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PROFESSIONAL
COURSE
ENHANCEMENT 1
NAME: ____________________________
CN & TIME: ________________________
INSTRUCTOR: _____________________
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CRIMINOLOGY
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CRIM1 cost of pain and suffering is too high as a result of

victimization.
Introduction to Criminology PURPOSE OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY

Chapter 1- CONCEPTS OF CRIMINOLOGY 1. Prevention of crime - primary aim of studying criminology

2. know and understand crime and criminals - basic to knowing
Etymology: actions done to prevent them
The origin of the term CRIMINOLOGY can be traced back to 3. prepare students for career in
French anthropologist Paul Topinard whose publications appeared in 4. law enforcement
1839; it was coined by Rafaelle Garofalo in his speeches and writings. 5. scientific crime detection
What Is Criminology? 6. sociological research and studies
✓ the Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the term 7. develop understanding of constitutional guarantees and due
criminologia in 1885. process of law
✓ the French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the term 8. foster higher concepts of citizenry and leadership
criminologie in 1887.
✓ the scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon. SCOPE OF THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY
✓ it is committed to the achievement of an understanding of the a. Criminal Demography – relationship between criminality and
roots and manifestation of different aspects of behavior that population
violate criminal law. b. Criminal Epidemology – relationship between environment and
Criminology criminality
a. broader sense: body of knowledge regarding crime as social c. Criminal Ecology – criminality in relation to spatial distribution
phenomenon; includes making of laws, breaking of laws, and the in a community
reaction towards the breaking of laws d. Criminal Physical Anthropology – criminology in relation to
- entire body of knowledge regarding crime, criminals and the physical constitution of men
effort of society to prevent and repress them e. Criminal Psychology – human behavior in relation to criminality
f. Criminal Psychiatry – mental disorders in relation to criminality
b. narrower sense: criminology includes subject matters necessary to g. Victimology – role of the victim in the commission of a crime
understand and prevent crime and to the development of law, and h. Criminal Statistics - sub-area of criminology which involves
punishment or treatment of delinquents and criminals research on specific criminal types and patterns
- the scientific study of crimes and criminals.
- NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY a. an applied science – natural sciences are applied in studying
Studying crime is very important. In fact interest in crime has crime; chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, etc. are
always been high (Bartol, 1995). Understanding crime as a complex used in crime detection.
phenomenon can be : b.a social science – crime is a societal creation and exists in a
1. Source of philosophy of life- The knowledge derived from society; there is no crime where there is no society
studying crime is a good foundation for an individual’s c. dynamic – criminology changes as social
philosophy and lifestyle. conditions/circumstances change; crime as an aspect of
2. A background for a profession or for social service; society changes, thereby affecting social condition and also
3. Because criminals are legitimate objects of interest. They the study of criminology
should be understood in order to know how to control them; [Link] – study of crime must be in relation with existing
4. Because crime is a costly problem. The value of property lost, criminal law within the territory
medical expenses, and insurance, moving costs, and intangible
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PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY Criminogenic Process – explains human behaviors and the experiences
1. Criminal Etiology – scientific analysis of the nature and causes of which help determine the nature of an individual’s personality as a
crime reacting mechanism

2. Sociology of Law – scientific analysis under which criminal laws Cultural Conflict – clash between societies due to contrary beliefs or
develop as a process of formal social control variance in their respective customs, languages, institution, habits,
learning, tradition, etc.
3. Penology – scientific study concerned with the control and
treatment of crimes and the rehabilitation of offenders Anthropology – science devoted to the study of mankind and its
development in relation to its physical, mental, and cultural history
Just recently, Criminalistics or Forensic Science was added as the
fourth division, focusing on the study of physical evidence through Logomacy – statement that we would have no crime if we don’t have
laboratory work criminal law and that we could eliminate crime merely by abolishing all
criminal laws
OBJECT OF INTEREST IN CRIMINOLOGY
The four most common object of interest in criminology are Mens Rea – criminal intent on part of offender
CRIMES (Criminal acts), criminals (perpetrators of crime), Criminal Actus Reus – criminal act of the offender
Behavior and the victims of crimes (victimology).
DEFINITIONS OF CRIME AND THE CRIMINAL
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME
Crime
➢ legal viewpoint: an act or omission punishable by a criminal law As to the result of crimes
➢ Criminological viewpoint: any act injurious or harmful to the
norms of society ➢ Acquisitive crime – offender acquires, or comes in possession
➢ CRIME is also a generic name that refers to offense, felony and of something as a consequence of his criminal act
delinquency or misdemeanor .
➢ Offense- Is an act or omission that is punishable by special ➢ Extinctive Crime – end result of a criminal act is destruction
laws. (Example: Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees, Executive
orders,etc.) As to the time or period committed
➢ Felony- Is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised
Penal Code.. ➢ Seasonal crime – committed during a certain season of the year
➢ Delinquency/Misdemeanor- acts that are in violation of simple ➢ Situational crime – committed when given the situation
rules and regulations usually referring to acts committed by conducive to its commission
minor offenders
As to the length of time committed
Criminal
➢ Legal viewpoint: one who has committed acts punishable by ➢ Instant crimes – committed in the shortest possible time
law and has been convicted by final judgment of a competent ➢ Episodic crimes – committed by series of acts in a lengthy
court. space of time

➢ Criminological viewpoint: one who has committed acts

injurious to society.
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As to the place or location of commission CLASSIFICATION of CRIMES ACCORDING TO THE POLICE

➢ Static crimes – committed in one place, although he may The Philippine National Police classified crimes as an index or non-
escape to other places index crimes for the purpose of the uniform crime reporting system.
➢ Continuing crimes – committed in several places
1. Index Crimes- are serious in nature and which occur with
As to the use of mental faculties sufficient frequency and regularity. They are further classified
into
➢ Rational crimes – committed with intention and offender is in a. Crimes against Person- murder, rape, homicide, physical
full possession of his mental faculties injury.
➢ Irrational crimes – committed by a person who does not know b. Crimes against Property- Robbery and theft.
the nature and quality of his act on account of disease of the 2. Non-index crimes- are mostly violations of specials laws and
mind; commited by a person with severe emotional disorder, other crimes such as crimes against moral and order, crimes
or whose perception not functioning well against chastity, etc.

As to the type of offenders ✓ Service crimes – committed by rendering services to satisfy

desire of others
➢ White-collar crimes (Edwin Sutherland) – committed by a ✓ Organized crimes – illegal activities of people and institutions
person of responsibility and upper socio-economic class in whose acknowledged purpose is profit and gain through
the course of occupational activities legitimate business transactions
➢ Blue-collar crimes – committed by ordinary criminals to
maintain livelihood LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
(Felony)
As to the standard of living of criminals
As to the manner of commission
➢ Crimes of the upper world – committed by the upper strata of - By means of dolo or deceit
society - By means of culpa or fault
➢ Crimes of the underworld – committed by lower or
underprivileged class of society As to the stages in the commission of crime
- Attempted crimes
By imitation or passion - Frustrated crimes
- Consummated crimes
➢ By imitation – a duplication of what was done by others
➢ By passion – caused by fit of passion, anger, jealousy, hatred, As to the plurality of crime
etc. - Simple crimes
➢ Hate Crimes - crimes committed against particular persons or - Complex crimes
members of group merely because they share discernible
racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic. As to the gravity of penalty or offense
- Grave felonies
- Less grave felonies
- Light felonies
As to the basis of criminal act
- Crimes against person
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- Crimes against property guilty in the end after they realize the consequences of their
- Crimes against chastity acts
- Crimes against public order ➢ Maladjusted criminals - delinquents whose activities stem from
- Crimes against national security personality disturbances instead of gang activity or slum
residence
LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS ➢ Socialized delinquents – normal in behavior but defective in
socialization process
Based on Etiology

➢ Acute criminal – violated the law because of the impulse of the Chapter 2- THEORIES OF CRIME
moment, fit of passion, sudden burst of anger or spell of
jealousy where he is not able to control himself APPROACHES TO THE DEFINITION OF CRIME AND CRIMINAL
➢ Chronic criminal – acted in consonance with deliberated BEHAVIOR
thinking
A. Subjective Approach- it deals mainly on biological explanation
Based on Behavioral System of crimes focused on the forms of abnormalities that exist in the
individual criminal before, during and after the commission of
➢ Ordinary criminal – lowest form of criminal career crime( Tradio, 1999).
➢ Organized criminal – there is a high degree of organization
to enable specialized activities which can be operated in 1. Anthropological Approach – compares physical characteristics
large scale business without being detected of offender to non-offender
2. Medical Approach – explains the role of physical and mental
Professional criminal – highly skilled individuals who do specific conditions of individual prior or after the commission of the
crimes as a matter of specialty criminal acts
3. Biological Approach – advocates that heredity is one of the
Based on Activities causes of crime
4. Psychological Approach – explains the nature of a human being
➢ Professional criminals – earn their living through criminal to acquire all the physical needs in order to satisfy all his wants
activities; they pursue criminal activities with vigor, 5. Physiological Approach - explains that deprivation of physical
attempting to learn from older, experienced criminals body on basic need is important determiner of commission of
techniques that will earn them most money with least risk crime; it is the study on nature of human being concerning his
➢ Accidental criminals – commit crimes due to circumstances physical needs in order to satisfy his wants.
that they did not expect 6. Psychiatric Approach – the cause of behavioral difficulties is to
➢ Goal-oriented criminals - violate law because they believe be found in emotional tension originating in early life conflicts
their actions will ultimately benefit society with the family
7. Psychoanalytic Approach – Freudian theory traces behavior as
Based on Mental Attitude a deviation through repressing basic drives that produces
conflict between the ego and the conscience.
➢ Active aggressive criminals – commit crime in an impulsive
manner due to aggressive behavior B. Objective Approaches- It deals with the study of groups, social
➢ Passive inadequate criminal – commit crimes by regard or processes and institutions as influences to behavior
promise without considering its consequences; they may feel
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• Geographic Approach – considers climate as one of the factors Distinctions between Crime and Immorality
that leads an individual to do a criminal act
• Ecological Approach – concerns itself with the biotic grouping Crime Immorality
of men resulting from migration, competition, and division of - committed against the state law - committed against unwritten
labor social norms in a community
• Economic Approach – financial hardship is one of the primary
causes of criminality - fixed by statute - not fixed by statute
• Sociological and Cultural Approach – concerned with the - nationalistic - regionalistic
influences on behavior of group life, including rules and
statutes, social classes and social mobility, sub-culture and DIFFERENT SHCOOLS OF THOUGHT IN CRIMINOLOGY
cliques and social changes.
A. Classical School – man as governed by his consideration of
C. Contemporary Approaches- Modern days put emphasis on pleasure and pains; a person is assumed to have free will and
scientific modes of explaining crime and criminal behaviour. to make his choice whether to commit a crime or not (Beccaria)
This approach focuses on the psychoanalytical, psychiatric,
sociological explanations of crime in an integrated theory. Theories of the Classical
a. man is a free moral agent with absolute free will to choose between
ANCIENT EXPLANATIONS WHY PEOPLE COMMIT CRIMES good and evil
b. basic criminal liability is human free will and purpose of penalty is
Demonological Theory – people who commit crimes are possessed or retribution
influenced by demons c. man is responsible for his acts
d. punishment should be attached to a criminal act and there should
Divine Will Theory – God forced people to commit crimes so that they be a scale of punishment to all person committing the same crime,
would be penalized for their sins irrespective of age, sex, color, creed, or circumstances.

Distinctions between Crime and Sin (tabulate in ppp) ✓ Free Will Theory (Classical School by Becarria) – people will
commit crime if they enjoy more pleasure and feel less pain
Crime Sin
✓ Utilitarianism – criminal behavior occurs when actor/offender
- an act or omission against the - an act or omission against the considers it useful, purposeful and reasonable
penal law of the state Divine Law
B. Neo-Classical School – counteracted the sweeping theory of
Classical School about free will; lunatics and minors do not
- upon conviction, penalty is - upon conviction, penalty is have the capacity to grasp the impact and consequences of
imposed during the lifetime of imposed in the afterlife their behaviors and cannot be held accountable for their acts.
the person (Postmodernist Crminologists)
C. Positivist School – concerned with the scientific explanation to
crime and criminal behavior (Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo,
Sheldon, Kretchmer)
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✓ Criminal Atavism (Lombroso) – criminals are born with EARLY SOURCE OF CRIMINAL LAW
some physical characteristics identified with criminal
behavior 1) CODE OF HAMMURABI
Theories of the Positivist School - Hammurabi, the king of Babylon during the eighteenth
a. man is subdued occasionally by a strange and morbid phenomenon century BC, is recognized as the first codifier of laws
which conditions him to do wrong in spite of or contrary to his own - it provides the first comprehensive view of the laws in
volition the early days
b. crime is essentially a social and moral phenomenon and it cannot - the Code was carved in stone
be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment, but - the “law of talion”, or the principle of “tit for tat”,(an eye
through the enforcement of individual measure for an eye, tooth for a tooth) appears throughout the Code
c. basis of criminal responsibility is person’s dreadfulness or - under the principle of the law of talion, the punishment
dangerous state should be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim

Cartographic School – crime is a necessary expression of social 2) THE HITTITES

conditions; caused by conflict between laws and group values - the Hittites existed about two centuries after Hammurabi
(Quetelet and Guerry) and eventually conquered Babylon

Socialist School – based on the writings of Marx and Angels, poverty - rape, sexual intercourse with animals, defiance of the
results from private ownership of the means of production and from authority and sorcery were all punishable by death
exploitation of the working classes (Marx and Angels) - the law of homicide provided for the restitution to the victim’s
heirs
Sociological School – emphasizes “imitation” in crime causation; one - law enforcement and judicial functions were placed in the
behaves according to the customs of the society; if a man steals or kills hands of commanders of military garrisons
another, he is merely imitating someone else (Durkheim, Reckless, 3) CODE OF DRAKON
Tarde, Sutherland) - knows as the “ultimate in severity”
- codified by Drakon, the Athenian lawgiver of the seventh
Psychiatric School – a certain organization of personality develops century BC
entirely apart from normal culture and will result in criminal behavior
regardless of social institutions Highlights of the Code of Drakon
- death was the punishment for almost every offense
▪ Aichorn – claimed that a delinquent is formed on the first few - murderers might avoid execution by going into exile; if they
weeks of the child’s life return to Athens, it was not a crime to kill them
- death penalty was administered with great brutality
Why must society be interested in crime? 4) LAWS OF SOLON
- Solon was appointed archon and was given legislative powers
1. Crime is pervasive – no one is spared from crime regardless of - Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of Drakon, except the
their status in life; it affects almost all people of society. law on homicide
2. Crime is expensive – the high cost of crime - Solon was one of the first to see that a lawgiver had to make
3. Crime is destructive – destroys life, property, morality laws that applied equally to all citizens and also saw that the law of
4. Crime is reflective – reflects social state and conditions punishment had to maintain proportionality to the crimes committed
5. Crime is progressive – it progresses as society progress
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Mala in se 1. Kallikak Family Tree – Martin Kallikak, an American

- acts which are thought to be wrong in and of themselves. revolutionary soldier who had illicit relations with a
- which are viewed as inherently bad (e.g., rape, murder) feeble-minded girl. Had descendants from his lineage
that included feeble-minded, illegitimates, epileptics,
Mala prohibita criminals, etc.
– acts which are wrong only because society says they are.
- are not inherently bad but viewed as wrong simply because 2. Juke Family Tree – Ada Juke was known as “Margaret,
the law says so (e.g., mistreating an oyster) . the Mother of Criminals”

Some studies about Crime Causation 3. Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree – a famous preacher
whose family tree was traced and found to be composed
GIAMBATTISTA DELA PORTA (1535-1615) of people of high social stature
• Italian physician who founded the school of human
physiognomy, the study of facial features and their relation to CHARLES GORING
human behavior; the study of judging a person’s character from - also studied phrenology or craniology which deals with the study
facial features to determine whether the shape of the ears, nose of the external formation of the skull indicating the conformation of
and eyes and the distances between them were associated with the brain and the development of its various parts which is directly
anti-social behavior . related to the behavior of the criminal
• - criminal characteristics were inherited and recommended that
JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER (1741-1801) people with such characteristics should not be allowed to
• Swiss theologian who believed that people’s true characters reproduce
and inclinations could be read from their facial features - people with epilepsy, insanity and feeblemindedness were among
those who should not be allowed to have children .
Physiognomy
This is the study of the relationship between the facial features JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEIM (1776-1832)
and human conduct of a person in relation to his crimes. • German phrenologist who was the assistant of Gall
• Used by Becarria and Lavater to discover the character of a • he was the man most responsible for popularizing and
person spreading phrenology to a wide audience
• person’s outer appearance (face) giving insight into one’s
character & personality
THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Phrenology or Craniology – Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
This is the study of the external formation of the skull that SIGMUND FREUD (The Ego and the Id, 1927), explains that to be
indicates the formation of the brain and the development of its various normal, there must be a proper balancing of the Id, Ego, and the Super-
parts in relation to the behavior of the criminal. ego components of the psyche. Imbalance or disharmony may make
the individual neurotic.
Study of Physical Defects and Handicap in Relation to Crimes
– leaders of notorious criminal groups are usually nicknamed in • . Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes childhood experiences as
accordance with their physical defects and handicaps critically important in shaping adult personality. It stresses the
role of the unconscious in motivating human actions.
Study of Heredity as the causes of Crimes • Psychoanalysis – a branch of psychiatry that employ the
Proofs to show the role of heredity in the development of Freudian Personality theory and a specific treatment period
criminality:
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-Under this theory our mind is divided into two parts structure, organization, characteristics, and unique inhabitants.
[Link] conscious mind– it consists of whatever sensations and The zones extended out from downtown central business
experiences you are aware of at a given moment of time. district to the commuter zone at the fringes of the city and came
2. The Unconscious mind- a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges and to be known as the Concentric Zone Theory. Clifford R. Shaw
memories and Henry D. McKay based much of their work on this model.

