%
4 ……………………………..6
1 …………………………….. 6/9
100 …………………………. ( 6 x 100)/9
= 66.6%

Male 71.4%
Female 66.6%

3.8.2 Marital status

Early marriage is common in this area. Most girls are married before the age of
18. The average age of marriage for a girl in this region is 14-16 years. Although
they all agreed that girls should be married between the ages of 18 and 20.
However, for security reasons, they tend to get married before the age of 18.

3.8.3 Family type

This article describes two types of families:

Joint family and Nuclear family.
The younger generation recognizes that a nuclear family is better for them than a
joint family. The negative consequences are that human bonds are weakening,
arable land is becoming fragmented and people are becoming increasingly self-
centered.
We found 17 Nuclear families and 2 joint families in this village.

3.8.4 Occupation

The main occupational group is among the male members of the family. They are
mainly engaged in agriculture. Several of them are working In cities and other
villages and a number of them are working outside this country is more or less
conservative. So women are very few income involved in earning. They are
usually employed at home maintain activities such as cooking, cleaning, childcare,
home state gardening, etc.
A good percentage of young children are going to school.

3.8.5 Level of Income

At first we put the families into sets and earning sources at the main subject and
we cross checked which families who earn thought each sources. We found that
almost every families earning source from agriculture and poultry. Then we can 3
families showed common source as cattle, rent and 2 families showed transport .
We analys four families income level in this village.
Family 1 : First we went to kamruzzaman Togor’s house, he has a lot of land, he
gets disability allowance every month because one of his hands was burnt a long
time ago. His income is the highest in our analysis. His monthly income is 15000
taka.
Family 2 : Then we go to Abdul Mannan’s shop. We collect information from him
there. Because he was looking after his shop. His monthly income is 13000 taka.
Family 3 : Then we went to Aminur Rahman’s house. He is physically weak due to
disability so his brother Ansar Ali supports their family by farming and driving a
van and earns 12000 taka monthly.
Family 4 : Then we went to a small tin house opposite the shop, where Zainal
Abedin and his family lived. He used to earn his living only by driving auto vans.
But we see his auto van’s bettery spoiled. His son can send very small amount of
money for them from Dhaka, the condition of this family is not very good. He
does some kind of daily work and earns a small amount of money. He earns 6000
taka monthly.

Chart : Family Income level

3.8.6 Education

We analyse the level of their education. We showed it already in 3.8.1 Age

distribution of study population. The people of the village can’t study very well,
so they want to give higher education to their sons and daughters. Their sons and
daughters are now mostly students and they go to school now. But a family is a
little financially weak so they marry off their daughter at a young age

Pie chart : Male, Female Education level

Its good to see both Male and female education level almost same. But 85 %
people’s are SSC passed

3.8.7 School / College / Madrasha

In the Goshaibari village there has One school (Goshaibari Primary School) and
one College (Goshaibari Uccho Biddaloy) wich impact the rural development of
this village cause most of the children of this village goes to those schools, and it
also has madrasha.

Picture : Goshaibari Primary School (BRAC)

 Picture : Goshaibari Uccha Biddaloy

3.8.8 House Type

East side of Goshaibari there are many houses that have brick walls. However, the
roofs of all the houses are made of tin.
The majority of the houses are constructed of tin. Some houses are constructed
from bamboo thatch or other materials. There is few house that has a mud wall.
Almost all house floors are made of earth.

3.8.9 Religion, Mosque and Grave Yard

Almost every family is Muslim. In this village there are one mosque, also has a
graveyard opposite of the mosque.
 Picture : Graveyard
3.8.10 Sources Of Water
Most households have their own tube wells and almost every household, whether
they own it or not, uses tube wells for cooking and drinking. However, they are
all contaminated by iron and arsenic government officials wear their colors red.
We don’t found any red coloured tubewell this is good sign. Since then no
necessary steps have been taken to ensure supply of clean drinking water, no
corrective measures have been taken. Also there are many ponds in this village.
So there are many water sources.
 Pictures : Tubewell and Pond

3.8.11 Cultivation and Trees

The majority of villagers are dependent on agriculture and cultivation.

Throughout the year, they produce a variety of crops, including vegetables. The
main crops are paddy, corn, jute, mustard, wheat, and so on.
We discovered trees such as Mango, Jackfruit, Mahogany, Betel Nut, Coconut,
Date, Banana, Bamboo, Coconut, Guava, and others.

3.8.12 Health Care Center

There is no health care center or medical facility within the village.
They make use of this facility in another village.

3.8.13 Environmental pollution and fuel sources

The overall environment Goshaibari is favorable. There is no source of

environmental pollution. Agricultural pesticide use contributes to pollution.
Villagers are now interested in buying groundnuts commercially. Primary fuel
sources in the area are leaves and twigs, dung and straw. They are not causing
any major environmental problems. Their weather quality is so good and they
lead very strong health.

3.8.14 The Haat and the Bazaar

The Goshaibari village has no haat or street market. There is a large Haat bazar
called Madhupur Haat bazar. People from Goshaibari use this facility or which is
located in another [Link] Goshaibari Hut Market sits 2 days a week
 Pictures : GOSHAIBARI Haat

3.8.15 Sports and Entertainment

There are no designated sports or recreation areas. Children use as yard or road
their playground. They use this facility located in other neighborhoods. We
captured a beautiful picture when one of us played with childrens
 Picture : Village Childrens and One of us(Ryan)

3.8.16 Administration Laws and Politics

We don’t found any political issues in this village. No crime activity in Goshaibari
and people’s are very friendly by nature and leaving in peace.
3.8.17 Communications, Transport and Electricity

There is a dirt road in front of the neighborhood. The connecting road between
them the edge of the village is paved. The main transport in the neighborhood is
rickshaws, autos and vans . People of the neighborhood got electricity.

3.8.18 Birds and Animals

In the village, we discovered rare birds such as Kingfisher. We have located Crow
and Shalik. We found Chicken and Duck in almost every house.
In this village, we discovered domestic animals such as cow, goat, and [Link]
use horses to carry their heavy goods.

Pictures : Birds and Animals

3.8.19 NGO and others

BRAC is one and only NGO for Goshaibari area. They are involving social and
economic aspects.

Collected Picture : BRAC LEARNING CENTRE

3.8.20 Sanitation

According to our questionnaire survey, approximately all of the toilets in

Goshaibari are ring slab latrines. Tin, bamboo sticks, and straw are used to
construct the toilet houses.
3.9 IMPORTANT FINDINGS

The following are my personal findings and observations that I consider to be my

major findings:
 In our town, Muslims make up 80% of the population.
 The majority of the villagers are farmers.
 People are becoming more aware of the importance of children’s education.
 Drinking water is obtained from tube wells and ponds.
 A large number of nuclear families exist.
 Ring Slab toilets are the most common type of toilet in households.
 The majority of the house was discovered to be surrounded by trees.
 Our neighbor has no haat, market, etc.

3.10 TRANSECT MAP OF GOSHAIBARI

Goshaibari is a small place in Madhupur village. Consequently, ‘transect mapping’

has been chosen as a tool for holistic understanding of land use patterns.
Transect mapping is a technique for selecting a small portion of para/village . The
main aim of transect mapping is to get a general idea about the resources of the
village

3.10.1Objectives of the transect map

 To identify common resources of the Para

 To identify the soil type, land use, types of crops.
 To identify the household, forest and vegetation.
 To categorize different varieties of tree

3.10.2Description

To simplify the description of this transect walk, the transect map is divided into
nine zones. We then tried to describe these regions in terms of soil types, land
use patterns and different types of trees. The problems of each zone, as well as
their solutions, have been provided within our limited understanding. The
regions are described in detail in the following paragraphs.
 Picture : GOSHAIBARI transect map

3.10.3Findings of the transect map

We have taken 540 steps for our transect map. The results are given images of
the bottom and transect maps are provided in the Appendix.