Three Divisions of the Psyche according to Sigmund Freud EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND – an American authority in criminology
who in his book Principles of Criminology considers criminology at
1. Id – impulses or instincts of social drives that are inherited and present not a science but has hopes of becoming a science
present at birth; the person is prepared to behave only based • He is best known for Differential Association Theory wherein it
on pleasure principle states that criminal behavior is learned behavior and learned via
social interaction with others
2. Ego – personality system controls gateway to action; operates • He defined the White-collar crimes as committed by a person of
on the basis of expediency; the physical organization between responsibility and upper socio-economic class in the course of
man’s sensory stimuli and his motor activity; behavior is based occupational activities
on reality principle. • Dean of Modern Criminology
Differential Association Theory (DAT)
3. Super-ego – represents internalization of parental conscience • People learn to commit crime from exposure to anti-social
and the rules of society, and functions to reward and punish definitions.
through a system of moral attitudes, conscience, and a sense of • Principles of DAT:
guilt; behavior is based on conscience principle
1. Criminal behavior is learned, and is a by-product of interacting
Emile Durkheim developed the Anomie theory. with others.
• He defines anomie (normlessness) as the breakdown of social 2. Learning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal
order as a result of the loss of standards and values. groups.
• Crime to him is normal. When a simple society develops into a 3. Learning criminal behavior involves assimilating the techniques
modern, urbanized one, the intimacy needed to sustain a of committing crime, including motives, drives, rationalizations,
common set of norms declines. and attitudes.
• Anomie Theory -there exists a state where norms (expectations 4. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from
on behaviors) are confused, unclear or not present and leads to perceptions of various aspects of the legal code as favorable or
deviant behaviors. unfavorable.
5. A person becomes criminal when he or she perceives more
Robert Ezra Park- he is best known for “ Human Ecology Theory “ and favorable than unfavorable consequences to violating the law.
“Concentric Zone Theory” 6. Differential associations may vary in frequency and duration,
The Human Ecology Theory- is the study of interrelationship of people priority and intensity.
and their environment. 7. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with
criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the
Concentric Zone Theory mechanisms that are involved in any other learning process.
• Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess introduced an ecological 8. Although criminal behavior expresses general needs and
analysis of general social problems and examined area values, it is not excused by those general needs and values
characteristics instead of criminals for their explanations of because non-criminal behavior also expresses the same needs
high crime. They developed the idea of natural urban areas, and values.
which consisted of concentric zones, each with its own
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Ernest W. Burgess some traits have developed differently for different subsets of
people.
• Burgess is an advocates of the Social Disorganization Theory • He believed that deviant behaviour is due to “ low mentally
which links crime rates to neighborhood, ecological grade”.
characteristics.
• Together with park, Burgess developed the Concentric Zone William H. Sheldon
Theory. • William H. Sheldon’s Somatotyping Theory maintains the belief
of inheritance as the primary determinanats of behavior and the
Social Disorganization Theory- physique is a reliable indicator of personality.
Focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that
affect crime rates. Types of Body Physique Temperament (Sheldon’s “Varieties of
• Social Disorganization Theory- Focuses on the conditions Delinquent Youth”)
within the urban environment that affect crime rates.
• absence or breakdown of communal institutions and communal a. Endomorphic – viscerotonic temperatment; development of
relationship that traditionally encouraged cooperative digestive relaxation of the body; a tendency to put on fat; loves
relationships among people. soft roundness; short, extrovert persons; tapering limbs, small
• Residents in those areas experience conflict and despair and as bones, smooth velvety skin
a result antisocial behavior flourishes. b. Mesomorphic – somotonic temperament; active, predominance
of muscles, dynamic, walks, talks, and gestures assertively,
Ernest Kretschmer become popular in the field of criminology, large wrist, behaves aggressively
for his work on “body physique and character” in 1925. c. Ectomorphic – cerebrotonic temperatmint; introvert,
predominance of skin, lean, fragile, delicate body; less social
Classification of types of physiques and the types of crimes they and more intellectual
are prone to commit (Kretschmer):
Walter C. Reckless
1. Pyknic type – stout and with round bodies; they tend to commit • He is popularly known for Containment Theory criminality is
deception, fraud, and violence brought about by the inability of the group to contain the
behavior of its members and that containment is better attained
2. Athletic type – muscular and strong are usually connected with when the group is homogeneous, isolated, undisturbed by
crime of violence immigration and cultural clash
• In Containment Theory A person is pushed or pulled toward
2. Asthenic type – those who are skinny and slender; their crimes delinquency and when these pushes and pulls break through
are petty thievery and fraud. outer containment from family members,friends ,teachers,etc.
and inner containment from moral and religious belief (which
4. Dysplastic or mixed type – those who are less clear and evident insulates a person against crime), a person engages in criminal
having any dominant type; their offenses are against decency and behavior.
morality
THE Late 2oth TWENTIETH CENTURY: Contemporary Pioneers
THE Middle TWENTIETH CENTURY
• Robert Merton borrowed the term anomie from Durkheim. The
• Earnest A. Hooton is popularly known in the field of criminology real problem, according to Merton, is created not by sudden
for his” Criminal Physical Inferiority Theory” in which he argues social change, as claimed by Durkheim, but by a social
that human development has not been uniform but rather that structure that holds out the same goals to all its members
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without giving equal means to achieve them. He advocate the • He advocated the General Strain Theory, a revision of strain
”Strain Theory” theory and addressed many criticisms of the original strain
theory.
Strain Theory • General Strain Theory is based on the idea that “ when people
Branch of social structure theory that sees crime as a are treated badly they may get upset and engage in crime”.
function of the conflict between people’s goals and means •
available to obtain them. • ADOLPH QUETELET
• – one of first social scientists to use objective mathematical
Theory of Anomie version of Robert Merton. techniques to investigate influence of social factors on
propensity to crime.
• People who adopt the goals of society but lack the means to • Advocated Cartographic School
attain them seek alternatives, such as crime. People who • Cartographic School crime is a necessary expression of social
undergo such frustration may adapt to: conditions; caused by conflict between laws and group values
(Quetelet placed emphasis on social statistics
✓ Conformity – remains law abiding
✓ Innovation – exert extra-legal means to achieve material OTHER THEORIES AND PIONEERS
success
✓ Ritualism – no goal for material success; law abiding • DR. CHARLES GORING – an English statistician who studied
✓ Retreatism – no goal for success; not law abiding the face history of 2,000 convicts and found that heredity is
✓ Rebellion – against the goals of the society more influential in determining criminal behavior than
environment
Travis Hirschi • RAFFAELLE GAROFALO – an Italian authority in criminology
• He advocated the Social Control Theory in his Causes of who classified crimes by motives; crime can be studied by a
Delinquency. scientific method; the criminal is not a free moral agent, but is
• He explained Social Bond Theory that people who are attached the product of his own traits and circumstances.
to elements of social bond are less likely to commit crimes. The • ALPHONSE BERTILLON – one who originated a system of
elements of social bond are: classifying criminals according to bodily measurements, called
✓ Attachment (to family, friends & community) Anthropometry
✓ Commitment (to future, career, success, personal goals) • EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND – an American authority in criminology
✓ Belief (in positive values) who in his book Principles of Criminology considers
✓ Involvement (in social and religious activities) criminology at present not a science but has hopes of
becoming a science
Howard Becker • GEORGE L. WILKER – argued that criminology cannot possible
• He advocated the Labeling Theory also known as Social become a science because it has no universal validity
Reaction Theory which is based on the idea that a social • ENRICO FERRI – an Italian who emphasized criminal behavior
deviant is not inherently deviant individual, rather they become upon, a) social factors, b) physical factors, c) anthropological
deviant because they are labeled as such. factors, d) economic-political factors
• People enter into law-violating careers when they are labeled • HENRY GODDARD – advocated the theory that feeble-
and organize their personalities around the labels. This is the mindedness causes crime for the reason that feeble-minded
effect of stigma person is unable to appreciate the consequences of his
Robert Agnew behavior and cannot appreciate the meaning of law
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• JOHN HOWARD – the great prison reformer who wrote “The motivated by their addiction and often lack the planning and skill of
State of Prisons in England” in 1777, after a personal professional robbers[1][3].
investigation of practically all the prisons in England
• CYRIL BURT (“Young Delinquent”’ 1925), said many offenses 4. **Thrill Seekers**: These individuals commit robbery for the thrill or
can be traced to either in excess or a deficiency of a particular excitement it provides. They may engage in criminal activities as a form
instinctive drive. (Theory of General Emotionality) of self-expression or to experience a sense of power. Thrill seekers are
• THOMAS HEALY (“Individual Delinquency”), claimed that crime motivated by a desire for excitement and often lack the long-term
is an expression of the mental content of the individual. financial motivations of professional robbers[1][3].
• WALTER BROMBERG (Crime and the Mind, 1948), claimed that These categories help criminologists understand the different
criminality is the result of emotional immaturity. motivations and behaviors of robbers, which can inform crime
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels- Socialist School based on the prevention and intervention strategies.
writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, poverty results from
private ownership of the means of production and from
exploitation of the working classes.
• DAVID ABRAHAMSEN (“Crime and the Human Mind”, 1945),
explained the causes of crime by this formula:
• “Criminal Behavior (C) equals criminalistics tendencies (T) plus
crime inducing situation (S) divided by the person’s mental or
emotional resistance to temptation (R)”
• C=T+S
R

John Conklin's typology of robbers categorizes robbers into four

distinct groups based on their motivations, methods, and
characteristics.

These categories are:

1. **Professional Robbers**: These individuals engage in robbery as a

full-time occupation, often with specialized skills and planning. They
typically operate in groups and target high-value targets. Professional
robbers are motivated by profit and often have a high level of expertise
in their criminal activities[1][3].

2. **Opportunistic Robbers**: These individuals commit robbery

opportunistically, often without much planning or skill. They may target
victims who are vulnerable or easily intimidated. Opportunistic robbers
are motivated by immediate needs or desires, such as financial
difficulties or a desire for material possessions[1][3].

3. **Addict Robbers**: These individuals commit robbery to support

their drug addiction. They may engage in criminal activities to obtain
money for drugs or to trade drugs for other goods. Addict robbers are
 14

CRIM2 3. Theory helps us understand what we don’t know and guide to

research.
Theories of Crime Causation • Lesson 3: Development of Theory

TOS NO.1: Recall and explain the fundamentals of crime causation with 3 stages of theory development
emphasis on biological or medical, psychological, psychiatric, and 1. Speculative- attempts to explain what is happening
sociological determinism 2. Descriptive- gathers descriptive data to describe what is really
happening.
Understanding The Basic Philosophy of Social Norms and Ethics 3. Constructive- revised old theories and develops new ones
Human Mind and Behavior in Relation with the Social Norms and based on continuing research.
Ethics
3 kinds of Reasoning (Thompson,2006)
Understanding the human mind is the main concept of the 1. Inductive Reasoning- Specific Observation to General
psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud. According to Freud , the Conclusion
human mind has 3 level of awareness. 2. Deductive Reasoning- General Conclusion to Specific
Observation
✓ The conscious level serve as the scanner that allows you to 3. Abductive Reasoning- Incomplete Observations to Best
perceive an event, trigger a need to react and then depending Predictions (maybe true).
on the importance of the event. • Hypotheses- is a tentative assumption made in order to draw
✓ The subconscious is the storage point for any recent memories out and test its logical or empirical consequences.
needed for quick recall. • Lesson 4: Formula of Crime Causation
✓ The unconscious mind is where all your memories and past
experiences reside CRIME is also a generic name that refers to offense, felony and
delinquency or misdemeanor
Examining the Theoretical Foundation of Crime Causation • Offense- Is an act or omission that is punishable by special
laws. (Example: Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees, Executive
Theory- is a statement that explains the relationship between abstract orders,etc.)
concepts in a meaningful way. • Felony- Is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised
Social theory-defined as the systematic set of interrelated statements Penal Code..
or principles that explain aspects of social life. • Delinquency/Misdemeanor- acts that are in violation of simple
Components of Theory rules and regulations usually referring to acts committed by
[Link]- symbolic representation of an actual thing (table,chair). minor offenders
[Link]-expresses the relationship between two or more concepts
or constructs. Risk Factors Associated with Crime
Construct is the word for concepts with no physical referent 1. Poverty
(democracy,learning,freedom) . One type of construct in theory is 2. Unemployment
Variable.
3. Peer Pressure
Why is Theory Important ???
4. Religious Influences
Moore enumerated the importance of Theory 5. Drug Involvement
1. Theory provides concept to what we observe and to explain
relationships between concepts.
2. Theory is used to enhance the growth of the professional area
 15

The Normality of Crime the basis of criminal law is the sum of social and economic phenomena
which conditions man to do wrong in spite of or contrary to his volition.
David Emile Durkheim maintained that criminality is a “normal”
factor rather than pathological one. He indicates that “ crime is 1. Cesare Lombroso –leader of the positivist world view. An
normal because a society. Italian physician who studied the brain of criminals. He has
been called as the Father of Modern Criminology.

Dr. David Abrahamsen’s Theory of the Etiology of Criminal Acts 2. Rafaelle Garofalo- an Italian criminologist and student of
According to him “ Crime is a product of the individual’s Lombroso who classified crimes by motives; crime can be
tendencies and the situation of the moment interacting with his studied by a scientific method.
mental resistance. - The roots of criminal behavior is their psychological
o C (the act) = T ( Criminal Tendency) + S (Total Situation) equivalents which he called “moral anomalies”.
o R( Resistance to Temptation) 3. Enrico Ferri- He argued that criminals should not be held
morally responsible for their crimes due to economic, social
THE FUNDAMENTAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN EXPLAINING CAUSES and political factors (moral responsibility).
OF CRIME
• Positivist School of thought maintains the following:
1. CLASSICAL SCHOOL – • That the crime as a social and moral phenomenon which cannot
• A theory which states that the basis of criminal liability is the be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment but
man’s free will to choose between good and evil. rather rehabilitation.
• basic criminal liability is human free will and purpose of penalty • That the most serious crimes were committed by individuals
is retribution who were “primitive” or “atavist
• punishment should be attached to a criminal act and there Exploring Biological Theories of Crime Causation
should be a scale of punishment to all person committing the
same crime, irrespective of age, sex, color, creed, or TOS NO2: Biological theories of crime causation
circumstances
A. Cesare Beccaria – leader of the classical school. A. Biosocial Theory
B. Jeremy Bentham- governed the principle of UTILITARIANISM . Biosocial theory viewed that both thought and behavior have
biological and social bases. Biosocial theorists believe the interaction
Bentham’s Hedonistic calculus/ Felicity involved weighing of pleasure between predisposition and environment (Siegel et al.,2007).
versus pain. It emphasized the principle that people have freewill to
choose their behavior. It further believed the doctrine “ nullum crimen 1. Biochemical conditions (e.g. linked to poor diet or hormone
poena sine lege” imbalance)
Let the punishment fit the crime • Views that crime y, especially violence, are the result of diet,
vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance and other biological
2. NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL - Argued that certain individuals cannot causes.
exercise free will intelligently by reason of age, mental condition,
minority, insanity, or duress. Group of intellectuals in the British Hormone Levels-Emphasizes that antisocial behaviour allegedly
Parliament headed by peaks in the teenage years because hormonal activity is at its highest
Sir William Blackstone. level during this period.
“Let the children and lunatic criminals be exempted from punishment”.

3. The ITALIAN OR POSITIVIST SCHOOL - A theory which states that

 16

• Serotonin: Low levels of serotonin have been linked to C. Family Studies related to Crime Causation
aggression, impulsiveness, and risk-taking behaviors – traits Advocates
contributing to criminality in some individuals.
• Dopamine: Dopamine is associated with reward and pleasure. 1. KALLIKAK FAMILY
• Testosterone: While the relationship is complex, some studies The book follows the genealogy of Martin Kallikak, Deborah's great-
suggest that higher levels of testosterone might be correlated great-great grandfather, a Revolutionary War hero married to a
with increased aggression and risk-taking. Quaker woman. On his way back from battle the normally morally
upright Martin dallied one time with a "feeble-minded" barmaid. He
2. Neurological conditions impregnated her and then abandoned her.
Explains that crime occur because the individual suffers from brain
impairment or abnormality in the structure of the brain. Henry H. Goddard and Elizabeth Kite

2.1 Minimal Brain Dysfunction 2. Juke Family Tree – Ada Juke was known as “Margaret, the Mother of
-defined as the damage to the brain itself that causes antisocial Criminals”
behavior. -Henry H. Goddard, Richard L. Dugdale & Arthur H. Estabrook
(type of MBD is Learning Disability)
3. Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree – a famous preacher whose
3. Genetic Influences- Explains that delinquent traits and predisposition family tree was traced and found to be composed of people of high
to criminality are inherited from parents. social stature
3.1 Parent-Child Similarities- West and Farrington made a study that a • Lesson 7 : Somatotyping Theory
significant number of delinquent youths • Somatotyping Theory- is a theory which associates body
have criminal fathers. physique to behaviour and criminality.
3.2 Sibling and Twin Similarities- Monozygotic twins have delinquent
and antisocial behavior pattern than that Ernest Kretschmer become popular in the field of criminology, for his
same-sex fraternal dizygotic. work on “body physique and character” in 1925.
3.3 Adoption Studies- Mednick and Hutchings found out that [Link] type –medium, eight, rounded figure, massive neck
adoptees share many of behavioral characteristics 2. Athletic type – medium to tall,muscular and strong
of their biological parent than their adoptive 3. Asthenic type – lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders
homes.
William H. Sheldon
[Link] Theory Types of Body Physique Temperament (Sheldon’s “Varieties of
Evolutionary Theory- explains the existence of aggression and violent Delinquent Youth”)
behaviour as positive adaptive behaviours in human evolution a. Endomorphic – viscerotonic temperatment; development of
a. Cheater Theory- subpopulation of men has evolved with genes that digestive relaxation of the body; a tendency to put on fat; loves
incline them toward low parental involvement and become sexually soft roundness
aggressive. (attractive to younger and less intelligent women. b. Mesomorphic – somotonic temperament; active, predominance
b. R/K selection Theory- of muscles, behaves aggressively
R-(oriented)- more deceptive (people who commit crime seem to exhibit c. Ectomorphic – cerebrotonic temperatmint; introvert,
R-selection trait such as frequent sexual activity. predominance of skin, lean, fragile, delicate body; less social
K-(oriented)- more cooperative and more intellectual
 17

Earnest A. Hooton is popularly known in the field of criminology for

his” Criminal Physical Inferiority Theory. Routine Activity Theory
Criminals are less often married, have tattoos and have beards. • A series of papers by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus K. Felson
Tall and slender men- murder and robbery first articulated routine activities theory.
Slender Tall medium heavy men- forgery • The volume and distribution of predatory crime are closely
short-slender-burglary related to the interaction of three variables that reflect the
Short-medium-heavy-arson routine activities.
Short-heavy men-sex offenses • The availability of suitable targets, such as homes containing
• Lesson 8: Physiognomy goods that are easily sold.
• 2. The absence of capable guardians, such as police,
Physiognomy homeowners, neighbors, friends, and relatives.
This is the study of the relationship between the facial features • 3. The presence of motivated offenders, such as a large number
and human conduct of a person in relation to his crimes. of teenagers.
GIAMBATTISTA DELA PORTA (1535-1615)
Italian physician who founded the school of human physiognomy. Victim Precipitation Theory
Victim precipitation theory viewed some people actually initiate the
JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER (1741-1801) confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death. Victim
• Swiss theologian who believed that people’s true characters precipitation can be
and inclinations could be read from their facial features Active Precipitation Occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats
• Lesson 9: Phrenology or fighting words, or even attack first.
Passive Precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal
Phrenology-This is the study of the external formation of the skull that characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the
indicates the formation of the brain. attacker
Derived from the theory of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
General Deterrence and Specific Deterrence Theory
JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEIM (1776-1832) General Deterrence Theory- aimed making potential criminals fear the
German phrenologist who was the assistant of Gall. He was the man consequences of crime showing that offenders must receive
most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide punishment .
audience Specific Deterrence Theory- offenders are punished so severely, the
experience will convince them not to repeat illegal acts
Nature Theory
Nature theory holds that low intelligence is genetically determined and Incapacitation Theory
inherited. Goddard supported this theory. Incapacitation Theory stands to reason that if more criminals are sent
He believed that delinquency is due to “ subnormal intelligence”. to prison the crime rate should go down. This supported the idea of
imprisoning criminals
Rational Choice Theory
Based on the classical school of criminology it holds that TO2 NO2: Psychological Theories of Crime Causation
person will engage in criminal behavior after weighing the
consequences and benefits of his/her action. Psychological theories expressed that criminal behavior was product of
-Criminal behavior is a rational choice made by the motivated offender “ unconscious” forces operating within person’s mind.
who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible
punishment or loss. Charles Goring – in his book entitled “ the English Convict: A Statistical
Study”, wherein he found out using 3,000 convicts as respondents that
 18

defective intelligence rather than physical characteristics was the main maintain that human actions are developed through learning
factor why person commit crime. experiences.
Daniel Tarde- he believed that people learn from one another through -originally created by John B. Watson and Burrhus Frederic
process of imitation. Skinner.

A. Psychodynamic or psychoanalytic theory C. Social Learning Theory

is based in the work of Sigmund Freud, who believed that three central • Albert Bandura maintains that individuals are not born with an
forces shape an individual’s personality : the id, the ego and the innate ability to act violently. He suggested that, in contrast,
superego. violence and aggression are learned through a process of
• delinquency is the result of the imbalance of the three learning experiences. In other words, children learn violence
components of personality: id, ego and superego. through the observation of others. Aggressive acts are modeled
• -The most basic human drive present at birth is eros, the after three primary sources:
instinct to preserve and create life. • (1) family interaction,
• Psychosexual Stages of Human Development • (2) environmental experiences,
• (3) the mass media.
1. Oral Stage (0-18 Months)
• A stage which the infant’s source of id gratification is -Misbehavior of children if left unchecked will persist until
the mouth. Infant gets pleasure from sucking and swallowing. adolescence
2. Anal Stage (18 Months-3 Years)
• When parents decide to toilet train their children during D. Cognitive Theory
anal stage, the children learn how much control on elimination
of body waste Cognitive is defined as an ability to process information. Cognitive
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years) theories of crime explain criminal behavior as a defect in moral
Genitals become the primary source of pleasure. thinking, thought processes, and mental development.
Children develops a sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex; Cognitive theories also help us to understand how an individual's
boys develop unconscious desires for their mother and become rivals personality and intelligence level are linked to delinquency.
with their father for her affection. . Jean William Fritz Piaget –make a systematic study of understanding
[Link] Stage (6-11 years) children based on his cognitive development theory
• Sexual interest is relatively inactive in this stage. More
interest in schoolwork, riding bicycles playing house and E. Moral Development Theory
sports. Lawrence A. Kohlberg in this theory suggested that people travel
5. Genital Stage (11 Years on) through stages of moral development and that is possible that serious
• This refers to the start of puberty , beginning of adult offenders have a moral orientation that differs from those law-abiding
sexuality citizens. He found out that criminals were found to be poor in
• Electra Complex – This refers to an occasion where in girls judgement than those non-criminals.
experience an intense emotional attachment for their fathers -Moral development suggest that people obey the law to avoid
(daddy’s girl). punishment.

B. Behavioral Theory F. Intergenerational Transmission Theory

• Intergenerational Transmission- refer to the socialization and
It was concerned with the study of observable behavior . It focuses on social learning that helps to explain the ways in which
particular stimulus and how people respond to that stimulus. It children growing up in a violent family learn violent roles.
 19

• Intergenerational Transmission- states that criminal and Other factors are IQ, body build and those mother who smoke and
antisocial parents tend to have delinquent and anti-social drink while pregnant.
children They also argued that if reward is greater than the expected
G. Alternative Theory punishment , there is increased likelihood of crime will be committed.
Focuses on assortative mating where female offenders tend to cohabit
with or get married to male offenders. K. Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory
Two main classes of explanations concerning why similar people tend This theory has been devised by Edward John M. Bowlby who
to get married or become sexual partners. expressed the notion that a child needs warmth and affection from
Social Homogamy- tend to choose each other as mates because of his/her mother or a mother substitute. According to him emotional
physical and social proximity bond between the infant and his mother is the most important
Phenotypic Assortment- people examine each other’s personality and phenomenon to social development.
behaviour and choose partners who are similar themselves. When a child is separated or is rejected by her/his mother
,anxious attachments may results. Habitual Criminals typically have
H. Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory inability to form bond or affection.
This theory suggests that
(1) The presence of criminal behaviour depends on whether or not TOS NO3 Apply and illustrate Sociological Theories in understanding
it is rewarded or punishment. the causes of crimes.
(2) The most meaningful rewards and punishment are those given
by groups that are important in an individuals life (peer group, A. Social Disorganization Theory- was created by Clifford R. Shaw
family, teachers). and Henry D. Mackay who link crime rates to neighborhood
Deviant behaviour learned through social processes. ecological characteristics.
-Ernest Burgess & Ronald L. Akers • absence or breakdown of communal institutions and communal
relationship that traditionally encouraged cooperative
I. Eysenck’s Conditioning Theory relationships among people.
Hans J. Eysenck claims in this theory that all human personalities may •
be seen in three dimensions such as -Primary causes of criminal behaviour were neighbourhood
1. Psychoticism-aggressive, egocentric & impulsive disintegration and slum condition, places which they called transitional
2. Extroversion-sensation-seeking, dominant & assertive neighbourhoods
3. Neuroticism- low self-esteem, anxiety & mood swings.
-He prepared a questionnaire called “ Eysenck Personality B. Concentric Zone Theory
Questionnaire “ (EPQ) and found out that criminals uniformly score • Concentric Zone Theory was pioneered by Ernest W. Burgess
higher than non-criminals. and Robert E. Park.

Conditioning in behavioral psychology is a theory that the reaction The Five (5) Concentric Zones
("response") to an object or event ("stimulus") by a person or animal Zone I (Central Business District)-hotel, offices, businesses and other
can be modified by 'learning', or conditioning commercial activities.
Zone II (Zone of Transition)-slated for expansion if business is good
J. Integrated Theory Zone III (Lower Income Working People)- slums
Proposed by James Q. Wilson & Richard Julius Hernstein. Zone IV (High Income Residences)- white collar families
The main concept of this theory is that the genes and environment is Zone V( Commuter Zone)-suburb where people work in the center.
the factor for some individuals to form the kind of personality that is - Transitional Inner-city zones= the area with heaviest
likely to commit crimes. concentration of crime appeared.
 20

C. Anomie Theory -He finds out that negative affective states produced by variety of
Emile Durkheim developed the Anomie theory. source of strains.
• He defines anomie (normlessness) as the breakdown of social 1. Strain caused by the failure to achieve positively valued goals.
order as a result of the loss of standards and values. 2. Strain caused by disjunction of expectation and achievements.
• Crime to him is normal. When a simple society develops into a 3. Removal of positively valued stimuli.
modern, urbanized one, the intimacy needed to sustain a 4. Presentation of negative stimuli.
common set of norms declines.
• Anomic Society- is one in which rules of behavior (norms) have G. Culture Deviance Theory
broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid This theory combines elements of both Strain and Social
social changes . Disorganization Theory to explain how people living in slum
neighborhoods react to isolation from the rest of society and economic
D. Strain Theory - crime is caused by the difficulty of those in deprivation. Because this lifestyle is extremely frustrating and draining,
poverty in achieving socially valued goals by legitimate means. members of the lower class often create their own independent
• Strain theory is a sociology and criminology theory developed subculture (a social unit with its own rules and values).
in 1938 by Robert K. Merton The middle-class culture emphasizes hard work, delayed gratification,
Strain Theory and education.
• a theory that sees crime as a function of the conflict between The lower class subculture emphasizes excitement, toughness,
people’s goals and means available to obtain them. fearlessness, immediate gratification, and "street smarts." Slum
-People who adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain dwellers are forced to violate the law because they obey the rules of the
them seek alternatives, such as crime. People who undergo such deviant culture in order to fit into their surroundings.
frustration may adapt to:
H. Delinquent Subculture Theory
✓ Conformity – remains law abiding Albert Cohen theory articulated in his book “Delinquent Boys”. He
✓ Innovation – exert extra-legal means to achieve material positioned that the delinquent behavior of lower class youth is actually
success protest against the norms and values of the middle class . Because
✓ Ritualism – no goal for material success; law abiding social conditions make them incapable of achieving success
✓ Retreatism – no goal for success; not law abiding legitimately, lower class youth form of culture conflict labels as status
✓ Rebellion – against the goals of the society frustration.
1. The Corner Boy- not chronic delinquent but may be truant who
E. Relative Deprivation Theory engage in petty or status offenses
This theory was proposed by Judith R. Blau and Peter M. Blau 2. The College Boy- embraces the cultural and social values of the
which clearly emphasizes that a sharp division between the rich and middle class. He actively strives be successfully by those
poor creates an atmosphere of envy and mistrust. Criminal motivation standards
is fuelled both by perceived humiliation and the perceived right to 3. The Delinquent Boy- join gang and willingly take risks and
humiliate a victim in return. violate the law
The constant frustration suffered by the deprived individuals
because of their economic status may lead to aggression I. Differential Opportunity Theory
A classic work of Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin. The main
F. General Strain Theory concept of this theory states that people in all strata of society share
-Robert Agnew tries to explain why individuals who feel stress and the same success goals but those in the lower class have limited
strain are more likely to commit crimes. He suggest that criminality is means of achieving them. Because of this failure (differential
the direct result of negative affective states-the anger , frustration, opportunity) kids are also likely to join one of three type of gangs.
depression and disappointment . 1. Criminal Gangs- Exist in lower class areas, adult sJoining gang
 21

2. Conflict Gangs- tough adolescents who fight with weapons to 8. Learning delinquent behavior involves the same mechinsm
win respect from rival. Assault to person and property. involves in any other learning.
3. Retreatist Gang- failure in achieving goals in legitimate ways. 9. Criminal behavior expresses general needs and values, it is not
They tried violence and crime excused by those general needs and values because non-
J. Drift/ Neutralization Theory criminal behavior also expresses the same needs and values.
David C. Matza and Gressham M. Sykes viewed the process of
becoming criminal as learning experiences. L. Containment Theory
Subterranean Values- these are values that are condemned in public It was presented by Walter C. Reckless and assume that for every
but may practice privately. individual, there is exists a containing external structure and protective
-Matza argued that even the most committed criminals and delinquents internal structure.
are not involved in criminality all the time. This process is called drift- According to Reckless:
refers to movement from one behavior to another. Outer Containment (structure buffer that holds the person in bounds)
The following are the process of techniques of neutralization (drift = a role that provides a guide, a set of reasonable limits, opportunity to
away) achieve status, sense of belonging, identification with one or more
1. Denial of Responsibility- “They made me do it” persons.
2. Denial of Injury- denying the wrongfulness of their act. Inner Containment (personal control)- a good self-concept, self control,
3. Denial of Victim= blaming his victim strong ego, well-developed conscience, responsibility.
4. Condemnation of the Condemners= criminal would view the In Containment Theory A person is pushed or pulled toward
world as a corrupt place. delinquency and when these pushes and pulls break through outer
5. Appeal to Higher Loyalties= they are just loyal to their peer containment from family members,friends ,teachers,etc. and inner
group (gangs) containment from moral and religious belief (which insulates a person
against crime), a person engages in criminal behavior.
K. Differential Association Theory (DAT)
• Created by EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND –People learn to commit M. Social Bond Theory/Social Control Theory – maintain that
crime from exposure to anti-social definitions. everyone has the potential to become a criminal but most
• Principles of DAT: people are controlled by their bonds to society. People who are
1. Criminal behavior is learned, and is a by-product of interacting attached to elements of social bond are less likely to commit
with others. crimes. The elements of social bond are:
2. Learning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal ✓ Attachment (to family, friends & community)
groups. ✓ Commitment (to future, career, success, personal goals)
3. Learning criminal behavior involves assimilating the techniques ✓ Belief (in positive values)
of committing crime, including motives, drives, rationalizations, ✓ Involvement (in social and religious activities)
and attitudes. Travis Hirschi advocated this theory.
4. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from
perceptions of various aspects of the legal code as favorable or N. Social Reaction: Labelling Theory
unfavorable. Howard Becker advocated the Labeling Theory also known as
5. A person becomes delinquent when he or she perceives more Social Reaction Theory which is based on the idea that a social
favorable than unfavorable consequences to violating the law. deviant is not inherently deviant individual, rather they become
6. Differential associations may vary in frequency and duration, deviant because they are labeled as such.
priority and intensity. • People enter into law-violating careers when they are labeled
7. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with and organize their personalities around the labels. This is the
criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the effect of stigma and self-image.
mechanisms that are involved in any other learning process.
 22

• Stigmatization-people who have been negatively labeled • Lesson 2: Battered Woman Syndrome
because of their participation in deviant world. • Battered Woman Syndrome- term to describe women who are
• Self-Labeling- person who has been negatively labeled stuck within or have recently left a violent relationship
accept the label. characterized by the cycle of violence.
• Self-fulfilling Prophecy-response to an earlier labeling B. Battered Woman Syndrome
experience. Under the “ Battered Woman Syndrome” as articulated by Lenore E.
• Dramatization of Evil- social typing transforms the Walker, clarify the three basic stages of domestic violence.
offender’s identity from a “doer of evil” to “ an evil person” 1. TENSION between the pair. The batterer begins to assert his or
Topic: Apply and illustrate Economic theories in Understanding the her power over the victim in an attempt to control the victim’s
Causes of Crimes. actions
2. VIOLENT INCIDENT This is the shortest of the three but the
Karl Marx’s Theory most dangerous. Batterers decide to teach the victim a lesson
Karl Heinrich Marx, in his famous “ Communist Manifesto” view crime and will usually injure the victim.
as the product of law enforcement policies . 3. HONEYMOON OR LOVING CONTRITION. During this last phase
-Connection of criminality to “capitalist system” of the cycle of violence, the batterer usually begins an intense
2 Components in the mode of production effort to win forgiveness and ensure that the relationship will
1. Productive forces-technology, energy sources, and material not break up.
resources. • Lesson 3: Postpartum Stress Syndrome & Postpartum
2. Productive relations-people producing goods Psychosis.
Important relationship in the industry
1. Capitalist bourgeoisie- -owner of production. C. Postpartum Stress Syndrome- causes feelings of anxiety and
2. Proletariat- people who do actual labor. self-doubt. The woman become a perfect mother and wife , but
3. Lumpen Proletariat-produce nothing and live at the same time she feels exhausted and overwhelmed.
• Chapter 8: Stating the Biopsychosocial Theories of Crime
Causation Postpartum Psychosis- uncommon to woman, PPP developing within
few days after childbirth.
TOS NO4 Explain and correlate bio-psychosocial theories of the causes Signs: hearing voices, thought of hurting oneself or baby , no sleep for
of crimes. 48 hours, etc.

A. Premenstrual Syndrome Anhedonia or depressed mood-(the inability to experience pleasure)

Premenstrual Syndrome- refers to onset of the menstrual cycle that Baby blues- (feeling of sadness are interspersed with periods of
triggers excessive amounts of the female sex hormones, which affect happiness).
antisocial, aggressive behavior.
The link between premenstrual syndrome and delinquency was first IDENTIFYING THE POLITICAL/SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIES OF CRIME
popularized more then 25 years ago by Katharina Dorothea K. Dalton
indicates that these females are more likely to commit suicide and be A. Left Realism
aggressive. • Left Realism Theory- this was devised by John Lea and Jock
Diana H. Fishbein- She further argues that Young. They argued that crime victims in all classes need and
1. A significant number of incarcerated females committed their deserve protection. Crime happens when a person is being
crimes during premenstrual phase. deprived economically plus the governing body in the
2. Women vulnerable to cyclical hormonal changes which makes community do not know how to render solutions to problems.
them prone to anxiety and hostility . The equation is very simple : Relative deprivation equals discontent:
discontent plus lack of political solutions equals crime.
 23

Ex: if thief succeeds in his first stealing, then there is a big possibility This is what John Laub and Robert Samson called as the turning
that he’ll keep repeating his criminal conduct. points: marriage and career.

B. Institutive-Constitutive Theory D. Difference Coercion theory

Barack and Stuart Henry’s devised this theory. People who are defined • According to Mark Colvin coercion begin in early life when
as committing criminals acts are at the same time being made unequal children experience punitive form of discipline including both
or “disrespected”; they are rendered powerless to maintain or express physical and psychological coercion.
their humanity.
2 aspects of crime 2 sources of coercion
1. Crime of repression- occurs when members of a group are 1. Interpersonal Coercion- is direct involving the sue of threat,
prevented from achieving their fullest potential because of intimidation from parents, peers and law enforcement officers.
racism, sexism and etc. 2. Impersonal Coercion- involves pressure beyond individual
2. Crime of reduction- occurs when the offended party control such as economic and social pressure
experiences a loss of some quality relative to his/her present (unemployment,poverty or competition.
standing.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
C. Identity Fusion Theory • Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design’ (CPTED) is a
It is define as a visceral feeling of oneness with the group that is crime prevention theory focusing on tactical design and the
associated with increase permeability of the boundary between the effective use of the built environment, which when applied,
personal and social self. It was created by William B. Swann Jr. and reduces both crime and the fear of crime. A main objective of
Michael D. Burhmester. CPTED is to reduce/remove the opportunity for crime to occur
in an environment, and promote positive interaction with the
Discussing the Developmental Theories of Crime Causation space by legitimate users.

A. Life Course theory • Chapter 2: Broken Windows Theory

Criminality according to this view , cannot be attributed to a single Broken Windows Theory
cause, not does it represent a single underlying tendency because The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that states that
people are influenced by different factors as they nature. visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an
-Multiple factors (maladaptive personality traits + educational failure urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder,
and family relations). including serious crimes.
-Heinous crimes would likely happen if minor offenses like snatching
B. Latent Trait theory left unresolved by law enforcement authorities. This theory suggests
Latent Trait theory- is complete opposite of the life course theory for an immediate solution to a problem even how minute it is to avoid
because this theory explains that people change over the life course the occurrence of a bigger or more complex problems.
while latent trait claims that people do not change; criminal Crime Pattern Theory
opportunities change; maturity bring fewer opportunities, social control Crime pattern theory is particularly important in developing an
like proper parenting can reduce criminal propensity understanding of crime and place, as it combines rational choice and
routine activities theory to help explain the distribution of crime across
C. Age-Graded theory places.
In Age-Graded Theory, the type of crime committed by a certain Crime pattern theory explores the interactions of offenders with
individual is consonance with his age of his age governs the type of their physical and social environments that influence offenders’
crime to be committed by him. choices of targets.
 24

CRIM3 a. Inherited Behavior – It refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes

exhibited by people because of their inherited capabilities or the
Human Behavior and Victimology process of natural selection e.g., the survival of species who are
dependent on behaviors like breathing, digesting food, mating and
Topic: Understand and interpret the concepts, theories, and evolution depending oneself.
of human development. b. Learned Behavior – It involves knowing or adaptation that enhances
human beings’ ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways
[Link] which improve the chances of survival. It may be acquired through
Behavior refers to the actions or organism or system, usually in environment or training e.g., good command of English, logical
relation to its environment, which includes the other organisms problem-solving technique, job skills, and other learned expertise that
or systems around as well as the physical environment. give people more control over their lives. It is this behavior that sets
▪ Behavior can also be defined as anything that you do that can human being apart from other animals.
be directly observed, measured, and repeated. Some examples
of behavior are reading, singing, holding hand and the like Factors that affect Human Behavior
(Ticao, 2004) a. Heredity – it is determined by the human genes; scientists
A. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR agree that genes influence several intelligences and special
Definition of Human Behavior aptitudes in athletics, mathematics, music, and science
- it is the voluntary or involuntary attitude a person adopts in although it is not the only factor involved in producing these
order to fit society’s idea of right or wrong characteristics
- it is partly determined by heredity and environment, and b. Environment – consists of the conditions and factors that
modified through learning surround and influence an individual
- it is also the way human beings act c. Learning – is the process by which behavior changes as a
Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior result of experience or practice
a. Neurological – emphasizes human actions in relation to events Causes of Conflicts in Human Behavior
taking place inside the body, especially the brain and the a. Physical Causes – refer to natural causes, like calamities, fire,
nervous system etc…
b. Behavioral – focuses on external activities that can be observed b. Social Conflicts – involve restrictions or rules in the home, the
and measured school, and in the community that interfere with an
c. Cognitive – it is concerned with the way the brain processes adolescent’s desires or interests
and transforms information in various ways c. Economic Conflicts – result from one’s inability to acquire
d. Psychoanalytical – emphasizes unconscious motives stemming material things because of poverty or other financial
from repressed sexual and aggressive impulses in obligations
childhood Human Behavior may also be Classified as:
e. Humanistic – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of a. Habitual – refers to demeanors which are resorted to in a
choice and motivation toward self-actualization regular basis; it may be further characterized as emotional
and language
Can be classified as either: b. Instinctive – these are human conducts that are unlearned and
1. Overt Behavior – An action which can be seen or observed by other inherent, said to be present at the birth of a person, and
people. significantly influenced by heredity
2. Covert Behavior – An action which cannot be directly observed but c. Symbolic – these are human conducts in response to stimuli
can be concluded from external actions such as thoughts, feelings and undertaken by means of substitution
other emotional expressions. d. Complex – refers to two or more habitual behavior which occur
Two Basic Types of Behavior in one situation
 25

Personality Dimensions that affect Human Behavior II. THEORIES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR
(P-E-N Model of Personality by Hans Eysenck)
Theories, and Evolution of Human Development
Types Characteristics Effects 1. Psychoanalytic Theory
1. Psychoticism Cold, cruel, social insensitivity, Impulse aggressive argues that people’s unconscious minds are largely responsible
disregard for danger, individual without for important differences in their behavior styles. Psychoanalytic theory
troublesome behavior, dislike of appreciable conscience emphasizes childhood experiences as critically important in shaping
others, attraction towards the or sense of morals adult personality. It stresses the role of the unconscious in motivating
unusual
human actions. This theory was initiated by Sigmund Freud (1856-
2. Extraversion Frequently seeks stimulation, Gets people in trouble,
excitement, and thrills has the greatest role in 1939).
crime and delinquency 2. Behavioral Personality Theory
3. Neuroticism Intensely reacts to stress, Enhances habits and It is a model of personality that emphasizes learning and
generally moody, touchy, influences the observable behavior.
sensitive to slights and anxious individual to behave in [Link] Learning theory
or nervous. ways that are It is an explanation of personality that combines learning
considered anti-social principles and, cognition, and the effects of social relationships.
4. Self-reinforcement theory
This is the praising or rewarding oneself for having made a
Guidelines for judging abnormal behavior particular response.
5. Identification Theory
1. Appropriateness (includes assessment of not only the behavior It is a feeling from which one is emotionally connected to a
itself but also the situation in which it is happening). person and a way of seeing oneself as himself or herself. The child
admires adults who love and care for him/her and this encourages
2. Flexibility (normal behavior tends to be flexible as a sign of imitation.
healthy behavior). 6. Cognitive Theory – cognitive approach looks at differences in the
way people process information to explain differences in behavior. This
3. Impulsivity (normal behavior is more likely to be a result of a perspective emphasizes the role of mental processes that underlie
consideration of its consequences with important decisions behavior (burger, 2000).
being given careful thought before implementation) abnormal Topic: Know the legal consequence on account of behavior issues
behavior, being uncontrolled or partially controlled needs and III .INSANITY
drives, tends to be impulsive. What is insanity?
A person is insane if he/she is not able to judge between
How People Interact: People intermingle by three psychological right and wrong. It is mentally inability in managing one’s affairs or to
positions or behavioral patterns called ego states: be aware of the consequences of one’s actions and it is established by
testimony of expert witnesses (Uriate, 2009).
[Link] ego state – One which may be characterized as protective,
idealistic, evaluative, righteous, refers to laws, rules and standards. COMMON TYPES OF INSANITY
[Link] ego state – One which centers more upon reason, factual, a. DEMENTIA PRAECOX - A collective term for mental disorders that
flexible, views as co-equal, worthy and reasonable human being. begin at or shortly after puberty and usually lead to general failure of
[Link] ego state – One which may be easily described as dependent, the mental faculties with the corresponding physiological impairment.
rebellious, selfish, demanding, impatient and emotional. Also known as Schizophrenia.
b. MANIC DEPRESSIVE (characterized by mania and mental
depression)
 26

c. SENILE – mental deterioration often accompanying old age be trained to do simple work under supervision; mental age may be
(Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease). compared to
Ruling on Insanity
4. McNaughten Rule- This requires that, should a person who c. Feeble-minded/Moderate/Mild – his mental defect is so
commits a crime be unable to recognize that the crime is pronounced such that he receives care and supervision for both his
morally or legally wrong due to mental disease and other’s protection; he is still incapable of receiving instruction in
5. Durkham Rule- This states that, “an accused is not criminally ordinary schools, lacks initiative and ability for work or responsibility
responsible if his unlawful act is the product of mental disease
or mental defect.” d. Morally Defective – in addition to mental defect, there are strong
What is Psychopathology? vicious and criminal propensities, so that he requires supervision and
Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental, emotional and control for the protection of others; he is devoid of moral sense; he is
behavioral disorders as well as abnormal or maladaptive behavior. careless, with a devil-may-car attitude