Zone 1 : Steps (1 - 60)

Soil Type : The Soil type of this zone is Muddy soil
Land Use : Residential, Cultivation and Road
Plant Species : Mango, Malaria, Bamboo
High/Low Land : Land type High and Low

Zone 2 : Steps (61 - 120)

Soil Type : Soil type of this zone is Sand and Earth
Land Use : Land use for Agriculture
Plant Species : Mango, Bamboo, Corn
Land type : Low land

Zone 3 : steps (121 - 180)

Soil Type : Soil type of this zone also Sand and Earth
Land Use : Land use for Agriculture also
Plant Species : Wheat, Mustard
Land type : Low land
Zone 4 : Steps (181 - 240)
Soil Type : Soil type of this zone Sand and Earth
Land Use : Agriculture and Residence
Plant Species : Mango, Malaria
Land type : Low land
Zone 5 : Steps (241 - 300)
Soil Type : Soil type of this zone is Sand and Earth
Land Use : Unused Land
Plant Species : Mango, Malaria
Land type : Low

Zone 6 : Steps (301 – 360)

Soil Type : Soil type of this zone is Sand and Earth
Land Use : Agriculture
Plant Species : Mango, Malaria
Land type : Low

Zone 7 : Steps (361 – 420)

Soil Type : Soil type of this zone is Sand and Earth
Land Use : Residence
Plant Species : Mango, Malaria, Mustard
Land Type : High and Low

Zone 8 : Steps (421 – 480)

Soil Type : Soil type of this zone is Sand and Earth
Land Use : Shop, Residence, Agriculture
Plant Species : Mango, Palm, Bamboo
Land Type : High and Low

Zone 9 : Steps (481 – 540)

Soil Type : Soil type of this land is Muddy
Land Use : Pond
Plant Species : Bamboo, Palm
Land Type : High and Low

3.11 MAJOR FINDINGS

 All nine types of zones have nearly identical soil, earth, and sand.
 During the transected area, mixed varieties of trees were identified.
 This area’s land is suitable for agriculture and residential use.
 There is one tea shop in the area.

3.12 CONCLUSION

To summarize, both village mapping and transect mapping play an important role
in describing the overall characteristics of a particular area/village. Furthermore,
mapping is associated with other features such as social activities, environment
and sanitation, market conditions, etc.

CHAPTER 4

TOPIC: SOCIAL CHANGE

NAME: RAISA HASAN RAYAH

ID: 1921638
4.0 SOCIAL CHANGE PROCESS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The term "change" refers to a change in anything that has been noticed
throughout time. Hence, social change would entail discernible changes in any
social phenomenon over any time frame.

Social change is the gradual alteration of cultural norms, behavior patterns, and
human interactions and relationships. These modifications ultimately alter
cultural and social institutions, ideas, and laws, which will unavoidably have a
long-term effect on society. These adjustments and alterations are significant,
though not always for the better or worse. Social change may not be visible at
first because it can take decades or even centuries of action to bring about one
shift. The natural environment, social conflict, culture and technology, as well as
population increase and composition, are important drivers of societal change.

4.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORT

We went to “GOSHAIBARI PARA of TANGAIL” to collect various data’s from the

villagers and prepare a report about the social changes. We made every effort to
look into and assess to examine and analyze any societal changes that had taken
place before and after the liberation war and also by utilizing some fundamental
criteria, such as the shift in occupational diversity and land use patterns. I sought
to concentrate mostly on what socioeconomic causes led to this process of
change and growth, when it happened, what type of impact it is having on the
lives of rural people, and how much control the indigenous have over it. To have a
better idea about social change process the objectives of this study are-

1) To look at and evaluate any social changes that have taken place in the village
in light of the used community timeline.

2) What socioeconomic variables are driving this process of development and

change?

3) When did the changes happen, and what influence are they having on the lives
of rural people?

4) What kind of variance there is in the gender division of labor by income group
and season.

4.3 Procedure and Description of the Village

At first, we tried to identify the social changes before and after the liberation war.
Basically elder people of any family were chosen for queries because of their
complete knowledge than any other member of the family about the previous
situation of that particular area, which helped us to compare the previous
situation with the present situation and to understand the significant social
changes. We made an effort to record social changes by identifying several
parameters. To acquire pertinent data regarding our allocated area, several PRA
approaches like semi-structured interviews, one-on-one interviews, FGD, and
questionnaire surveys were used. We collected the information of pre- liberation
and post- liberation of the village to identify the pattern of social changes. After
organizing the findings we represented them through different kinds of charts like
Pie chart, bar chart and flow chart. Our assigned area was GOSHAIBARI PARA,
which falls under the district of Tangail.

4.1 Interview with an elderly member of the para

4.4 THE PURPOSE OF SOCIAL CONDITION AND CHANGE PROCESS

This study's goal was to identify and evaluate some significant Para traits that
have changed over time in connection to one another.
4.5 TIME DIVISION

We separated the community timeline into pre- and post-liberation periods to

make it easier to get information from the locals.

1) Pre-liberation period (before 1971).

2) Post-liberation period (After 1971).

4.6 PARAMETERS WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OUR SOCIAL CHANGE

PROCESS ANALYSIS

1) Demographic (Population and Sex ratio, family size, No of households,

migration).

2) Infrastructure (communication, Structure of house, utility).

3) Environment (Wild life, Land size, tree, Plant species, Animal species).

4) Social ( Education, Religion, occupational diversity, Income, effectiveness

of female rights, marriage, dowry, law and order).

5) Food and health (food habit, public health, sanitation, drinking water,

family planning ).

6) Agriculture (Productivity, crop diversification, use of fertilizer, pesticide,

irrigation and technology).

7) NGO-GO activities.

8) Gender division of labor.

 SOCIAL CHANGE PROCESS ANALYSIS

4.7 DEMOGRAPHIC

4.7.1 POPULATION AND SEX RATIO

The population of GOSHAIBARI PARA increased after the liberation war and it is
still increasing gradually. People of the rural area have no family planning. In the
present time approximately 300 people are living in that area whereas only one-
third of the population used to live in there and this change happened within this
51 years. On the other hand, we have also tried to know the sex ratio of that area.

4.7.2 NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLD

Before the liberation war, few families used to live in that area. Number of houses
were also less compared to the present time. Then families started to breakdown
dramatically. Most of the places were agricultural land. But in the present time
the number of houses increased as families started getting bigger. Extended
families started to breakdown into nuclear families and thus the number of
households at present became lot more than that of previous times.
4.7.3 FAMILY SIZE

During the pre-liberation period, family size used to be bigger. They used to have
no family planning. Some of the families still does not have family planning but
now the size of the families have been reduced. The parents used to think that

a large number of children would help them with work and in the process of
earning. But this perception has changed a lot after the wide publicity of family
planning from various media. Government and different kind of NGO’s are
working to help them understand about family planning so that they can have
proper knowledge about this matter. The size of the family began to diminish as
GOSHAIBARI PARA residents began to understand the value of family planning.
There are currently 4 or 5 family members on average in that area.

4.7.4 MIGRATION

In GOSHAIBARI PARA, we have seen that migration is increasing. Because male

members of family are going out of their village for work and studies. They are
migrating to the big cities for better education and better earning. They goes to
the big cities for work like- government job if they are educated, or business
purpose or for work like rickshaw pulling, driving CNG and bus etc. The young
Male members comes to cities for better education. But the women are not
allowed to leave their house for income purpose. After talking to a lot of families,
We come to know that the family head does not want the women of their family
to go alone outside of the para let alone go to the other villages or cities.