What is Criminal Psychology? Severe Mental Illness

1. Psychosis
● the study of the wills, thoughts, intentions and reactions of Psychosis came from the word “psyche”, for mind/soul, and “-
criminals, all that partakes in the criminal behavior osis”, for abnormal condition. It means abnormal condition of the mind,
Topic: Appropriate Responses to Offenders suffering from a mental and is generic psychiatric term for mental state often describe as
disorder involving
It is a serious mental and emotions disorders that are manifestations of
withdrawal from reality; some of these disorders are encephalitis,
IV. MENTAL DISORDER intoxication, cerebral arteriosclerosis, senile brain damage, mania,
What is Mental Disorder? dementia praecox, or split personality
Mental Disorder refers to the significant impairment in People suffering from psychosis are said to be psychoticIt has
psychological function the following characteristics: disorientation of time, place and/or
person: delusion and hallucination
Two Kinds of Mental Disorder Hallucination – An apparent or false perception without any
a. Mental Illness – when the mental disorder is the result of an corresponding external object, especially in psychiatry, any of the
illness; it is a type of disorder that can generally be treated in a hospital numerous sensations, auditory, visual or tactile experienced without
b. Mental Retardation – a disorder that starts even at childhood; it external stimulus and caused by mental derangement, intoxication or
is the result of the retardation of mental development; it is usually fever hence, may be a sign of approaching insanity.
untreatable, but a mentally retarded person can still receive a limited Delusion – A false belief; an idiosyncratic belief or impression
degree of education or training/ that is firmly maintained despite being contradicted by what is
generally accepted as reality or rational argument; typically, a symptom
Classifications of Mental Retardation of mental disorder.
a. Idiot/Profound – a person who is wanting in memory, willpower, . Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial personality – a
and emotion; he cannot express himself by language, cannot guard mental disorder where one, instead of compromising with reality,
himself against common physical dangers, and usually bear physical withdraw into his shell. The person may go to the other extremes and
abnormalities like microcephaly and mongolism (Down’s Syndrome); may become very aggressive and cruel in his behavior towards others
and when his antisocial behavior comes in conflict with the law, he
b. ImbecileSevere – he may be able to speak but with poor becomes a criminal.
command of the language; he cannot manage his own affairs; he may 2. Neurosis
 27

It is a class of functional mental disorder involving distress. A mild A.8. Control – a feeling of being controlled by other people
form of mental disorder; a person may have no physical difficulty, but A.9. Hypochondriacal – belief of suffering from an incurable disease
may experience lack of sleep, loss of appetite, and becomes A.10. Depression – feelings of uneasiness, worthlessness and futility
emotionally unhealthy A.11. Negation – feeling that some parts of the body are missing
Neurosis is also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, b. Obsession – thoughts and impulses which continually occur in
and thus those suffering from it are said to be neurotic. It involves the person’s mind despite attempts to keep them out
impaired social, intellectual and/or vocational functioning without
disorganization of personality or loss of contact of reality. 4. Trend of Thought Disorders
3. Psychosomatic Illness – implies an interrelationship of mind, a. Mania – the intense and uncontrollable desire of particular
body and desire; emotional disturbances may be accompanied by things or situation; a state of excitement accompanied by exaltation of
physiological changes such as faster heartbeat, gastronomical a feeling of well-being which is out of harmony with the surrounding
disturbances, increased strength, and other signs or symptoms of a circumstances of the patient
disease; psychosomatic disorders may include cols, asthma, ulcers, b. Melancholia – an intense feeling of depression and misery
allergy, circulatory disorders, sterility which is unwarranted by his physical condition and external
environment; a potentially suicidal state
Some Manifestations of Mental Illness Emotional
Cognition a. Exaltation – feeling of unwarranted well-being and happiness
1. Perception Disorders b. Depression – a feeling of miserable thought, believing that
a. Illusion – false interpretation of an external stimulus manifested something has gone wrong with his bodily function and prefers to be
through sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell silent and in seclusion
b. Hallucination – an erroneous perception without an external c. Apathy – serious disregard for the surrounding and the
object of stimulus environment
2. Memory Disorders d. Phobia – excessive, irrational, and uncontrollable fear of a
a. Dementia – a mental disorder resulting from the degeneration of perfectly natural situation or object Volition
the brain characterized by general mental weakness, forgetfulness, loss e. Impulsion – sudden and irresistible force compelling a person
of coherence, and total inability to reason but not accompanied by to the conscious performance of some action without motive or
uncontrollable impulse forethought
b. Amnesia – loss of memory; when the loss of memory is limited f. Compulsion – an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way,
to recent events, it is called anterograde amnesia; if memory loss especially against one’s conscious wishes.
includes past events or even general amnesia, it is call retrograde
amnesia ● Somnambulism – a condition whereby a person performs an act
3. Content of Thought Disorders while sleeping; a somnambulist has no recollection of events occurring
a. Delusion – a false or erroneous belief in something that is not a during the episode
fact ● Semi-somnolence or Somnolencia – when a person is half
A.1. Grandeur – false belief of possession of great wealth asleep or in a condition between sleep and being awake; a person may
A.2. Persecution – false belief of being persecuted be suddenly aroused and may unconsciously commit a criminal act
A.3. Reference – false belief of being the subject matter of while in this state of confusion.
conversations
A.4. Self-accusation – false belief of having offended others The following are means of resolving depression:
A.5. Infidelity – false belief in unfaithfulness a. Socializing- eating out, movies, ballgames with family or
A.6. Nihilistic – false belief that he is dead friends.
A.7. Poverty – belief that he is financially ruined or that he has no b. Helping others in need- Volunteer work, feeding the homeless,
money etc.
 28

c. Praying- works for all moods, especially depression (kahayon & Coping Mechanism- It is defined as the way people react to frustration.
Aquino, 1999) People differ in the way they react to frustration. This could be
attributed to individual differences and the way people prepared in the
developmental task they faced during the early stages of their life.
V. CONFLICT, FRUSTRATION AND COPING MECHANISM
Different Types of Reaction to Frustration
Conflict is a stressful condition that occurs when a person must 1. Direct approach – It can be seen among people who handle
choose between incompatible or contradictory alternatives. It is a their problems in a very objective way. They identify first the problem,
negative emotional state caused by an inability to choose between two look for the most practical and handy way to solve it and proceed with
or more incompatible goals or impulse (Uriarte, 2009). the constructive manner of utilizing the solution which will produce the
best results.
Kinds of Approach- Avoidance Conflict
a. Approach-Approach Conflict- In Approach- Approach Conflict, 2. Detour - When an individual realizes that in finding for the right
the individual must choose between two positive goals of solution of the problem, he always end up with a negative outcome or
approximately equal value. In this, two pleasing things are wanted but result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or change direction first and find
only one option should be chosen. out if the solution or remedy is there.

b. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict- Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict 3. Substitution - Most of time resulted to in handling frustration
involves more obvious sources of stress. The individual must choose when an original plan intended to solve the problem did not produce
between two or more negative outcomes the intended result. Thus, the most practical way to face the problem is
to look for most possible or alternative means.
c. Approach-Avoidance Conflict- Approach-Avoidance Conflict exist
when there is an attractive and unattractive part of both sides, arises 4. Withdrawal or retreat -It is corresponding to running away from
when obtaining a positive goal necessity a negative outcome as well. the problem or flight which to some is the safest way.

Frustration occurs when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of a 5. Developing feeling of inferiority – It comes when a person is
need. Man becomes anxious and restless and tries to seek means of unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positive result. Being
relieving these anxieties. So, he tries to engage in various forms of discouraged to go on working for a way to handle a frustration could
activities intended to satisfy his needs and reduces his tensions. result to diminishing self-confidence until the time when inferiority
Frustration in Human Behavior complex sets in.

Frustration Tolerance. It is the ability to withstand frustration without 6. Aggression - It is a negative outcome of a person's inability to
developing inadequate modes of response such as being emotionally handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior can be
depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic or becoming aggressive. observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both in the personal
and professional aspect. Use of Defense Mechanism – It is the most
Broad Reactions to Frustration tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last result when a
Fight – It is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or
and direct way by means of breaking down the obstacles preventing event. \
the person reaching his goals.
Flight – It can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming 7. Defense Mechanism – It is an unconscious psychological
indifferent and giving up. process that serves as safety valve that provides relief from emotional
conflict and anxiety.
 29

Common Defense Mechanisms child who identifies with his parents who are seen as models of
a. Displacement – A strong emotion, such as anger is displaced intelligence, strength and competence.
onto another person or object as the recipient of said emotion (anger)
rather than being focused on the person or object which originally was j. Fantasy – this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and
the cause of said emotion. unconscious drives do not materialize.
b. Rationalization – It is the defense mechanism that enables k. Regression – A person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking
individuals to justify their behavior to themselves and others by making or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage of development.
excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved arguments to
convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and l. Sublimation – It is the process by which instinctual drives
acceptable. which consciously unacceptable are diverted into personally and
socially accepted channels. It is a positive and constructive mechanism
c. Compensation – It is the psychological defense mechanism for defending against own unacceptable impulses and needs.
through which people attempt to overcome the anxiety associated with
feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is of personality or body
image by concentrating on another area where they can excel. BASIC TYPES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

d. Projection – It manifests feelings and ideas which are 1. Normal behavior- standard behavior accepted by society.
unacceptable to the ego or the superego and are projected onto others Normal Behavior This refers to a lack of significant deviation from the
so that they seem to have these feelings or ideas which free the average. It can also be defined as someone who conforms to the
individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with them. predominant behavior in a society.

e. Reaction formation – It is defined as the development of a trait Social norms – These are rules that a group uses for appropriate and
or traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.
recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain way but behaves
in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and 2. Abnormal behavior
impulses under control. What is Abnormal behavior ?
It is something deviating from the normal or differing from the
f. Denial – When a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and typical, is a subjectively defined behavioral characteristics, assigned to
deal with reality because of strong inner needs. those with rare or dysfunctional conditions.

g. Repression – It is an unconscious process whereby It may be abnormal when it is unusual, socially unacceptable,
unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are completely self-defeating, dangerous, or suggestive of faulty interpretation of
prevented from entering consciousness. reality or of personal distress (Rathus, 1991).
VI. DEPRESSION
h. Suppression – It is sometimes confused with that of repression. Depression is an illness that causes a person to feel sad and hopeless
It is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget much of the time. It is different from normal feelings of Sadness, grief,
emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out or low energy.
of his mind.
What are the different forms of Depression?
i. Identification - An individual seeks to overcome his own 1. Major Depressive Disorder- This is also called major
feelings of inadequacy, loneliness or inferiority by taking on the depression. It characterized by a combination of symptoms that
characteristics of someone who is important to him. An example is a interfere with person’s ability to work, sleep, study, eat and enjoy
 30

once¬¬ pleasurable activities. Major depression is disabling and external factors. This is an irresistible urge to engage in certain pattern
prevents a person from functioning normally. An episode of major of behavior.
depression may occur only once in person’s lifetime, but more often, It Impulsion – is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts
recurs throughout person’s life. that are repetitive and ritualistic. Pyromania – the irresistible urge to set
2. Dysthymic Disorder (or also referred as Dysthymia)- The fire.
symptoms don’t occur for more than two months at a time. Generally, Dipsomania – compulsive desire to take alcoholic drinks.
this type of depression is described as having persistent but less Kleptomania – the urge to steal.
severe depressive symptoms than Major depression.
3. Panic Disorder – this disorder keeps recurring attacks to a
3. Postpartum Depression- This is a major depressive episode that person of intense fear or panic, often with feelings of impending doom
occurs after having a baby. A new mother develops a major depressive of death. People with this condition have feelings of terror that strike
episode within one month after delivery. It is estimated that 10 to 15 suddenly and repeatedly with no warning.
percent of women experience postpartum depression after giving birth.
In rare cases, a woman may have severe form of depression called 4. Phobias is an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such
postpartum psychosis. She may act strangely, see or hear things that as snakes, heights, or flying. Phobia is an exaggerated, unrealistic fear
aren’t there, and be a danger to herself and her baby. of a specific fear of a specific situation, activity, or object.

VII. ANXIETY Topic: Classify and differentiate typologies of criminal behavior and
Anxiety is a psychological disorder that involves excessive levels of personality disorder.
negative emotions, such as nervousness, tension, worry, fright and
anxiety. Anxiety can cause such distress that it interferes with a VIII. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY DISORDER
person’s ability to lead a normal life (Lhaley, 2001).
1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Criminal Behavior refers to antisocial acts that place the actor at risk of
- PTSD is a condition that can developed following a traumatic becoming a focus of the attention of criminal and juvenile justice
and /or terrifying event, such as sexual or physical assault, the professionals. It refers to acts that are injurious, acts prohibited under
unexpected death of a loved one, or a natural disaster. People with the law and that render the actor subject to intervention by justice
PISD often have lasting and frightening thoughts and memories of the professionals (lud-ayen, 2006).
event, and tend to be emotionally numb.
● The Vietnam War appears to have produced an Copycat crime is crime inspired by another crime that has been
unprecedented 500,000 veterans with at least mild problems of PISD publicized in the news media or fictionally or artistically represented in
(Santrock, 2003). which the offender incorporates aspects of the original offense

2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – people with OCD are Personality refers to the sum total of typing ways of acting, thinking,
plagued by constant thoughts or fears that cause them to perform and feeling that makes each person unique. People are not alike. There
certain rituals or routines. are noticeable differences in the ways they act, think and feel. In other
words, different people have a variety of different personalities.
[Link] – This is an anxiety provoking thought that will not go
away. Thoughts and impulses which occur in the person’s mind despite ● The two types of personality according to Carl Jung are:
attempts to keep them out. They seem uncontrollable as if they do not a. Introvert- an introvert is a person whose attention is focused
belong to the individual's mind. inward. He/she is usually, reserved, and self-centered person.
b. Compulsion – It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform
some actions against his free will and with duress as a result of b. Extrovert- an extrovert is a person whose attention is directed
outward. He /she is a bold and outgoing person.
 31

Personality disorders are chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral others and needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas
patterns that are thoroughly integrated into the individual’s personality of his or her life
and that troublesome to others or whose pleasure sources are either [Link] Personality – This is characterized by suspiciousness,
harmful or illegal (Livesly, 2001). hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy, excessive selfimportance and
argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one's own
1. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) – APD is characterized by lack mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.
of empathy or conscience, a difficulty controlling, impulses and
manipulative behaviors. Antisocial behavior in people less than 18 [Link] Personality – Individuals with this personality disorder
years old is called conduct disorder. neither deserve nor enjoy close relationship. They live a solitary life
Manifestations: with little interest in developing friendships. They exhibit emotional
coldness, detachment or a constricted effect. It is characterized by lack
● Act in a way that disregards the feelings and rights of other of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary
people. lifestyle, secretiveness and emotional coldness.
● Anti-social personalities often break the law.
● Use or exploit other people for their own gain. [Link] Personality – This is characterized by attempt to be the
● They may lie repeatedly, act impulsively, and get into physical center of attention through the use of theatrical and self-dramatizing
fights. behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal relationships are
● They may mistreat their spouse, neglect or abuse their children stormy. It is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-
and exploit their employees. seeking including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate
● They may even kill other people. seductiveness usually beginning in early adulthood
● People with disorder are also sometimes called sociopaths or
psychopaths. [Link] - It is a psychotic condition marked by withdrawal
from reality, indifference concerning everyday problems and tendency
[Link] Personality disorder (NPD) – NPD is characterized to live in a world of fantasy. - It was formerly called dementia praecox
primarily by grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. by Emil Kreaplin, a German psychiatrist. - The term schizophrenia was
Narcissistic tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of others given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means “splitting of minds”.
perspectives insensitive to others needs and indifferent to the effect of
their own egocentric behavior. [Link] DEVIANCY- -A sexual act that seeks gratification by means
other than heterosexual relationship
Manifestations:
● They a grandiose sense of self-importance. Different Deviant Sexual Behaviors
● They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize a. Masochism – sexual gratification by inflicting pain on self
about unlimited success or power. b. Exhibitionism – sexual fulfillment by exposure of private organs
They believe they are special, unique, or superior to others. However, or entire body
they often have very fragile self-esteem. c. Voyeurism – sexual indulgence seeing nude people (peeping
tom)
[Link] Personality – Individuals with this personality are fearful of d. Sadism – sexual pleasure by inflicting pain upon the victim
becoming involved with people because of excessive fears of criticism e. Transvestitism – sexual gratification by cross-dressing
or rejection. f. Fetishism – substitution with an inanimate object of human love
object (ex. Panty)
4. Dependent Personality – This is characterized by inability to make g. Lesbianism – sexual intercourse between women
even daily decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from h. Homosexuality – sexual stimulation with the same gender
i. Incest – sexual intercourse between close relatives
 32

j. Pedophilia – child molestation by sexual intercourse 10. Minorities- referring to the “racially disadvantaged,” as he put it.
k. Bestiality – sexual gratification with a living animal What this truly means is prejudice.
l. Necrophilia – sexual intercourse with a dead body or cadaver. 11. Wanton-
12. The lonesome- was referring to widows, widowers, and those in
Topic: Define the nature and concept of victimology and victimization, mourning. From a contemporary standpoint, loneliness is at epidemic
the typology of crime victims, and the intervention to help victims of proportions, with more than half of marriages ending in divorce, the
crime. rise of the culture of narcissism since the late
13. Tormentor- referring to the abusive parent.
[Link] IS VICTIMOLOGY? [Link] blocked, exempted and Fighting- referring to victims of
Definition: a branch of criminology that deals with the victimization blackmail, extortion, and confidence scams.
of crime and the contributory role of victims in the commission of
crimes. Theories of Victimization

Pioneers in VICTIMOLOGY 1. VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

• According to victim precipitation theory, some people actually
1. Hans Von Hentig- Wrote the book title “ The Criminal and His Victim: initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
Studies in the Sociology of Crime. Victim precipitation can be either
2. Benjamin Mendelson Known as the “ FATHER OF VICTIMOLOGY”, a. Active Precipitation-
he coined the term for this area of study in the mid- 1940s. Occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words,
3. Stephen Schafer He wrote the book title “ the Victim and his or even attack first.
Criminal: A study in Functional Responsibility. b. Passive Precipitation
4. Marvin Wolfgang. He had been recognized as one of the most • In contrast, passive precipitation occurs when the victim
influential criminologists in the English –speaking world exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens
5. Menachem Amir. A student of Wolfgang; he conducted an empirical or encourages the attacker.
investigation into rape incidents reported to the police . • Gender may play a role in the decision-making process:
Criminals may target female victims because they perceive them to be
Categories of Crime Victim According to Hans Von Hentig easier, less threatening targets.
1. Young- children are physically weaker, have less mental
prowess,. 2. ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY
2. Old- referring to the elderly. In a contemporary sense, they have • A series of papers by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson first
many of the same vulnerabilities as children: articulated routine activities theory.
3. Immigrants- unsure of rules of conduct in the surrounding • Therefore, the volume and distribution of predatory crime are
society closely related to the interaction of three variables that reflect the
4. Females- referring to all women. From a contemporary point of routine activities of the typical American lifestyle
view, many women are physically weaker than men. a. The availability of suitable targets, such as homes containing
5. Immigrants- unsure of rules of conduct in society. goods that are easily sold.
6. Depressed- referring to those with various psychological b. The absence of capable guardians, such as police,
maladies. homeowners, neighbors, friends, and relatives.
7. Mentally defective/deranged- referring to the feeble-minded, the c. The presence of motivated offenders, such as a large number of
“insane,” drug addicts, and alcoholics. teenagers.
8. The acquisitive- referring to those who are greedy and looking
for quick gain.
9. Dull normal- referring to “simple-minded persons,” as he put it.
 33

3. LIFESTYLE THEORIES
• Some criminologists believe that people may become crime
victims because their lifestyle increases their exposure to criminal
offenders.
• Victimization risk is increased by such behaviors as associating
with young men, going out in public places late at night, and living in
an urban area.
• The basis of such lifestyle theories is that crime is not a random
occurrence; rather, it is a function of the victim’s lifestyle.

4. DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

• According to deviant place theory, the greater their exposure to
dangerous places, the more likely people are to become victims of
crime and violence.
• Victims do not encourage crime but are vulnerable because
they reside in socially disorganized, high-crime areas where they have
the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders, no
matter what their own behavior or lifestyle
Intervention to Help Victims of Crime.
1. Victim–Witness Assistance Programs have been developed
throughout the United States. These programs are organized on a
variety of government levels and serve a variety of clients.
2. Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs Mediators facilitate
face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers in victim–
offender reconciliation programs (VORPs). The aim is to engage in
direct negotiations that lead to restitution agreements and, possibly,
reconciliation between the parties involved.
Victim Crisis Intervention
3. more than half of all victim programs provide crisis intervention
for victims who feel isolated, vulnerable, and in need of immediate
services. Some programs counsel at their offices; others visit victims in
their homes, at the crime scene, or in the hospital
 34

CRIM4 Police Officer’s Creed

I believe in God, The Supreme Being, The Great Provider, and The
Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards Creator of all men and everything dear to me. In return, I can do no less
than love Him above all obeying His word, seek His guidance in the
performance of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times.
Police Ethics – practices and attitude the police adopts in order to
create a mutually supportive relationship between their agency and the I believe that respect for authority is a duty. I respect and uphold the
community Constitution, the laws of the land and the applicable rules and
regulations. I recognize the legitimacy and authority of the leadership,
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CODE OF ETHICS and obey legal orders of my superior officers.
I believe in selfless love and service to people. Towards this end, I
PNP Core Values (broad) commit myself to the service of my fellowmen over and above my
Police Service is a noble profession which demands from its personal interest.
members specialized knowledge and skills, as well as standards of I believe in the sanctity of marriage and family life. I shall set the exait
ethics and morality. ismple of decency and morality, I shall have high regard for family life
1. Maka-Diyos (God Fearing) - All PNP Personnel must believe in and value of marital fidelity.
God, who is the Creator of all men and everything on the planet.
Seek His guidance in the performance of sworn duties and honor I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material
Him at all times. things. I shall inhibit myself from extravagance and ostentatious
2. Maka-Bayan (Nationalistic) - All PNP Personnel must respect and display of material things. I shall help protect the environment and
uphold the Constitution, the laws of the land and the applicable conserve nature to maintain ecological balance.
rules and regulations. Recognize the legitimacy and authority of I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I must be trustworthy and I
the leadership and obey legal orders of the superior officers. shall uphold the truth at all times.
3. Maka-Tao (Humane) - Committing to the service of my Police Officer’s Creed (main essence):
fellowmen over and above the personalinterest. • Belief in God;
4. Maka-Kalikasan (Environment-friendly) - Inhibiting from • Respect for authority is a duty;
extravagance and ostentatious display of material things. • Belief in selfless love and service for people;
Respect for private and public properties and prevent others from • Belief in sanctity of marriage and respect for women;
destroying them. And finally, shall help protect the environment • Responsible dominion and stewardship over material
and conserve nature to maintain ecological balance things;and
• Belief in the wisdom of truthfulness.
PNP Core Value (basic) •
• Love of God; PNP Stands on Basic Issues:
• Respect of Authority;
• Selfless love and service for peace; • PNP image – affects esprit de corps, morale, welfare and sense
• Respect for women and the sanctity of marriage; of pride of the organization; PNP members should behave in a manner
• Responsible dominion and stewardship over material that would not place the PNP in bad light
things; and •
• Truthfulness. • Career Management, the key to professionalism – its improper
implementation would prejudice professionalization process; the PNP
shall form stringent policies and implement strict human resource
development system
 35

• Police Management Leadership – law enforcement rights;

effectiveness reflects management capabilities and competent • Devotion to duty;
leadership; such attributes should be the primary basis for • Conservation of natural resources; Discipline;
consideration in the selection of personnel for employment and • Loyalty; Obedience;
deployment purposes • Command responsibility;
• • Ethical Standards shall refer to established and generally
• Equality in the service – there shall be judicious and equitable accepted moral value:
distribution of opportunity to prove one’s worth; the civilian character • Morality – conformity to rules of right conduct
of the PNP organization requires adherence to the rule on merit and • Judicious use of Authority – being non-abusive in the use of
fitness system authority
• • Integrity – soundness of moral character
• Delicadeza – all members must have moral courage to sacrifice • Justice – rightfulness or lawfulness Humility – modest opinion
self-interest or estimate of one's own importance, rank, etc.
• • Orderliness – observance of system or method
• Police life style – must be acceptable and respectable in the • Perseverance – persistence in spite of difficulties
eyes of the public; PNP members must be free from greed, corruption
and exploitation, living a simple but credible and dignified life Customs and TraditionsCustoms – established social practices
•
• Political patronage – PNP members must inhibit themselves Traditions – beliefs handed form one generation to another Courtesy –
from soliciting political patronage in matters pertaining to assignment, manifestation of respect
awards, training and promotion Ceremony – customary formal acts proper to a special occasion Social
• decorum – norms practiced by members during a social function
• Human rights – PNP members must respect and protect human
dignity and man’s inalienable rights to life, liberty and property Police Customs on Courtesy:
• Salute – given to higher officers and individuals entitled to such Salute
Standards of Police Professionalization to National Color and Standard – given to the national flag whenever it
• All PNP members shall perform their duties with excellence, passes by or when raised or lowered during ceremonies
competence, integrity, intelligence, and expertise in the application of Address/Title – addressed to higher officers
specialized skill and technical knowledge.
• Courtesy Calls:
Police Professional Conduct: Courtesy call of new appointees – given by new appointees to the chief
• Commitment to democracy – uphold constitution; public of the unit for orientation, accounting and other purposes Christmas
accountability; loyalty to country, people, and organization and New Years call – given to the unit commander or chief during said
• Commitment to public interest – judicious use of gov’t occasions
properties; Promotion call – given by newly promoted officers
• avoiding unnecessary wastage of public funds and revenues Exit call – given by officers who are relieved or reassigned out of the
• Non-partisanship – equal service to everyone unit or command.
• Physical fitness and health; Secrecy discipline; Courtesy of the Post – hospitality given by the host unit to any visiting
• Social awareness; unit or personnel
• Non-Solicitation of Patronage; Rank has its own Privilege(RHIP) – recognition of the fact that different
• Proper care and usage of public property; Respect for human ranks carries with them certain privileges
 36

Other Police Customs’ Courtesy: • Discipline;

Flag Ceremonies • Gentlemanliness;
a. Flag raising ceremony – an honor to the flag given • Word of Honor;
during the start of a day’s work • Duty;
b. Flag lowering – given before ending a day’s work • Loyalty; and
c. Half Mast – raising the flag at half-mast as courtesy to the • Camaraderie.
departed members of the organization Police Officer’s Pledge (POP):
d. Funeral Service and Honors – vigil, necrological services and 1. I will love and serve God, my country and people;
graveside honors given as a gesture of farewell to the 2. I will uphold the Constitution and obey legal orders of the
departed members duty constitutional authorities;
e.g. 21-gun Salute 3. I will oblige myself to maintain a high standard of morality and
professionalism;
Ceremony tendered to Retirees – a testimonial activity tendered to 4. I will respect the customs and traditions of the police
retiring members service; and
Honor ceremony – arrival and departure ceremonies tendered to visiting 5. I will live decent and virtuous life to serve as an example to
dignitaries others.
Turnover ceremony – relinquishment and assumption of command or
positions REPUBLIC ACT 6713
Wedding ceremony – conducted with members in full gala uniform and AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL
with swords drawn as gesture of salute STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD
Anniversary – commemoration of establishment of a command or unit THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC OFFICE BEING A PUBLIC
TRUST, GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR EXEMPLARY
Police Customs on Social decorum: SERVICE, ENUMERATING PROHIBITED ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS
• Proper attire; AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR
• Table manner; OTHER PURPOSES
• Social graces;
• Uniform/appearance; and Section 4, RA 6713 Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and
• Manner of walking. Employees. - (A) Every public official and employee shall observe the
following as standards of personal conduct in the discharge and
Other Police Customs: execution of official duties:
• Visiting the sick;
• Survivor assistance to heirs of deceased members; (a) Commitment to public interest. - Public officials and employees
• Visiting the religious leaders; shall always uphold the public interest over and above personal
• Athletics; and interest. All government resources and powers of their respective
• Happy hours (every Friday, or any day suitable for a offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly
particular occasion) and economically, particularly to avoid wastage in public funds and
• revenues.
Traditions:
• Spiritual beliefs; (b) Professionalism. - Public officials and employees shall perform
• Valor; and discharge their duties with the highest degree of excellence,
• Patriotism; professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter public
 37

service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall supremacy of civilian authority over the military. They shall at all times
endeavor to discourage wrong perceptions of their roles as uphold the Constitution and put loyalty to country above loyalty to
dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage. persons or party.

(c) Justness and sincerity. - Public officials and employees shall Simple living. - Public officials and employees and their families shall
remain true to the people at all times. They must act with justness and lead modest lives appropriate to their positions and income. They shall
sincerity and shall not discriminate against anyone, especially the not indulge in extravagant or ostentatious display of wealth in any
poor and the underprivileged. They shall at all times respect the rights form.
of others, and shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good
morals, good customs, public policy, public order, public safety and
public interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on
account of their office to their relatives whether by consanguinity or
affinity except with respect to appointments of such relatives to
positions considered strictly confidential or as members of their
personal staff whose terms are coterminous with theirs.

(d) Political neutrality. - Public officials and employees shall provide

service to everyone without unfair discrimination and regardless of
party affiliation or preference.

(e) Responsiveness to the public. - Public officials and employees

shall extend prompt, courteous, and adequate service to the public.
Unless otherwise provided by law or when required by the
publicinterest, public officials and employees shall provide
information of their policies and procedures in clear and
understandable language, ensure openness of information, public
consultations and hearings whenever appropriate, encourage
suggestions, simplify and systematize policy, rules and procedures,
avoid red tape and develop an understanding and appreciation of the
socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country, especially in the
depressed rural and urban areas.

Nationalism and patriotism. - Public officials and employees shall at all

times be loyal to the Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the
use of locally produced goods, resources and technology and
encourage appreciation and pride of country and people. They shall
endeavor to maintain and defend Philippine sovereignty against
foreign intrusion.

Commitment to democracy. - Public officials and employees shall

commit themselves to the democratic way of life and values, maintain
the principle of public accountability, and manifest by deeds the
 38

CRIM5 EMANCIPATION - freedom from parental authority, both over his

person and property happens upon reaching the age of
Juvenile Deliquency and Juvenile Justice System eighteen years.

Topic: Define and distinguish the Nature of Juvenile Delinquency DISCERNMENT - The mental capacity to distinguish right from wrong.

JUVENILE -He is a child or a young person, who, under the legal COMMUNITY - A local government together with society of individuals
system may be dealt with for an offense in a manner or institutions.
different from that of an adult
These are young people regarded as immature or one whose mental as R.A 6809- the law amending the age of majority, lowered the age of
well as emotional faculties are not fully developed, thus, majority from twenty- one (21) to eighteen (18) years.
making them incapable of taking full responsibility of their
actions. PROHIBITED VICES -common unlawful acts or crime committed by
minors.
DELINQUENT- is a person who is a child, a youngster, a youth whose -
behavior is forbidden by law or not accepted by society ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
-Characterized by disobedience to, or disrespect for, authorities.
DELINQUENCY- refers to the failure to perform an act required by law,
or the non-permanence of a duty or obligation that is
mandated by existing law or rule. Topic: Identify and explain the factors and causes of juvenile
delinquency.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY- It is used to describe a large number of
disapproved behaviors of children or youths. It refers to Contributory Factors in Juvenile Delinquency
any action or conduct of children that are not normally
accepted by the people. 1. Family – most important factor and biggest contributor. HOME -
is the cradle of human personality
CHILD- A person who s below eighteen (18) years of age.
Types of Family Structure:
LEGITIMATE CHILD- are those children who are born in lawful wedlock ▪ Nuclear family – consist of father, mother children
or both parents are legally married. ▪ Extended family – consist of father, mother, children,
grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins, nephew and nieces,
ILLEGITIMATE CHILD -are those children who were born out of wedlock and in-laws
or parents who are not legally married to each other. Ideally, a home must have the following:
structural completeness - presence of both father and mother .
LEGITIMATED CHILD -from illegitimacy then subsequent valid marriage economic security - capability to provide for the basic needs
of the parents comes. and wants .
cultural conformity - typical family beliefs and practices
AGE OF MAJORITY -majority commences at the age of eighteen (18) moral conformity - moral uprightness, Christian way of living .
years (R.A 6809). physical and psychological normalcy
emotional adequacy - affection, support, love and care between
faulty members .
 39

2. School - considered the second home of a child, with teachers 2. PSYCHOGENIC APPROACH
as the second parents institution responsible for the training of - Argues that the critical factors in delinquency are personality
young person’s intellectual, moral, as well as social skills which problems to which misbehavior is presumed to be the response.
they need for them to grow up as productive, law-abiding and 3. SOCIOGENIC APPROACH
responsible citizens. - Vies youthful misdeed as a result of a learning process through
3. Environment - the culture, norms and behavior of the child’s interactions with other members of society.
surroundings may very well influence the upbringing of the -
child especially during their formative years and such TYPES OF DELINQUENT YOUTH
misbehavior learned is likely to be carried on until the child’s 1. Social - an aggressive youth who resents authority of anyone
maturity who makes an effort to control his behavior
2. Neurotic - one who has internalized his conflicts and is
Types of Parenting Styles preoccupied with his own feelings
3. Asocial - one whose delinquent acts have a cold, brutal and
[Link] PARENTS- -demanding at the same time vicious quality for which the youth feels no remorse; one who
responsive. They are warm but firm, teach children to be lacks moral conscience
independent but still places limits and controls of their action. 4. Accidental - one who is essentially sociable and law-abiding but
2. AUTHORITARIAN PARENTS- happens to be at the wrong time and place and becomes
-demanding but not responsive. This styles believes that the child involved in delinquent acts not typical of his general behavior
should accept without questions the rules and standards
established by the parents. Categories of Juvenile Child
3. INDULGENT PARENTS-responsive but not demanding .They 1. Environmental Delinquents
place relatively few demands on the child’s behaviour, giving the - These delinquents are considered occasional law breakers .
child a high degree of freedom to act as he or she wishes. Delinquents under this category are considered new in their
4. INDIFFERENT PARENTS- -neither demanding nor responsive. activity that had just tasted the pleasure fruit of being
They know little about their child’s activities and whereabouts , delinquent.
unsupportive of their children but still provide their basic needs. 2. Emotionally Maladjusted Delinquents
- These delinquents are chronic lawbreakers who violate the
Causes of Behavioral Disorders laws, a habit which this type cannot be avoided or escaped.
[Link] Delinquents
1. Predisposing factors - These are delinquents suffering from emotional disturbances
- Internal propensities which may not be considered as criminal brought about by his or her environment. It may result to mental
unless the attempt was made. illness if not given care and attention.

2. Precipitating factors
- Conditions and elements which provokes crimes such as Topic: Theories of Juvenile Delinquency
personal problems, curiosity, ignorance, necessities, diseases, Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquency
traumatic experiences and the like. 1. Rational Choice Theory
➢ causes of crime lie within the individual offender rather
DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF DELINQUENCY than in their external environment.
1. BIOGENIC APPROACH ➢ Based on the classical school of criminology that views
- Gives an explanation that law violations and delinquency are a and individual as having free will in choosing his actions
result of some physical defects. and that he calculates what he will gain or lose if he
 40

commits an act. Views the delinquent as a motivated

offender who breaks the law because he or she perceives
an abundance of benefits and an absence of threat. 5. Social Disorganization - absence or breakdown of communal
institutions and communal relationship that traditionally encouraged
2. BIOSOCIAL OR TRAIT THEORIES- Based on the view that both cooperative relationships among people. Communal Institutions like
thought and behavior have biological and social bases family, school, church and social group.
Has three sub-theories: biochemical, neurological, and genetics 6. Strain Theory - crime is caused by the difficulty of those in poverty
BIOCHEMICAL- Views that crime and delinquency, especially in achieving socially valued goals by legitimate means.
violence, are the result of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal 7. Differential Association - young people are motivated to commit
imbalance and other biological causes. crimes by delinquent peers and learn criminal skills from them.
NEUROLOGICAL- Explains that crime and delinquency occur 8. Labelling Theory - once a person is labeled criminal they are more
because the individual suffers from brain impairment or likely to offend. Once labeled as deviant, a person may accept that
abnormality in the structure of the brain. role and more likely to associate with others who have been similarly
GENETIC- Explains that delinquent traits and predisposition to labeled.
criminality are inherited from parents.
Theories Competing Views of Delinquency
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES- Views delinquency as a result of
emotional and mental disturbance of the individual. Has three sub- 1. CLASSICAL SCHOOL – A theory which states that the basis of
theories: psychodynamic, behavioral and cognitive. criminal liability is the man’s free will to choose between good and
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY- based on the psychoanalytic [Link] choose to commit crime after weighting the benefits and
theory of Sigmund Freud . costs of their actions.
delinquency is the result of the imbalance of the three Cesare Beccaria – leader of the classical school.
components of personality: id, ego and superego.
BEHAVIORAL THEORY- Behavior is extinguished if punished 2. NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL - Argued that certain individuals cannot
.Misbehavior of children if left unchecked will persist until exercise free will intelligently by reason of age, mental condition,
adolescence minority, insanity, or duress. Group of intellectuals in the British
COGNITIVE THEORY- Views that delinquency is a result of the Parliament headed by Sir William Blackstone.
faulty perception and analysis of data of an individual.
3. POSITIVIST SCHOOL - A theory which states that the basis of
criminal law is the sum of social and economic phenomena which
4. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES- views delinquency as a product of the conditions man to do wrong in spite of or contrary to his volition.
different social factors
Social Structure Theories – hold that delinquency is a function
of a person’s place in the economic structure
Positivist School of thought maintains the following:
Social Process Theories – view that delinquency as a result of
poor or faulty socialization or upbringing • That the crime as a social and moral phenomenon which cannot
be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment but
Social Reaction Theory – view that delinquent acts and
criminality as product of stigmata and labeling. rather rehabilitation.
Social Control Theory – maintain that everyone has the • That the most serious crimes were committed by individuals
potential to become a criminal but most people are controlled who were “primitive” or “atavistic”.
by their bonds to society.
 41

Cesare Lombroso – leader of the positivist world view. An Italian Mentally deficient as a result of constitutional origin through
physician who studied the brain of criminals. He has been called as the heredity or disease
Father of Modern Criminology. Essentially incurable

Categories of Children
1. Dependent Children
- One who is without a parent, guardian or custodian, or whose Classification of Mental Retardation
parents, guardian or other custodian for good cause desire to be a. Custodial Group – The members of the classification
relieved if his care and custody and is dependent upon the public are severely or profoundly retarded, hence, the least capable.
for support. These include those with IQ's to 25.
2. Abandoned Children b. Trainable Group – The members of this group
- One who had no proper parental care or guardianship or whose consist of those IQ's from 25 – about 50; is unable to acquire
parents or guardians have deserted him for a period or at least six higher academic skills, but can usually acquire the basic skills
consecutive months (PD 603). for living to a reasonable degree.
- Refers to a child had no proper parental care or guardianship or c. Educable Group – This group IQ ranges from 50 –
whose parents or guardians have deserted him for a period or at 75. The degree of success or accomplishment mat they will
least three (3) continuous months (RA 9523). reach in life depends very much on the quality and type of
3. Neglected Children education receives, as well as on the treatment at home and the
-One whose basic needs have been deliberately unattended or community.
inadequately attended. d. Borderline or Low Normal Group - This is the
Neglect may occur in two ways: highest group of mentally retarded, with IQs from about 75 to
Physical Neglect - malnourishment , untidy and damaged 89. The members of this classification are only slightly retarded
clothing , no shelter. and they can usually get by in regular classes if they receive
Emotional Neglect - maltreated, raped, seduced, abused, some extra help, guidance, and consideration.
exploited, made to work under conditions not conducive to
good health or placed in moral and physical danger. Topic: Compare Models of Juvenile Justice System
History of Juvenile Delinquency
4. Physically Handicapped In American System
a. Crippled, deaf-mute, blind and other conditions 1. Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 – established the first
which restrict their means of action or comprehensive juvenile court in Illinois who will handle the
communication with others criminal law violations by children under 16years old.
5. Emotionally Disturbed 2. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 –
6. Mentally-ill equivalent to our P.D 603 and R.A 9344
a. Those with any behavioral disorder, whether
functional or organic. Juvenile Court
7. Mentally-Retarded - A court that has original jurisdiction over persons defined by
Socially incompetent, socially inadequate, occupationally statute as juvenile and alleged to be delinquents or status
incompetent and unable to manage their own affairs offenders.
Retarded intellectually from birth or early age - In the Philippine settings it is a FAMILY COURT
Retarded at maturity
 42

In English System - Assumption by the State of the role of guardian over children
whose parents are deemed incapable or unworthy
1. Poor laws - statutes which mandated the appointment of - The authority of the state to act on behalf of the children
overseers to those needy children, trained them and guardian -
them until they reached the age of majority Topic: Define and enumerate parental rights, responsibility, and
- This practice is called “INDENTURE” disciplinary authority over their children.