4.8 INFRASTRUCTURE

4.8.1 STRUCTURE OF HOUSES

After entering into the GOSHSAIBARI PARA , we have seen the structure of the
houses and the shelters are changed drastically as times went by. Before 1971,
there were a very few houses and most of the lands were for agricultural
purposes. But now the villagers has changed their house structure according to
their economic status and also to avoid natural calamities. We have seen that
every residences were on high land and the cultivated lands were in low lands to
get rid of natural disasters. To save their houses from floods they have made their
house in high land. And also the water is good for the agricultural field so the
cultivated lands are on low lands. We have seen the houses were made of Tin,
Concrete, Earth and Brick. But in previous time, the houses were made of mud
and clay. Then the villagers started to made their houses with tin and now we
have seen some concrete houses also in that para. The shelters were made of tin.
Then the body were made of tin or concrete or brick. And the lower part of the
houses were made of earth, concrete or brick.
 HOUSES MADE OF TIN HOUSE MADE OF
BRICK

4.8.2 COMMUNICATION

The communication gap has decreased a lot in GOSHAIBARI PARA. Before and
after the liberation war the communication structure was not good. People had to
walk for a long time to go some other place. They also used boats to cross the
river and to go other places. But in present time, people can go to places outside
the village or to the cities through different vehicles. And after the invention of
mobile phone, one can easily connect with other through phone. We saw they
uses rickshaw, van, bi-cycle to go to nearby places like shops, schools, colleges,
hospital and someone’s house etc. Mobile phone use was established in the early
years of the current political administration, and locals consider it to be one of the
best means of mass communication.
4.9 UTILITIES

4.9.1 ELECTRICITY

Before enrollment of electricity in the Goshaibari Para, the villagers were used to
living without electricity. After the arrival of electricity in the village their life has
become a lot easier than before. When we talked to the villagers we got know
that most of them watches Television. But we also got to know that load shedding
occurs 4 to 5 times in a day.

4.10 ENVIRONMENT

4.10.1 LAND SIZE PATTERN

The Goshaibari Para people had plenty of arable land before the liberation
struggle because the community had a small population and little forested area.
To build dwellings, they used to clear whatever trees were nearby, which led to a
slight increase in the amount of land. Nonetheless, as the inherited property of a
father is split among his children, cultivable land per person decreased as the
number of families increased as a result of migration from other parts of the
country, but mostly from the erosion-prone territory along river banks, and family
division.
 4.10.1 DIFFERENT LAND USE PATTERN OF THE PARA

4.10.2 TREES

The Goshaibari para was filled with lots of trees. But when we talked to the
villagers, we got to know that there used to be more trees which means the Pre
liberation period. There still was a lot of trees after the liberation war but because
of the flood of 1988 a lot of tree species were affected and people are now trying
to plant those species of trees. The trees we saw in the para were- Bamboo,
Jackfruit, Mango, Malaria, palm etc. We also got know a unique tree name from a
village boy which is malaria. The villagers collects timber from the trees and sells
them in bazaar or they themselves use them. They also sells the fruit into the
bazaar or haat. We saw the planted some medicinal trees also. The community
forestry initiative imported numerous timber-producing trees like Mehgani and
Shegun Raintree, which are now the dominating species here together with other
fruit trees & medicinal plants, in order to restore the area’s tree cover.
 4.10.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TREES

MALARIA TREE

4.10.3 WILDLIFE

An alarming amount of fauna is disappearing in Goshaibari Para. Wildlife habitats

are becoming more and more fragmented daily as a result of the expansion of
new settlements. The region where the new town is now was once an agricultural
area rich in foxes, snakes, and various birds including sparrows, crows, and
kingfishers. But today, this fauna is becoming less common. There are currently
some foxes and lizards that fall under the category of wildlife. There isn’t much
fauna in the Para area except from these.

4.11 SOCIAL

THE GENDER ROLE

Male gender roles dominated society prior to the liberation war. Due to the
extremely low education rate, it is very likely that only men used to attend school
in the war-torn region. In fact, up until 1980, female education was not
encouraged in Bangladesh's villages. Then, in the 1980s, as a high school and
various NGO schools were created close to the village, both male and female
education levels increased. Nowadays, both sexes play almost equally important
roles in society since education influences how they live.

4.11.1 EDUCATION

During pre-liberation period, people of “GOSHAIBARI PARA” were not serious

about the education though few people used to send their children to madrasa
( islamic school) or primary school. The reason behind this was due to the lack of
knowledge about education, for long distance of school from home, for not
having good transport system. Later electronic and mainstream media have
contributed to increased literacy among all socioeconomic levels. This helped the
villagers to concentrate on the education. We have seen one government high
school and one primary school of BRAC there. The residents of Goshabari para,
are increasingly aware of the importance of female education, but they still do
not anticipate that women would have a proper education, become independent,
and have authority over themselves. According to the existing state of education,
the villagers have suggested that men should pursue higher education and that
for women, studying up to the S.S.C. level is generally sufficient. Now people are
more conscious about education and they send their children to the school.

4.11.1 SUGGESTED MINIMUM LEVEL OF EDUCATION FOR

CHILDREN

4.11.2 RELIGION

In the village of Goshaibari Para, 99% of the residents are Muslims. The majority
of them are followers of the Pir or Fakir, or murrid (who are devoted to ALLAH).
Most villagers are religious because they rely on Allah to end many of their
afflictions, and the elderly folks attend the mosque everyday for prayer. There
were some hindu families also.

4.11.3 EFFECTIVENESS OF FEMALE RIGHTS

The current global phenomenon is "female rights." Today's women care more
about their rights, not just in cities but even in isolated villages. They can now
vote, visit a relative, even watch television at a neighbor's house without their
husband or a family member. Several of the villagers' ladies can visit the local
market alone or watch a movie or VCR by themselves. That was, however,
previously impossible. Nowadays, the situation is changing at a patronizing rate,
which is a move in the right direction for women's rights. The following table
attempts to illustrate the success of women's rights from the perspective of the
local villagers.

TABLE OF EFFECTIVENESS OF FEMALE RIGHTS

4.11.4 MARRIAGE

The prevalence of early marriage was relatively high prior to the Liberation War.

The villagers claimed that they used to plan their daughter's marriage between
the ages of 9 and 14. Because of the social framework that forced them to believe
that if a girl is older than 15, they are growing much older for marriage, this is
what happened. Now this perception is changing. Girls are also becoming
conscious about this matter. They started understanding about early marriage
problems. But still some families give their daughter marriage early because of
poverty. The age range for marriage should be 18–20 years for men and 25–30
years for women, according to the people. The age range for marriage today is 18
to 22 for girls and 25 to 27 for boys.

4.11.5 Occupation

The majority of the population were peasants before 1971. A small number of
other residents had previously worked in Dhaka. Yet, the village today has a
diverse population living there. Along with the traditional vocation of firming, the
Para's employment options over time have expanded to include retailers, van
drivers, rickshaw pullers, teachers, NGO employees, and office workers. A sizable
portion of young individuals have relocated abroad in the past ten years in search
of higher paying jobs. There are several reasons for this change in employment,
including population growth, a decline in arable land, the advancement of
modern education, and many more. As the village's population grows, more and
more agricultural land is sacrificed to make room for the new residents. Peasants
now have less land available for farming than ever before as a result. Due to a lack
of arable land, many farmers have moved on to other types of employment.
People are pursuing new careers including van driving, shop keeping, fishing,
animal husbandry, and poultry raising to ensure their livelihood.

4.11.6 DOWRY SYSTEM

During liberation period, the husband gave the bride a lot of gifts when they got
married. This idea dates back centuries. Before the marriage could take place, the
groom typically had to pay the total amount of money or gift items, which would
be determined by a mutual agreement between two groups. Later, in the early
years following our emancipation, the bride used to gift the groom many items
but she never gave him money. But, the bride also provided cash during the Mujib
time, and later the bride began providing cash, a TV, a freezer, a motorcycle,
furniture, etc. as dowry. Previously, they called it dowry but now a day they call it
“gift”.

4.12 FOOD AND HEALTH

4.12.1 FOOD AND NUTRITION

‘RICE’ is the main food of the villagers of GOSHAIBARI PARA. The Goshaibari
Canal's water quality and flow were sufficient for the fish population during the
post-liberation era, allowing the villagers to obtain enough fish to meet their daily
protein needs. Fish could be found in the river around the village. Yet, the canal is
currently in such poor condition that there is essentially no fish resource there.
Now they are cultivating different kinds of vegetables in their backyards or take
lease on other’s land and cultivate vegetables. They use many pesticide fertilizer
and agricultural machine in their land for better yielding of rice, mustard, corn
and other vegetables.. The fish they eat most of them are bought from bazaar or
haat. We saw them cultivating fish in ponds which they later sells in bazaar and
keep some for their family too. They have domestic animals like cow, goat, hen,
duck, Pigeon etc which provide them milk. We saw one poultry farm also. We
have also seen that, in addition to self-consumption, they are currently more
interested in using them for business purposes, such as selling in the haat.

4.12.1 Cultivated land 4.12.1 Domestic animals

4.12.1 POWER TILLER USED FOR AGRICULTURAL FIELD

4.12.2 DRINKING WATER

During Pre liberation period and post liberation period, the villagers used to drink
water from pond, canal and river. Later they became aware of drinking pure
water from tube-well. So, they started collecting water from tube-well. After
collecting data from the villagers, we got to know that every houses in the village
are using Tube-well for drinking purpose.

4.12.3 PUBLIC HEALTH

The village's population was quite low in the past. Humans had easy access to
nourishing foods, which made them incredibly robust and tenacious. Yet, the
current state of the villagers' health is a result of poor nutritional content of
crops, shortage for a balanced diet, population growth, and other factors. The
number of poor individuals has been rising steadily since independence and
during the middle of the 1980s, but people are increasingly more aware of their
health status. They go to the nearest hospitals for treatment. And they also go to
the big cities or Dhaka for better treatment because of the easy transport system.

4.12.4 SANITARY SYSTEM

There was no good sanitation system in Goshaibari pare. They used to go to the
open cultivated Field, beside any canal, river or behind any bush. The pit latrine,
ring latrine, and sanitary latrine have replaced the hanging latrines that they
previously utilized. Currently, 90% of the villagers use ring slab latrines in their
homes, showing a growing awareness of health and sanitation issues.

4.12.5 FAMILY PLANNING

Family planning was not that much popular in the time of pre- liberation.
Everyone used to live in a joint family and due to lack of knowledge about family
planning they used to take many children. It was discovered while collecting data
on our assigned area that most households have now two children, sometimes
even two females, which is a hint that family planning is being used. This suggests
that they are aware of the hardships and poverty that would come with having a
large family. Also, it was discovered that the majority of the locals employ various
family planning techniques. Family Planning has become much more widely
known over the past few years thanks in large part to the media and NGOs.

4.13 AGRICULTURE

4.13.1 PRODUCTIVIITY

The people of Goshaibari para, used to cultivate a few kind of rice only. That time
rice was the main crop. But in present time, innovation of different kind of rice
which gives better yield made their life a lot easier. They use different kind of
pesticide fertilizer for better yielding. We got to know some name of the rice from
the farmer and those are- AUSH, AMON, IRRI, BRRI etc. Now the quick yielding
of rice has improved the economic condition of the farmers.
4.13.2 CROP DIVERSIFICATION

Before the independence, Goshaibari Para's peasants cultivated primarily regional

varieties of paddy, such as T Aman, Deep Water Aman, etc. Now, a portion of
peasants converted to other cash crops like corn, which produces more while
using a smaller amount of land per person than paddy and commands a higher
market price.

4.13.3 USE OF FERTILIZER, PESTICIDE AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES

Throughout the past few decades, there has been an increase in the use of
artificial inputs like fertilizer and pesticide, particularly with the advent of high
yielding varieties. In an effort to increase crop productivity, the villagers began
using chemical fertilizers, which ultimately caused a decline in soil fertility and a
lack of soil nutrients. The use of pesticides has grown over time as well. In
addition to reducing soil fertility, increased fertilizer and pesticide use is harming
nearby waterways and, in turn, the canal's fish population, which has an impact
on the Para people's diet. Over the years, technological development has
prompted the agriculture industry to adopt new technology. The Goshaibari Para
peasants now use motorized tillers and mechanized irrigation pumps to increase
crop yield while requiring less physical effort.
 4.13.3 POWERTILLER USED FOR AGRICULTURAL FIELD

4.15 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION (GO) and NON- GOVERNMENT

ORGANIZATION (NGO)

GO- A government Organization or Public agency, is often a government

appointed group, it can be permanent or semi-permanent organization and is
funded by the government.

We have seen one government high school in GOSHAIBARI PARA.

 4.15 GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOL OF THE PARA

NGO- An organization that operates without the assistance of a government is

known as a non-governmental organization (NGO). Typically, it is non-profit.
NGOs, also known as civil society groups, are created on a local, national, and
international scale to advance a social or political objective like a humanitarian
cause or environmental protection. We have seen one primary school in
GOSHAIBARI PARA of BRAC, which is a non- government organization. Most of the
children of the para go to the primary school as it is mandatory for all.

4.15 PRIMARY SCHOOL OF BRAC

4.16 THE KEY CHANGES OF GOSHAIBARI PARA AFTER LIBERATION

The positive changes occurred after the liberation according to the local villagers-

 Development of roads.
 Communication gap decreased.
 Better transport system.
 Better education system.
 Income increased.
 Improvement of health care system
 Technological improvement in agriculture.
 Agricultural productivity increased.
 NGO.
 Infrastructure.
The negative changes occurred after the liberation according to the local villagers-

 Amount of tree are decreasing.

 Early marriage problem.
 Dowry system.
 Arsenic and iron problem in Tube-well water.
 Product price increasing.
 Increase of population.
 Decreasing opportunity of job.
 Crime increased.
4.17 MAJOR FINDINGS

1) Literacy rate is increasing.

2) Allowing female members to study.

3) Gender mobility has increased.

4) Positive change in sanitation.

5) Almost every villagers collect water from Tube-well.

6) Agricultural productivity is increasing because of using different pesticides

fertilizer.

7) 99% people of the para are muslim.

8) Availability of electricity.

9) People are getting more health conscious because of the availability of health
care system.

10) Joint family is rare.

11) Practicing of family planning increasing.

12) Communication gap has decreased.

4.18 ANALYSIS OF MAJOR FINDINGS

Our allocated Para is a tiny, youthful animal. Because of this, changes that took
place throughout the entire nation after freedom had an impact on the
development of the Para. Around here, the sectors of communication, education,
health, and sanitation underwent one of the greatest shifts. The availability of
visual media has also risen, which has given the media more opportunities to
distribute information about improved sanitation and family planning. The
increase of people's educational position and level is another benefit of the visual
medium. As more and more parents become aware of the advantages of
education, there are more children in school than ever before. The media has a
significant impact on how the Para people are influenced.

4.19 CONCLUSION

The reasons behind societal change are various and diverse. Four main causes
are: technology, social institutions, population, and environment. Each of these
four domains has an impact on how and when society changes. Also, they are all
connected; a change in one can influence the others. Modernization frequently
follows social transformation. Increased specialization and differentiation within a
society, particularly in relation to its infrastructure and industry, is referred to as
modernization. New experiences and education play a significant role in fostering
constructive social change, and they can even be connected when it comes to
acquiring the skills necessary to improve the world around us. According to social
scientists, communities that are better educated and exposed to new experiences
have higher levels of support for social change movements.
 ECONOMY AND RURAL
PRODUCTION

NAME: MOHAMMAD RIYAN

HAQUE

ID: 1831141
 ECONOMY AND RURAL PRODUCTION CYCLE

Although Bangladesh is now pursuing industrial growth and service activities as a

strategy of economic development, the country's economy still mostly rests on
rural economic activity. There is an uneven population distribution between rural
and urban areas. The majority of our human resources are now located in rural
areas. The majority of them work in agriculture to support their families. Many of
Bangladesh's rural residents are engaging various economic and production-
related activities as the term "Rural Development" is now being discussed by the
country's governing body more frequently. Hence, knowledge of Bangladesh's
rural economy, people's standards of living, and their production cycle is
necessary to comprehend the country's dynamic economic situation.

Goshaibari's thriving economy is based on its fertile agricultural land. The majority
of the Goshaibari families we examined own land for agriculture, primarily paddy
fields, and they make money from those grounds by selling the crops and rice
they produce. The majority of the households who participated in the poll stated
that they all preserve their harvests, namely rice, at their homes up until the
prices gone up. They aim to maximize their earnings at that time by selling their
produce. Cattle, goats, and poultry birds are seen to be owned by almost every
home. Typically, they only sell their goats and livestock once or twice a year,
usually around Qurbani Eid.