2. Chancery Courts – the courts operated under the “ PARENS Other provisions …
PATRIAE PHILOSOPHY” Parental Authority or Patria Potestas – the sum total of the
- protected the property rights and welfare of minor children who rights of the parents over their minor or un-emancipated child.
could not care for themselves ❖ The exercise of which has no distinction between a legitimate and
- the courts dealt with issues of guardianship and the use and illegitimate child
control of properties ❖ The father and mother shall exercise jointly just and reasonable
parental authority and responsibility
Breed vs. Jones ❖ In case of either parent, the surviving parent shall exercise sole
- A US court decision where it held that juveniles cannot be tried parental authority
when acquitted in juvenile court then tried again in adult criminal ❖ In case of disagreement, the father’s decision shall prevail unless
court. Double jeopardy applies to juveniles as well as adults. there is a judicial order to the contrary

STATUS OFFENSE EXTINGUISHMENT OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY: Parental authority

- Certain acts or omissions which may not be punishable socially terminates:
or legally if committed by adults but become anti-social or illegal
because the offender is a minor, such as: a. Upon death of the parents of the child
a.) Disobedience to parents, guardians or school officials b. Upon emancipation
b.) Smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages c. Upon adoption of the child
c.) Truancy, Use of profane language
d.) Running away from home 1. Parental Responsibility – the sum total of the duties and
e.) Mendicancy or begging in the streets obligations of parents over their minor children.
2. Liabilities of Parents or TORTS – parents and guardians are
OFFENSES NOT APPLICABLE TO CHILDREN & CANNOT BE responsible for the damage or injury caused by the child under
PROSECUTED: their parental authority.
3. Legal Custody – in case of separation of parents, no child under
- Vagrancy & prostitution under R.P.C seven (7) years of age shall be separated from his mother
- Mendicancy under P.D 1563 unless the court decides otherwise.
- Sniffing of rugby under P.D 1619 4. Guardianship – in some instances, the court appoints the
* Provided, that said persons shall undergo appropriate counseling and guardian.
treatment program. 5. Substitute Parental Authority – in case of absence or death of
both parents, substitute parental author shall be given to the
PARENS PATRIAE (“father of the country”) following, in order of priority:
- Views minor who violate the laws as victims of improper care, i. Grandparents
custody and treatment at home ii. Oldest brother or sister at least 21 years of age
 43

iii. Relative who has the actual custody of child or camps and work farms. Youngsters placed in non-residential
guardian appointed by the court community-based treatment programs do not dwell at the facility;
instead they live at home and receive treatment from mental health
6. Commencement of Civil Personality – the civil personality of the clinics or similar services.
child shall commence from the moment of conception
- COMMENCEMENT → the start of life, the union of sperm ➢ Institutionalization is the most severe form of treatment for juvenile
and egg cell offenders. The child offender is incarcerated in a secure facility and
- denied freedom to come and go in the community. The institution is
Civil Personality – acknowledging the person’s right to be born and responsible for the child's education, counseling, recreation, room and
live. board, and other daily activities.
Surrogate Parent - A parent who provided an egg, sperm, or uterus with
intent of giving the child up for adoption to specific parties.
Topic: Learn and apply the provisions of R.A. 9344 as amended and
Eugenics – science concerned with improving the quality of human other relevant and applicable laws.
offspring
RA 9344 – the JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE ACT OF 2006
Tender Years Doctrine - the legal doctrine that unless the mother is - approved on April 28, 2006
"unfit", very young children should be placed in custody with their - became effective on May 20, 2006
mother.
Guardian Ad Litem – legal guardian or guardian appointed by the court Note: R.A. No. 9344 should be construed liberally in favor of the child
Electra Complex – girls develop a sexual attachment to their father (or in conflict with the law.
father figure)
Oedipus Complex – boys develop a sexual attachment to their mother SEC. 4. Definition of Important Terms: The following terms as used in
(or mother figure) this Act shall be defined as follows:

Topic: Enumerate and identify Juvenile Delinquency Prevention a. Bail - refers to the security given for the release of the
Programs person in custody of the law, furnished by him/her or a
bondsman, to guarantee his/her appearance before any
The juvenile justice system attempts to treat and rehabilitate children court.
who become involved in delinquency. The methods can be categorized b. Best Interest of the Child - refers to the totality of the
as residential, community, non-residential and institutional treatment. circumstances and conditions which are most congenial
to the survival, protection and feelings of security of the
➢ Community treatment involves placing the child on probation. When child and most encouraging to the child's physical,
the child is not assumed to be harmful to others, he or she is placed psychological and emotional development.
under the supervision of an officer of the juvenile court and must abide c. Child - refers to 'a person under the age of eighteen (18)
by the specific rules that are worked out between the officer and the years.
child. d. Child at Risk - refers to a child who is vulnerable to and
at the risk of committing criminal offenses because of
➢ Residential treatment takes place in a group home where the juvenile personal, family and social circumstances.
is provided with psychological and vocational counseling. Other forms e. Child in Conflict with the Law - refers to a child who is
of residential treatment consist of rural programs such as forestry alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having
committed an offense under Philippine laws.
 44

f. Court - refers to a family court or, in places where there community; and reassurance to the offender that he/she
are no family courts, any regional trial court. can be reintegrated into society.
g. Diversion - refers to an alternative, child-appropriate p. Youth Detention Home - refers to a 24-hour child caring
process of determining the responsibility and treatment institution providing short-term residential care for
of a child in conflict with the law on the basis of his/her children in conflict with the law who are awaiting court
social, cultural, economic, psychological or educational disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies
background without resorting to formal court or jurisdiction managed by LGU or NGO.
proceedings. q. Youth Rehabilitation Center - refers to a 24-hour
h. Diversion Program - refers to the program that the child residential care facility which provides care, treatment
in conflict with the law is required to undergo after and rehabilitation services for children in conflict with
he/she is found responsible for offense without the law managed by DSWD
resorting to formal court proceedings. r. Victimless Crimes - refers to offenses where there is no
i. Initial Contact with the Child - refers to the apprehension private offended party.
or taking into custody of a child in conflict with the law
by law enforcement officers or private citizens. SEC. 5. Rights of the Child in Conflict with the Law - Every child in
j. Intervention - refers to a series of activities which are conflict with the law shall have the following rights:
designed to address issues that caused the child to
commit an offense. It may take the form of an a. The right not to be imposed a sentence of capital punishment or
individualized treatment program which may include life imprisonment.
counseling, skills training, education, and other b. The right to be detained or imprisoned as a disposition of last
activities that will enhance his/her psychological, resort, which shall be for the shortest possible time
emotional and psycho-social well-being. c. The right to be separated from the adult offender at all times,
k. Juvenile Justice and Welfare System - refers to a system during detention and while transported to and from court
dealing with children at risk and children in conflict with d. The right to be detained only with other detained of the same
the law, which provides child-appropriate proceedings, sex, if detention is necessary
including programs and services for prevention, e. The right to be searched only by a law enforcer of the same
diversion, rehabilitation, re-integration and aftercare to gender
ensure their normal growth and development. f. The right not to be handcuffed, when such is not necessary
l. Law Enforcement Officer - refers to the person in g. The right to have his parent or guardians present
authority or his/her agent as defined in Article 152 of the h. The right to diversion if he or she is qualified and voluntary
Revised Penal Code, including a barangay tanod. avails the same
m. Offense - refers to any act or omission whether i. The right to automatic suspension of sentence
punishable under special laws. j. The right to probation as an alternative to imprisonment, if
n. Recognizance - refers to an undertaking in lieu of a qualified under the probation law
bond assumed by a parent or custodian who shall be k. The right to have the records and proceedings involving him be
responsible for the appearance in court of the child in considered privileged and confidential
conflict with the law, when required.
o. Restorative Justice - refers to a principle which requires
a process of resolving conflicts with the maximum
involvement of the victim, the offender and the
community. It seeks to obtain reparation for the victim;
reconciliation of the offender, the offended and the
 45

SEC.6. Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility -

Treatment of Children below the Age of Criminal Responsibility
A child FIFTEEN - Who determined the age of CICL?
(15) YEARS OF AGE EXEMPT from INTERVENTION - If it has been determined that the child taken into custody is
OR UNDER at the time CRIMINAL but PROGRAM. fifteen (15) years old or below, the authority which will have
of the commission with CIVIL LIABILITY. an initial contact with the child has the duty to immediately
of the offense release the child to the custody of his/her parents or
A child above FIFTEEN guardian, or in the absence thereof, the child's nearest
(15) YEARS BUT BELOW EXEMPT from relative.
EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS CRIMINAL but INTERVENTION - it shall also be the duty of the law enforcer to give notice to
OF AGE with CIVIL LIABILITY PROGRAM. DSWD as to the apprehension of the child in conflict with the
(WITHOUT DISCERNMENT) law
System of Diversion
A child above FIFTEEN - Children in conflict with the law shall undergo diversion
(15) YEARS BUT BELOW EXEMPT from DIVERSION proceedings subject to the following conditions:
EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS CRIMINAL but a. The imposable penalty for the crime committed is not more than
OF AGE with CIVIL LIABILITY six (6) years imprisonment
(ACTED WITH DISCERNMENT) b. In cases where the imposable penalty exceeds six (6) years,
diversion measures may be resorted to only by the court
NOTE: If he or she didn’t concur or his family or not qualified … he or c. The DIVERSION PROCEEDINGS shall be completed within
she will prosecuted or face the legal proceedings. FORTY FIVE (45) DAYS
Contract of Diversion
SEC.7. Determination of Age - shall be prepared if the child:
- The child in conflict with the law shall enjoy the presumption a. If qualified for diversion
of minority. b. Voluntary admits the commission of the act and the parents or
- He/She shall enjoy all the rights of a child in conflict with the guardian of the child and the child himself agrees to diversion
law until he/she is proven to be eighteen (18) years old or program.
older. c. It must be signed by the child’s parents or guardian and the
- The age of a child may be determined from the child's birth authorities concerned
certificate, baptismal certificate or any other pertinent Prosecution
documents. In the absence of these documents, age may be - A child in conflict with the law shall undergo prosecution if:
based on information from the child himself/herself, a. He or she is not qualified for diversion
testimonies of other persons, and the physical appearance of b. He or she is qualified for diversion but he or she or his parents
the child. or guardian does not agree to diversion
- In case of doubt as to the age of the child, it shall be c. Diversion is not appropriate for the child in conflict with the law,
resolved in his/her favor. based on the social worker’s recommendation
SEC.8 A Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council (JJWC) is hereby Conduct of Preliminary Investigation
created and attached to the Department of Social Welfare and a. There shall be a specially trained prosecutor to conduct
Development and placed under its administrative supervision. The inquest, P.I, and prosecution of cases involving children in
JJWC shall be chaired by an Undersecretary of the Department of conflict with the law
Social Welfare and Development.
 46

b. The information against the child shall be filed before the

Family Court within forty five (45) days from the start of
preliminary investigation. RA 10630
Court Proceedings STRENGTHENING THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THE
- during trial, the court shall order: PHILIPPINES
a. The release of the child on recognizance to his or her parents
and other suitable persons Approved: OCT 03 2013
b. The release of the child on bail Bahay Pag-asa – refers to a 24-hour child-caring institution
c. If the child is to be detained, the transfer of the child to a youth established, funded and managed by local government units
detention home (LGUs) and licensed and/or accredited nongovernment
organizations (NGOs) providing short-term residential care for
WHEN A CICL REACHED THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN 18 WHILE UNDER children in conflict with the law who are above fifteen (15) but
SUSPENDED SENTENCE WHAT SHALL THE COURT DO? below eighteen (18) years of age who are awaiting court
disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies or
✓ Discharge the child in accordance with this act, jurisdiction.
✓ To order execution of sentence,
✓ Or to Extend the sentence for a certain specified period or No penalty shall be imposed on children for violations of Local
until the child reaches the maximum age of twenty-one (21) Ordinances and they shall instead be brought to. The child shall
years. also be recorded as a ‘child at risk’ and not as a ‘child in
conflict with the law’.
Discharge of the Child In Conflict With the Law
Topic: Distinguish and explain the Rights, Welfare, and Protection of
- Upon the recommendation of the social worker who has the Children under applicable laws
custody of the child, the court shall DISMISS THE CASE
AGAINTS THE CHILD if the court finds that the disposition P.D 603 - THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE
measures have been fulfilled. - Approved on December 10, 1974
Return of the Child In Conflict With the Law to Court - Shall apply to persons under eighteen years of age
- Effectivity date is June 10, 1975 (six months after approval)
- If the court finds that the objective of the disposition
measures imposed upon the child have not been fulfilled or if Art. 3. Rights of the Child
the child has willfully failed to comply with the conditions of ✓ The right to be born well
his or her rehabilitation program, the child shall be returned to ✓ Right to a wholesome family
court for the EXECUTION OF JUDGMENT ✓ Right to a well-rounded development
- ✓ right to a balanced diet, adequate clothing
PROBATION ✓ right to be brought up in an atmosphere of morality
✓ right to an education
- a child in conflict with the law whose sentence was ✓ right to full opportunities for safe and wholesome recreation
executed by the court upon reaching the maximum age of ✓ The right to protection against exploitation
TWENTY-ONE (21) shall be entitled to the benefits of ✓ Right to live in a community
probation under PD 968, the Probation Law of 1976
 47

Right to the care, assistance, and protection of the state 2. Sexual violence – refers to an act which is sexual in nature,
R.A 9262 - Anti Violence against Women and Their Children committed against a woman or her child.
Act Of 2004 a. Rape, sexual harassment, acts of lasciviousness,
treating a woman or her child as a sex object,etc.
Approved: March 08, 2004 3. Psychological violence – refers to acts causing or likely to
Took effect: March 27, 2004 cause mental or emotional suffering of the victim such
Who is the woman victim protected under this law? intimidation, stalking, damage to property, humiliation and
✓ Wife verbal abuse.
✓ Former wife 4. Economic abuse – refers to acts that make or attempt to make a
✓ A woman with whom the offender has or had a sexual or dating woman financially dependent
relationship 5. Battery - refers to act of physical harm upon the woman or her
✓ A woman with whom the offender has a common child child resulting to the physical and psychological or emotional
distress.
Who are the children victims protected under this law? 6. Stalking – refers to an intentional act committed by a person
who knowingly and without justification follows the woman or
“Children” means the abused woman’s children, boy or girl, her child or places the woman or her child under surveillance
below 18 years old, whether legitimate or illegitimate or other directly or indirectly.
children who live with the woman or are under her care.
How is “Protection Order” Defined?
WHO IS THE “OFFENDER”?
▪ Husband A protection order is an order issued under RA 9262 for the
▪ Former husband purpose of preventing further act of violence against a woman or a
▪ Boyfriend child specified in Section 5 of the law and granting other necessary
▪ Ex-boyfriend relief.
▪ Live-in partner or ex-partner
▪ One with whom the woman has a common child What are the Protection Orders that may be issued under RA 9262?
▪ One with whom the woman has/had sexual or dating • Barangay Protection Order (BPO), issued by Punong Barangay
relationship or in the absence, any available Barangay Kagawad. It is
effective within 15 days.
CAN A WOMAN BE HELD LIABLE FOR COMMITTING VIOLATIONS OF • Temporary Protection Order (TPO), issued by the court and is
RA 9262? effective within thirty (30) days.
• Permanent Protection Order (PPO), issued by the court after
• Yes. A lesbian partner/girlfriend or ex-lesbian partner/girlfriend notice and hearing.
can also be held liable for committing act or a series of acts
against another woman with whom the lesbian has or had a Abortion – the expulsion of the fetus from the mother’s womb.
sexual or dating relationship. Kinds of abortion
• a. Criminal Abortion – classified as intentional or unintentional as
SEC. 3. Kinds of Violence under RA 9262: provided by the revised penal code and punishable by law.
b. Therapeutic Abortion – recommended and performed by
1. Physical violence – refers to acts that include bodily or physical certified physician when there are health risk and complications
harm and not punishable by law.
 48

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF THE LAWS ON ADOPTION Supervised Trial Custody

▪ Adoption - 6 months
-The taking into one’s family of the child of another, as son or Rescission of Adoption
daughter and heir, and conferring on it a title to rights and privileges of - Termination
such. Grounds for Rescission of Adoption
-A legal relationship between two people not biologically related, 1. Repeated physical and verbal maltreatment by the adopter
usually terminating the rights of biological parents, and usually with a 2. Attempt on the life of the adoptee
trial "live-in" period. Once it is finalized, the records are sealed and only 3. Sexual assault or violence
the most compelling interests will enable disclosure of documents. 4. Abandonment and failure to comply with parental obligations

▪ Biological Child- Natural-born child of the parents.

R.A 8043 – Inter-Country Adoption Act of 1995
▪ Adopted Child-A child who underwent the judicial process of Approved: MAR 12, 2009
adoption. Inter Country Adoption = process of adopting a Filipino child by a
foreigner or a Filipino citizen permanently residing abroad.
▪ Foundling- Refers to a deserted or abandoned infant or child Simulation of birth = is the tampering of the civil registry making it
whose parents, guardian or relatives are unknown. appear in the birth records that a certain child was born to a person
who is not his/her biological mother, causing such child to lose his/her
▪ Adopter- The person adopting or petitioning for the adoption of true identity and status.
a child .
RA 9208 - Anti Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003
▪ Adoptee- The child or person being petitioned for adoption Approved: May 26, 2003
▪ Trafficking In Person - the recruitment, transportation, transfer
RA 8552 – Domestic Adoption Act of 1998 or harboring, or receipt of person with or without the victims
Approved: February 25, 1998 consent or knowledge within or across national borders by
means of threat or use of force and or any other means.
Who may adopt? ▪ Qualified Trafficking in Person
1. Any Filipino citizen of legal age at least sixteen (16) years older a. When the trafficked person is a child
than the adoptee. b. When the adoption is effected through R.A 8043 and said
2. Any alien possessing the same qualifications as that of a adoption is for the purpose of prostitution, pornography sexual
Filipino citizen, who has been living in the Philippines for at exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt
least three (3) consecutive years, and whose country has bondage
diplomatic relations with the Philippines. c. When the offender is an ascendant, parent, sibling, guardian,
Who may adopted? public officer or employee
1. Any person below eighteen (18) years of age declared available ▪ Forced Labor and Slavery
for adoption Refers to the extraction of work or services from any person by means
2. The legitimate son or daughter of one spouse by the other of violence, intimidation or threat, use of force or coercion.
spouse ▪ Sex Tourism
3. A child whose biological or adoptive parents have died, but Refers to the program organized by travel and tourism related
proceedings may only be initiated after six (6) months from the establishments and individuals which consist of tourism packages
time of the death of the parents. utilizing and offering escort and sexual services.
 49

▪ Pornography ✓ At least three (3) concerned, responsible citizens where the

Refers to any representation, through publication, exhibition, violation occurred.
cinematography, incident shows, information technology, or by
whatever means of a person engaged in real or simulated explicit RA 7610 – SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST CHILD
sexual activities for sexual purposes. ABUSE, EXPLOITATION AND DISCRIMINATION ACT

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10364 -approved on 17 June 1992

Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012 -this law is also commonly referred to as the Anti-Child Abuse Act
Approved: FEB 06 2013
RA 9231 – The law prohibiting the worst forms of child labor RA 7658 – amendatory law to RA 7610
-approved on 9 November 1993
Children below fifteen (15) years of age shall not be employed, excePt: -this law amended the provisions of RA 7610 regarding working
a. When a child works directly under sole responsibility of his children
parents or legal guardian and where only members of the -this law was further amended by RA 9231
employer’s family are employed
b. Where a child’s employment or participation in public CHILD ABUSE- refers to maltreatment, whether habitual or not, of the
entertainment or information through cinema, theater, radio or child
TV is essential with the approval of DOLE
1. Work permit of working children – it shall be the duty of the FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE
employer to secure permit from the DOLE of working
children employed by him a. CRUELTY – refers to any word or deed which debases,
2. Employment contract of working children – the contract degrades or demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity of the child
shall be signed by the working child’s parent or legal as human being.
guardian, with the express agreement of the child b. PHYSICAL INJURY – includes but is not limited to lacerations,
3. Working Hours: fractured bones, burns, internal injuries, severe injuries, or
a. If the child is under 15 serious bodily harm suffered by a child
work of 4hours a day and 20 hours a week c. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY – means harm to a child’
6am to 8pm psychological or intellectual functioning which may be
b. If the child is 15 but under 18 exhibited by severe anxiety, depression, withdrawal or outward
May work for maximum of 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week aggressive behavior
6am to 10pm d. NEGLECT – means failure to provide, for reasons other than
poverty, the basic needs of the child, such as food, clothing,
Note: The employment of children in certain advertisement such as medical care, shelter and basic education
alcoholic beverage, tobacco and cigarettes, gambling and any form of e. SEXUAL ABUSE – includes the employment, use, inducement
violence or pornography are prohibited. or coercion of a child to engage in sexual intercourse or
lascivious conduct; the molestation, prostitution and or incest
Who May File a Complaint? with children
✓ Offended party; f. Child Prostitution – exploitation of children, whether male or
✓ Parents or guardians; female, by coercing them into indulging in sexual intercourse or
✓ Department of Social Welfare and Development; lascivious conduct from money, profit or any other
✓ Barangay chairman of the place where the violation occurred, consideration.
where the child is residing or employed
 50

Who are criminally liable for child prostitution?

-Those who engage in or promote, facilitate or induce child prostitution,

such as:

-Those acting as procurer of a child prostitute

-Parents, guardians, or relatives who knowingly allow or coerce their

children into position
Clients of child prostitute
Those who derive profit or advantage there from

Obscene Publications and Indecent Shows

-The use, hiring, employment and coercing of children as

performers, actors or models for obscene exhibitions and indecent
shows, whether live or in video, or in printed pornographic materials
Child as Zones of Peace
Children shall not be the object of attack in situations of armed conflict
and they are the children caught in the middle of the fight between
military and rebels, they shall be protected at all cost.

Filing of complaint in child abuse: offended party, guardian, parent,

barangay chairman, DSWD, at least three (3) concerned citizen where
violation occurred.