This chapter will assist in examining the various income groups in Goshaibari, as
well as their income source and amounts earned. Here, it has been explored how
different income groups differ in terms of their wealth and resources (land size
and kind). This will also cover how seasonal change affects the rural production
cycles of various professional groupings. This chapter also includes the
identification of the lean seasons for farmers and other professional
organizations.

The objective behind this section of the report would underline the followings:

 To find out the different levels of income earned by the rural residences
 To find out their standard of living
 To gain knowledge about the different economic activities they are
engaged with
 To have an idea of hoe the rural people continue their production cycle
throughout the whole year
 To determine the various resources that each villager has and how they are
utilised in their economic activity.
We have used a number of variables and parameters to identify and classify the
various income categories. We have identified three income groups mostly based
on their annual revenue and ranked their assets and resources (high, middle,
lower income group). It should be noted that only 4 people responded to the
questionnaire survey that served as the basis for the entire assessment and
estimation of the money earned by the various professional groupings.
Image: Income level in bar chart

The highest income we found was 15,000 taka. It was earned by a man named
Mohammad Kamruzzaman Tagore, age 51. He has two sons, the older son is a
private banker and the younger son is giving SSC exam. He also has a daughter
who is pursuing her Honors degree. Tagore is an ambitious man, he wants to see
his children succeed and for that he has made sacrifices and he says that he
would continue doing so as long as he can. Tagore has been crippled when he was
a small lad, he burnt half of his body and has been a sufferer due to that. The
villagers said that he is a strong man. He struggled with his cripple body but made
sure his sons and daughter received better education. He used to work for the
government. Now, he is a retired personnel and spends most of his time with the
villagers. He receives pension form the government.
Homestead

Upon inquiring about his household contents we found the following available in
his household:

 Electricity
 Television
 Almirah
 Table
 Chair
 Bench
 Bed
 Tubewell

Agriculture

We also asked him about his agriculture and what was the use of it. He used
agriculture to feed his family and sell some extra crops to the local market.

Income Source

We inquired about his sources of income and we found out his income came from
the following:

 Agriculture
 Agriculture Labour
 Poultry/Duck
 Cattle/Goat
 Petty Business Shop
 Vendor
House Type

His house is made up from the following items

 Roof made out of Tin

 Wall made out of Concrete
 Floor made out of Concrete

Area

His total land area that he owns is covered by the following

 Agriculture
 Homestead
 Pond
Image: Kamruzzaman Tagore and our team clicked by team mate Raysa Rayah

The second highest earners were Abdul Mannan and Jaynal Abedin. They had
earnings of 13,000 taka monthly.

Abul Mannan had his own shop. He was a simple man who lived in Goshaibari. He
lived in his ancestral land with his father, mother, wife, son and daughter.
Compared to other families his attitude was more free towards his family specially
his wife. Abdul mannan always greeted us warmly and gave us all the information
we wanted.
Homestead

Upon inquiring about his household contents we found the following available in
his household:

 Electricity
 Television
 Almirah
 Table
 Chair
 Bench
 Bed
 Tubewell

Agriculture

We also asked him about his agriculture and what was the use of it. He used
agriculture to feed his family and sell some extra crops to the local market.

Income Source

We inquired about his sources of income and we found out his income came from
the following:
  Agriculture
 Agriculture Labour
 Poultry/Duck
 Cattle/Goat
 Petty Business Shop
Vendor

His house is made up from the following items

 Roof made out of Tin


 Service
House TypeWall made out of Tin

 Floor made out of Concrete

Area

His total land area that he owns is covered by the following

 Agriculture
 Homestead
Image: Abdul Manna inside his shop with our team captured by team mate Noble
Dey
Azgor Ali the first family we went to. They were quite hospitable. They had the
biggest family as it was a joint family. He lived with his mother, brother, sister-in-
law, wife and son. His brother was handicapped and so he had to live with them.
Azgor Ali is a CNG driver and he is also the main earner of the family. He send his
son to Madrase and believes he will one day become a successful man.

Homestead

Upon inquiring about his household contents we found the following available in
his household:

 Electricity
 Almirah
 Table
 Chair
 Bench
 Bed
 Tubewell
Agriculture

We also asked him about his agriculture and what was the use of it. He used
agriculture to feed his family and sell some extra crops to the local market. He
also has Poultry Birds

Income Source

We inquired about his sources of income and we found out his income came from
the following:

 Agriculture
  Agriculture Labour
 Poultry/Duck
 Transport Worker
 Service

House Type

His house is made up from the following items

 Roof made out of Tin

 Wall made out of Concrete
 Floor made out of Concrete
Area

His total land area that he owns is covered by the following

 Agriculture
 Homestead
 Pond
Image: Azgor Ali and his joint family captured by our team mate Noble Dey

At last was Mohammad Joynal Abedin. He was the poorest man we surveyed. He
was the only earner in his family. He owns an Auto mini carriage and uses that to
transport people within town. Unfortunately it had been damaged for quite some
time and as of now he has no work. He has 3 sons, a daughter and wife. He
expressed us gratitude for coming and shared all his misery with us. Unlike other
families that we have visited, he had the least assets and a poor income source.
One of his sons worked in the airport in Dhaka and was recently robbed.
Homestead

Upon inquiring about his household contents we found the following available in
his household:

 Electricity
 Almirah
 Table
 Chair
 Bench
 Bed
 Tubewell
 Bicycle

Agriculture

No land for agriculture due to extreme poverty

Income Source

We inquired about his sources of income and we found out his income came from
the following:

 Service
 Transport Worker
House Type

His house is made up from the following items

 Roof made out of Tin

 Wall made out of Concrete
 Floor made out of Concrete

Area

His total land area that he owns is covered by the following

 Homestead
Image: Joynal Abedin and his family with our team captured by team mate Noble
Dey
 Health and Environment

NAME: MOHAMMAD RIYAN

HAQUE

ID: 1831141
One of the key elements that affect human life is health and environment. The
bulk of the population in a country like Bangladesh neglects health and the
environment more than most other things. Environmental pollution in rural areas
is primarily brought on by unplanned and technologically antiquated agricultural
practices, inappropriate waste disposal, and the burning of fuel made of wood or
biomass. But the lack of education, unawareness, and ignorance of the rural
populace is to blame for the ongoing deterioration of the environment and harm
to human health. The latter reasons for traveling to Goshaibari were not an
exception. As we already know that Goshaibari is a small para in Madhupur.
Literacy rate is quite low in this area. People are not that much concerned about
their health and environment. Income, environmental factors (such as having
access to proper sanitation and clean water), personal conduct, and health
services are only a few of the variables that affect health. The majority of people
who lack access to basic sanitation or safe water sources are here in rural areas
such as Goshaibari. We will now state the health precautions that each of the 4
families takes and we will provide our thought on their level of awareness.

Objective

To become informed about the evolution and present state of Goshaibari's

environment and health

 To determine the factors affecting the environment and human health.

 To determine the many and common ailments that the people suffer from,
as well as their causes.
 To learn whether a hospital is accessible and how frequently people use it.
 To determine the villagers' level of awareness of the current environmental
concerns and events.
Data gathering

We gathered data using the following techniques:

 Questionnaire Survey method

 Interview approach

Recent situation of Health and Environment at Goshaibari

Health Care facility

The residents of Goshaibari lack access to adequate medical facilities. The
para contains no infrastructures related to health care. The residents must travel
to Madhupur Bazar or the adjacent para in Tuniabari to receive proper care. To
immunize the youngsters and monitor pregnant women, NGO field staff does not
visit the village. Hence, the women are constantly having issues.
The Goshaibari area's present medical and treatment services is scarce and
according to the poll, the most common disorders were fever, acidity, cough, the
common cold, diabetes, and headache, and the majority of individuals were not
pleased with the care they received from doctors from Tuniapara and
government health facility at Madhupur town. Our poll revealed that the overall
system for delivering healthcare was insufficient.

Water usage and source

We went to 4 families to ask them where their water source is from. We asked
them about the source of water for drinking, bathing, washing utensils/cloths and
cooking, all the 4 families said that all of the activities were done by using Tube-
well water.

Vaccination

RESPONSE NO. OF HOUSEHOLD PERCENTAGE

YES 4 100%
NO 0 0

While doing the questionnaire survey on 4 households, we discovered children in

each and every one of them. We did not come across a single home where
youngsters lacked the necessary immunizations. Hence, it can be stated that even
though there are no hospitals in the Para, the inhabitants of Goshaibari were well
aware of COVID immunizations. All of the children have received the 2 necessary
COVID vaccines and 1 booster dose. On top of that they have finished immunizing
their kids against measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio, and other diseases.
Nevertheless, none of them had received a tetanus shot.

Family Planning

Family planning has become more widely used. When we used our data gathering
techniques to learn more about the area we were given, we noticed that most
families had two children, it satisfied us to believe that family planning is being
practiced. This suggests that they are aware of the hardships and poverty that
would come with having a large family. Also, it was discovered that the majority
of the locals employ various family planning techniques. The media is essential to
the family planning industry. The responder to our poll stated that women utilize
a variety of medications and condoms. Most couples are dependent on their
medications.

Seasonality

One of the key elements affecting a village's economics, agriculture, way of life,
health, and eating habits is the season. The seasonal cycle is followed throughout
the entire agricultural process, from planting seeds to harvesting crops. Even the
smallest shift in the seasonal cycle can have a favorable or negative impact on
crop productivity. A certain amount of sunlight is also necessary for crop
production, thus farmers observe a crop cycle and rely on the weather, as well as
the supply of rainwater and sunlight.

Food and Nutrition

Fresh food and air are available to residents of the village. They grow fruits and
vegetables, and some of the locals have cows, so they can supply milk. Due to the
diminishing fish resources in the Tuniapara canal, the locals now consume rice
with veggies and legumes. They occasionally consume fish and meat. The vitamin-
rich crop corn is gaining popularity in the village. So, it can be said that residents
of Goshaibari are somewhat aware of their eating habits.

We are aware that several parameter kinds can affect both human health and the
environment. We can comprehend the conditions in that place if we can correctly
identify those criteria.

The ecology suffers because of the rising gasoline usage. Fuels that are burned
insufficiently send carbon monoxide gas into the atmosphere. Due to its deadly
nature, this gas is extremely harmful. Most fuels emit carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere when they are burned. Global warming is thought to be caused by an
increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.

Use of Fuel

The Goshaibari locals cook with firewood as their fuel source. One respondent
mentioned occasionally using LPG gas cylinders as well.

Effects on human health

The growing use of firewood has negative health repercussions on people.

Unburned carbon particles are released by carbon fuels like coal and wood. These
tiny particles are harmful contaminants that can lead to respiratory conditions like
asthma. Many health problems, such as asthma, cancer, heart disease, and early
mortality, can be brought on by air pollution from burning fuels.

Effects on environment
The ecology suffers because of the rising gasoline usage. Fuels that are burned
insufficiently send carbon monoxide gas into the atmosphere. Due to its deadly
nature, this gas is extremely harmful. Most fuels emit carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere when they are burned. Global warming is thought to be caused by an
increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.

Conclusion

Together with the results of our poll, we can certainly state that the residents of
Goshaibari responded to all of our questions in the questionnaire with vigor and
enthusiasm. Goshaibari's residents are extremely knowledgeable about
agriculture and the technology that supports it. We have not come across a single
instance of child marriage in any of the households, and we have seen that
practically all of them want their daughters to complete their schooling before
getting married. The Goshaibari residents we examined also own a sizable
quantity of land on which they cultivate crops for both personal consumption and
sale. We discovered that a noticeable brick field exists while mapping the village.
All of the folks we had met with in homes and tea shops were articulate and
skilled communicators. The majority of homes had access to the internet and
mobile phones. They are highly informed about events taking place outside of
their area.

The primary grievances of the Goshaibari peasants regarding their way of life and
standard of living were that inflation was a major factor in any development
slowdown. Inflation has presented them with difficulties in every area. For them,
even the price of medicine has increased.

The locals told us that because COVID-19 had not spread to Goshaibari when we
asked them about the consequences of the sickness, the pandemic and the
disease had not had a detrimental impact on the general health of the population
of this hamlet. The majority of houses informed us that they had even received
their third dosage of the COVID-19 vaccine, and all of the villagers were aware of
having received vaccinations.

The majority of households made their living by cultivating crops on the farmland
that they had inherited. Also, there were numerous animals and poultry in each
family. Several of the households were borrowers for microloans. We found that
households without such loans typically held larger tracts of land and
homesteads.

According to our own observations, the majority of the homes in Goshaibari are
made of earth, and 1 or 2 concrete homes are appearing there. It is obvious that
the economy is still slowly developing. Mr. Togore explained that he previously
possessed an earth house, but it was no longer solid or large enough to maintain
his family, so he had invested in building a concrete house. He also explained to
us that because of inflation, which raised the cost of the building supplies, the
cost of his concrete house last year was less than it would be this year.

Be it slowly, there has been some development in this town as a result of the
population's ability to support themselves through a variety of ways, along with
access to agricultural land and new employment opportunities brought about by
the expanding economy. We can also see that there has been a relatively slight
increase in the number of kids attending school. In comparison to the preceding
decade, more girls are currently attending school and attaining greater levels of
education.

The households we spoke with also expressed concern about the environment
and climate change because it directly affects the crop output. The Goshaibari
households are hopeful and they hope for greater industrial reforms to support
local economy with better training, jobs, and growth.
 CHAPTER 7

RURAL MARKET ANALYSIS

NAME: - MD. FAHAD

KHANDAKER

(ID# 1930765)
7.1 Introduction
A market is a place where parties can gather to facilitate the exchange of
goods and services. The parties involved are usually buyers and sellers. The
market might be actual, like a physical store where people interact in person, or it
could be virtual, like an online market, where there is no face-to-face interaction
between buyers and sellers. A market is characterized by a few basic elements,
such as the presence of buyers and sellers, as well as a commodity that can be
bought and sold.
Market analysis is a crucial instrument for observing changes in the economy and
in social behavior. Goods on the market are a reflection of what the local
population can afford.
Bangladesh is a nation in development. Around 65% of her population departs
from the countryside. The three different forms of rural markets include bazaars,
permanent stores, and hats.

Types of Rural Market:

 Haat
 Bazaar
 Permanent Shop

7.2 Objective
Our objective of the market analysis was
 to comprehend the rural market system better.
 to distinguish between various items and services.
 to be familiar with the many mediums and stages that go into the
production and distribution process
 separating the market's buyer and seller perspectives

7.3 Methodology
 The producers, sellers, and purchasers who frequent the weekly haat in
Madhupur had to be studied in order to fully understand the haat. Two PRA
methods were employed for this portion of the task. To comprehend the rural
market mechanism, both semi-structured and one-on-one interviews were done.
By employing these methods, we sought to understand the Katigram haat in
detail and to combine the four Ps of marketing (Product, Price, Place and
Promotion). Also, it is carried out in order to assess the socioeconomic standing of
the visiting traders, business owners, and farmers from the nearby villages.

7.4 Madhupur Haat

3 kilometers separate the campus of BLC Learning from Madhupur Haat. It
covers a space of 25 bighas. There are more than 200 shops and vendor booths in
this market, including over 100 permanent stores. The haat sits 2 days a week. In
Madhupur haat, a wide variety of goods and services are offered. People from
other villages visit this haat to witness his treading. Several people rely heavily on
this haat as a source of income. This haat so has a significant impact on the rural
market economy.