48 Hours – time for hospitals to tell authorities regarding child abuse

or maltreated child.
 51

CRIM6
On the other hand, Transformative justice is a general
Dispute Resolution and Crises/Incidents philosophical strategy for responding to conflicts. It takes the
Management principles and practices of restorative justice beyond the criminal
justice system. It applies to areas such as environmental law,
INTRODUCTION corporate law, labor management relations, consumer bankruptcy and
Restorative justice is an approach to justice in which the debt, and family law. Transformative justice uses a system approach,
response to a crime is to organize a meeting between the victim and seeking to see problems, as not only the beginning of the crime but
the offender, sometimes with representatives of the wider community. also the causes of crime, and tries to treat an offense as a
The goal is for them to share their experience of what happened, to transformative relational and educational opportunity for victims,
discuss who was harmed by the crime and how, and to create a offenders and all other members of the affected community. In theory,
consensus for what the offender can do to repair the harm from the a transformative justice model can apply even between peoples with
offense. This may include a payment of money given from the offender no prior contact.
to the victim, apologies and other amends, and other actions to
compensate those affected and to prevent the offender from causing It can be seen as a general philosophical strategy for
future harm. responding to conflicts akin to peacemaking. Transformative justice
is concerned with root causes and comprehensive outcomes. It is
Restorative justice is a new movement in the fields of akin to healing justice more than other alternatives to imprisonment.
victimology and criminology. Acknowledging that crime causes injury The analogy is that Restorative Justice are at par with the
to people and communities, it insists that justice repair those injuries concept of alternative dispute resolution and amicable settlement. In
and that the parties be permitted to participate in that process. this premise, the dispute resolution system under provides the same
perspective - the opportunity of providing freedom of the parties to
Comparatively, Restorative is a valued-based approach decide at their own expense while resolving the dispute. In addition,
focused on determining harm resulting from crime, what needs to be the use of ADR is an efficient tool and an alternative procedure for the
done to repair the harm, and who is responsible for repairing the harm resolution of appropriate cases while enlisting the active private
while Retributive is an approach focused on determining what law was sector participation in the settlement of disputes.
broken, who broke it, and how they should be punished.
Another important milestone in the development of
Restorative view crime as an act against another person and the restorative justice is the system of amicably settling disputes at the
community and the control lies in the community where the barangay level. The system is defined under the P.D. 1508 "Amicable
community facilitates the restorative process while Retributive view Settlement Act" which provides the purpose of perpetuation and
crime as an act against the State and a violation of law. The control lies official recognition of the time-honored tradition of amicably settling
in the justice system and the community becomes a sideline, disputes among family and barangay members. at the barangay level
represented by the State. without judicial resources that would promote the speedy
administration of justice and implement the constitutional mandate to
Restorative justice views crime as an accountability by both preserve and develop Filipino culture and to strengthen the family as
individual and the society and punishment is not an effective means of a basic social institution.
changing behavior because it disrupts community harmony and good
relationship. Retributive justice views crime as an individual act and
individual responsibility and the offender should be punished in order
to deter crime and change behavior.
 52

PART 1 • Queer theory: A growing body of research findings. that

DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM AND AMICABLE SETTLEMENT challenges the heterosexual bias in Western society.
• World systems theory
Preliminaries • Race-Conflict Approach: A point of view that focuses on
Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004 came into law for the inequality and conflict between people of different racial and
purpose of promulgating the prescribe procedures and guidelines for ethnic categories.
its implementation along with the policy of the state to promote party
autonomy in the resolution of disputes or the freedom of the parties to MODERN APPROACH ON CONFLICT
make their own arrangements to resolve their disputes; to encourage Charles Wright Mills (1916-1962) an American sociologist, and a
and actively promote the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1946 until his
("ADR") as an important means to achieve speedy and impartial death in 1962. Mills was published widely in popular and intellectual
justice and to declog court dockets; to provide means for the use of journals, and is remembered for several books such as The Power
ADR as an efficient tool and an alternative procedure for the resolution Elite, which introduced that term and describes the relationships and
of appropriate cases; and to enlist active private sector participation in class alliances among the US political, military, and economic elites;
the settlement of disputes through ADR. Feminists Perspective). White Collar: The American Middle Classes, on the American middle
Certain conflict theories set out to highlight the ideological aspects class; and The Sociological Imagination, which presents a model of
inherent in traditional thought. While many of these perspectives hold analysis for the interdependence of subjective experiences within a
parallels, conflict theory does not refer to a unified school of thought, person's biography, the general social structure, and historical
and should not be confused with, for instance, peace and conflict development.
studies, or any other specific theory of social conflict. Societies are defined by inequality that produces conflict,
rather than which produces order and consensus. This conflict based
TYPES on inequality can only be overcome through a fundamental
Conflict theory is most commonly associated with Marxism, transformation of the existing relations in the society and is productive
but as a reaction to functionalism and the positivist method, it may of new social relations.
also be associated with a number of other perspectives, including:
The disadvantaged have structural interests that run counter to
• Critical theory: To unmask the ideology falsely justifying some the status quo, which, once they are assumed, will lead to social
form of social or economic oppression—to reveal it as ideology— change. Thus, they are viewed as agents of change rather than objects
and, in so doing, to contribute to the task of ending that one should feel sympathy for.
oppression.
• Feminist theory: An approach that recognizes women's Human potential (e.g., capacity for creativity) is suppressed by
political, social, and economic equality to men. conditions of exploitation and oppression, which are necessary in any
• Postmodern theory: An approach that is critical of modernism, society with an unequal division of labor. These and other qualities do
with a mistrust of grand theories and ideologies. not necessarily have to be stunted due to the requirements of the so-
• Post-structural theory: Philosophical and literary forms of theory called "civilizing process," or "functional necessity": creativity is
that both build upon and reject ideas established by actually an engine for economic development and change.
structuralism.
• Postcolonial theory: Is a body of thought primarily concerned with Concept of Conflict Resolution
accounting for the political, aesthetic, economic, historical, and Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and
social impact of European colonial rule around the world in the processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict
18th through the 20th century.
 53

Applying the principles governing alternative dispute Karl Marx is the father of the social conflict theory, which is a
resolution will provide the opportunity for the parties involved in to component of the four major paradigms of sociology (Functionalism,
settle the issue in their own expense with the support of the local Conflict theory, Symbolic Interaction and retribution. The term
community, authorities of the law and responsible social conflict resolution may also be used interchangeably with dispute
organizations with the aim of restoring interpersonal relations resolution, where arbitration and litigation processes are critically
thereby contributory to the public safety and promotion of peace in involved. The concept of conflict resolution can be thought to
general. encompass the use of nonviolent resistance measures by conflicted
parties in an attempt to promote effective resolution.
Amicable settlement on the other hand, was formally
institutionalized in order to help relieve the courts of such docket Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts
congestion and thereby enhance the quality of justice dispensed by by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives
them. In this premise, the context of restorative justice has served to or ideologies to the rest of group (e.g., intentions; reasons for holding
reference the objective of amicably settling disputes at the certain beliefs) and by engaging in collective negotiation. Dimensions
elementary level within the Barangay Justice system, primarily with of resolution typically parallel the dimensions of conflict in the way
the objective of restoring personal relations and initiate effort from the conflict is processed.
those that are mainly affected.
Cognitive resolution is the way disputants understand and
The Concept of Conflict view the conflict, with beliefs, perspectives, understandings and
attitudes. Emotional resolution is in the way disputants feel about a
conflict, the emotional energy. Behavioral resolution is reflective of
A conflict is a struggle between people. The struggle may be how the disputants act, their behavior. Ultimately a wide range of
physical, or between conflicting ideas. The word comes from Latin methods and procedures for addressing conflict exist, including
"conflingere" means to come together for a battle. Conflicts can negotiation, mediation, mediation-arbitration, diplomacy, and creative
either be within one person, or they can involve several people or peacebuilding.
groups.
Conflict is a natural disagreement arising between two or more Kenneth Thomas and Ralph Kilmann developed five conflict
people. It exists when they have incompatible goals and one or more resolution strategies that people use to handle conflict, including
believe that the behavior of the other prevents them from their own avoiding, defeating, compromising, accommodating, and
goal achievement. collaborating.

CONFLICT THEORIES This assumes that people choose how cooperative and how
assertive to be in a conflict. It suggests that everyone has preferred
ways of responding to conflict, but most of us use all methods under
Conflict theories are perspectives in sociology and social various circumstances.
psychology that emphasize a materialist interpretation of history,
dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward existing social CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES
arrangements, and political program of revolution or, at least, reform.
Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class Conflict Resolution Strategy #1: Avoiding
conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies. It is Avoiding is when people just ignore or withdraw from the conflict. They
therefore a macro-level analysis of society. choose this method when the discomfort of confrontation exceeds the
potential reward of resolution of the conflict.
 54

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES DEFINITION

(Republic Act No. 9285) Crisis is any event that involves individuals – usually two or more in
conflict – who have reached such a debilitating mental state that they
Policy of the State seem to have lost the ability to cope with a situation through normal
methods, such as discussion or negotiation.
The following statements provides the Policy of the State as reference Crisis Management is the expert handling of a crisis or emergency to
for the sustenance of social justice and promotion of peace while reduce or eliminate danger or damage, or the like, especially on the
making it at the early stage of resolution. part of government
✓ To promote party autonomy in the resolution of disputes or the
freedom of the parties to make their own arrangements to
resolve their disputes;
✓ To encourage and actively promote the use of Alternative
Dispute Resolution ("ADR") as an important means to achieve OBJECTIVES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
speedy and impartial justice and to declog court dockets;
✓ To provide means for the use of ADR as an efficient tool and 1. Resolve without further incident
an alternative procedure for the resolution of appropriate
cases; an While this might seem easy to accommodate for the facilitator, people
✓ To enlist active private sector participation in the aren't really contributing anything of value to the conversation and
settlement of disputes through ADR. may be withholding worthwhile ideas. When conflict is avoided,
nothing is resolved.
Exception to the Application of the ADR Act
The provisions of the ADR Act shall not apply to the resolution or Conflict Resolution Strategy #2: Competing
settlement of the following: Competing is used by people who go into a conflict planning to win.
✓ labor disputes covered by Presidential Decree No. 442, They're assertive and not cooperative. This method is characterized by
otherwise known as the "Labor Code of the Philippines, as the assumption that one side wins and everyone else loses. It doesn't
amended", and its Implementing Rules and Regulations; allow room for diverse perspectives into a well-informed total picture.
✓ the civil status of persons; Competing might work in sports or war, but it's rarely a good strategy
✓ the validity of marriage; for group problem solving.
✓ any ground for legal separation;
✓ the jurisdiction of courts; Conflict Resolution Strategy #3: Accommodating Accommodating is
✓ future legitime; a strategy where one party gives in to the wishes or demands
✓ criminal liability; of another. They're being cooperative but not assertive.
✓ those disputes which by law cannot be compromised; and This may appear to be a gracious way to give in when one figures out
✓ disputes referred to court-annexed mediation she/he has been wrong about an argument. It's less helpful when one
party accommodates another merely to preserve harmony or to avoid
Liability of ADR Providers/Practitioners disruption.
The ADR providers/practitioners shall have the same civil liability for Like avoidance, it can result in unresolved issues. Too much
acts done in the performance of their official duties as that of public accommodation can result in groups where the most assertive parties
officers, upon a clear showing of bad faith, malice or gross commandeer the process and take control of most conversations.
negligence.
 55

Conflict Resolution Strategy #4: Collaborating MUSTS IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT

1. Rely on continuous flow of information from all sources.
2. Press perpetrators to abandon their position.
Collaborating is the method used when people are both assertive and 3. Receive, analyze and disseminate all information.
cooperative. A group may learn to allow each participant to make a 4. Mount controlled probes on the perpetrators’ position.
contribution with the possibility of co-creating a shared solution that 5. Prepare for possible rapid escalation of events.
everyone can support. A great way to collaborate and overcome
conflict is to reach out and touch them. POSSIBLE RESPONSES DURING CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Chemical Agents
Conflict Resolution Strategy #5: Compromising Selective Firepower
Another strategy is compromising, where participants are partially a) lethal
assertive and cooperative. b) non-lethal
The concept is that everyone gives up a little bit of what they want, and Tactical Attack
no one gets everything they want. The perception of the best outcome a) silent entry
when working by compromise is that which "splits the difference." b) assault
Compromise is perceived as being fair, even if no one is particularly Contain and Negotiate
happy with the final outcome.
REASONS OF TAKING HOSTAGES IN A CRIMINAL SITUATION
1. safety of all participants 1. when the criminal is unable to complete the crime and
2. apprehension of all perpetrators escapes before the police responds, thus, making hostage-
3. accomplishment of the task within the framework of taking a spontaneous event
current community standards 2. criminals take hostages to ensure their own safety
3. the demands are invariably for safe passage and as a
PRINCIPLES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT means of escape in return of the hostages’ lives.
1. Contain and Negotiate – the response force should, as much as 4. hostage-taking, particularly of children due to domestic
possible resolve a crisis without violence or bloodshed, and with custody battle
the perpetrator getting arrested
CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE-TAKERS
2. Protection of the Innocent from Harm – innocent victims of 1. Persons in Crisis - people who take hostages during a
crises must be spared from harm and be freed as soon as period of prolonged frustration, despair and problems
possible 2. Psychotics – mentally-ill people who take hostages during a
period f psychiatric disturbance.
3. Longer Time means Better Resolution – the response force must 3. Common Criminals – people who take hostages for
allow passage of time so that perpetrators can be reasoned personal, rather than ideological reasons
through thorough negotiation; passage of time can also afford 4. Prisoners/Escapees – people who take hostages because of
the response force to: dissatisfaction and discontent regarding their living
a. evaluate the situation conditions in prison.
b. gather information 5. Political Terrorists – are ideologically-inspired individuals or
c. explore alternatives; and groups of people who take hostages because of political and
d. formulate a plan of action ideological beliefs.
 56

GENERIC CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE-TAKERS 4. Evacuate

5. Eliminate

1. The Common Criminal HOSTAGE SITUATION

a. He generally concedes to police negotiations if there
is no way out and hostages will generally be Definition of Hostage Situation
unharmed A hostage situation is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law
b. This type is classified as a rational creative thinker; violator is holding a person captive with the use of force and threat of
he is able to reason and can discriminate on how violence while the police is in close contact with the suspect and his
much force is to be used against him captive.

2. The Psycho Difference between Hostage-taking and Kidnapping In

a. This person is unpredictable and may resort to kidnapping:
violence depending on his mood a. the police are not aware of the captive’s location
b. The enforcement officer should try to gain as much b. the police are not in close contact with the perpetrators
information as possible concerning motives, past c. the police cannot exert pressure on the suspect/s
history, medical and arrest records, etc.
c. This type of person is generally described as one who Motives in Hostage-taking
is full of inner conflict and frustrations which are 1. In political terrorism, reasons include showing the public that
transferred to his immediate reality, distorted to suit the government is unable to protect its own citizens.
his own illusions 2. Hostage-taking guarantees immediate media coverage for
the purpose of expressing sentiments and getting their
3. The Fanatic demands met.
a. This category includes the one who falls on the 3. Warring nations seek peace after exchange of hostages as a
extreme side of violence guarantee of reciprocity.
b. The most dangerous because he tends to think that 4. In urban guerilla warfare, hostages are taken with little regard
the law has no basis for law and order. Holdups sometimes involve hostages and
c. The law enforcement officer may have to resort to ego- certain guidelines of behavior must be laid down if the police
flattering if he can approach close enough is to effectively deal with a hostage situation.
5. Law enforcement officers will most likely encounter
Guidelines in Dealing with Hostage-takers hostage incidents that involve either criminals or the
1. Law enforcers will have to discover the hostage-takers mentally disturbed.
intentions. 6. A husband or wife may take a child hostage in custody
2. The demands and needs of the hostage-taker must be battles.
determined. 7. A mentally disturbed person may take people as
3. “Negotiation” means to talk. Stalling and talking may hostages.
actually help. 8. In most cases time has been found to be an ally of the
negotiators.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 9. Never say NO to a hostage-taker.
1. Locate
2. Isolate
3. Evaluate
 57

Common Reasons why Criminals take Hostages anticipated and which provide for actions that are of
1. escape the interest of the police
2. money 2. Organizing
3. transportation a. structuring work – identifying and classifying work
that needs to be performed, and seeing to its proper
Common Reasons why Prisoners take Hostages implementation
1. better bargaining power and a significant amount of b. delegating – entrusting responsibility and
media coverage authority to others and establishing
accountability
2. to seek address on complaints concerning prison 3. Leading
conditions and demands for improvement a. making decisions – arriving at conclusions and
judgments about results
Common Reasons why Terrorists take Hostages b. communicating – creating understanding
1. to get as much publicity as possible for airing their c. motivating – inspiring, encouraging and
“cause” impelling people to take required actions
d. selecting people – choosing people with the
2. taking people as hostages is one of the more appropriate skills
effective ways of striking fear into their hearts e. developing people – improving the knowledge,
attitudes and skills of people
MANAGING HOSTAGE SITUATIONS 4. Controlling
Experience has repeatedly demonstrated that the most a. developing performance standards – establishing
effective way to resolve a hostage situation is through the efficient criteria in order to differentiate between acceptable
management of conditions and police activities related to the and unacceptable performance
situation. b. measuring performance – recording and
reporting work
c. evaluating performance – appraising work and
Four (4) Major Activities in Managing Hostage Situations results
1. Planning
a. forecasting – anticipating conditions, problems and d. correcting performance – regulating and
opportunities that maybe confronted during and after improving methods and results
the incident
b. establishing objectives – determining desired
results Basic Plan of Action for Hostage Situations
c. establishing priorities – creating a sequence of steps 1. Identify the Physical Objective
to be followed in reaching the objective The physical objective is the exact location of the event. It
d. scheduling – establishing action commitments may be a structure, a vehicle or a position with no structure or
e. allocating resources – identifying manpower and vehicle involved.
equipment required to reach objectives and to 2. Establish an Inner Perimeter
effectively utilize available resources 3. Establish an Outer Perimeter
f. establishing procedures – providing answers to 4. Organize a Fire and Observation Team
important questions and problems which are 5. Activate the Negotiating Team
 58

6. Deploy Arrest and Assault Teams 6. senior negotiating team members

7. Maintain Reserves 7. community leaders
8. the clergy
Brainstorming and Think-tank – brainstorming sessions are designed 9. members of command staff
to allow for an uninhibited flow of information to interpret a series of 10. fire department personnel
events and issue a series of options pertaining to the resolution of the 11. members of local government
events being discussed 12. public utilities representatives
13. members of the community
Rules Governing Brainstorming Sessions 14. members of the radical group
1. criticism of any member’s idea is expressly forbidden.
2. all members engaged in such sessions must be free to voice Informational Briefings – are roadmaps used to maintain an
out their opinions operation’s sense of direction
3. the scope of the session is limited only by the problem it is
called upon to resolve
4. all the participants are encouraged to speak out, even if the Guidelines of Informational Briefings
subject is beyond their expertise
5. quantity, not quality, of ideas is desired 1. Briefings should be given orally with written copies given to
6. there must be a group moderator all participants.
2. Briefings are to be identified by numbers or code words.
Conduct of the Think-tank Teams 3. Briefings should be conducted in areas that provide:
1. Think-tanks should be multi-disciplinary to facilitate the a. no interruptions
emergence of ideas from participants with a wide range of b. visual aid capabilities
experience. c. protection from the elements
2. Medium-sized groups provide for more psychological d. protection from media
freedom. Excessively large groups allow for one person, or a 4. Briefings should be given by one and the same person
small segment to dominate the situation. whenever possible.
3. The sessions should be fast-paced and must last only 5. Briefings should be scheduled.
between 30-60 minutes. 6. Briefing times and locations should be distributed to all
4. Think-tanks engaged in brainstorming sessions must have a potential participants.
specific communications flow to the ground commander. 7. Briefings should be given in their entirety that allow for
5. The participants in the brainstorming sessions must have questions only after the presentation.
continuous flow of real-time intelligence. 8. Procedures should be in place to provide officers with
6. Someone must be designated to record all ideas and updated information.
suggestions being offered by members of the group.
Briefing Format
Composition of a Think-tank Team 1. Date/Time
1. psychological service personnel 2. What has Occurred
2. organizational staff members 3. When did it Occur
3. intelligence officers 4. Where did it Occur
4. facilities engineer 5. How did it Occur
5. senior SWAT coordinator 6. Who are Involved (physical descriptions necessary)
 59

7. Who are the Hostages (name, race, sex, DOB, height, weight, 7. officers in preparing the proper analysis
hair, eyes, and other physical features, clothing, relatives,
location) Operational Order (OPORD) – a device used to implement a plan of
8. witnesses action; it has six (6) parts, namely:
9. why did it occur a. title
b. statement of situation
Security Classifications for Briefings c. mission
a. top secret d. instructions for plan execution
b. secret e. administrative and logistical support instructions
c. confidential f. command, control, and communication instructions
d. restricted
Command Post Staffing: the Crisis Management Team
ANAYSIS OF THE SITUATION 1. Commander
2. Assistant Commanders
3. Negotiators
After the basic plan has been implemented, the leader must make a 4. Emergency Service Team
detailed analysis of the situation that should include the following: 5. Tactical Adviser
1. Mission – the basis for all actions that are to be 6. Radio Operator
undertaken 7. Intelligence Officers
2. Suspects and Hostages 8. Investigators
Information concerning the perpetrators and hostages comes from 9. Staff Psychologists
many sources. The most reliable information is obtained b traditional 10. Chronographers
methods like direct observation and conducting interviews. 11. Communications Specialists
3. Terrain – must be studied from both the police’s and the 12. Liaison Personnel
perpetrator’s point of view 13. Police Administrators
Critical Terrain – any location or area, the control of
which gives a marked advantage to the holder in terms Command Post Considerations
of good observation and field of fire 1. establish outer and inner perimeter
Observation and Fields of Fire – conditions that assist 2. safe accessible routes to responding personnel
in gaining visual information and accurate firing 3. defensible against snipers, mob, onlookers
Cover and Concealment – provide obstruction from 4. sufficient parking
gunfire and observation from the perpetrators 5. adequate staging area
Obstacles – terrain features that stop, delay or restrict 6. availability of basic necessities (water, restrooms,
movement toward or away from the target phones, etc.)
Avenues of Entry and Exit – areas that permit a route 7. accessibility to choppers
toward or away, from the target 8. maintain open communication lines
4. Resources – compose of things that are needed to deal with 9. maintain command post chronological log
the situation effectively 10. restricted access (authorized personnel only)
5. Complete Plan of Action – is usually done after the 11. PIO to give press briefings
analysis of the situation is completed
6. Preparation of a Checklist – can be helpful in guiding
intelligence
 60