7.5 Concept of Market, Haat and Bazaar

7.5.1 Market
The definition of a market according to theory is "A collection of potential
customers with similar requirements who are willing to exchange something of
value with sellers offering diverse items or services that are ways of meeting
those needs."
(Basic Marketing, 11th Edition, 1993, Macarthy/Perreault)
It serves as a gathering spot for politics, gossip, and socializing in addition to being
a place to unwind. There are three different kinds of markets in Bangladesh:
permanent shops, temporary shops, and haats. Manufacturers, wholesalers, and
retailers all play significant roles in these markets as intermediaries. Here, the
idea of a haat and a bazaar is discussed.
7.5.2 Haat
A haat is a transient type of market. It occurs on specified weekdays, once or
twice a week, and involves extensive purchasing and selling of desired goods and
services.
Often, it takes place beneath a large banyan tree or along a riverbank. The haat,
which is attended typically by residents of multiple villages, is considered by the
locals to be more significant than the bazaar.
It usually takes place in the afternoon. Yet there are also exceptions. Early in the
morning, certain haats for selling cows or garments are held. In a haat, there is
some sort of semi-permanent construction.
7.5.3 Bazaar
A bazaar is typically described as a location with a variety of stores where trade
is conducted every day virtually throughout the entire week.
Rural bazaars in Bangladesh often consist of a collection of "semi-pacca" and
"katchsa" stores with thatched or corrugated tin roofs and bamboo constructions.
A villager's requirements are served by a small number of stores in a rural bazaar.
The bazaar is another regular location for the people to discuss news and ideas.
The market authority receives a little tax payment from the stores each year.
Table 7.1: Difference between Haat and Bazaar

Parameters Haat Bazaar

Frequency Twice a week Every day

Working In general, 9am to 4pm In general, 7am to 9pm
hour
Available more varied and massive a few and a daily
products quantities of product requirement product
Available a daily basis plus common and few
service
Price Comparatively Less Than relative to higher than Haat
Bazar
Number of A large number of people Buyer and seller numbers
buyer and buy and sell. are rather few.
seller
Competition High Low

7.6 Communication and Transportation Facilities

Primary producers, pikars, or wholesalers, regional merchants, and customers
are the main participants in Madhupur haat. Their preferred modes of
transportation include bicycle, rickshaw, rickshaw van, bus, tempo, and even
truck. Most frequently owned by locals, bicycles, rickshaws, rickshaw vans, and
tempos are in high demand during the harvesting season. Primary producers and
wholesalers primarily use rickshaws and rickshaw vans to transport their crops
from their homes to markets. The wholesaler uses trucks to deliver their goods to
the warehouse and to various locations across the nation.
Transportation facility
 Bus

 Truck

 Rickshaw

 Tempo

 Rickshaw Van

Few farmers drive a rickshaw or rickshaw van by themselves during the off-season
to supplement their family's income.
Table given below will show the use of different transport by different actor.
Table 7.2: Use of Transports in Katigram haat by different Actors
Madhupur Haat
Actors Transports
Primary Producers - Use rickshaw, rickshaw van, tempo to take
products to haat
 Local Traders - Use bicycle, rickshaw, rickshaw van, tempo, bus
even truck to collect products from different
sources
Pikars - Use rickshaw, rickshaw van, tempo and truck to
collect products from primary products or from
haat
Local Buyers - Use bicycle, rickshaw, rickshaw van tempo to carry
and buy different products for their own
consumption

7.7 Available Products and Services in Madhupur Haat and Bazaar

7.7.1 Service available in the Madhupur bazaar
 Van service
 Doctors
 Blacksmith
 Barber
 Bank
 Insurance

7.7.2 4Ps
One of the cornerstones of a market system is the four Ps. Product, Pricing,
Promotion, and Distribution are together known as the 4Ps. They are covered
below.

7.7.3 Product and Price

Product is divided in two categories
 Consumer products
  Business products

[Link] Consumer products

Consumer goods fall under various categories. Here is a list of the consumer
goods that are offered in the Madhupur haat and market, along with their prices.
 Consumer Product

Product Price

→ Rice → 55tk/kg
→ Bettle leaf → 110 tk/ber
Convenience
→ Soap → 10
60 tk/pic
Product
→ Biri → 10 tk/pac
→ Hair oil → 160tk/pic

→ Seeds → 50tk/100 gm
→ Catfish → 200 tk/pic
Shopping → 320-
→ Sharee
Product 1000 tk/pi
c
→ Fertilizer
→ 2000-
4000tk/40kg

→ Furniture → 15000tk/pic
Specialty → 3800tk/pic
→ Drill
Product machine

→ Medicine → 10 - 50 tk
→ Kafoner → 100 tk/yeard
Unsought kapor → 28 tk &50tk
Product
→ Contracept
ion’s

[Link] Business products

Different category of business product and product are given below.
 Business Products

Capital Services Production

Fruits, Corn
Tractors , Barber, Doctor,
and
Laborers, Rickshaw puller Vegetables

 Convenience Products: Villages typically purchase goods like food, dry

food, spices, milk, candies, soap, cigarettes, tea, etc. regularly, instantly,
and with the least amount of shopping about and comparison-shopping.

 Shopping Products: Products including clothing, beverages, cosmetics,

detergent liquid, etc. are less commonly bought based on their quality,
applicability, and cost. The people put a lot of time and effort into gathering
facts and drawing contrasts.

 Specialty Product: This category of goods for our study area comprises fuel,
pesticides, and medical and legal professionals. Customers make a
particular effort to purchase these products because of their distinctive
qualities or brand recognition.

 Unsought Product: The villagers have some knowledge of these goods, such
as family planning items or insurance, but they don't typically consider
purchasing them.
7.8 Distribution Channel
A distribution channel is a group of interconnected, distinct market elements that
work together to make a product or service accessible to consumers as well as
industrial users. Marketing's most important component is the distribution
channel. To ensure a smooth transmission of goods and services from producer to
consumer, all parties in a distribution channel must coordinate their efforts. The
Madhupur haat had a wide range of goods for sale. For various products, we
discovered several channels of distribution. The distribution method for some
products included involvement from multiple parties. This market mostly has four
participants. They are –
 Producer
 Wholesaler
 Retailer
 Retailer
The following distribution channel has been used the majority of the time. Where
the producer sells his goods in the haat either directly to the local consumer or to
the middleman. The wholesaler sells the products to the middleman, who then
resells them to the retailer in other markets.

Local
consumer

Produce Middleman Wholesal

er Retailer

Fig Common distribution channel

Consumer
7.8.1 Distribution channel of agricultural products
Seasonal variations affect the way that agricultural goods are distributed. Every
crop has a unique distribution method. Paddy, corn, lemons, egg plants, and other
vegetables are the principal agricultural products in Madhupur Haat. The local
wholesalers are where paddy and grain are sold. They offer this for preparation to
the mill owner. The final product is subsequently sold to a wholesaler, who
ultimately distributes it to shops. The consumer receives the goods in the end.

Producers Wholesalers Loc al

retailers

Mill owner

Wholesalers

Retailers of
other area

Consumers

Agriculture items, however, such as vegetables, are either sold to local consumers
or to wholesalers who sell them beyond the community. These perishable foods
sell quickly because of this.
7.8.2 Distribution channel of manufacturing products
The majority of manufacturing firms, including Keya, Unilever, Aromatics, and
others, have local registered distributors and agents. Companies send their items
to these agents, who then regularly meet with shops once a week to deliver the
goods that are in demand in this market.
 Manufacturer

Company’s
agent

Retailers

Consumers

We saw both the outflow (vegetables, maize, fruits, crops as well as labors) and
the inflow of daily essentials (rice, fish, etc.) in the Madhupur haat.
7.9 Distribution Channel of Inflow and Outflow Products

7.9.1 Distribution Network of Outflow Products

Following diagram shows the outflow of products in Madhupur haat.
Farmers producing
vegetable and rice

Paikar/ wholesaler

Out side the Village

Retailers

Consumers

7.9.2 Distribution Network of Inflow Products

Following diagram shows the inflow of products in Madhupur haat.
 Manufacturer

Company’s Paddy,
Wholesaler Retailers Consumer
agent

7.10 Inward and Outward Products of Madhupur haat

Every week, several products and services are bought and sold at the
Madhupur haat. While some of these items and services are imported, the
majority are produced in the
hamlet. It has been sought to pinpoint some of these products' points of origin
and final destinations in this section.

7.10.1 Inward Products

The inward products of Katigram haat are rice, fish, consumer goods, fertilizer
and pesticides from different district. For example
 Rice is brought here from West Bengal particularly from Shirajganj,
Rajshahi etc.
 The consumer goods, fertilizers and the pesticides are mainly collected
from Jamalpur and Manikganj town.

7.10.2 Outward Products

The number of external products in the Madhupur haat is far lower than the
amount of internal products. Some things that are sold outside the market are
vegetables, paddy, and maze. These goods were primarily sent to West Bengal
and Dhaka for export.
7.11 Value chain
Value chain is a term used in marketing to describe a technique for locating
opportunities to increase consumer value. A value chain analysis actually rates
each step of the production process, from choosing the inputs through
distributing the finished goods to the final customers. There are numerous
processes involved, ranging from input selection to distribution.

7.12 Bargaining power of Buyers and Sellers in Madhupur haat

Both consumers and sellers desire advantages over a product that work in their
favor, but ultimately, the person with the strongest negotiating position will
prevail. Only when the seller has a monopoly over the product in terms of
availability and quality is it conceivable for him to set a high price. In the opposite
circumstance, the buyer would gain by paying less for a product with a large
number of suppliers on the market. The ability to bargain determines who is in a
favorable position.
The market is mostly governed by seasonality in the study area. Corn and lemons
are two of the main crops grown here. The producer of lemons stated that
seasonality affects price. Lemons are cheaply sold in the winter and more
expensively sold in the summer. It also relies on whether the seller has more
bargaining power because fewer sellers are selling lemons. Similarly, if there are
several sellers, the buyer will have the advantage in negotiations. The option of
alternative items is also crucial in this situation; if the product has a substitute,
customers are likely to consider it as well. The same applies to perishable
commodities like food and beverages.
Hence, four main criteria ultimately determine the bargaining power of
consumers and sellers: -
 substitute item or freedom of choice
 The product's accessibility
 Plenty of sellers
 amount of consumers.
7.13 Price fixation
Certain things were acquired and sold at nearly set prices, as we discovered.
Most industrial goods, according to what we discovered, had fixed prices. Many
believed that because there was not a major rival, the shop owners set the price
depending on the products' availability. Occasionally, when farmers come to sell
their wares, third parties set the prices, which is once more a tragedy because
there aren't many customers in that haat. The farmers are consequently losing
money.

7.14 Promotion
Bangladesh's economy is expanding quickly. Nowadays, the majority of
consumer goods are produced domestically. Since more than 70% of the
population leaves rural Bangladesh, the industries have identified the enormous
market there. The widespread media availability is a major driving force behind
the growth of this sector. Similar to the metropolis, Bangladesh's rural areas rely
heavily on the media for advertising.
Depending on the type of product, several promotional activities are conducted in
Madhupur Haat. By canvassing, giving away free samples, and making other
alluring offers, local products and non-brand items are promoted.
Nonetheless, goods like Aromatic soap, Tibat soap, Wheel Washing Powder, Lux
soap, Sunsilk shampoo, or food goods like Ruchi, BD, RC cola are promoted by TV,
radio, and newspaper commercials as well as through posters, banners,
billboards, and freebies.

7.15 Brand preferences & Brand Loyalty

It is simple to see from the list of products that a grocery store in Madhupur
Haat has provided that the availability, variety, and brand of products in the haat
and bazaar are all there. The Madhupur bazaar has a wider variety than the haat.
These grocery stores offer a wide variety of branded goods, ranging from food to
cosmetics. It is reasonable to believe that modern marketing campaigns are
growing brand preferences and demand for a wider range of brands.
7.16 Common Problems
In Bangladesh, there are issues with every single haat. A few issues in
Madhupur Haat are having an impact on both buyers and vendors.
 Hermaphrodites were present, and they collected tolls.
 Disorganized
 waste removal
 Due to inadequate drainage facilities, there is water logging during the wet
season.
 The bazaar committee is illegally collecting tolls.

7.17 Case story

We needed to conduct interviews with various persons in order to finish our
market research. The interviews are provided as a case study below.

7.17.1 Case story of traders/businessman

Case study 1: Grocery shop
The owner of the grocery store is Md. Kashem Ali, a Madhupur native who is 45
years old. He completed class 10 of studies. He opened this store two years ago.
He generated profits of 75,000–95,000 Tk over the last ten months. He buys his
items at Jamalpur, Manikganj, and Dhaka. Hair oil, cooking oil, soap, salt, sugar,
molasses, wheat, rice, and other items are among the goods he sells. He is using a
rickshaw, van, and truck to transport his goods. Because to the advertising offer
"Buy two get one free," Tibbet toilet shops receive more brand preference from
consumers when it comes to soap than Wheel washing shops. He sells 5000–
10,000 Tk per day and 10,000–15,000 Tk per haat day. He is the owner of 50
bigha. He cultivates IRRI rice and Corn. He has three sons and two daughters.

Case study 2: Corn wholesaler

Corn is one of the main crops grown here. Baten Mia, a 46-year-old wholesaler
from Madhupur haat. He completed his coursework to class eight. He goes out of
Madhupur. His primary purchases are corn, paddy, just, and mastered. Each year,
he purchases 500–700 maunds of corn at a cost of 1600–1800 taka per maund.
The cost is affected by seasonal variations. The mill owner sets the price in the
majority of cases. In addition, he claimed that the most profitable products are
just and mastered. But great risk is also a part of this. The seasonal variation
affects this trading. He purchases his goods from nearby villages. Sometimes he
buys his crops straight from the farmer, and other times they deliver them to him.

Case study 3: Cloth Seller

Md. Aslam Hosain, a 55-year-old from Goshaibari. He sells clothes. He generally
offers Lungi and Ghamcha for sale. He transports this item from Jamalpur. He
charges 350–450 taka for a piece of lungi that he paid 300–350 taka for and 100–
120 taka for ghamcha that he paid 80–90 taka for. Also, he offers Genji for sale.
The cost is between 70 and 75 takas. He exclusively occupies seats during
Manikganj's several haat days. He does not maintain a shop. He takes a
permanent position next to other textile vendors. He often sells for between 4500
and 5000 takas. He doesn't desire a permanent store because every haat has a
unique requirement. He has two daughters and three boys.

7.17.2 Case story of Buyers

Case study 1: Worker
Md. Azad Hoseen, a 40-year-old man from Bittibari, only visits Madhupur Haat on
market days to shop. He is a clothing worker. He completed classes up to class 10.
He has a boy and a girl. They attend classes. His monthly spending is 15,000
dollars. Because of the diversity of goods, the freshness, and the lower prices, he
favors this market. He aspires to work as a garment supervisor.
Case study 2: Paddy Seller
We located a farmer who practically all store owners are familiar with. He went
by Bashir Ali. He was from a nearby village called Madhupur. He was fifty years
old. He studied until class five. Besides two daughters, he has two sons. His sons
are working alongside him in the garden. He owns fifteen Bighas of land. He grows
IRRI, BR-11, and judt sometimes. In a single Bigha, he cultivates jute. He employs
synthetic fertilizers like urea, TSP, potash, and DMP, among others. He owns a
motorized tiller. He offers it for rent as well. Also, he has a little Tube well for
irrigation. For fourty years, he has been a farmer. He is therefore quite
knowledgeable about the entire production process. Along with growing plants,
he also grows seeds. He makes use of many pesticides. He receives roughly 15
maunds paddy for each bigha.

7.18 Conclusion
We learned new information about our country's farmers and businesses by
studying the rural market. Even though we were unable to pay for a full day, we
made an effort to learn some intriguing facts that we will never forget in the
limited time we had available. Every farmer and businessman we saw was living
an intriguingly diverse lifestyle. The urban market has a different buying and
selling approach. We have accumulated a wealth of experiences that will support
us as we move forward with our lives. We performed a significant task in terms of
economics by gathering data from the fields and analyzing it to comprehend the
rural market system.