Composition of the Crisis Management Team (CMT) Concluding a Hostage Incident

1. Patrol Officer – responds to the crime scene, confirms 1. remove perpetrators as quickly as possible
situation, evacuates the injured and threatened, evaluates 2. secure the scene
situation, establishes perimeter, gathers initial information, 3. brief media
determines command post 4. collect evidence
2. Commander – manager, controller, overall decision- maker, 5. assemble involved personnel
delegates authority and responsibilities to his personnel 6. retrieve equipment
3. Assistant Commander – performs delegated duties, and keeps 7. assess property damage
commander informed at all times 8. identify critique data and handle debriefing
4. Emergency Service Teams – reconnaissance, arrest, counter-
sniper, isolation, evacuation, placement of devices, assault NEGOTIATION APPROACHES AND OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
and rescue, delivery of munitions, delivery of negotiated
items, protection of negotiators, fire suppression, illumination, Negotiation Approach defined
crime scene preservation It is a systematic process of starting work on a task of negotiating and
5. Negotiator – primary communicator with perpetrators, dealing with hostage-takers, wherein the primary considerations are
coaches, chronographers, messengers, radio operators, and the arrangement of terms and conditions between police authorities
intelligence officers and suspects talking with the suspects and conveying to them the
6. Communications Specialist – sets up and monitors policies of government.
communication equipment, monitors and maintains
surveillance equipment, maintains advance command post, Principles of Negotiation
maintains liaison with telephone companies - The hostage has no value to the hostage-taker, other than as
7. Tactical Squad Personnel – containment teams, isolation a tool to get what he wants from the authorities.
teams, and other support teams to emergency service teams - Preventing violence in a hostage situation is the interest of
8. Combat Photographers – gather tactical intelligence, the hostage-taker, as it is to the authorities. In case of
record and preserve evidence violence, the authorities must always come out the victor.
9. Staff Psychologists – interprets negotiation, monitors - Priorities in a hostage situation is the preservation of life.
stress levels, forecast possible actions, evaluates Apprehension of the hostage-takers next, and the recovery and
negotiator’s performance, recommends negotiation protection of properties follow.
strategies, provide mental health care for members, - To successfully negotiate, the police authorities must
assists in emergency commitments know what is in the in the mind of the hostage-taker. What
10. Aerial Support Crew – aerial surveillance, evacuation and and who is the hostage-taker.
transportation
11. Public Information Officer – media briefings, monitor Guidelines in the Initial Stages of Negotiations
media activities and community sentiments, maintain 1. Assess the Situation
media liaison and issues press releases Immediately attempt to identify the cause of the crisis,
12. Investigators – gather evidences, provide intelligence info, and what you may do to defuse the hostility.
interview people, and prepare criminal charges 2. Take Immediate Corrective Action
13. Explosives Ordnance Personnel – advise emergency Separate the combatants and isolate them fro each
service teams on presence of explosive devices, advise other. If arrest is warranted, do so immediately and
negotiators have the offender removed. Take minimum risk for our
own safety and attempt to disarm or neutralize any
 61

individual who is intending to cause immediate have self-worth

violence to himself or others. 3. do not underestimate the situation by saying that what
3. Listen and Observe they are doing is bad
Attempt to be totally non-judgmental, and devote your 4. gently interrupt long statements
full attention to what the principal actors in this crisis 5. spontaneous events may indicate that decisions to kill
are saying or doing. the hostage have been reached
4. Employ Crisis Diffusion Techniques 6. gradual improvements over hours of negotiations are
much better indicators
7. establish rapport that could lead to direct actions
When you are attempting to diffuse a crisis situation, Inadequate Personality
here are some points to consider: 1. understanding and uncritical acceptance should be
a. keep voice low and speak slowly provided
b. non-verbal communication should indicate 2. help him find a way to end the incident by allowing him to
openness and willingness to listen save face
c. establish eye contact with the person you are 3. bringing parents, friends, and relatives may invoke
addressing, to indicate your sincerity and stronger feelings of failure or embarrassment and may
willingness to listen cause him to react drastically
d. touching the person you are talking to may Anti-social Personality
help keep the communication lines open 1. it is important to remember that he is self-centered and
e. attempt a compromise without saying no will attempt to make things easier on himself.
to the hostage-taker 2. be careful about making tricks. He is usually
5. Follow-up streetwise and expects to be tricked.
Even if you have defused the crisis situation, you have 3. he is familiar with the judicial system. Do not make
probably not yet solved any problem. Make follow-up promises you cant guarantee.
reports as soon as you can and arrange for 4. he needs frequent ego stimulation
professionals in psychology, family counseling, 5. avoid discussing jail sentences nor assistance
spiritual guidance, or whatever other needs there 6. this person will test the limits of his environment and
appears to be. redoubles his efforts in the face of perceive weakness on
the side of authorities
Negotiation Approaches 7. whenever possible, match the negotiator and
Paranoid-Schizophrenic hostage-taker as to ethnic origin, religion, or
1. these people are usually above-average in intelligence. education.
Be careful about attempting to trick or lie to them. 8. do not attempt to play the role of therapist.
2. the best approach is to accept their beliefs as being true Common Criminal
for them. 1. he is the type of person who doesn’t plan very well
3. do not try to argue or convince them that their beliefs 2. he is often self-indulgent and impulsive
are wrong. 3. he often lacks conscience or concern for others
4. at first, relations with hostages will be uncomfortable
Manic Depressives because he is worrying what they might do and how to
1. provide understanding and support manage them. After some time, he ay begin to relate to
2. the negotiator should continually reassure them that they them as human beings.
 62

4. in cases of shootouts, panic firing should be avoided. it is

5. an important step is to determine whether he is a done by opening fire with everyone following suit. the officer-
mentally-disturbed person or not in-charge should order his men to fire only when necessary.
6. after ruling out mental disturbance, you can be fairly sure 5. extreme caution should be observed when firing a weapon in
that you are dealing with a person who has frequent congested areas. The practical rule of shooting only to save a
brushes with the law, knows what to expect from the life could well be applied.
police, and knows what he may need to do to get out of the 6. after a shootout, the police officer should check whether the
situation alive. suspects still pose danger or has been disabled already. He
7. negotiations should be reality-oriented discussions to shall then be brought to the nearest hospital for treatment
assist him I recognizing the facts of the situation and and adequate security.
convincing him to accept his physical safety in return 7. police sirens and megaphones shall be used to influence or
for the release of hostages warn offenders or suspects to stop and to peacefully give up.
8. human rights shall be strictly observed and respected at all
Prisoner Hostage-taker times.
1. preferred response should be rapid police action before
true leaders of the unruly group can emerge Operational Procedures during Hostage Situations
2. if rapid action is not possible, negotiations should 1. there shall be a Crisis Management Team (CMT) in every
continue as if dealing with a mentally normal criminal locality trained and equipped for any eventuality.
3. if the hostages are guards or police officers, the risk of 2. there shall be only one Ground Commander in the area
injury increases 3. the incident area should be cordoned.
4. negotiators shall be designated and no one shall be
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES allowed to talk to the suspects without clearance form the
These are standard policies designed to give guidance and negotiating panel or ground commander.
direction to police personnel regardless of the types of functions to 5. assaults shall be well-planned and assaulting teams
be performed or police operations to be conducted. These are aimed alerted for deployment in case negotiations fail.
at determining a future course of action or conditions to operate 6. an ambulance with a medical crew and a fire truck shall be
effectively in any given situation based on the norms of conduct set detailed at the incident area.
forth by law. 7. proper coordination with all participating elements is
necessary to unify efforts in solving the crisis.
General Operational Procedures
1. under all circumstances, the use of force is justifiable only by Stockholm’s Syndrome – it is a phenomena that exists where the
virtue of “Doctrine of Self-defense and Defense of hostage/s develop a sympathetic feeling towards their hostage taker,
Stranger”. usually after realizing the legitimacy of their cause
2. The use of force shall be applied only as a last resort,
when all other peaceful means have been exhausted.
3. only necessary and reasonable force to subdue or
overcame a clear and present danger shall be applied.

Post-incident Phase – is the time when the terrorist regroup and

engage in self-criticism, which will then provide valuable input for
subsequent operations
 2

Terrorist Motivations and Group Classification the terrorists, but would not stand up for fear of getting
involved
Definition of Terrorism Three Groups of Terrorists
The Institute of the Study of Conflict, when discussing terrorism in 1. National Terrorists – those who operate within a single
Europe, classified the groups as follows: nation
2. Transnational Terrorists – those who operate across
Terrorism is … “violence for effect . . . not primarily, and national borders, whose actions may affect individuals of
sometimes not at all for the physical effect of the actual target, but more than one nationality
rather for its dramatic impact on an audience.” 3. International Terrorists – those who are controlled by a
Terrorism is . . . “the calculated use of violence of the threat of sovereign state
violence to attain goals, often political or ideological in nature, through
fear, intimidation or coercion. It usually involves a criminal act often Phases of a Terrorist Incident
symbolic in nature and intended to influence an audience beyond the 1. Pre-incident Phase – the terrorists plan the event,
immediate victim.” normally based on their intentions, short-range
Terrorism is . . . “violent criminal behavior designed to generate fear in objectives and long-term strategies and on information
the community, or a substantial segment of it, for political purposes.” and experience
2. Initiation Phase – the “point of no return”; the event that
Contemporary Terrorism marks the beginning of the operation
Some commentators agree that the roots of contemporary 3. Climax Phase – the end of the incident, usually lasting for
terrorism lie in the swell of student unrest during the 1960’s when days or weeks,[
there was a global trend towards dissatisfaction
with the establishment. The campus riots at the time enabled the Groups
disaffected minorities to operate with a degree of impunity. The use of
violence to make a point became increasingly popular. It 1. Minority Nationalistic Groups – groups fighting the
became an “accepted” form of expressing dissatisfaction with the majority of the community where the support base will
status quo. depend on ethnic, religious, or linguistic minorities at
odds with the majority community
Factors that Affected Terrorism 2. Marxist Revolutionary Group – characterized by its
1. Media possession f a coherent Marxist ideology, or any
2. Communications persuasion, and of a long-term strategy bringing about a
3. Military capability for super-violence Socialist revolution
3. Anarchist Group – true anarchists are difficult to find since
true anarchy brings lawlessness and disorder, which is a
Organizational Structure of a Terrorist Group natural state in which humans exist; these are people who
1. Leader – are often paranoid, fanatical, and yet have a terrorize for the sole purpose of inflicting terror only.
legitimate front, behind which they operate consistently 4. Pathological Groups – motivations normally have more
2. Active Cadres – the doers, the men of action who carry to do with personal inadequacy, hatred of family or
out orders and normally organized into small active specifically identified persons or things, than with
service units or cells acquired ideology
3. Active Supporters – groups who provide the logistical 5. Neo-Fascist and Extreme Right-wing Groups – these are
needs to sustain terrorist operations groups that appear to counter the activities of the Left, or
4. Passive Supporters – the most difficult elements to define the Communists, and may pose a more serious threat to
and recognize as they are people who are sympathetic to security forces than the more traditional terrorist groups
 3

6. Ideological Mercenaries – a new form of terrorism from Whenever you encounter a person who appears to exhibit a mental or
people who, for the sake of shared ideology and a emotional problem more deep-seated than the immediate circumstance
common faith in worldwide revolution are ready to warrants, the following guidelines may assist you:
cross frontiers to pursue their causes 1. Approach the subject with extreme caution. Maintain a calm and
casual manner.
Common Terrorist Tactics 2. Speak to the subject by name, if you know it. Your voice should
1. bombing – the increase in bombing activity and the be soothing, but firm and business-like.
sophistication of devices used have caused the NATO EOD 3. Say or do nothing that might threaten or intimidate.
Standardization Committee to classify all terrorist bombs as 4. Avoid arguing or scolding the subject, and don’t allow anyone
Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) else to do so.
2. hoaxes – IED’s are often used to establish terrorist’s credibily. 5. Make use of friends or relatives who know how to talk to, or
Once their credibility is established, they continue to disrupt, deal with the subject, unless there is friction between them. The
though not to destroy, by using well- made hoax bombs subject might have more trust and confidence in you if you appear to
3. arson – although not a popular tactic but has been used to be getting along with friends and relatives.
destroy or disrupt targets like public utilities, political
headquarters, and commonly, economic and industrial 6. Try to stall whenever possible until you have a follow-up officer
targets on the scene.
4. hijacking – hijacked “legitimate “ vehicles give terrorists a 7. If the situation warrants, and you take the subject into custody,
better means to approach government facilities do so carefully. Avoid painful grips and keep your firearms out of the
ambush – it is often forgotten that the terrorists has time on their side suspect’s reach.
and will spend weeks, if not months, preparing for an operation 8. When you transfer custody to psychiatric personnel, give them
5. kidnapping – this tactic is acted out with extreme precision as much information about the subject’s symptoms and behavior.
and with definite goals in mind by two separate, dedicated
terrorist groups, the Abu Sayyaf and the MILF. The First Responder’s Actions
6. assassination – perhaps the oldest tactics in the book and is 1. maintain radio contact at all times
still widely used. Targets are often predictable and 2. verify complaint
assassinations are claimed later by the terrorists themselves 3. determine perpetrator’s locations
7. hostage taking – normally carried out in order to demand 4. determine perpetrator’s weapons
political concessions 5. communicate findings
6. establish inner perimeter
7. request necessary support
The First Responder’s Role 8. communicate safe entry and exit routes
As a patrol officer, you are not expected to diagnose the 9. evacuate the trapped and the injured, if possible
individual, nor are you expected to distinguish between the many 10. maintain command and control
variations of psychoses and neuroses. Your principal concern is your 11. establish outer perimeter
safety and that of the individual, and to make an effort to see that the person 12. fill out the first responder’s report form
receives appropriate professional attention.

First Responder’s Guidelines

 Case Studies – thorough examinations4 of specific social settings or
particular aspects of social settings, including detailed psychological
CRIM7 and CRIM8 and behavioral descriptions of persons in those settings
Criminological Research 1 (Research Methods w/
Applied Stats)
Experiment – those that seek to control conditions within which
Criminological Research 2 (Thesis Writing and persons are observed and analyzed
Presentation)
TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO USE OF STATISTICAL
NATURE OF RESEARCH PROCEDURES:

Research Process – activities that pertain to problem formulation and Qualitative research
definition; it includes: – exploratory, and is used when we don’t know what to expect, to
define the problem or develop an approach to the problem. Common
1. developing a theoretical explanation of problems data collection methods used in qualitative research are focus groups,
2. analyzing, presenting and interpreting information triads, dyads, in-depth interviews, uninterrupted observation, bulletin
boards, and ethnographic participation/observation.
3. drawing tentative conclusions that will either support or refute
the theoretical explanation
Quantitative research
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH: – conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the problem and
understand how prevalent it is by looking for projectable results to a
Exploratory – identify factors that seem to have more relevance than
larger population. Common data collection methods are surveys
others in explaining things; narrows investigations to explanation of
(online, phone, paper), audits, and points of purchase (purchase
events that are more promising than others
transactions)
Descriptive – used to obtain information concerning the current status
of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO OBJECTIVE
conditions in a situation ([Link]); has a more focused
Basic (fundamental or pure) research – driven by a scientist's curiosity
quality than exploratory research
in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's
knowledge, not to create or invent something
Experimental – pertains to the amount of control researchers exercise
Applied research – designed to solve practical problems; perceived
over the variables or subjects they study; designed to see which
goal improve the human condition .
factors make a difference in modifying a particular outcome
Parts of a Research Paper Title
Decision-making – helps us describe the phenomena we study, make
decisions about our observations and identify relationships between
Here are examples of 3 common types of titles
two or more variables
• Question: Can PF Correction Increase Profits?
TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO DESIGN • Summary: Design and Testing of a Small Power Company
• 2-Part: Power System Operation: How to Survive an Emergency
Surveys – the gathering of information about a large number of people
by interviewing a few of them Abstract
The abstract is a short summary of the entire paper. It should include:
goals and objectives, results, and conclusions. It is usually one of the
last parts of the paper to be written.
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Introduction e.g. drug possession, driving under influence of alcohol, serious

The introduction also has three main purposes: disobedience to traffic laws
a. it provides background and motivation for your topic (usually
includes a review of current literature on the topic). UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING – an annual report that presents data on
b. it describes the focus and purpose of the paper you are writing. selected categories of crimes reported to the police.
c. it gives an overview of what is contained in the paper's various - shall be established in every police department for
sections. monthly and annual reports on cases handled, persons
arrested and cases reported
Methods/Procedure - follows the prescribed classification of offenses
This section describes what you did, how you did it, gives strategies,
sample calculations, diagrams and circuits, and descriptions of The monthly statistical reports shall include the following:
equipment. The goal here is to give the reader sufficient inforamation to
be able to repeat your work if desired. a. monthly report of cases handled by the police department
b. supplement on monthly report of cases handled by the police
Results department
This section is where you prove your point with the data. Give graphs c. report of male persons arrested
and tables of costs, profits, whatever your data is. Also give some d. report of female persons arrested
description or guide to help the reader recognize your important points.
Usefulness of UCRS data
Conclusions/Discussion
Here you state what you learned or proved. You may also describe a. provide law enforcement with data for use in budget
interesting observations, new questions, and future work here. formulation, planning, resource allocation, assessment of
police operations, etc;
Bibliography b. help address the crime problem at various levels;
A list of the references you used in the work & writing the paper. c. Chambers of commerce and tourism agencies examine these
data to see how they impact the particular geographic
Crime Rate vs Crime Density jurisdictions they represent;
Crime Rate – the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that d. Criminal justice researchers study the nature, cause, and
area; expressed per 100,000 people movement of crime over time;
e. Legislators draft anti-crime measures using the research
Crime Density – method of indicating crime rate across space and findings and recommendations of law enforcement
standardizing number of incidents by geographic area that can more administrators, planners, and public and private entities
precisely depict the spatial patterns of crime. concerned with the problem of crime;
Measuring Crime Rate and Crime Density f. The news media use the crime statistics provided by the UCR
Program to inform the public about the state of crime.

Factors Known To Affect Crime Type and Volume:

• Population density and degree of urbanization

INDEX VS NON-INDEX CRIMES
• Variations in composition of the population, particularly youth
concentration
Index Crimes – crimes that are violent or physically pursued
• Stability of the population with respect to residents’ mobility,
e.g. rape, murder, robbery, theft, homicide Non-index Crimes – crimes
commuting patterns, and transient factors
of negligence or no physical confrontation
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• Family conditions with respect to divorce and family cohesiveness

• Climate MEASURING VARIABLES
• Effective strength of law enforcement agencies
• Administrative and investigative emphases on law enforcement Primary Functions of Measurement:
• Policies of other components of the criminal justice system (i.e., a. describe social and psychological phenomena empirically
prosecutorial, judicial, correctional, and probational)
• Citizens’ attitudes toward crime b. render data amenable to some kind of statistical manipulation or
• Crime reporting practices of the citizenry treatment
• Modes of transportation and highway systems
• Cultural factors and educational, recreational, and religious c. assist in hypothesis testing and theory verification
characteristics
• Economic conditions, including median income, poverty level, d. enable researchers to differentiate between people according to
and job availability various properties they possess

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT:
(Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics: Their Proper Use January 2011
rev) 1. Nominal Level – the lowest level of measurement; involves the
classification or categorization of variables into nominal
IMPORTANT TERMS IN RESEARCH subclasses
Examples: Gender has two subclasses: male and female
Variables – any observation that can take different values 2. Ordinal Level – allows researchers to distinguish between persons
according to certain attributes that is either higher or lower
Examples: compared to one another
race, gender, attitude, parent satisfaction, readiness for first grade, etc. Examples: Supreme Court justices maybe ranked higher than
university professor or correctional officers
Data – factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a 3. Interval Level – also assigned numbers that permit nominal
basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation differentiation between values, whether “greater than” or “less
- Information in numerical form that can be digitally transmitted or than”
processed Example: Measuring testosterone level of police trainees using a scale
- of numbers from highest to lowest
Statistics – refers to descriptive indicators of things 4. Ratio Level – identical to interval level, but assuming an absolute
- A collection of tests and techniques used to describe and make zero on ratio continuum
decisions and inferences about collected research data Example: Income maybe measured on a scale having an absolute zero
(no income)
MAJOR TYPES OF VARIABLES
A few examples of statistical information we can calculate are:
Independent Variable (IV): A variable that is selected or controlled a. Mean - average value
by the researcher, to determine its relationship to the observed b. Mode - Most frequently occurring value
outcome of the research c. Standard Deviation - on average, how much each measurement
deviates from the mean
- also called explanatory, predictor, or manipulated variable. d. Range - span of values over which your data set occurs, and
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable being measured as an outcome e. Median - midpoint between the lowest and highest value of the
- also called outcome, response, criterion, or explained variabl set
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Individuals may change their behavior due to the attention they are
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - a particular form of statistical receiving from researchers rather than because of any manipulation of
hypothesis testing heavily used in the analysis of experimental data. independent variables
Hypothesis (educated guess)

A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions

using data. A test result (calculated from the null hypothesis and the
sample) is called statistically significant if it is deemed unlikely to have
occurred by chance, assuming the truth of the null hypothesis. A
statistically significant result (when a probability (p-value) is less than a
threshold (significance level)) justifies the rejection of the null
hypothesis. -

Hawthorne Effect – the tendency of some people to work harder and

perform better when they are participants in an experiment
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